[docutils]: Add annotations for docutils.parsers.rst.states

[Harry-Lees]

Linked Issue: #14031

This PR overlaps with #14191, apologies to @donBarbos, I didn't see your PR while working on this. I think this PR is a more fully implemented version of annotations in docutils.parsers.rst.states, but #14191 covers significantly more than just this file.

It might be possible to merge the two together, I will check the other PR to ensure that they line up on the parts which are overlapping.

Edit: I merged some changes where I thought #14191's implementation was more complete than this one, I added Co-authored attribution to the relevant commits, @donBarbos if you are unhappy in any way with the attribution, please let me know how I can update it, I'm not too well versed in Git, but I think I can transfer the commit ownership entirely, or remove you from the commit(s) entirely if you're unhappy to have your name associated with them :)

[donBarbos]

Thank you, I suggest merging my PR first and then we can see what improvements you have made ;)

I will also note that stubs for docutils are already fully generated in my draft PR (WIP) and for now I am sorting out the errors and sending separate updates for directories

[srittau]

I've merged @donBarbos's PR. This now has (as expected) merge conflicts.

[Harry-Lees]

I rebased the PR and fixed a couple of obvious errors, I'm sure the CI will have some failures as-well :D.

I need to take a more detailed look at some of the differences, I should be able to get round to it later today.

[Harry-Lees]

I would appreciate some input in these cases as-well. The implementing function is:

def field_marker(self, match, context, next_state):
    """Field list field."""
    field, blank_finish = self.field(match)
    self.parent += field
    self.blank_finish = blank_finish
    return [], next_state, []

I'm not sure how the [] should be annotated ideally. This is another very common pattern which I have always annotated as list[Any]. I stayed away from list[Never] here, because this will throw an error if the array is appended to (which I can only assume it often is)

[AA-Turner]

You will find answers in the docstring of the State class:

    Transition methods all return a 3-tuple:

    - A context object, as (potentially) modified by the transition method.
    - The next state name (a return value of ``None`` means no state change).
    - The processing result, a list, which is accumulated by the state
      machine.

[github-actions]

According to mypy_primer, this change has no effect on the checked open source code. 🤖🎉