Structured cbor

benchmark/src/jmh/kotlin/kotlinx/benchmarks/cbor/CborBaseLine.kt

@@ -52,11 +52,25 @@ open class CborBaseline {
             }
 
         val baseBytes = cbor.encodeToByteArray(KTestOuterMessage.serializer(), baseMessage)
+        val baseStruct = cbor.encodeToCborElement(KTestOuterMessage.serializer(), baseMessage)
 
         @Benchmark
         fun toBytes() = cbor.encodeToByteArray(KTestOuterMessage.serializer(), baseMessage)
 
         @Benchmark
         fun fromBytes() = cbor.decodeFromByteArray(KTestOuterMessage.serializer(), baseBytes)
 
+
+        @Benchmark
+        fun structToBytes() = cbor.encodeToByteArray(CborElement.serializer(), baseStruct)
+
+        @Benchmark
+        fun structFromBytes() = cbor.decodeFromByteArray(CborElement.serializer(), baseBytes)
+
+        @Benchmark
+        fun fromStruct() = cbor.decodeFromCborElement(KTestOuterMessage.serializer(), baseStruct)
+
+        @Benchmark
+        fun toStruct() = cbor.encodeToCborElement(KTestOuterMessage.serializer(), baseMessage)
+
     }

docs/formats.md

@@ -17,6 +17,11 @@ stable, these are currently experimental features of Kotlin Serialization.
   * [Tags and Labels](#tags-and-labels)
   * [Arrays](#arrays)
   * [Custom CBOR-specific Serializers](#custom-cbor-specific-serializers)
+  * [CBOR Elements](#cbor-elements)
+    * [Encoding from/to `CborElement`](#encoding-fromto-cborelement)
+    * [Tagging `CborElement`s](#tagging-cborelements)
+      * [Caution](#caution)
+    * [Types of CBOR Elements](#types-of-cbor-elements)
 * [ProtoBuf (experimental)](#protobuf-experimental)
   * [Field numbers](#field-numbers)
   * [Integer types](#integer-types)
@@ -308,13 +313,125 @@ When annotated with `@CborArray`, serialization of the same object will produce
 ```
 This may be used to encode COSE structures, see [RFC 9052 2. Basic COSE Structure](https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc9052#section-2).
 
-
 ### Custom CBOR-specific Serializers
 Cbor encoders and decoders implement the interfaces [CborEncoder](CborEncoder.kt) and [CborDecoder](CborDecoder.kt), respectively.
 These interfaces contain a single property, `cbor`, exposing the current CBOR serialization configuration.
 This enables custom cbor-specific serializers to reuse the current `Cbor` instance to produce embedded byte arrays or
 react to configuration settings such as `preferCborLabelsOverNames` or `useDefiniteLengthEncoding`, for example.
 
+
+### CBOR Elements
+
+Aside from direct conversions between bytearray and CBOR objects, Kotlin serialization offers APIs that allow
+other ways of working with CBOR in the code. For example, you might need to tweak the data before it can parse
+or otherwise work with such unstructured data that it does not readily fit into the typesafe world of Kotlin
+serialization.
+
+The main concept in this part of the library is [CborElement]. Read on to learn what you can do with it.
+
+#### Encoding from/to `CborElement`
+
+Bytes can be decoded into an instance of `CborElement` with the [Cbor.decodeFromByteArray] function by either manually
+specifying [CborElement.serializer()] or specifying [CborElement] as generic type parameter.  
+It is also possible to encode arbitrary serializable structures to a `CborElement` through [Cbor.encodeToCborElement].
+
+Since these operations use the same code paths as regular serialization (but with specialized serializers), the config flags
+behave as expected:
+
+```kotlin
+fun main() {
+    val element: CborElement = Cbor.decodeFromHexString("a165627974657343666f6f")
+    println(element)
+}
+```
+
+The above snippet will print the following diagnostic notation
+
+```text
+CborMap(tags=[], content={CborString(tags=[], value=bytes)=CborByteString(tags=[], value=h'666f6f)})
+```
+
+#### Tagging `CborElement`s
+
+Every CborElement—whether it is used as a property, a value inside a collection, or even a complex key inside a map
+(which is perfectly legal in CBOR)—supports tags. Tags can be specified by passing them s varargs parameters upon
+CborElement creation.  
+For example, take following structure (represented in diagnostic notation):
+
+<!--- TEST -->
+
+```hexdump
+bf                                 # map(*)
+   61                              #   text(1)
+      61                           #     "a"
+   cc                              #   tag(12)
+      1a 0fffffff                  #     unsigned(268,435,455)
+   d8 22                           #   base64 encoded text, tag(34)
+      61                           #     text(1)
+         62                        #       "b"
+                                   #     invalid length at 0 for base64
+   20                              #   negative(-1)
+   d8 38                           #   tag(56)
+      61                           #     text(1)
+         63                        #       "c"
+   d8 4e                           #   typed array of i32, little endian, twos-complement, tag(78)
+      42                           #     bytes(2)
+         cafe                      #       "\xca\xfe"
+                                   #     invalid data length for typed array
+   61                              #   text(1)
+      64                           #     "d"
+   d8 5a                           #   tag(90)
+      cc                           #     tag(12)
+         6b                        #       text(11)
+            48656c6c6f20576f726c64 #         "Hello World"
+   ff                              #   break
+```
+
+Decoding it results in the following CborElement (shown in manually formatted diagnostic notation):
+
+```
+CborMap(tags=[], content={  
+    CborString(tags=[],   value=a) = CborPositiveInt( tags=[12],     value=268435455),  
+    CborString(tags=[34], value=b) = CborNegativeInt( tags=[],       value=-1),  
+    CborString(tags=[56], value=c) = CborByteString(  tags=[78],     value=h'cafe),  
+    CborString(tags=[],   value=d) = CborString(      tags=[90, 12], value=Hello World)  
+})
+```
+
+##### Caution
+
+Tags are properties of `CborElements`, and it is possible to mixing arbitrary serializable values with `CborElement`s that
+contain tags inside a serializable structure. It is also possible to annotate any [CborElement] property
+of a generic serializable class with `@ValueTags`.  
+**This can lead to asymmetric behavior when serializing and deserializing such structures!**
+
+#### Types of CBOR Elements
+
+A [CborElement] class has three direct subtypes, closely following CBOR grammar:
+
+* [CborPrimitive] represents primitive CBOR elements, such as string, integer, float boolean, and null.
+  CBOR byte strings are also treated as primitives  
+  Each primitive has a [value][CborPrimitive.value]. Depending on the concrete type of the primitive, it maps
+  to corresponding Kotlin Types such as `String`, `Int`, `Double`, etc.
+  Note that Cbor discriminates between positive ("unsigned") and negative ("signed") integers!  
+  `CborPrimitive` is itself an umbrella type (a sealed class) for the following concrete primitives:
+  * [CborNull] mapping to a Kotlin `null`
+  * [CborBoolean] mapping to a Kotlin `Boolean`
+  * [CborInt] which is an umbrella type (a sealed class) itself for the following concrete types
+    (it is still possible to instantiate it as the `invoke` operator on its companion is overridden accordingly):
+    * [CborPositiveInt] represents all `Long` numbers `≥0`
+    * [CborNegativeInt] represents all `Long` numbers `<0`
+  * [CborString] maps to a Kotlin `String`
+  * [CborFloat] maps to Kotlin `Double`
+  * [CborByteString] maps to a Kotlin `ByteArray` and is used to encode them as CBOR byte string (in contrast to a list
+    of individual bytes)
+
+* [CborList] represents a CBOR array. It is a Kotlin [List] of `CborElement` items.
+
+* [CborMap] represents a CBOR map/object. It is a Kotlin [Map] from `CborElement` keys to `CborElement` values.
+  This is typically the result of serializing an arbitrary 
+
+
 ## ProtoBuf (experimental)
 
 [Protocol Buffers](https://developers.google.com/protocol-buffers) is a language-neutral binary format that normally
@@ -1673,5 +1790,19 @@ This chapter concludes [Kotlin Serialization Guide](serialization-guide.md).
 [Cbor.decodeFromByteArray]: https://kotlinlang.org/api/kotlinx.serialization/kotlinx-serialization-cbor/kotlinx.serialization.cbor/-cbor/decode-from-byte-array.html
 [CborBuilder.ignoreUnknownKeys]: https://kotlinlang.org/api/kotlinx.serialization/kotlinx-serialization-cbor/kotlinx.serialization.cbor/-cbor-builder/ignore-unknown-keys.html
 [ByteString]: https://kotlinlang.org/api/kotlinx.serialization/kotlinx-serialization-cbor/kotlinx.serialization.cbor/-byte-string/index.html
+[CborElement]: https://kotlinlang.org/api/kotlinx.serialization/kotlinx-serialization-cbor/kotlinx.serialization.cbor/-cbor-element/index.html
+[Cbor.encodeToCborElement]: https://kotlinlang.org/api/kotlinx.serialization/kotlinx-serialization-cbor/kotlinx.serialization.cbor/encode-to-cbor-element.html
+[CborPrimitive]: https://kotlinlang.org/api/kotlinx.serialization/kotlinx-serialization-cbor/kotlinx.serialization.cbor/-cbor-primitive/index.html
+[CborPrimitive.value]: https://kotlinlang.org/api/kotlinx.serialization/kotlinx-serialization-cbor/kotlinx.serialization.cbor/-cbor-primitive/value.html
+[CborNull]: https://kotlinlang.org/api/kotlinx.serialization/kotlinx-serialization-cbor/kotlinx.serialization.cbor/-cbor-null/index.html
+[CborBoolean]: https://kotlinlang.org/api/kotlinx.serialization/kotlinx-serialization-cbor/kotlinx.serialization.cbor/-cbor-boolean/index.html
+[CborInt]: https://kotlinlang.org/api/kotlinx.serialization/kotlinx-serialization-cbor/kotlinx.serialization.cbor/-cbor-int/index.html
+[CborPositiveInt]: https://kotlinlang.org/api/kotlinx.serialization/kotlinx-serialization-cbor/kotlinx.serialization.cbor/-cbor-positive-int/index.html
+[CborNegativeInt]: https://kotlinlang.org/api/kotlinx.serialization/kotlinx-serialization-cbor/kotlinx.serialization.cbor/-cbor-negative-int/index.html
+[CborString]: https://kotlinlang.org/api/kotlinx.serialization/kotlinx-serialization-cbor/kotlinx.serialization.cbor/-cbor-string/index.html
+[CborFloat]: https://kotlinlang.org/api/kotlinx.serialization/kotlinx-serialization-cbor/kotlinx.serialization.cbor/-cbor-float/index.html
+[CborByteString]: https://kotlinlang.org/api/kotlinx.serialization/kotlinx-serialization-cbor/kotlinx.serialization.cbor/-cbor-byte-string/index.html
+[CborList]: https://kotlinlang.org/api/kotlinx.serialization/kotlinx-serialization-cbor/kotlinx.serialization.cbor/-cbor-list/index.html
+[CborMap]: https://kotlinlang.org/api/kotlinx.serialization/kotlinx-serialization-cbor/kotlinx.serialization.cbor/-cbor-map/index.html
 
 <!--- END -->

docs/serialization-guide.md

@@ -154,6 +154,11 @@ Once the project is set up, we can start serializing some classes.
   * <a name='tags-and-labels'></a>[Tags and Labels](formats.md#tags-and-labels)
   * <a name='arrays'></a>[Arrays](formats.md#arrays)
   * <a name='custom-cbor-specific-serializers'></a>[Custom CBOR-specific Serializers](formats.md#custom-cbor-specific-serializers)
+  * <a name='cbor-elements'></a>[CBOR Elements](formats.md#cbor-elements)
+    * <a name='encoding-fromto-cborelement'></a>[Encoding from/to `CborElement`](formats.md#encoding-fromto-cborelement)
+    * <a name='tagging-cborelements'></a>[Tagging `CborElement`s](formats.md#tagging-cborelements)
+      * <a name='caution'></a>[Caution](formats.md#caution)
+    * <a name='types-of-cbor-elements'></a>[Types of CBOR Elements](formats.md#types-of-cbor-elements)
 * <a name='protobuf-experimental'></a>[ProtoBuf (experimental)](formats.md#protobuf-experimental)
   * <a name='field-numbers'></a>[Field numbers](formats.md#field-numbers)
   * <a name='integer-types'></a>[Integer types](formats.md#integer-types)