Technologies used and referenced

How to use these categories:

• Technologies used: Technical descriptions of the kinds of machine vision actually used in this work. Does not include descriptions of machine vision technologies.
• Technologies referenced: Machine vision technologies described or represented or mentioned but not necessarily implemented in the work.

These are cultural definitions for the purpose of our project, we are not attempting to provide technically accurate definitions.

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Current taxonomy

Technology	Definition
3D scans	3D images or models produced by surface scanning such as photogrammetry, LiDAR, 3D scanning, etc. Does not usually include holograms unless the surface scan that produced the hologram is presented as particularly important in the game.
AI: General purpose artificial intelligence	Artificial intelligence systems that are capable of performing a broad range of intellectual and cognitive tasks that humans can. A system that can only perform one task, such as facial recognition, video recommendations, conversations with humans, or playing a game, is not general purpose AI, but is likely to use machine learning.
Analogue	Analogue visual technology is used. Examples include daguerrotypes, polaroids, e.g. as in Shutter.
Augmented reality	A technology that superimposes a computer-generated image on a user's view of the real world, thus providing a composite view (Wikipedia definition). Does not include the interface of a game that is visible to the player, but for technologies referenced, can include AR as experienced by an avatar in a game, if the avatar recognises the AR. AR is a technology used in Pokemon Go.
Biometrics	Technologies used to identify an individual. Can include retina scans, gait recognition, DNA phenotyping, fingerprint scans. If not used to identify, it might be body scans, e.g. for heart rate visualizations.
Body scans	Any imaging technology that shows parts of the body that are usually hidden, for instance brain imaging, fMRI, ultrasound, x-ray, or body scans in airport security that show objects under clothing. Includes cameras probes that enter the body. Does not include cameraphone apps for diagnosing melanomas, as the melanoma is not hidden but visible to the naked eye. Would include headbands for meditation that visualise brainwaves, as these are not normally visible.
Camera	Single-purpose, portable camera technologies for creating a visual representation, e.g. camcorders, SLR cameras, cinema cameras. Does not include CCTV or satellites or cameras that are part of other technologies, such as webcams, cameraphones, and does not include cameras that produce non-visual information such as motion tracking.
Camera phone	A camera phone is a mobile phone which is able to capture photographs and often record video using one or more built-in digital cameras (Wikipedia definition).
Deepfake	Technologies that use machine learning to generate videos that strongly resemble a specific human being. For our purposes, we include for instance art, satire, spoofs, porn and revenge, but not professional uses of synthetic or virtual actors in Hollywood movies.
Drones	Remote controlled or autonomous aerial vehicle with a camera. Does not carry a human operator.
Emotion recognition	Software that analyses facial expressions to infer a person's emotions and inner states of mind.
Facial recognition	Automated identification of identity based on a face. This could mean identifying a face as belonging to a specific individual, or to a gender, race or other category.
Filtering	Applying filters to an image to enhance or remove certain aspects, e.g. Instagram filters, beautifying filters, selfie lenses.
Hologram	A 3D projection of archived material or real-time events. It usually features humans, nonhumans or terrain and differs from AR in that it's not primarily an interface. Examples include Princess Leia's hologram from Star Wars and the mission briefing hologram from Death Stranding. Will often overlap with "Augmented reality", such as with the arena models from The Hunger Games.
Image generation (REVISIT)	Synthetic images generated using technologies such as GANs and other neural networks. Does not include animation in general.
Machine learning	The capacity of a computer to learn from experience, i.e. to modify its processing on the basis of newly acquired information. Includes neural networks.
Microscope/Telescope	Any kind of technology that allows us to see objects that are too small or too far away to be clearly viewed with the naked human eye. Can include rifle scopes if the zoom is quite strong.
Motion tracking	Technologies that register movements. Does not include GPS locations and other remote tracking.
Non-visible spectrum	Technologies designed to register objects, shapes and movements in low light conditions, often enhancing the spectral range, e.g. using night vision, infrared, near infrared and ultraviolet. Sources of light such as torches are not included.
Object recognition	Automated identification of an object using visual data. For our purposes, we do not include facial recognition, which has a separate tag. A fingerprint would be tagged with "Biometrics", but not "Object Recognition", despite the purely technical level being similar.
Optical/ocular implant	An implant of some sort has been inserted into peoples' eyes, or is a prosthesis, usually providing enhanced vision, augmented reality displays or recordings of all that is seen. It must function as a body part. Retina implants for the blind, bionic eyes, and Neil Harbisson’s cyborg “antenna” would be included. Standard eyewear (with glass or plastic lenses but no mechanical or digital parts) do not count.
Satellite images	Images collected by a satellite. Includes Google Earth and many others.
StreetView	Google StreetView’s 360 images of the real world that are stitched together to allow movement between photographed spots. Includes works that reference very similar technologies but don’t mention Google.
Surveillance camera	CCTV, IP cameras, home surveillance cameras, baby monitors.
UGV	Remote controlled or autonomous ground vehicle with a camera. Does not carry a human operator. Can include autonomous vehicles and drones that work underground or underwater.
Virtual reality	Virtual reality (VR) is an experience taking place within a computer generated reality of immersive environments can be similar to or completely different from the real world. Applications of virtual reality can include entertainment, i.e. gaming, and educational purposes, i.e. medical or military training (Wikipedia definition).
Webcams	A webcam is a video camera that feeds or streams its image in real time to or through a computer to a computer network (Wikipedia definition). Not specifically used for surveillance.