Add support for querying joypad type, model and layout scheme

[Nintorch]

• Closes Add Input.get_joy_type() to get controller type godot-proposals#8519
• Partially supersedes Re-add and improve methods to get the name of gamepad inputs #89193

This PR adds support for querying/getting the joypad type (gamepad, racing wheel, arcade stick, etc.) and model (Xbox 360, Xbox One, PS3, DualShock 4, DualSense, etc.). Getting the joypad type and model is useful, for example, to make the game use correct button names and icons for specific controllers.
It's not currently possible to check if a joypad is a GameCube controller because our version of SDL doesn't support it yet.

TODO:

• JOY_MODEL_STEAM_DECK documentation
• Improve device type documentation
• Return JOY_MODEL_XBOX_360 for other XInput controllers
• JOY_MODEL_GAMECUBE, see also Enable GameCube controller adapter support on Linux #118147
• move set_joy_device_type() to JoypadFeatures

[Nintorch]

Should Steam controllers other than Steam Deck also return JOY_MODEL_STEAM_DECK since they (most likely, I have to check) have the same button layout?
In that case we can also rename this constant to something else that's more fitting.