On-premises Kubernetes deployment

Overview

This repository contains a reference implementation of bootstrapping and installation of a Kubernetes cluster on-premises. The provided tooling can be used both as a basis for personal projects and for educational purposes.

The goal of the project is to provide tooling for reproducible deployment of a fully functional Kubernetes cluster for on-premises including support for dynamic provisioning of PersistentVolumes an LoadBalancer service types.

A detailed description is available in The Ultimate Kubernetes Homelab Guide: From Zero to Production Cluster On-Premises blog post.

Software used:

Ansible for deployment automation
kubeadm for Kubernetes cluster bootstrapping
containerd container runtime
Calico for pod networking
MetalLB for exposing LoadBalancer type services
OpenEBS for volume provisioning
Istio for ingress and traffic management

Pre-requisites

cluster machines/VMs should be provisioned and accessible over SSH
it is recommended to use Ubuntu 20.04 as cluster OS
the current user should have superuser privileges on the cluster nodes
Ansible installed locally

Bootstrapping the infrastructure on Proxmox

The proxmox directory of this repo contains automation for the initial infrastructure bootstrapping using cloud-init templates and Proxmox Terraform provider.

Quickstart

Installation consists of the following phases:

prepare machines for Kubernetes installation
- install common packages, disable swap, enable port forwarding, install container runtime
Kubernetes installation
- bootstrap control plane, install container networking, bootstrap worker nodes

To prepare machines for Kubernetes installation, run:

ansible-playbook -i ansible/inventory.yaml ansible/bootstrap.yaml -K

NOTE: the bootstrap step usually required to run only once or when new nodes joined.

To install Kubernetes, run:

ansible-playbook -i ansible/inventory.yaml ansible/kubernetes-install.yaml -K

Once the playbook run completes, a kubeconfig file admin.conf will be fetched to the current directory. To verify the cluster is up and available, run:

$> kubectl --kubeconfig=admin.conf get nodes
NAME                          STATUS   ROLES                  AGE     VERSION
control-plane-0.k8s.cluster   Ready    control-plane,master   4m40s   v1.21.6
worker-0                      Ready    <none>                 4m5s    v1.21.6
worker-1                      Ready    <none>                 4m5s    v1.21.6
worker-2                      Ready    <none>                 4m4s    v1.21.6

Consider running sonobuoy conformance test to validate the cluster configuration and health.

To uninstall Kubernetes, run:

ansible-playbook -i ansible/inventory.yaml ansible/kubernetes-reset.yaml -K

This playbook will run kubeadm reset on all nodes, remove configuration changes, and stop Kubelets.

Persistent volumes with EBS

There is a plenty of storage solutions on Kubernetes. At the moment of writing, OpenEBS looked like a good fit for having storage installed with minimal friction.

For the homelab setup, a local hostpath provisioner should be sufficient, however, OpenEBS provides multiple options for a replicated storage backing Persistent Volumes.

To use only host-local Persistent Volumes, it is sufficient to install a lite version of OpenEBS:

kubectl apply -f https://openebs.github.io/charts/openebs-operator-lite.yaml

Once the Operator is installed, create a StorageClass and annotate it as default:

kubectl apply -f - <<EOF
apiVersion: storage.k8s.io/v1
kind: StorageClass
metadata:
  name: openebs-hostpath
  annotations:
    storageclass.kubernetes.io/is-default-class: "true"
    openebs.io/cas-type: local
    cas.openebs.io/config: |
      - name: StorageType
        value: "hostpath"
      - name: BasePath
        value: "/var/openebs/local/"
provisioner: openebs.io/local
volumeBindingMode: WaitForFirstConsumer
reclaimPolicy: Delete
EOF

To verify the installation, follow the official OpenEBS documentation.

MetalLB

To install MetalLB, check the configuration in ansible/roles/metallb/templates/metallb-config.yaml and update variables if needed. The address range must be relevant for the target environment so the addresses can be allocated.

To install MetalLB, run:

ansible-playbook -i ansible/inventory.yaml ansible/metallb.yaml -K

Kubernetes Dashboard

Install Kubernetes Dashboard following the docs. At the moment of writing, it is sufficient to run:

kubectl apply -f https://raw.githubusercontent.com/kubernetes/dashboard/v2.4.0/aio/deploy/recommended.yaml

To access the dashboard UI, run kubectl proxy and open this link in your browser: localhost:8001/api/v1/namespaces/kubernetes-dashboard/services/https:kubernetes-dashboard:/proxy/.

To login into the Dashboard, it is recommended to create a user as per the Dashboard docs:

kubectl apply -f - <<EOF
apiVersion: v1
kind: ServiceAccount
metadata:
  name: admin-user
  namespace: kubernetes-dashboard

---
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: ClusterRoleBinding
metadata:
  name: admin-user
roleRef:
  apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
  kind: ClusterRole
  name: cluster-admin
subjects:
- kind: ServiceAccount
  name: admin-user
  namespace: kubernetes-dashboard
EOF

Once the user is created, we can get the login token:

kubectl -n kubernetes-dashboard get secret $(kubectl -n kubernetes-dashboard get sa/admin-user -o jsonpath="{.secrets[0].name}") -o go-template="{{.data.token | base64decode}}"

Istio

Istio provides multiple installation options. To simplify the installation process, download and install istioctl from releases page.

It is recommended to install Istio with the default configuration profile. This profile is recommended for production deployments and deploys a single ingress gateway. To install Istio with the default profile, run:

istioctl install --set profile=default -y

Once Istio is installed, you can check that the Ingress Gateway is up and has an associated Service of a LoadBalancer type with an IP address from MetalLB. Example:

kubectl get svc istio-ingressgateway --namespace istio-system

NAME                   TYPE           CLUSTER-IP      EXTERNAL-IP      PORT(S)                                      AGE
istio-ingressgateway   LoadBalancer   10.107.130.40   192.168.50.150   15021:30659/TCP,80:31754/TCP,443:32354/TCP   75s

Example deployment exposed via Istio Ingress Gateway

Deploying Nginx

To verify the installation, MetalLB, Ingress Gateway, and Istio configuration let's create a test Nginx Deployment:

apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  labels:
    app: nginx
  name: nginx
spec:
  replicas: 1
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: nginx
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: nginx
    spec:
      containers:
      - image: nginx
        name: nginx

---
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  labels:
    app: nginx
  name: nginx
spec:
  ports:
  - name: http
    port: 80
    protocol: TCP
    targetPort: 80
  selector:
    app: nginx
  type: ClusterIP

To verify the deployment, run:

 kubectl port-forward service/nginx 8080:80

The Nginx welcome page should be available at localhost:8080.

Exposing Nginx deployment with Istio `Gateway` and `VirtualService`

To expose a deployment via Istio ingress gateway it is first required to create a Gateway.

We will create a shared Gateway in the istio-system namespace with a wildcard host pattern so it can be reused by other deployments. The deployments will be routed by the VirtualServices using the URL path later on. It is also possible to create a Gateway per application but for the demo purposes, a path-based routing seems to be more convenient.

apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
kind: Gateway
metadata:
  name: shared-gateway
  namespace: istio-system
spec:
  selector:
    # Use the default Ingress Gateway installed by Istio
    istio: ingressgateway
  servers:
  - port:
      number: 80
      name: http
      protocol: HTTP
    hosts:
    - "*"

Now, we should define the route and create a VirtualService to route the traffic to Nginx Service:

apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1beta1
kind: VirtualService
metadata:
name: nginx
spec:
hosts:
- "*"
gateways:
- nginx-gateway
http:
- name: "nginx-test"
  match:
  - uri:
      prefix: "/nginx-test"
  rewrite:
    uri: "/"
  route:
  - destination:
      host: nginx.default.svc.cluster.local
      port:
        number: 80

The VirtualService defines a prefix prefix: "/nginx-test" so that all requests to the <Enpoint URL>/nginx-test will be routed to the Nginx Service. The endpoint URL is a load balancer address of the Istio Ingress Gateway. It comes handy to discover and export it to an environment variable for later use:

export INGRESS_HOST=$(kubectl get svc istio-ingressgateway --namespace istio-system -o yaml -o jsonpath='{.status.loadBalancer.ingress[0].ip}')

Now, we can verify that the deployment is exposed via the gateway at http://$INGRESS_HOST/nginx-test.

datastrophic/kubernetes-deployment

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