diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 3b44ac7c6a2..dc62dccfcbe 100755
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -29,10 +29,10 @@ or [Chinese](https://ossrs.net/lts/zh-cn/docs/v5/doc/getting-started). We highly
 
 ```bash
 docker run --rm -it -p 1935:1935 -p 1985:1985 -p 8080:8080 \
-    -p 8000:8000/udp -p 10080:10080/udp ossrs/srs:5
+    -p 8000:8000/udp -p 10080:10080/udp ossrs/srs:6
 ```
 
-> Tips: If you're in China, use this image `registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/ossrs/srs:5` for faster speed.
+> Tips: If you're in China, use this image `registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/ossrs/srs:6` for faster speed.
 
 Open [http://localhost:8080/](http://localhost:8080/) to verify, and then stream using the following
 [FFmpeg](https://ffmpeg.org/download.html) command:
diff --git a/trunk/configure b/trunk/configure
index 6bfc4c2faa7..b8cd215e4aa 100755
--- a/trunk/configure
+++ b/trunk/configure
@@ -250,7 +250,9 @@ MODULE_FILES=("srs_kernel_error" "srs_kernel_log" "srs_kernel_buffer"
         "srs_kernel_utility" "srs_kernel_flv" "srs_kernel_codec" "srs_kernel_io"
         "srs_kernel_consts" "srs_kernel_aac" "srs_kernel_mp3" "srs_kernel_ts" "srs_kernel_ps"
         "srs_kernel_stream" "srs_kernel_balance" "srs_kernel_mp4" "srs_kernel_file"
-        "srs_kernel_kbps" "srs_kernel_rtc_rtp" "srs_kernel_rtc_rtcp" "srs_kernel_packet")
+        "srs_kernel_kbps" "srs_kernel_rtc_rtp" "srs_kernel_rtc_rtcp" "srs_kernel_packet"
+        "srs_kernel_uuid" "srs_kernel_st" "srs_kernel_factory" "srs_kernel_hourglass"
+        "srs_kernel_pithy_print" "srs_kernel_rtc_queue" "srs_kernel_resource")
 KERNEL_INCS="src/kernel"; MODULE_DIR=${KERNEL_INCS} . $SRS_WORKDIR/auto/modules.sh
 KERNEL_OBJS="${MODULE_OBJS[@]}"
 #
@@ -260,7 +262,7 @@ MODULE_DEPENDS=("CORE" "KERNEL")
 ModuleLibIncs=(${SRS_OBJS} ${LibSTRoot} ${LibSSLRoot})
 MODULE_FILES=("srs_protocol_amf0" "srs_protocol_io" "srs_protocol_conn" "srs_protocol_rtmp_handshake"
         "srs_protocol_rtmp_stack" "srs_protocol_utility" "srs_protocol_rtmp_msg_array" "srs_protocol_stream"
-        "srs_protocol_raw_avc" "srs_protocol_http_stack" "srs_protocol_kbps" "srs_protocol_json"
+        "srs_protocol_raw_avc" "srs_protocol_http_stack" "srs_protocol_json"
         "srs_protocol_format" "srs_protocol_log" "srs_protocol_st" "srs_protocol_http_client"
         "srs_protocol_http_conn" "srs_protocol_rtmp_conn" "srs_protocol_protobuf"
         "srs_protocol_http_stack_llhttp" "srs_protocol_http_stack_llhttpapi" 
@@ -268,7 +270,7 @@ MODULE_FILES=("srs_protocol_amf0" "srs_protocol_io" "srs_protocol_conn" "srs_pro
 # Always include SRT protocol
 MODULE_FILES+=("srs_protocol_srt")
 ModuleLibIncs+=(${LibSRTRoot})
-MODULE_FILES+=("srs_protocol_rtc_stun" "srs_protocol_rtp")
+MODULE_FILES+=("srs_protocol_rtc_stun" "srs_protocol_rtp" "srs_protocol_sdp")
 if [[ $SRS_RTSP == YES ]]; then
     MODULE_FILES+=("srs_protocol_rtsp_stack")
 fi
@@ -286,22 +288,22 @@ fi
 if [[ $SRS_FFMPEG_FIT == YES ]]; then
     ModuleLibIncs+=("${LibFfmpegRoot[*]}")
 fi
-MODULE_FILES=("srs_app_server" "srs_app_conn" "srs_app_rtmp_conn" "srs_app_source"
+MODULE_FILES=("srs_app_server" "srs_app_rtmp_conn" "srs_app_rtmp_source"
         "srs_app_refer" "srs_app_hls" "srs_app_forward" "srs_app_encoder" "srs_app_http_stream"
         "srs_app_st" "srs_app_log" "srs_app_config" "srs_app_stream_bridge"
-        "srs_app_pithy_print" "srs_app_reload" "srs_app_http_api" "srs_app_http_conn" "srs_app_http_hooks"
+        "srs_app_reload" "srs_app_http_api" "srs_app_http_conn" "srs_app_http_hooks"
         "srs_app_ingest" "srs_app_ffmpeg" "srs_app_utility" "srs_app_edge"
-        "srs_app_heartbeat" "srs_app_empty" "srs_app_http_client" "srs_app_http_static"
+        "srs_app_heartbeat" "srs_app_http_client" "srs_app_http_static"
         "srs_app_recv_thread" "srs_app_security" "srs_app_statistic" "srs_app_hds"
         "srs_app_mpegts_udp" "srs_app_listener" "srs_app_async_call"
-        "srs_app_caster_flv" "srs_app_latest_version" "srs_app_uuid" "srs_app_process" "srs_app_ng_exec"
-        "srs_app_hourglass" "srs_app_dash" "srs_app_fragment" "srs_app_dvr"
-        "srs_app_coworkers" "srs_app_circuit_breaker"
+        "srs_app_caster_flv" "srs_app_latest_version" "srs_app_process" "srs_app_ng_exec"
+        "srs_app_dash" "srs_app_fragment" "srs_app_dvr"
+        "srs_app_coworkers" "srs_app_circuit_breaker" "srs_app_factory"
         "srs_app_stream_token")
 # Always include SRT app modules
-MODULE_FILES+=("srs_app_srt_server" "srs_app_srt_listener" "srs_app_srt_conn" "srs_app_srt_utility" "srs_app_srt_source")
-MODULE_FILES+=("srs_app_rtc_conn" "srs_app_rtc_dtls" "srs_app_rtc_sdp" "srs_app_rtc_network"
-    "srs_app_rtc_queue" "srs_app_rtc_server" "srs_app_rtc_source" "srs_app_rtc_api")
+MODULE_FILES+=("srs_app_srt_server" "srs_app_srt_listener" "srs_app_srt_conn" "srs_app_srt_source")
+MODULE_FILES+=("srs_app_rtc_conn" "srs_app_rtc_dtls" "srs_app_rtc_network"
+    "srs_app_rtc_server" "srs_app_rtc_source" "srs_app_rtc_api")
 if [[ $SRS_RTSP == YES ]]; then
     MODULE_FILES+=("srs_app_rtsp_source" "srs_app_rtsp_conn")
 fi
diff --git a/trunk/doc/CHANGELOG.md b/trunk/doc/CHANGELOG.md
index 2f08bca9ed4..83a79afd28a 100644
--- a/trunk/doc/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/trunk/doc/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ The changelog for SRS.
 <a name="v7-changes"></a>
 
 ## SRS 7.0 Changelog
+* v7.0, 2025-09-13, Merge [#4486](https://github.com/ossrs/srs/pull/4486): Move some app files to kernel. v7.0.86 (#4486)
 * v7.0, 2025-09-12, Merge [#4485](https://github.com/ossrs/srs/pull/4485): AI: Fix naming problem for app module. v7.0.85 (#4485)
 * v7.0, 2025-09-09, Merge [#4446](https://github.com/ossrs/srs/pull/4446): SRT2RTMP: fix srt bridge hevc to rtmp error. v7.0.84 (#4446)
 * v7.0, 2025-09-09, Merge [#4482](https://github.com/ossrs/srs/pull/4482): AI: Fix naming issue for protocol module. v7.0.83 (#4482)
diff --git a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_async_call.hpp b/trunk/src/app/srs_app_async_call.hpp
index 602632cc231..7f6c04fae3f 100644
--- a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_async_call.hpp
+++ b/trunk/src/app/srs_app_async_call.hpp
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ class ISrsAsyncCallTask
 class SrsAsyncCallWorker : public ISrsCoroutineHandler
 {
 private:
-    SrsCoroutine *trd_;
+    ISrsCoroutine *trd_;
 
 protected:
     std::vector<ISrsAsyncCallTask *> tasks_;
diff --git a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_caster_flv.cpp b/trunk/src/app/srs_app_caster_flv.cpp
index 4c81b1967d3..a6d27415ce7 100644
--- a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_caster_flv.cpp
+++ b/trunk/src/app/srs_app_caster_flv.cpp
@@ -11,7 +11,6 @@ using namespace std;
 
 #include <srs_app_config.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_http_conn.hpp>
-#include <srs_app_pithy_print.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_rtmp_conn.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_st.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_utility.hpp>
@@ -19,6 +18,7 @@ using namespace std;
 #include <srs_kernel_error.hpp>
 #include <srs_kernel_flv.hpp>
 #include <srs_kernel_log.hpp>
+#include <srs_kernel_pithy_print.hpp>
 #include <srs_kernel_utility.hpp>
 #include <srs_protocol_amf0.hpp>
 #include <srs_protocol_rtmp_stack.hpp>
diff --git a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_caster_flv.hpp b/trunk/src/app/srs_app_caster_flv.hpp
index 00b42ff3ed0..3745c2cd485 100644
--- a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_caster_flv.hpp
+++ b/trunk/src/app/srs_app_caster_flv.hpp
@@ -24,11 +24,11 @@ class SrsTcpClient;
 class SrsSimpleRtmpClient;
 class SrsAppCasterFlv;
 
-#include <srs_app_conn.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_http_conn.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_listener.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_st.hpp>
 #include <srs_kernel_file.hpp>
+#include <srs_protocol_conn.hpp>
 
 // A TCP listener, for flv stream server.
 class SrsHttpFlvListener : public ISrsTcpHandler, public ISrsListener
diff --git a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_circuit_breaker.cpp b/trunk/src/app/srs_app_circuit_breaker.cpp
index db81ea38a41..d83bc3931b5 100644
--- a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_circuit_breaker.cpp
+++ b/trunk/src/app/srs_app_circuit_breaker.cpp
@@ -7,9 +7,9 @@
 #include <srs_app_circuit_breaker.hpp>
 
 #include <srs_app_config.hpp>
-#include <srs_app_hourglass.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_server.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_utility.hpp>
+#include <srs_kernel_hourglass.hpp>
 #include <srs_kernel_kbps.hpp>
 #include <srs_kernel_utility.hpp>
 
diff --git a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_circuit_breaker.hpp b/trunk/src/app/srs_app_circuit_breaker.hpp
index a7aa6634a6d..031b141487d 100644
--- a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_circuit_breaker.hpp
+++ b/trunk/src/app/srs_app_circuit_breaker.hpp
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
 
 #include <srs_core.hpp>
 
-#include <srs_app_hourglass.hpp>
+#include <srs_kernel_hourglass.hpp>
 
 // Interface for circuit breaker functionality to protect server in high load conditions.
 // The circuit breaker monitors CPU usage and enables different levels of protection:
diff --git a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_config.cpp b/trunk/src/app/srs_app_config.cpp
index c130d85ff78..6fbd4430e56 100644
--- a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_config.cpp
+++ b/trunk/src/app/srs_app_config.cpp
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@
 using namespace std;
 
 #include <srs_app_http_hooks.hpp>
-#include <srs_app_source.hpp>
+#include <srs_app_rtmp_source.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_statistic.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_utility.hpp>
 #include <srs_core_autofree.hpp>
diff --git a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_config.hpp b/trunk/src/app/srs_app_config.hpp
index c2405bcce58..e637e38ca6d 100644
--- a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_config.hpp
+++ b/trunk/src/app/srs_app_config.hpp
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
 #include <srs_app_async_call.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_reload.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_st.hpp>
+#include <srs_kernel_factory.hpp>
 
 class ISrsRequest;
 class SrsFileWriter;
@@ -278,7 +279,7 @@ enum SrsReloadState {
 // that is, never save the SrsConfDirective* get by any api of config,
 // For it maybe free in the reload st-thread cycle.
 // You could keep it before st-thread switch, or simply never keep it.
-class SrsConfig
+class SrsConfig : public ISrsConfig
 {
     friend class SrsConfDirective;
     // user command
diff --git a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_conn.cpp b/trunk/src/app/srs_app_conn.cpp
deleted file mode 100644
index 6d679640751..00000000000
--- a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_conn.cpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,1009 +0,0 @@
-//
-// Copyright (c) 2013-2025 The SRS Authors
-//
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-//
-
-#include <srs_app_conn.hpp>
-
-#include <algorithm>
-#include <netinet/tcp.h>
-using namespace std;
-
-#include <srs_app_config.hpp>
-#include <srs_app_log.hpp>
-#include <srs_app_utility.hpp>
-#include <srs_core_autofree.hpp>
-#include <srs_kernel_buffer.hpp>
-#include <srs_kernel_error.hpp>
-#include <srs_kernel_log.hpp>
-#include <srs_kernel_utility.hpp>
-#include <srs_protocol_kbps.hpp>
-#include <srs_protocol_log.hpp>
-
-SrsPps *_srs_pps_ids = NULL;
-SrsPps *_srs_pps_fids = NULL;
-SrsPps *_srs_pps_fids_level0 = NULL;
-SrsPps *_srs_pps_dispose = NULL;
-
-ISrsDisposingHandler::ISrsDisposingHandler()
-{
-}
-
-ISrsDisposingHandler::~ISrsDisposingHandler()
-{
-}
-
-SrsResourceManager::SrsResourceManager(const std::string &label, bool verbose)
-{
-    verbose_ = verbose;
-    label_ = label;
-    cond_ = srs_cond_new();
-    trd_ = NULL;
-    p_disposing_ = NULL;
-    removing_ = false;
-
-    nn_level0_cache_ = 100000;
-    conns_level0_cache_ = new SrsResourceFastIdItem[nn_level0_cache_];
-}
-
-SrsResourceManager::~SrsResourceManager()
-{
-    if (trd_) {
-        srs_cond_signal(cond_);
-        trd_->stop();
-
-        srs_freep(trd_);
-    }
-    srs_cond_destroy(cond_);
-
-    clear();
-
-    // Free all objects not in zombies.
-    std::vector<ISrsResource *>::iterator it;
-    for (it = conns_.begin(); it != conns_.end(); ++it) {
-        ISrsResource *resource = *it;
-        srs_freep(resource);
-    }
-
-    srs_freepa(conns_level0_cache_);
-}
-
-srs_error_t SrsResourceManager::start()
-{
-    srs_error_t err = srs_success;
-
-    cid_ = _srs_context->generate_id();
-    trd_ = new SrsSTCoroutine("manager", this, cid_);
-
-    if ((err = trd_->start()) != srs_success) {
-        return srs_error_wrap(err, "conn manager");
-    }
-
-    return err;
-}
-
-bool SrsResourceManager::empty()
-{
-    return conns_.empty();
-}
-
-size_t SrsResourceManager::size()
-{
-    return conns_.size();
-}
-
-srs_error_t SrsResourceManager::cycle()
-{
-    srs_error_t err = srs_success;
-
-    srs_trace("%s: connection manager run, conns=%d", label_.c_str(), (int)conns_.size());
-
-    while (true) {
-        if ((err = trd_->pull()) != srs_success) {
-            return srs_error_wrap(err, "conn manager");
-        }
-
-        // Clear all zombies, because we may switch context and lost signal
-        // when we clear zombie connection.
-        while (!zombies_.empty()) {
-            clear();
-        }
-
-        srs_cond_wait(cond_);
-    }
-
-    return err;
-}
-
-void SrsResourceManager::add(ISrsResource *conn, bool *exists)
-{
-    if (std::find(conns_.begin(), conns_.end(), conn) == conns_.end()) {
-        conns_.push_back(conn);
-    } else {
-        if (exists) {
-            *exists = true;
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-void SrsResourceManager::add_with_id(const std::string &id, ISrsResource *conn)
-{
-    add(conn);
-    conns_id_[id] = conn;
-}
-
-void SrsResourceManager::add_with_fast_id(uint64_t id, ISrsResource *conn)
-{
-    bool exists = false;
-    add(conn, &exists);
-    conns_fast_id_[id] = conn;
-
-    if (exists) {
-        return;
-    }
-
-    // For new resource, build the level-0 cache for fast-id.
-    SrsResourceFastIdItem *item = &conns_level0_cache_[(id | id >> 32) % nn_level0_cache_];
-
-    // Ignore if exits item.
-    if (item->fast_id_ && item->fast_id_ == id) {
-        return;
-    }
-
-    // Fresh one, create the item.
-    if (!item->fast_id_) {
-        item->fast_id_ = id;
-        item->impl_ = conn;
-        item->nn_collisions_ = 1;
-        item->available_ = true;
-    }
-
-    // Collision, increase the collisions.
-    if (item->fast_id_ != id) {
-        item->nn_collisions_++;
-        item->available_ = false;
-    }
-}
-
-void SrsResourceManager::add_with_name(const std::string &name, ISrsResource *conn)
-{
-    add(conn);
-    conns_name_[name] = conn;
-}
-
-ISrsResource *SrsResourceManager::at(int index)
-{
-    return (index < (int)conns_.size()) ? conns_.at(index) : NULL;
-}
-
-ISrsResource *SrsResourceManager::find_by_id(std::string id)
-{
-    ++_srs_pps_ids->sugar_;
-    map<string, ISrsResource *>::iterator it = conns_id_.find(id);
-    return (it != conns_id_.end()) ? it->second : NULL;
-}
-
-ISrsResource *SrsResourceManager::find_by_fast_id(uint64_t id)
-{
-    SrsResourceFastIdItem *item = &conns_level0_cache_[(id | id >> 32) % nn_level0_cache_];
-    if (item->available_ && item->fast_id_ == id) {
-        ++_srs_pps_fids_level0->sugar_;
-        return item->impl_;
-    }
-
-    ++_srs_pps_fids->sugar_;
-    map<uint64_t, ISrsResource *>::iterator it = conns_fast_id_.find(id);
-    return (it != conns_fast_id_.end()) ? it->second : NULL;
-}
-
-ISrsResource *SrsResourceManager::find_by_name(std::string name)
-{
-    ++_srs_pps_ids->sugar_;
-    map<string, ISrsResource *>::iterator it = conns_name_.find(name);
-    return (it != conns_name_.end()) ? it->second : NULL;
-}
-
-void SrsResourceManager::subscribe(ISrsDisposingHandler *h)
-{
-    if (std::find(handlers_.begin(), handlers_.end(), h) == handlers_.end()) {
-        handlers_.push_back(h);
-    }
-
-    // Restore the handler from unsubscribing handlers.
-    vector<ISrsDisposingHandler *>::iterator it;
-    if ((it = std::find(unsubs_.begin(), unsubs_.end(), h)) != unsubs_.end()) {
-        it = unsubs_.erase(it);
-    }
-}
-
-void SrsResourceManager::unsubscribe(ISrsDisposingHandler *h)
-{
-    vector<ISrsDisposingHandler *>::iterator it = find(handlers_.begin(), handlers_.end(), h);
-    if (it != handlers_.end()) {
-        it = handlers_.erase(it);
-    }
-
-    // Put it to the unsubscribing handlers.
-    if (std::find(unsubs_.begin(), unsubs_.end(), h) == unsubs_.end()) {
-        unsubs_.push_back(h);
-    }
-}
-
-void SrsResourceManager::remove(ISrsResource *c)
-{
-    SrsContextRestore(_srs_context->get_id());
-
-    removing_ = true;
-    do_remove(c);
-    removing_ = false;
-}
-
-void SrsResourceManager::do_remove(ISrsResource *c)
-{
-    bool in_zombie = false;
-    bool in_disposing = false;
-    check_remove(c, in_zombie, in_disposing);
-    bool ignored = in_zombie || in_disposing;
-
-    if (verbose_) {
-        _srs_context->set_id(c->get_id());
-        srs_trace("%s: before dispose resource(%s)(%p), conns=%d, zombies=%d, ign=%d, inz=%d, ind=%d",
-                  label_.c_str(), c->desc().c_str(), c, (int)conns_.size(), (int)zombies_.size(), ignored,
-                  in_zombie, in_disposing);
-    }
-    if (ignored) {
-        return;
-    }
-
-    // Push to zombies, we will free it in another coroutine.
-    zombies_.push_back(c);
-
-    // We should copy all handlers, because it may change during callback.
-    vector<ISrsDisposingHandler *> handlers = handlers_;
-
-    // Notify other handlers to handle the before-dispose event.
-    for (int i = 0; i < (int)handlers.size(); i++) {
-        ISrsDisposingHandler *h = handlers.at(i);
-
-        // Ignore if handler is unsubscribing.
-        if (!unsubs_.empty() && std::find(unsubs_.begin(), unsubs_.end(), h) != unsubs_.end()) {
-            srs_warn2(TAG_RESOURCE_UNSUB, "%s: ignore before-dispose resource(%s)(%p) for %p, conns=%d",
-                      label_.c_str(), c->desc().c_str(), c, h, (int)conns_.size());
-            continue;
-        }
-
-        h->on_before_dispose(c);
-    }
-
-    // Notify the coroutine to free it.
-    srs_cond_signal(cond_);
-}
-
-void SrsResourceManager::check_remove(ISrsResource *c, bool &in_zombie, bool &in_disposing)
-{
-    // Only notify when not removed(in zombies_).
-    vector<ISrsResource *>::iterator it = std::find(zombies_.begin(), zombies_.end(), c);
-    if (it != zombies_.end()) {
-        in_zombie = true;
-    }
-
-    // Also ignore when we are disposing it.
-    if (p_disposing_) {
-        it = std::find(p_disposing_->begin(), p_disposing_->end(), c);
-        if (it != p_disposing_->end()) {
-            in_disposing = true;
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-void SrsResourceManager::clear()
-{
-    if (zombies_.empty()) {
-        return;
-    }
-
-    SrsContextRestore(cid_);
-    if (verbose_) {
-        srs_trace("%s: clear zombies=%d resources, conns=%d, removing=%d, unsubs=%d",
-                  label_.c_str(), (int)zombies_.size(), (int)conns_.size(), removing_, (int)unsubs_.size());
-    }
-
-    // Clear all unsubscribing handlers, if not removing any resource.
-    if (!removing_ && !unsubs_.empty()) {
-        vector<ISrsDisposingHandler *>().swap(unsubs_);
-    }
-
-    do_clear();
-}
-
-void SrsResourceManager::do_clear()
-{
-    // To prevent thread switch when delete connection,
-    // we copy all connections then free one by one.
-    vector<ISrsResource *> copy;
-    copy.swap(zombies_);
-    p_disposing_ = &copy;
-
-    for (int i = 0; i < (int)copy.size(); i++) {
-        ISrsResource *conn = copy.at(i);
-
-        if (verbose_) {
-            _srs_context->set_id(conn->get_id());
-            srs_trace("%s: disposing #%d resource(%s)(%p), conns=%d, disposing=%d, zombies=%d", label_.c_str(),
-                      i, conn->desc().c_str(), conn, (int)conns_.size(), (int)copy.size(), (int)zombies_.size());
-        }
-
-        ++_srs_pps_dispose->sugar_;
-
-        dispose(conn);
-    }
-
-    // Reset it for it points to a local object.
-    // @remark We must set the disposing to NULL to avoid reusing address,
-    // because the context might switch.
-    p_disposing_ = NULL;
-
-    // We should free the resources when finished all disposing callbacks,
-    // which might cause context switch and reuse the freed addresses.
-    for (int i = 0; i < (int)copy.size(); i++) {
-        ISrsResource *conn = copy.at(i);
-        srs_freep(conn);
-    }
-}
-
-void SrsResourceManager::dispose(ISrsResource *c)
-{
-    for (map<string, ISrsResource *>::iterator it = conns_name_.begin(); it != conns_name_.end();) {
-        if (c != it->second) {
-            ++it;
-        } else {
-            // Use C++98 style: https://stackoverflow.com/a/4636230
-            conns_name_.erase(it++);
-        }
-    }
-
-    for (map<string, ISrsResource *>::iterator it = conns_id_.begin(); it != conns_id_.end();) {
-        if (c != it->second) {
-            ++it;
-        } else {
-            // Use C++98 style: https://stackoverflow.com/a/4636230
-            conns_id_.erase(it++);
-        }
-    }
-
-    for (map<uint64_t, ISrsResource *>::iterator it = conns_fast_id_.begin(); it != conns_fast_id_.end();) {
-        if (c != it->second) {
-            ++it;
-        } else {
-            // Update the level-0 cache for fast-id.
-            uint64_t id = it->first;
-            SrsResourceFastIdItem *item = &conns_level0_cache_[(id | id >> 32) % nn_level0_cache_];
-            item->nn_collisions_--;
-            if (!item->nn_collisions_) {
-                item->fast_id_ = 0;
-                item->available_ = false;
-            }
-
-            // Use C++98 style: https://stackoverflow.com/a/4636230
-            conns_fast_id_.erase(it++);
-        }
-    }
-
-    vector<ISrsResource *>::iterator it = std::find(conns_.begin(), conns_.end(), c);
-    if (it != conns_.end()) {
-        it = conns_.erase(it);
-    }
-
-    // We should copy all handlers, because it may change during callback.
-    vector<ISrsDisposingHandler *> handlers = handlers_;
-
-    // Notify other handlers to handle the disposing event.
-    for (int i = 0; i < (int)handlers.size(); i++) {
-        ISrsDisposingHandler *h = handlers.at(i);
-
-        // Ignore if handler is unsubscribing.
-        if (!unsubs_.empty() && std::find(unsubs_.begin(), unsubs_.end(), h) != unsubs_.end()) {
-            srs_warn2(TAG_RESOURCE_UNSUB, "%s: ignore disposing resource(%s)(%p) for %p, conns=%d",
-                      label_.c_str(), c->desc().c_str(), c, h, (int)conns_.size());
-            continue;
-        }
-
-        h->on_disposing(c);
-    }
-}
-
-ISrsExpire::ISrsExpire()
-{
-}
-
-ISrsExpire::~ISrsExpire()
-{
-}
-
-SrsTcpConnection::SrsTcpConnection(srs_netfd_t c)
-{
-    stfd_ = c;
-    skt_ = new SrsStSocket(c);
-}
-
-SrsTcpConnection::~SrsTcpConnection()
-{
-    srs_freep(skt_);
-    srs_close_stfd(stfd_);
-}
-
-srs_error_t SrsTcpConnection::set_tcp_nodelay(bool v)
-{
-    srs_error_t err = srs_success;
-
-    int r0 = 0;
-    socklen_t nb_v = sizeof(int);
-    int fd = srs_netfd_fileno(stfd_);
-
-    int ov = 0;
-    if ((r0 = getsockopt(fd, IPPROTO_TCP, TCP_NODELAY, &ov, &nb_v)) != 0) {
-        return srs_error_new(ERROR_SOCKET_NO_NODELAY, "getsockopt fd=%d, r0=%d", fd, r0);
-    }
-
-#ifndef SRS_PERF_TCP_NODELAY
-    srs_warn("ignore TCP_NODELAY, fd=%d, ov=%d", fd, ov);
-    return err;
-#endif
-
-    int iv = (v ? 1 : 0);
-    if ((r0 = setsockopt(fd, IPPROTO_TCP, TCP_NODELAY, &iv, nb_v)) != 0) {
-        return srs_error_new(ERROR_SOCKET_NO_NODELAY, "setsockopt fd=%d, r0=%d", fd, r0);
-    }
-    if ((r0 = getsockopt(fd, IPPROTO_TCP, TCP_NODELAY, &iv, &nb_v)) != 0) {
-        return srs_error_new(ERROR_SOCKET_NO_NODELAY, "getsockopt fd=%d, r0=%d", fd, r0);
-    }
-
-    srs_trace("set fd=%d TCP_NODELAY %d=>%d", fd, ov, iv);
-
-    return err;
-}
-
-srs_error_t SrsTcpConnection::set_socket_buffer(srs_utime_t buffer_v)
-{
-    srs_error_t err = srs_success;
-
-    int r0 = 0;
-    int fd = srs_netfd_fileno(stfd_);
-    socklen_t nb_v = sizeof(int);
-
-    int ov = 0;
-    if ((r0 = getsockopt(fd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_SNDBUF, &ov, &nb_v)) != 0) {
-        return srs_error_new(ERROR_SOCKET_SNDBUF, "getsockopt fd=%d, r0=%d", fd, r0);
-    }
-
-#ifndef SRS_PERF_MW_SO_SNDBUF
-    srs_warn("ignore SO_SNDBUF, fd=%d, ov=%d", fd, ov);
-    return err;
-#endif
-
-    // the bytes:
-    //      4KB=4096, 8KB=8192, 16KB=16384, 32KB=32768, 64KB=65536,
-    //      128KB=131072, 256KB=262144, 512KB=524288
-    // the buffer should set to sleep*kbps/8,
-    // for example, your system delivery stream in 1000kbps,
-    // sleep 800ms for small bytes, the buffer should set to:
-    //      800*1000/8=100000B(about 128KB).
-    // other examples:
-    //      2000*3000/8=750000B(about 732KB).
-    //      2000*5000/8=1250000B(about 1220KB).
-    int kbps = 4000;
-    int iv = srsu2ms(buffer_v) * kbps / 8;
-
-    // socket send buffer, system will double it.
-    iv = iv / 2;
-
-    // override the send buffer by macro.
-#ifdef SRS_PERF_SO_SNDBUF_SIZE
-    iv = SRS_PERF_SO_SNDBUF_SIZE / 2;
-#endif
-
-    // set the socket send buffer when required larger buffer
-    if (setsockopt(fd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_SNDBUF, &iv, nb_v) < 0) {
-        return srs_error_new(ERROR_SOCKET_SNDBUF, "setsockopt fd=%d, r0=%d", fd, r0);
-    }
-    if ((r0 = getsockopt(fd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_SNDBUF, &iv, &nb_v)) != 0) {
-        return srs_error_new(ERROR_SOCKET_SNDBUF, "getsockopt fd=%d, r0=%d", fd, r0);
-    }
-
-    srs_trace("set fd=%d, SO_SNDBUF=%d=>%d, buffer=%dms", fd, ov, iv, srsu2ms(buffer_v));
-
-    return err;
-}
-
-void SrsTcpConnection::set_recv_timeout(srs_utime_t tm)
-{
-    skt_->set_recv_timeout(tm);
-}
-
-srs_utime_t SrsTcpConnection::get_recv_timeout()
-{
-    return skt_->get_recv_timeout();
-}
-
-srs_error_t SrsTcpConnection::read_fully(void *buf, size_t size, ssize_t *nread)
-{
-    return skt_->read_fully(buf, size, nread);
-}
-
-int64_t SrsTcpConnection::get_recv_bytes()
-{
-    return skt_->get_recv_bytes();
-}
-
-int64_t SrsTcpConnection::get_send_bytes()
-{
-    return skt_->get_send_bytes();
-}
-
-srs_error_t SrsTcpConnection::read(void *buf, size_t size, ssize_t *nread)
-{
-    return skt_->read(buf, size, nread);
-}
-
-void SrsTcpConnection::set_send_timeout(srs_utime_t tm)
-{
-    skt_->set_send_timeout(tm);
-}
-
-srs_utime_t SrsTcpConnection::get_send_timeout()
-{
-    return skt_->get_send_timeout();
-}
-
-srs_error_t SrsTcpConnection::write(void *buf, size_t size, ssize_t *nwrite)
-{
-    return skt_->write(buf, size, nwrite);
-}
-
-srs_error_t SrsTcpConnection::writev(const iovec *iov, int iov_size, ssize_t *nwrite)
-{
-    return skt_->writev(iov, iov_size, nwrite);
-}
-
-SrsBufferedReadWriter::SrsBufferedReadWriter(ISrsProtocolReadWriter *io)
-{
-    io_ = io;
-    buf_ = NULL;
-}
-
-SrsBufferedReadWriter::~SrsBufferedReadWriter()
-{
-    srs_freep(buf_);
-}
-
-srs_error_t SrsBufferedReadWriter::peek(char *buf, int *size)
-{
-    srs_error_t err = srs_success;
-
-    if ((err = reload_buffer()) != srs_success) {
-        return srs_error_wrap(err, "reload buffer");
-    }
-
-    int nn = srs_min(buf_->left(), *size);
-    *size = nn;
-
-    if (nn) {
-        memcpy(buf, buf_->head(), nn);
-    }
-
-    return err;
-}
-
-srs_error_t SrsBufferedReadWriter::reload_buffer()
-{
-    srs_error_t err = srs_success;
-
-    if (buf_ && !buf_->empty()) {
-        return err;
-    }
-
-    // We use read_fully to always full fill the cache, to avoid peeking failed.
-    ssize_t nread = 0;
-    if ((err = io_->read_fully(cache_, sizeof(cache_), &nread)) != srs_success) {
-        return srs_error_wrap(err, "read");
-    }
-
-    srs_freep(buf_);
-    buf_ = new SrsBuffer(cache_, nread);
-
-    return err;
-}
-
-srs_error_t SrsBufferedReadWriter::read(void *buf, size_t size, ssize_t *nread)
-{
-    if (!buf_ || buf_->empty()) {
-        return io_->read(buf, size, nread);
-    }
-
-    int nn = srs_min(buf_->left(), (int)size);
-    *nread = nn;
-
-    if (nn) {
-        buf_->read_bytes((char *)buf, nn);
-    }
-    return srs_success;
-}
-
-srs_error_t SrsBufferedReadWriter::read_fully(void *buf, size_t size, ssize_t *nread)
-{
-    if (!buf_ || buf_->empty()) {
-        return io_->read_fully(buf, size, nread);
-    }
-
-    int nn = srs_min(buf_->left(), (int)size);
-    if (nn) {
-        buf_->read_bytes((char *)buf, nn);
-    }
-
-    int left = size - nn;
-    *nread = size;
-
-    if (left) {
-        return io_->read_fully((char *)buf + nn, left, NULL);
-    }
-    return srs_success;
-}
-
-void SrsBufferedReadWriter::set_recv_timeout(srs_utime_t tm)
-{
-    return io_->set_recv_timeout(tm);
-}
-
-srs_utime_t SrsBufferedReadWriter::get_recv_timeout()
-{
-    return io_->get_recv_timeout();
-}
-
-int64_t SrsBufferedReadWriter::get_recv_bytes()
-{
-    return io_->get_recv_bytes();
-}
-
-int64_t SrsBufferedReadWriter::get_send_bytes()
-{
-    return io_->get_send_bytes();
-}
-
-void SrsBufferedReadWriter::set_send_timeout(srs_utime_t tm)
-{
-    return io_->set_send_timeout(tm);
-}
-
-srs_utime_t SrsBufferedReadWriter::get_send_timeout()
-{
-    return io_->get_send_timeout();
-}
-
-srs_error_t SrsBufferedReadWriter::write(void *buf, size_t size, ssize_t *nwrite)
-{
-    return io_->write(buf, size, nwrite);
-}
-
-srs_error_t SrsBufferedReadWriter::writev(const iovec *iov, int iov_size, ssize_t *nwrite)
-{
-    return io_->writev(iov, iov_size, nwrite);
-}
-
-SrsSslConnection::SrsSslConnection(ISrsProtocolReadWriter *c)
-{
-    transport_ = c;
-    ssl_ctx_ = NULL;
-    ssl_ = NULL;
-}
-
-SrsSslConnection::~SrsSslConnection()
-{
-    if (ssl_) {
-        // this function will free bio_in_ and bio_out_
-        SSL_free(ssl_);
-        ssl_ = NULL;
-    }
-
-    if (ssl_ctx_) {
-        SSL_CTX_free(ssl_ctx_);
-        ssl_ctx_ = NULL;
-    }
-}
-
-#pragma GCC diagnostic push
-#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wdeprecated-declarations"
-srs_error_t SrsSslConnection::handshake(string key_file, string crt_file)
-{
-    srs_error_t err = srs_success;
-
-    // For HTTPS, try to connect over security transport.
-#if (OPENSSL_VERSION_NUMBER < 0x10002000L) // v1.0.2
-    ssl_ctx_ = SSL_CTX_new(TLS_method());
-#else
-    ssl_ctx_ = SSL_CTX_new(TLSv1_2_method());
-#endif
-    SSL_CTX_set_verify(ssl_ctx_, SSL_VERIFY_NONE, NULL);
-    srs_assert(SSL_CTX_set_cipher_list(ssl_ctx_, "ALL") == 1);
-
-    // TODO: Setup callback, see SSL_set_ex_data and SSL_set_info_callback
-    if ((ssl_ = SSL_new(ssl_ctx_)) == NULL) {
-        return srs_error_new(ERROR_TLS_HANDSHAKE, "SSL_new ssl");
-    }
-
-    if ((bio_in_ = BIO_new(BIO_s_mem())) == NULL) {
-        return srs_error_new(ERROR_TLS_HANDSHAKE, "BIO_new in");
-    }
-
-    if ((bio_out_ = BIO_new(BIO_s_mem())) == NULL) {
-        BIO_free(bio_in_);
-        return srs_error_new(ERROR_TLS_HANDSHAKE, "BIO_new out");
-    }
-
-    SSL_set_bio(ssl_, bio_in_, bio_out_);
-
-    // SSL setup active, as server role.
-    SSL_set_accept_state(ssl_);
-    SSL_set_mode(ssl_, SSL_MODE_ENABLE_PARTIAL_WRITE);
-
-    uint8_t *data = NULL;
-    int r0, r1, size;
-
-    // Setup the key and cert file for server.
-    if ((r0 = SSL_use_certificate_chain_file(ssl_, crt_file.c_str())) != 1) {
-        return srs_error_new(ERROR_TLS_KEY_CRT, "use cert %s", crt_file.c_str());
-    }
-
-    if ((r0 = SSL_use_RSAPrivateKey_file(ssl_, key_file.c_str(), SSL_FILETYPE_PEM)) != 1) {
-        return srs_error_new(ERROR_TLS_KEY_CRT, "use key %s", key_file.c_str());
-    }
-
-    if ((r0 = SSL_check_private_key(ssl_)) != 1) {
-        return srs_error_new(ERROR_TLS_KEY_CRT, "check key %s with cert %s",
-                             key_file.c_str(), crt_file.c_str());
-    }
-    srs_info("ssl: use key %s and cert %s", key_file.c_str(), crt_file.c_str());
-
-    // Receive ClientHello
-    while (true) {
-        char buf[1024];
-        ssize_t nn = 0;
-        if ((err = transport_->read(buf, sizeof(buf), &nn)) != srs_success) {
-            return srs_error_wrap(err, "handshake: read");
-        }
-
-        if ((r0 = BIO_write(bio_in_, buf, nn)) <= 0) {
-            // TODO: 0 or -1 maybe block, use BIO_should_retry to check.
-            return srs_error_new(ERROR_TLS_HANDSHAKE, "BIO_write r0=%d, data=%p, size=%d", r0, buf, nn);
-        }
-
-        r0 = SSL_do_handshake(ssl_);
-        r1 = SSL_get_error(ssl_, r0);
-        ERR_clear_error();
-        if (r0 != -1 || r1 != SSL_ERROR_WANT_READ) {
-            return srs_error_new(ERROR_TLS_HANDSHAKE, "handshake r0=%d, r1=%d", r0, r1);
-        }
-
-        if ((size = BIO_get_mem_data(bio_out_, &data)) > 0) {
-            // OK, reset it for the next write.
-            if ((r0 = BIO_reset(bio_in_)) != 1) {
-                return srs_error_new(ERROR_TLS_HANDSHAKE, "BIO_reset r0=%d", r0);
-            }
-            break;
-        }
-    }
-
-    srs_info("tls: ClientHello done");
-
-    // Send ServerHello, Certificate, Server Key Exchange, Server Hello Done
-    size = BIO_get_mem_data(bio_out_, &data);
-    if (!data || size <= 0) {
-        return srs_error_new(ERROR_TLS_HANDSHAKE, "handshake data=%p, size=%d", data, size);
-    }
-    if ((err = transport_->write(data, size, NULL)) != srs_success) {
-        return srs_error_wrap(err, "handshake: write data=%p, size=%d", data, size);
-    }
-    if ((r0 = BIO_reset(bio_out_)) != 1) {
-        return srs_error_new(ERROR_TLS_HANDSHAKE, "BIO_reset r0=%d", r0);
-    }
-
-    srs_info("tls: ServerHello done");
-
-    // Receive Client Key Exchange, Change Cipher Spec, Encrypted Handshake Message
-    while (true) {
-        char buf[1024];
-        ssize_t nn = 0;
-        if ((err = transport_->read(buf, sizeof(buf), &nn)) != srs_success) {
-            return srs_error_wrap(err, "handshake: read");
-        }
-
-        if ((r0 = BIO_write(bio_in_, buf, nn)) <= 0) {
-            // TODO: 0 or -1 maybe block, use BIO_should_retry to check.
-            return srs_error_new(ERROR_TLS_HANDSHAKE, "BIO_write r0=%d, data=%p, size=%d", r0, buf, nn);
-        }
-
-        r0 = SSL_do_handshake(ssl_);
-        r1 = SSL_get_error(ssl_, r0);
-        ERR_clear_error();
-        if (r0 == 1 && r1 == SSL_ERROR_NONE) {
-            break;
-        }
-
-        if (r0 != -1 || r1 != SSL_ERROR_WANT_READ) {
-            return srs_error_new(ERROR_TLS_HANDSHAKE, "handshake r0=%d, r1=%d", r0, r1);
-        }
-
-        if ((size = BIO_get_mem_data(bio_out_, &data)) > 0) {
-            // OK, reset it for the next write.
-            if ((r0 = BIO_reset(bio_in_)) != 1) {
-                return srs_error_new(ERROR_TLS_HANDSHAKE, "BIO_reset r0=%d", r0);
-            }
-            break;
-        }
-    }
-
-    srs_info("tls: Client done");
-
-    // Send New Session Ticket, Change Cipher Spec, Encrypted Handshake Message
-    size = BIO_get_mem_data(bio_out_, &data);
-    if (!data || size <= 0) {
-        return srs_error_new(ERROR_TLS_HANDSHAKE, "handshake data=%p, size=%d", data, size);
-    }
-    if ((err = transport_->write(data, size, NULL)) != srs_success) {
-        return srs_error_wrap(err, "handshake: write data=%p, size=%d", data, size);
-    }
-    if ((r0 = BIO_reset(bio_out_)) != 1) {
-        return srs_error_new(ERROR_TLS_HANDSHAKE, "BIO_reset r0=%d", r0);
-    }
-
-    srs_info("tls: Server done");
-
-    return err;
-}
-#pragma GCC diagnostic pop
-
-void SrsSslConnection::set_recv_timeout(srs_utime_t tm)
-{
-    transport_->set_recv_timeout(tm);
-}
-
-srs_utime_t SrsSslConnection::get_recv_timeout()
-{
-    return transport_->get_recv_timeout();
-}
-
-srs_error_t SrsSslConnection::read_fully(void *buf, size_t size, ssize_t *nread)
-{
-    srs_error_t err = srs_success;
-    ssize_t nb = 0;
-    void *p = buf;
-    while ((size_t)nb < size) {
-        ssize_t once_nb = 0;
-        if ((err = read((char *)p + nb, size - nb, &once_nb)) != srs_success) {
-            return srs_error_wrap(err, "tls: read");
-        }
-        nb += once_nb;
-    }
-
-    if (nread) {
-        *nread = nb;
-    }
-
-    return err;
-}
-
-int64_t SrsSslConnection::get_recv_bytes()
-{
-    return transport_->get_recv_bytes();
-}
-
-int64_t SrsSslConnection::get_send_bytes()
-{
-    return transport_->get_send_bytes();
-}
-
-srs_error_t SrsSslConnection::read(void *plaintext, size_t nn_plaintext, ssize_t *nread)
-{
-    srs_error_t err = srs_success;
-
-    while (true) {
-        int r0 = SSL_read(ssl_, plaintext, nn_plaintext);
-        int r1 = SSL_get_error(ssl_, r0);
-        ERR_clear_error();
-        int r2 = BIO_ctrl_pending(bio_in_);
-        int r3 = SSL_is_init_finished(ssl_);
-
-        // OK, got data.
-        if (r0 > 0) {
-            srs_assert(r0 <= (int)nn_plaintext);
-            if (nread) {
-                *nread = r0;
-            }
-            return err;
-        }
-
-        // Need to read more data to feed SSL.
-        if (r0 == -1 && r1 == SSL_ERROR_WANT_READ) {
-            // TODO: Can we avoid copy?
-            int nn_cipher = nn_plaintext;
-            SrsUniquePtr<char[]> cipher(new char[nn_cipher]);
-
-            // Read the cipher from SSL.
-            ssize_t nn = 0;
-            if ((err = transport_->read(cipher.get(), nn_cipher, &nn)) != srs_success) {
-                return srs_error_wrap(err, "tls: read");
-            }
-
-            int r0 = BIO_write(bio_in_, cipher.get(), nn);
-            if (r0 <= 0) {
-                // TODO: 0 or -1 maybe block, use BIO_should_retry to check.
-                return srs_error_new(ERROR_TLS_READ, "BIO_write r0=%d, cipher=%p, size=%d", r0, cipher.get(), nn);
-            }
-            continue;
-        }
-
-        // Fail for error.
-        if (r0 <= 0) {
-            return srs_error_new(ERROR_TLS_READ, "SSL_read r0=%d, r1=%d, r2=%d, r3=%d",
-                                 r0, r1, r2, r3);
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-void SrsSslConnection::set_send_timeout(srs_utime_t tm)
-{
-    transport_->set_send_timeout(tm);
-}
-
-srs_utime_t SrsSslConnection::get_send_timeout()
-{
-    return transport_->get_send_timeout();
-}
-
-srs_error_t SrsSslConnection::write(void *plaintext, size_t nn_plaintext, ssize_t *nwrite)
-{
-    srs_error_t err = srs_success;
-
-    for (char *p = (char *)plaintext; p < (char *)plaintext + nn_plaintext;) {
-        int left = (int)nn_plaintext - (p - (char *)plaintext);
-        int r0 = SSL_write(ssl_, (const void *)p, left);
-        int r1 = SSL_get_error(ssl_, r0);
-        ERR_clear_error();
-        if (r0 <= 0) {
-            return srs_error_new(ERROR_TLS_WRITE, "tls: write data=%p, size=%d, r0=%d, r1=%d", p, left, r0, r1);
-        }
-
-        // Move p to the next writing position.
-        p += r0;
-        if (nwrite) {
-            *nwrite += (ssize_t)r0;
-        }
-
-        uint8_t *data = NULL;
-        int size = BIO_get_mem_data(bio_out_, &data);
-        if ((err = transport_->write(data, size, NULL)) != srs_success) {
-            return srs_error_wrap(err, "tls: write data=%p, size=%d", data, size);
-        }
-        if ((r0 = BIO_reset(bio_out_)) != 1) {
-            return srs_error_new(ERROR_TLS_WRITE, "BIO_reset r0=%d", r0);
-        }
-    }
-
-    return err;
-}
-
-srs_error_t SrsSslConnection::writev(const iovec *iov, int iov_size, ssize_t *nwrite)
-{
-    srs_error_t err = srs_success;
-
-    for (int i = 0; i < iov_size; i++) {
-        const iovec *p = iov + i;
-        if ((err = write((void *)p->iov_base, (size_t)p->iov_len, nwrite)) != srs_success) {
-            return srs_error_wrap(err, "write iov #%d base=%p, size=%d", i, p->iov_base, p->iov_len);
-        }
-    }
-
-    return err;
-}
-
-SrsResourceManager *_srs_conn_manager = NULL;
diff --git a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_dash.cpp b/trunk/src/app/srs_app_dash.cpp
index f9be06cf284..0a3a0190748 100644
--- a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_dash.cpp
+++ b/trunk/src/app/srs_app_dash.cpp
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
 #include <srs_app_dash.hpp>
 
 #include <srs_app_config.hpp>
-#include <srs_app_source.hpp>
+#include <srs_app_rtmp_source.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_utility.hpp>
 #include <srs_core_autofree.hpp>
 #include <srs_kernel_codec.hpp>
diff --git a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_dvr.hpp b/trunk/src/app/srs_app_dvr.hpp
index d05bc2c235a..d95915afb07 100644
--- a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_dvr.hpp
+++ b/trunk/src/app/srs_app_dvr.hpp
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ class SrsFormat;
 
 #include <srs_app_async_call.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_reload.hpp>
-#include <srs_app_source.hpp>
+#include <srs_app_rtmp_source.hpp>
 
 // The segmenter for DVR, to write a segment file in flv/mp4.
 class SrsDvrSegmenter : public ISrsReloadHandler
diff --git a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_edge.cpp b/trunk/src/app/srs_app_edge.cpp
index c0e4a162d3b..4d1da1c7f48 100644
--- a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_edge.cpp
+++ b/trunk/src/app/srs_app_edge.cpp
@@ -16,10 +16,10 @@ using namespace std;
 #include <srs_app_caster_flv.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_config.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_http_client.hpp>
-#include <srs_app_pithy_print.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_rtmp_conn.hpp>
-#include <srs_app_source.hpp>
+#include <srs_app_rtmp_source.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_st.hpp>
+#include <srs_kernel_pithy_print.hpp>
 
 #include <srs_app_utility.hpp>
 #include <srs_core_autofree.hpp>
@@ -27,11 +27,11 @@ using namespace std;
 #include <srs_kernel_buffer.hpp>
 #include <srs_kernel_error.hpp>
 #include <srs_kernel_flv.hpp>
+#include <srs_kernel_kbps.hpp>
 #include <srs_kernel_utility.hpp>
 #include <srs_protocol_amf0.hpp>
 #include <srs_protocol_http_client.hpp>
 #include <srs_protocol_io.hpp>
-#include <srs_protocol_kbps.hpp>
 #include <srs_protocol_rtmp_msg_array.hpp>
 #include <srs_protocol_rtmp_stack.hpp>
 #include <srs_protocol_utility.hpp>
diff --git a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_edge.hpp b/trunk/src/app/srs_app_edge.hpp
index 5998158a1d2..9a090aa98ae 100644
--- a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_edge.hpp
+++ b/trunk/src/app/srs_app_edge.hpp
@@ -154,7 +154,7 @@ class SrsEdgeIngester : public ISrsCoroutineHandler
 private:
     SrsPlayEdge *edge_;
     ISrsRequest *req_;
-    SrsCoroutine *trd_;
+    ISrsCoroutine *trd_;
     ISrsLbRoundRobin *lb_;
     SrsEdgeUpstream *upstream_;
 
@@ -189,7 +189,7 @@ class SrsEdgeForwarder : public ISrsCoroutineHandler
 private:
     SrsPublishEdge *edge_;
     ISrsRequest *req_;
-    SrsCoroutine *trd_;
+    ISrsCoroutine *trd_;
     SrsSimpleRtmpClient *sdk_;
     ISrsLbRoundRobin *lb_;
     // we must ensure one thread one fd principle,
diff --git a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_empty.cpp b/trunk/src/app/srs_app_empty.cpp
deleted file mode 100644
index 939fda5dafc..00000000000
--- a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_empty.cpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-//
-// Copyright (c) 2013-2025 The SRS Authors
-//
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-//
-
-#include <srs_app_empty.hpp>
diff --git a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_empty.hpp b/trunk/src/app/srs_app_empty.hpp
deleted file mode 100644
index 9a5198304ee..00000000000
--- a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_empty.hpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,12 +0,0 @@
-//
-// Copyright (c) 2013-2025 The SRS Authors
-//
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-//
-
-#ifndef SRS_APP_EMPTY_HPP
-#define SRS_APP_EMPTY_HPP
-
-#include <srs_core.hpp>
-
-#endif
diff --git a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_encoder.cpp b/trunk/src/app/srs_app_encoder.cpp
index 4a4c0bd471e..157c588f0fc 100644
--- a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_encoder.cpp
+++ b/trunk/src/app/srs_app_encoder.cpp
@@ -11,10 +11,10 @@ using namespace std;
 
 #include <srs_app_config.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_ffmpeg.hpp>
-#include <srs_app_pithy_print.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_utility.hpp>
 #include <srs_kernel_error.hpp>
 #include <srs_kernel_log.hpp>
+#include <srs_kernel_pithy_print.hpp>
 #include <srs_kernel_utility.hpp>
 #include <srs_protocol_rtmp_stack.hpp>
 
diff --git a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_encoder.hpp b/trunk/src/app/srs_app_encoder.hpp
index da3ebc34172..0c9b24c1247 100644
--- a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_encoder.hpp
+++ b/trunk/src/app/srs_app_encoder.hpp
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ class SrsEncoder : public ISrsCoroutineHandler
     std::vector<SrsFFMPEG *> ffmpegs_;
 
 private:
-    SrsCoroutine *trd_;
+    ISrsCoroutine *trd_;
     SrsPithyPrint *pprint_;
 
 public:
diff --git a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_factory.cpp b/trunk/src/app/srs_app_factory.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..05699cba7c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/trunk/src/app/srs_app_factory.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+//
+// Copyright (c) 2013-2025 The SRS Authors
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+//
+
+#include <srs_app_factory.hpp>
+
+#include <srs_app_config.hpp>
+#include <srs_app_st.hpp>
+#include <srs_protocol_st.hpp>
+
+SrsFinalFactory::SrsFinalFactory()
+{
+}
+
+SrsFinalFactory::~SrsFinalFactory()
+{
+}
+
+ISrsCoroutine *SrsFinalFactory::create_coroutine(const std::string &name, ISrsCoroutineHandler *handler, SrsContextId cid)
+{
+    return new SrsSTCoroutine(name, handler, cid);
+}
+
+ISrsTime *SrsFinalFactory::create_time()
+{
+    return new SrsTrueTime();
+}
+
+ISrsConfig *SrsFinalFactory::create_config()
+{
+    return new SrsConfigProxy();
+}
+
+ISrsCond *SrsFinalFactory::create_cond()
+{
+    return new SrsCond();
+}
+
+SrsConfigProxy::SrsConfigProxy()
+{
+}
+
+SrsConfigProxy::~SrsConfigProxy()
+{
+}
+
+srs_utime_t SrsConfigProxy::get_pithy_print()
+{
+    return _srs_config->get_pithy_print();
+}
+
+std::string SrsConfigProxy::get_default_app_name()
+{
+    return _srs_config->get_default_app_name();
+}
+
+SrsTrueTime::SrsTrueTime()
+{
+}
+
+SrsTrueTime::~SrsTrueTime()
+{
+}
+
+void SrsTrueTime::usleep(srs_utime_t duration)
+{
+    srs_usleep(duration);
+}
diff --git a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_factory.hpp b/trunk/src/app/srs_app_factory.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..7b8e057c215
--- /dev/null
+++ b/trunk/src/app/srs_app_factory.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+//
+// Copyright (c) 2013-2025 The SRS Authors
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+//
+
+#ifndef SRS_APP_FACTORY_HPP
+#define SRS_APP_FACTORY_HPP
+
+#include <srs_core.hpp>
+
+#include <srs_kernel_factory.hpp>
+
+// The factory to create kernel objects.
+class SrsFinalFactory : public ISrsKernelFactory
+{
+public:
+    SrsFinalFactory();
+    virtual ~SrsFinalFactory();
+
+public:
+    virtual ISrsCoroutine *create_coroutine(const std::string &name, ISrsCoroutineHandler *handler, SrsContextId cid);
+    virtual ISrsTime *create_time();
+    virtual ISrsConfig *create_config();
+    virtual ISrsCond *create_cond();
+};
+
+// The proxy for config.
+class SrsConfigProxy : public ISrsConfig
+{
+public:
+    SrsConfigProxy();
+    virtual ~SrsConfigProxy();
+
+public:
+    virtual srs_utime_t get_pithy_print();
+    virtual std::string get_default_app_name();
+};
+
+// The time to use system time.
+class SrsTrueTime : public ISrsTime
+{
+public:
+    SrsTrueTime();
+    virtual ~SrsTrueTime();
+
+public:
+    virtual void usleep(srs_utime_t duration);
+};
+
+#endif
diff --git a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_forward.cpp b/trunk/src/app/srs_app_forward.cpp
index 527e9d6ac74..98facfb584a 100644
--- a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_forward.cpp
+++ b/trunk/src/app/srs_app_forward.cpp
@@ -14,18 +14,18 @@
 using namespace std;
 
 #include <srs_app_config.hpp>
-#include <srs_app_pithy_print.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_rtmp_conn.hpp>
-#include <srs_app_source.hpp>
+#include <srs_app_rtmp_source.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_st.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_utility.hpp>
 #include <srs_core_autofree.hpp>
 #include <srs_kernel_codec.hpp>
 #include <srs_kernel_error.hpp>
+#include <srs_kernel_kbps.hpp>
 #include <srs_kernel_log.hpp>
+#include <srs_kernel_pithy_print.hpp>
 #include <srs_kernel_utility.hpp>
 #include <srs_protocol_amf0.hpp>
-#include <srs_protocol_kbps.hpp>
 #include <srs_protocol_rtmp_msg_array.hpp>
 #include <srs_protocol_rtmp_stack.hpp>
 #include <srs_protocol_utility.hpp>
diff --git a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_forward.hpp b/trunk/src/app/srs_app_forward.hpp
index b3c50bf528a..3a22208e1ac 100644
--- a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_forward.hpp
+++ b/trunk/src/app/srs_app_forward.hpp
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ class SrsForwarder : public ISrsCoroutineHandler
     SrsContextId source_cid_;
 
 private:
-    SrsCoroutine *trd_;
+    ISrsCoroutine *trd_;
 
 private:
     SrsOriginHub *hub_;
diff --git a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_gb28181.cpp b/trunk/src/app/srs_app_gb28181.cpp
index 40fe5f65bb0..4a178065bc7 100644
--- a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_gb28181.cpp
+++ b/trunk/src/app/srs_app_gb28181.cpp
@@ -7,23 +7,23 @@
 #include <srs_app_gb28181.hpp>
 
 #include <srs_app_config.hpp>
-#include <srs_app_conn.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_http_api.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_listener.hpp>
-#include <srs_app_pithy_print.hpp>
-#include <srs_app_rtc_sdp.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_rtmp_conn.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_server.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_statistic.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_utility.hpp>
 #include <srs_core_autofree.hpp>
+#include <srs_kernel_pithy_print.hpp>
 #include <srs_kernel_ps.hpp>
 #include <srs_kernel_rtc_rtp.hpp>
 #include <srs_kernel_stream.hpp>
 #include <srs_kernel_utility.hpp>
+#include <srs_protocol_conn.hpp>
 #include <srs_protocol_http_conn.hpp>
 #include <srs_protocol_json.hpp>
 #include <srs_protocol_raw_avc.hpp>
+#include <srs_protocol_sdp.hpp>
 #include <srs_protocol_utility.hpp>
 
 #include <sstream>
diff --git a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_gb28181.hpp b/trunk/src/app/srs_app_gb28181.hpp
index 21eab1c15cf..b44cd26610c 100644
--- a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_gb28181.hpp
+++ b/trunk/src/app/srs_app_gb28181.hpp
@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@
 
 #include <srs_core.hpp>
 
-#include <srs_app_conn.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_listener.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_st.hpp>
 #include <srs_kernel_ps.hpp>
@@ -22,7 +21,7 @@ class SrsConfDirective;
 class SrsTcpListener;
 class SrsResourceManager;
 class SrsTcpConnection;
-class SrsCoroutine;
+class ISrsCoroutine;
 class SrsPackContext;
 class SrsBuffer;
 
diff --git a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_hls.cpp b/trunk/src/app/srs_app_hls.cpp
index 14d5960a32e..5b3d8e3e778 100644
--- a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_hls.cpp
+++ b/trunk/src/app/srs_app_hls.cpp
@@ -20,14 +20,14 @@ using namespace std;
 #include <openssl/rand.h>
 #include <srs_app_config.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_http_hooks.hpp>
-#include <srs_app_pithy_print.hpp>
-#include <srs_app_source.hpp>
+#include <srs_app_rtmp_source.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_utility.hpp>
 #include <srs_core_autofree.hpp>
 #include <srs_kernel_codec.hpp>
 #include <srs_kernel_error.hpp>
 #include <srs_kernel_file.hpp>
 #include <srs_kernel_mp4.hpp>
+#include <srs_kernel_pithy_print.hpp>
 #include <srs_kernel_ts.hpp>
 #include <srs_kernel_utility.hpp>
 #include <srs_protocol_amf0.hpp>
diff --git a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_http_api.cpp b/trunk/src/app/srs_app_http_api.cpp
index 9b4575a9a95..d94f7ebcff7 100644
--- a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_http_api.cpp
+++ b/trunk/src/app/srs_app_http_api.cpp
@@ -16,8 +16,8 @@ using namespace std;
 #include <srs_app_coworkers.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_dvr.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_http_conn.hpp>
+#include <srs_app_rtmp_source.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_server.hpp>
-#include <srs_app_source.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_st.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_statistic.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_utility.hpp>
diff --git a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_http_api.hpp b/trunk/src/app/srs_app_http_api.hpp
index 2ebed90a835..d0acea1f514 100644
--- a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_http_api.hpp
+++ b/trunk/src/app/srs_app_http_api.hpp
@@ -22,10 +22,10 @@ class SrsHttpConn;
 
 #include <string>
 
-#include <srs_app_conn.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_http_conn.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_reload.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_st.hpp>
+#include <srs_protocol_conn.hpp>
 #include <srs_protocol_http_stack.hpp>
 
 extern srs_error_t srs_api_response(ISrsHttpResponseWriter *w, ISrsHttpMessage *r, std::string json);
@@ -238,7 +238,7 @@ class SrsGoApiTcmalloc : public ISrsHttpHandler
 class SrsGoApiValgrind : public ISrsHttpHandler, public ISrsCoroutineHandler
 {
 private:
-    SrsCoroutine *trd_;
+    ISrsCoroutine *trd_;
     std::string task_;
 
 public:
diff --git a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_http_conn.cpp b/trunk/src/app/srs_app_http_conn.cpp
index 90a1f7ce6bd..df47a335fdf 100644
--- a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_http_conn.cpp
+++ b/trunk/src/app/srs_app_http_conn.cpp
@@ -19,9 +19,8 @@ using namespace std;
 #include <srs_app_http_hooks.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_http_static.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_http_stream.hpp>
-#include <srs_app_pithy_print.hpp>
+#include <srs_app_rtmp_source.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_server.hpp>
-#include <srs_app_source.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_st.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_statistic.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_utility.hpp>
@@ -32,6 +31,7 @@ using namespace std;
 #include <srs_kernel_flv.hpp>
 #include <srs_kernel_log.hpp>
 #include <srs_kernel_mp3.hpp>
+#include <srs_kernel_pithy_print.hpp>
 #include <srs_kernel_ts.hpp>
 #include <srs_kernel_utility.hpp>
 #include <srs_protocol_amf0.hpp>
diff --git a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_http_conn.hpp b/trunk/src/app/srs_app_http_conn.hpp
index e40494159ad..365ee800c04 100644
--- a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_http_conn.hpp
+++ b/trunk/src/app/srs_app_http_conn.hpp
@@ -13,11 +13,11 @@
 #include <string>
 #include <vector>
 
-#include <srs_app_conn.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_reload.hpp>
-#include <srs_app_source.hpp>
+#include <srs_app_rtmp_source.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_st.hpp>
 #include <srs_kernel_file.hpp>
+#include <srs_protocol_conn.hpp>
 #include <srs_protocol_http_conn.hpp>
 
 class SrsServer;
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ class SrsHttpConn : public ISrsConnection, public ISrsStartable, public ISrsCoro
     ISrsProtocolReadWriter *skt_;
     // Each connection start a green thread,
     // when thread stop, the connection will be delete by server.
-    SrsCoroutine *trd_;
+    ISrsCoroutine *trd_;
     // The ip and port of client.
     std::string ip_;
     int port_;
diff --git a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_http_static.cpp b/trunk/src/app/srs_app_http_static.cpp
index 8eabbfcf652..a863e5f4da5 100644
--- a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_http_static.cpp
+++ b/trunk/src/app/srs_app_http_static.cpp
@@ -15,11 +15,9 @@
 using namespace std;
 
 #include <srs_app_config.hpp>
-#include <srs_app_hourglass.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_http_hooks.hpp>
-#include <srs_app_pithy_print.hpp>
+#include <srs_app_rtmp_source.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_server.hpp>
-#include <srs_app_source.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_st.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_statistic.hpp>
 #include <srs_core_autofree.hpp>
@@ -27,8 +25,10 @@ using namespace std;
 #include <srs_kernel_error.hpp>
 #include <srs_kernel_file.hpp>
 #include <srs_kernel_flv.hpp>
+#include <srs_kernel_hourglass.hpp>
 #include <srs_kernel_log.hpp>
 #include <srs_kernel_mp3.hpp>
+#include <srs_kernel_pithy_print.hpp>
 #include <srs_kernel_ts.hpp>
 #include <srs_kernel_utility.hpp>
 #include <srs_protocol_log.hpp>
diff --git a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_http_stream.cpp b/trunk/src/app/srs_app_http_stream.cpp
index 6ff84b60ebc..2452a864720 100644
--- a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_http_stream.cpp
+++ b/trunk/src/app/srs_app_http_stream.cpp
@@ -20,10 +20,9 @@ using namespace std;
 #include <srs_app_async_call.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_config.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_http_hooks.hpp>
-#include <srs_app_pithy_print.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_recv_thread.hpp>
+#include <srs_app_rtmp_source.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_server.hpp>
-#include <srs_app_source.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_st.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_statistic.hpp>
 #include <srs_core_autofree.hpp>
@@ -33,6 +32,7 @@ using namespace std;
 #include <srs_kernel_flv.hpp>
 #include <srs_kernel_log.hpp>
 #include <srs_kernel_mp3.hpp>
+#include <srs_kernel_pithy_print.hpp>
 #include <srs_kernel_ts.hpp>
 #include <srs_kernel_utility.hpp>
 #include <srs_protocol_rtmp_msg_array.hpp>
diff --git a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_http_stream.hpp b/trunk/src/app/srs_app_http_stream.hpp
index d3257236a37..94535b7d29d 100644
--- a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_http_stream.hpp
+++ b/trunk/src/app/srs_app_http_stream.hpp
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ class SrsBufferCache : public ISrsCoroutineHandler
 private:
     SrsMessageQueue *queue_;
     ISrsRequest *req_;
-    SrsCoroutine *trd_;
+    ISrsCoroutine *trd_;
 
 public:
     SrsBufferCache(SrsServer *s, ISrsRequest *r);
diff --git a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_ingest.cpp b/trunk/src/app/srs_app_ingest.cpp
index 51f2a081cdd..9435246a3ef 100644
--- a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_ingest.cpp
+++ b/trunk/src/app/srs_app_ingest.cpp
@@ -11,10 +11,10 @@ using namespace std;
 
 #include <srs_app_config.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_ffmpeg.hpp>
-#include <srs_app_pithy_print.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_utility.hpp>
 #include <srs_kernel_error.hpp>
 #include <srs_kernel_log.hpp>
+#include <srs_kernel_pithy_print.hpp>
 #include <srs_kernel_utility.hpp>
 #include <srs_protocol_utility.hpp>
 
diff --git a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_ingest.hpp b/trunk/src/app/srs_app_ingest.hpp
index 98bc39f5a70..fec6a0ce904 100644
--- a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_ingest.hpp
+++ b/trunk/src/app/srs_app_ingest.hpp
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ class SrsIngester : public ISrsCoroutineHandler, public ISrsReloadHandler
     std::vector<SrsIngesterFFMPEG *> ingesters_;
 
 private:
-    SrsCoroutine *trd_;
+    ISrsCoroutine *trd_;
     SrsPithyPrint *pprint_;
     // Whether the ingesters are expired, for example, the listen port changed,
     // all ingesters must be restart.
diff --git a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_latest_version.cpp b/trunk/src/app/srs_app_latest_version.cpp
index 395ee7474e3..ab2b6be440f 100644
--- a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_latest_version.cpp
+++ b/trunk/src/app/srs_app_latest_version.cpp
@@ -12,7 +12,6 @@
 #include <srs_app_statistic.hpp>
 
 #include <srs_app_utility.hpp>
-#include <srs_app_uuid.hpp>
 #include <srs_core_autofree.hpp>
 #include <srs_kernel_error.hpp>
 #include <srs_kernel_log.hpp>
diff --git a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_latest_version.hpp b/trunk/src/app/srs_app_latest_version.hpp
index 8be5991c1ea..17cfbc2ed86 100644
--- a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_latest_version.hpp
+++ b/trunk/src/app/srs_app_latest_version.hpp
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
 class SrsLatestVersion : public ISrsCoroutineHandler
 {
 private:
-    SrsCoroutine *trd_;
+    ISrsCoroutine *trd_;
     std::string server_id_;
     std::string session_id_;
 
diff --git a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_listener.cpp b/trunk/src/app/srs_app_listener.cpp
index 2dd4b728e21..a68cd2db2fa 100644
--- a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_listener.cpp
+++ b/trunk/src/app/srs_app_listener.cpp
@@ -17,16 +17,16 @@
 #include <unistd.h>
 using namespace std;
 
-#include <srs_app_pithy_print.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_server.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_utility.hpp>
 #include <srs_core_autofree.hpp>
 #include <srs_kernel_buffer.hpp>
 #include <srs_kernel_error.hpp>
 #include <srs_kernel_log.hpp>
+#include <srs_kernel_pithy_print.hpp>
 #include <srs_kernel_utility.hpp>
 
-#include <srs_protocol_kbps.hpp>
+#include <srs_kernel_kbps.hpp>
 
 SrsPps *_srs_pps_rpkts = NULL;
 SrsPps *_srs_pps_addrs = NULL;
diff --git a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_listener.hpp b/trunk/src/app/srs_app_listener.hpp
index 26eaf6ace08..d9e291e8c15 100644
--- a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_listener.hpp
+++ b/trunk/src/app/srs_app_listener.hpp
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ class SrsUdpListener : public ISrsCoroutineHandler
 protected:
     std::string label_;
     srs_netfd_t lfd_;
-    SrsCoroutine *trd_;
+    ISrsCoroutine *trd_;
 
 protected:
     char *buf_;
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ class SrsTcpListener : public ISrsCoroutineHandler, public ISrsListener
 private:
     std::string label_;
     srs_netfd_t lfd_;
-    SrsCoroutine *trd_;
+    ISrsCoroutine *trd_;
 
 private:
     ISrsTcpHandler *handler_;
@@ -229,7 +229,7 @@ class SrsUdpMuxListener : public ISrsCoroutineHandler
 {
 private:
     srs_netfd_t lfd_;
-    SrsCoroutine *trd_;
+    ISrsCoroutine *trd_;
     SrsContextId cid_;
 
 private:
diff --git a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_log.hpp b/trunk/src/app/srs_app_log.hpp
index 6873335526a..77e64c4313f 100644
--- a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_log.hpp
+++ b/trunk/src/app/srs_app_log.hpp
@@ -15,14 +15,6 @@
 #include <srs_app_reload.hpp>
 #include <srs_protocol_log.hpp>
 
-// For log TAGs.
-#define TAG_MAIN "MAIN"
-#define TAG_MAYBE "MAYBE"
-#define TAG_DTLS_ALERT "DTLS_ALERT"
-#define TAG_DTLS_HANG "DTLS_HANG"
-#define TAG_RESOURCE_UNSUB "RESOURCE_UNSUB"
-#define TAG_LARGE_TIMER "LARGE_TIMER"
-
 // Use memory/disk cache and donot flush when write log.
 // it's ok to use it without config, which will log to console, and default trace level.
 // when you want to use different level, override this classs, set the protected _level.
diff --git a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_mpegts_udp.cpp b/trunk/src/app/srs_app_mpegts_udp.cpp
index e2f491c7b35..d116b5c4d9f 100644
--- a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_mpegts_udp.cpp
+++ b/trunk/src/app/srs_app_mpegts_udp.cpp
@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@
 using namespace std;
 
 #include <srs_app_config.hpp>
-#include <srs_app_pithy_print.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_rtmp_conn.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_st.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_utility.hpp>
@@ -23,6 +22,7 @@ using namespace std;
 #include <srs_kernel_error.hpp>
 #include <srs_kernel_file.hpp>
 #include <srs_kernel_log.hpp>
+#include <srs_kernel_pithy_print.hpp>
 #include <srs_kernel_stream.hpp>
 #include <srs_kernel_ts.hpp>
 #include <srs_kernel_utility.hpp>
diff --git a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_ng_exec.cpp b/trunk/src/app/srs_app_ng_exec.cpp
index cd629b4bc3b..758e368646d 100644
--- a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_ng_exec.cpp
+++ b/trunk/src/app/srs_app_ng_exec.cpp
@@ -10,12 +10,12 @@
 using namespace std;
 
 #include <srs_app_config.hpp>
-#include <srs_app_pithy_print.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_process.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_utility.hpp>
 #include <srs_kernel_consts.hpp>
 #include <srs_kernel_error.hpp>
 #include <srs_kernel_log.hpp>
+#include <srs_kernel_pithy_print.hpp>
 #include <srs_kernel_utility.hpp>
 #include <srs_protocol_rtmp_stack.hpp>
 #include <srs_protocol_utility.hpp>
diff --git a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_ng_exec.hpp b/trunk/src/app/srs_app_ng_exec.hpp
index 93efa1a8e13..55fd4db4788 100644
--- a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_ng_exec.hpp
+++ b/trunk/src/app/srs_app_ng_exec.hpp
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ class SrsProcess;
 class SrsNgExec : public ISrsCoroutineHandler
 {
 private:
-    SrsCoroutine *trd_;
+    ISrsCoroutine *trd_;
     SrsPithyPrint *pprint_;
     std::string input_stream_name_;
     std::vector<SrsProcess *> exec_publishs_;
diff --git a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_recv_thread.cpp b/trunk/src/app/srs_app_recv_thread.cpp
index ce54aff55f5..71790d7aee2 100644
--- a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_recv_thread.cpp
+++ b/trunk/src/app/srs_app_recv_thread.cpp
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
 #include <srs_app_config.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_http_conn.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_rtmp_conn.hpp>
-#include <srs_app_source.hpp>
+#include <srs_app_rtmp_source.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_statistic.hpp>
 #include <srs_core_autofree.hpp>
 #include <srs_core_performance.hpp>
diff --git a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_recv_thread.hpp b/trunk/src/app/srs_app_recv_thread.hpp
index 381ab89587d..9f07cf7e620 100644
--- a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_recv_thread.hpp
+++ b/trunk/src/app/srs_app_recv_thread.hpp
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ class ISrsMessagePumper : public ISrsMessageConsumer
 class SrsRecvThread : public ISrsCoroutineHandler
 {
 protected:
-    SrsCoroutine *trd_;
+    ISrsCoroutine *trd_;
     ISrsMessagePumper *pumper_;
     SrsRtmpServer *rtmp_;
     SrsContextId _parent_cid;
@@ -206,7 +206,7 @@ class SrsHttpRecvThread : public ISrsCoroutineHandler
 {
 private:
     SrsHttpxConn *conn_;
-    SrsCoroutine *trd_;
+    ISrsCoroutine *trd_;
 
 public:
     SrsHttpRecvThread(SrsHttpxConn *c);
diff --git a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_rtc_conn.cpp b/trunk/src/app/srs_app_rtc_conn.cpp
index 45efb9d2469..5b46c61169d 100644
--- a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_rtc_conn.cpp
+++ b/trunk/src/app/srs_app_rtc_conn.cpp
@@ -21,17 +21,14 @@ using namespace std;
 
 #include <srs_app_circuit_breaker.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_config.hpp>
-#include <srs_app_hourglass.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_http_api.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_http_hooks.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_log.hpp>
-#include <srs_app_pithy_print.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_rtc_network.hpp>
-#include <srs_app_rtc_queue.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_rtc_server.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_rtc_source.hpp>
+#include <srs_app_rtmp_source.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_server.hpp>
-#include <srs_app_source.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_srt_source.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_statistic.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_stream_token.hpp>
@@ -39,11 +36,13 @@ using namespace std;
 #include <srs_core_autofree.hpp>
 #include <srs_kernel_buffer.hpp>
 #include <srs_kernel_error.hpp>
+#include <srs_kernel_hourglass.hpp>
 #include <srs_kernel_kbps.hpp>
 #include <srs_kernel_log.hpp>
+#include <srs_kernel_pithy_print.hpp>
+#include <srs_kernel_rtc_queue.hpp>
 #include <srs_kernel_rtc_rtp.hpp>
 #include <srs_protocol_http_stack.hpp>
-#include <srs_protocol_kbps.hpp>
 #include <srs_protocol_log.hpp>
 #include <srs_protocol_rtc_stun.hpp>
 #include <srs_protocol_rtmp_msg_array.hpp>
@@ -2335,8 +2334,13 @@ void SrsRtcConnection::check_send_nacks(SrsRtpNackForReceiver *nack, uint32_t ss
 
     SrsRtcpNack rtcpNack(ssrc);
 
-    rtcpNack.set_media_ssrc(ssrc);
-    nack->get_nack_seqs(rtcpNack, timeout_nacks);
+    // If circuit-breaker is enabled, disable nack.
+    if (_srs_circuit_breaker->hybrid_high_water_level()) {
+        ++_srs_pps_snack4->sugar_;
+    } else {
+        rtcpNack.set_media_ssrc(ssrc);
+        nack->get_nack_seqs(rtcpNack, timeout_nacks);
+    }
 
     if (rtcpNack.empty()) {
         return;
diff --git a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_rtc_conn.hpp b/trunk/src/app/srs_app_rtc_conn.hpp
index 6fc25a37cea..1423fa6258d 100644
--- a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_rtc_conn.hpp
+++ b/trunk/src/app/srs_app_rtc_conn.hpp
@@ -8,21 +8,20 @@
 #define SRS_APP_RTC_CONN_HPP
 
 #include <srs_app_async_call.hpp>
-#include <srs_app_conn.hpp>
-#include <srs_app_hourglass.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_listener.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_reload.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_rtc_dtls.hpp>
-#include <srs_app_rtc_queue.hpp>
-#include <srs_app_rtc_sdp.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_rtc_source.hpp>
 #include <srs_core.hpp>
 #include <srs_core_autofree.hpp>
+#include <srs_kernel_hourglass.hpp>
+#include <srs_kernel_rtc_queue.hpp>
 #include <srs_kernel_rtc_rtcp.hpp>
 #include <srs_kernel_rtc_rtp.hpp>
 #include <srs_kernel_utility.hpp>
 #include <srs_protocol_conn.hpp>
 #include <srs_protocol_rtmp_stack.hpp>
+#include <srs_protocol_sdp.hpp>
 #include <srs_protocol_st.hpp>
 
 #include <map>
@@ -185,7 +184,7 @@ class ISrsRtcPLIWorkerHandler
 class SrsRtcPLIWorker : public ISrsCoroutineHandler
 {
 private:
-    SrsCoroutine *trd_;
+    ISrsCoroutine *trd_;
     srs_cond_t wait_;
     ISrsRtcPLIWorkerHandler *handler_;
 
diff --git a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_rtc_dtls.hpp b/trunk/src/app/srs_app_rtc_dtls.hpp
index a246e648b41..5a2121c25a3 100644
--- a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_rtc_dtls.hpp
+++ b/trunk/src/app/srs_app_rtc_dtls.hpp
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ class SrsDtlsClientImpl : public SrsDtlsImpl, public ISrsCoroutineHandler
 private:
     // ARQ thread, for role active(DTLS client).
     // @note If passive(DTLS server), the ARQ is driven by DTLS client.
-    SrsCoroutine *trd_;
+    ISrsCoroutine *trd_;
     // The DTLS-client state to drive the ARQ thread.
     SrsDtlsState state_;
     // The max ARQ retry.
diff --git a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_rtc_network.cpp b/trunk/src/app/srs_app_rtc_network.cpp
index 9c9ce0e38b2..cb2f8c49440 100644
--- a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_rtc_network.cpp
+++ b/trunk/src/app/srs_app_rtc_network.cpp
@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@
 using namespace std;
 
 #include <srs_app_http_static.hpp>
-#include <srs_app_pithy_print.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_rtc_conn.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_rtc_server.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_st.hpp>
@@ -20,6 +19,7 @@ using namespace std;
 #include <srs_kernel_buffer.hpp>
 #include <srs_kernel_error.hpp>
 #include <srs_kernel_log.hpp>
+#include <srs_kernel_pithy_print.hpp>
 #include <srs_protocol_amf0.hpp>
 #include <srs_protocol_json.hpp>
 #include <srs_protocol_rtc_stun.hpp>
diff --git a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_rtc_network.hpp b/trunk/src/app/srs_app_rtc_network.hpp
index 12600ab5f3a..1e018af3a31 100644
--- a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_rtc_network.hpp
+++ b/trunk/src/app/srs_app_rtc_network.hpp
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
 #include <srs_protocol_conn.hpp>
 
 class ISrsResourceManager;
-class SrsCoroutine;
+class ISrsCoroutine;
 class SrsNetworkDelta;
 class SrsTcpConnection;
 class ISrsKbpsDelta;
diff --git a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_rtc_server.cpp b/trunk/src/app/srs_app_rtc_server.cpp
index 847c833aafd..6937d1fd7fb 100644
--- a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_rtc_server.cpp
+++ b/trunk/src/app/srs_app_rtc_server.cpp
@@ -12,9 +12,7 @@
 using namespace std;
 
 #include <srs_app_config.hpp>
-#include <srs_app_conn.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_http_api.hpp>
-#include <srs_app_pithy_print.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_rtc_api.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_rtc_conn.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_rtc_dtls.hpp>
@@ -27,7 +25,9 @@ using namespace std;
 #include <srs_core_autofree.hpp>
 #include <srs_kernel_error.hpp>
 #include <srs_kernel_log.hpp>
+#include <srs_kernel_pithy_print.hpp>
 #include <srs_kernel_utility.hpp>
+#include <srs_protocol_conn.hpp>
 #include <srs_protocol_http_stack.hpp>
 #include <srs_protocol_log.hpp>
 #include <srs_protocol_rtc_stun.hpp>
diff --git a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_rtc_server.hpp b/trunk/src/app/srs_app_rtc_server.hpp
index 2372540963f..70998ebe75e 100644
--- a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_rtc_server.hpp
+++ b/trunk/src/app/srs_app_rtc_server.hpp
@@ -10,12 +10,12 @@
 #include <srs_core.hpp>
 
 #include <srs_app_async_call.hpp>
-#include <srs_app_hourglass.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_listener.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_reload.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_rtc_conn.hpp>
-#include <srs_app_rtc_sdp.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_st.hpp>
+#include <srs_kernel_hourglass.hpp>
+#include <srs_protocol_sdp.hpp>
 
 #include <set>
 #include <string>
diff --git a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_rtc_source.cpp b/trunk/src/app/srs_app_rtc_source.cpp
index ba6cfa78456..5b252c9cbe8 100644
--- a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_rtc_source.cpp
+++ b/trunk/src/app/srs_app_rtc_source.cpp
@@ -11,22 +11,22 @@
 
 #include <srs_app_circuit_breaker.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_config.hpp>
-#include <srs_app_conn.hpp>
-#include <srs_app_hourglass.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_log.hpp>
-#include <srs_app_pithy_print.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_rtc_conn.hpp>
-#include <srs_app_rtc_queue.hpp>
+#include <srs_app_rtmp_source.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_server.hpp>
-#include <srs_app_source.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_statistic.hpp>
 #include <srs_core_autofree.hpp>
 #include <srs_core_deprecated.hpp>
 #include <srs_kernel_buffer.hpp>
 #include <srs_kernel_codec.hpp>
 #include <srs_kernel_flv.hpp>
+#include <srs_kernel_hourglass.hpp>
+#include <srs_kernel_pithy_print.hpp>
+#include <srs_kernel_rtc_queue.hpp>
 #include <srs_kernel_rtc_rtp.hpp>
 #include <srs_kernel_utility.hpp>
+#include <srs_protocol_conn.hpp>
 #include <srs_protocol_format.hpp>
 #include <srs_protocol_json.hpp>
 #include <srs_protocol_rtmp_msg_array.hpp>
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@
 #include <srs_app_rtc_codec.hpp>
 #endif
 
-#include <srs_protocol_kbps.hpp>
+#include <srs_kernel_kbps.hpp>
 #include <srs_protocol_raw_avc.hpp>
 #include <srs_protocol_rtp.hpp>
 
@@ -3182,11 +3182,18 @@ srs_error_t SrsRtcRecvTrack::on_nack(SrsRtpPacket **ppkt)
             srs_warn("NACK: too old seq %u, range [%u, %u]", seq, rtp_queue_->begin_,
                      rtp_queue_->end_);
         }
+
         if (srs_rtp_seq_distance(nack_first, nack_last) > 0) {
-            srs_trace("NACK: update seq=%u, nack range [%u, %u]", seq, nack_first,
-                      nack_last);
-            nack_receiver_->insert(nack_first, nack_last);
-            nack_receiver_->check_queue_size();
+            // If circuit-breaker is enabled, disable nack.
+            if (_srs_circuit_breaker->hybrid_high_water_level()) {
+                ++_srs_pps_snack4->sugar_;
+            } else {
+                srs_trace("NACK: update seq=%u, nack range [%u, %u]", seq, nack_first,
+                          nack_last);
+
+                nack_receiver_->insert(nack_first, nack_last);
+                nack_receiver_->check_queue_size();
+            }
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_rtc_source.hpp b/trunk/src/app/srs_app_rtc_source.hpp
index 92b85d00f56..7872b1671ba 100644
--- a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_rtc_source.hpp
+++ b/trunk/src/app/srs_app_rtc_source.hpp
@@ -14,12 +14,13 @@
 #include <string>
 #include <vector>
 
-#include <srs_app_hourglass.hpp>
-#include <srs_app_rtc_sdp.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_stream_bridge.hpp>
 #include <srs_core_autofree.hpp>
+#include <srs_kernel_hourglass.hpp>
+#include <srs_kernel_log.hpp>
 #include <srs_kernel_rtc_rtp.hpp>
 #include <srs_protocol_format.hpp>
+#include <srs_protocol_sdp.hpp>
 #include <srs_protocol_st.hpp>
 
 class ISrsRequest;
diff --git a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_rtmp_conn.cpp b/trunk/src/app/srs_app_rtmp_conn.cpp
index cb2887e2ad7..d5367e0c6c9 100644
--- a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_rtmp_conn.cpp
+++ b/trunk/src/app/srs_app_rtmp_conn.cpp
@@ -18,17 +18,17 @@ using namespace std;
 #include <srs_app_edge.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_hls.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_http_hooks.hpp>
-#include <srs_app_pithy_print.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_recv_thread.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_refer.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_rtc_source.hpp>
+#include <srs_app_rtmp_source.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_security.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_server.hpp>
-#include <srs_app_source.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_srt_source.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_st.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_statistic.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_stream_token.hpp>
+#include <srs_kernel_pithy_print.hpp>
 
 #include <srs_app_utility.hpp>
 #include <srs_core_autofree.hpp>
diff --git a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_rtmp_conn.hpp b/trunk/src/app/srs_app_rtmp_conn.hpp
index 02ad4e1588a..8310cc9115f 100644
--- a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_rtmp_conn.hpp
+++ b/trunk/src/app/srs_app_rtmp_conn.hpp
@@ -11,10 +11,10 @@
 
 #include <string>
 
-#include <srs_app_conn.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_reload.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_st.hpp>
 #include <srs_core_autofree.hpp>
+#include <srs_protocol_conn.hpp>
 #include <srs_protocol_rtmp_conn.hpp>
 #include <srs_protocol_rtmp_stack.hpp>
 
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ class SrsRtmpConn : public ISrsConnection, public ISrsStartable, public ISrsRelo
     SrsRtmpTransport *transport_;
     // Each connection start a green thread,
     // when thread stop, the connection will be delete by server.
-    SrsCoroutine *trd_;
+    ISrsCoroutine *trd_;
     // The manager object to manage the connection.
     ISrsResourceManager *manager_;
     // The ip and port of client.
diff --git a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_source.cpp b/trunk/src/app/srs_app_rtmp_source.cpp
similarity index 99%
rename from trunk/src/app/srs_app_source.cpp
rename to trunk/src/app/srs_app_rtmp_source.cpp
index e0d876ab6a3..a5a78940a10 100644
--- a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_source.cpp
+++ b/trunk/src/app/srs_app_rtmp_source.cpp
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
 //
 
-#include <srs_app_source.hpp>
+#include <srs_app_rtmp_source.hpp>
 
 #include <algorithm>
 #include <sstream>
@@ -1007,10 +1007,10 @@ srs_error_t SrsOriginHub::on_audio(SrsMediaPacket *shared_audio)
     }
 
 #ifdef SRS_HDS
-    if ((err = hds->on_audio(msg)) != srs_success) {
+    if ((err = hds_->on_audio(msg)) != srs_success) {
         srs_warn("hds: ignore audio error %s", srs_error_desc(err).c_str());
         srs_error_reset(err);
-        hds->on_unpublish();
+        hds_->on_unpublish();
     }
 #endif
 
@@ -1098,10 +1098,10 @@ srs_error_t SrsOriginHub::on_video(SrsMediaPacket *shared_video, bool is_sequenc
     }
 
 #ifdef SRS_HDS
-    if ((err = hds->on_video(msg)) != srs_success) {
+    if ((err = hds_->on_video(msg)) != srs_success) {
         srs_warn("hds: ignore video error %s", srs_error_desc(err).c_str());
         srs_error_reset(err);
-        hds->on_unpublish();
+        hds_->on_unpublish();
     }
 #endif
 
diff --git a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_source.hpp b/trunk/src/app/srs_app_rtmp_source.hpp
similarity index 99%
rename from trunk/src/app/srs_app_source.hpp
rename to trunk/src/app/srs_app_rtmp_source.hpp
index ad1dfbfc6b1..e4c432ca6ee 100644
--- a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_source.hpp
+++ b/trunk/src/app/srs_app_rtmp_source.hpp
@@ -4,8 +4,8 @@
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
 //
 
-#ifndef SRS_APP_SOURCE_HPP
-#define SRS_APP_SOURCE_HPP
+#ifndef SRS_APP_RTMP_SOURCE_HPP
+#define SRS_APP_RTMP_SOURCE_HPP
 
 #include <srs_core.hpp>
 
@@ -13,12 +13,12 @@
 #include <string>
 #include <vector>
 
-#include <srs_app_hourglass.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_reload.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_st.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_stream_bridge.hpp>
 #include <srs_core_autofree.hpp>
 #include <srs_core_performance.hpp>
+#include <srs_kernel_hourglass.hpp>
 #include <srs_protocol_st.hpp>
 
 class SrsFormat;
diff --git a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_rtsp_conn.cpp b/trunk/src/app/srs_app_rtsp_conn.cpp
index 889a8c84639..f9d449efd55 100644
--- a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_rtsp_conn.cpp
+++ b/trunk/src/app/srs_app_rtsp_conn.cpp
@@ -14,9 +14,9 @@ using namespace std;
 
 #include <srs_app_config.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_http_hooks.hpp>
-#include <srs_app_pithy_print.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_rtsp_source.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_security.hpp>
+#include <srs_app_st.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_statistic.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_utility.hpp>
 #include <srs_core_autofree.hpp>
@@ -24,8 +24,8 @@ using namespace std;
 #include <srs_kernel_error.hpp>
 #include <srs_kernel_kbps.hpp>
 #include <srs_kernel_log.hpp>
+#include <srs_kernel_pithy_print.hpp>
 #include <srs_kernel_rtc_rtp.hpp>
-#include <srs_protocol_kbps.hpp>
 #include <srs_protocol_rtsp_stack.hpp>
 #include <srs_protocol_st.hpp>
 #include <srs_protocol_utility.hpp>
diff --git a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_rtsp_conn.hpp b/trunk/src/app/srs_app_rtsp_conn.hpp
index a533f9b76b6..8cf1e66db86 100644
--- a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_rtsp_conn.hpp
+++ b/trunk/src/app/srs_app_rtsp_conn.hpp
@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@
 #ifndef SRS_APP_RTSP_CONN_HPP
 #define SRS_APP_RTSP_CONN_HPP
 
-#include <srs_app_conn.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_rtc_source.hpp>
 #include <srs_core.hpp>
 #include <srs_core_autofree.hpp>
@@ -38,7 +37,7 @@ class SrsRtspPlayStream : public ISrsCoroutineHandler, public ISrsRtcSourceChang
 {
 private:
     SrsContextId cid_;
-    SrsFastCoroutine *trd_;
+    ISrsCoroutine *trd_;
     SrsRtspConnection *session_;
 
 private:
@@ -106,7 +105,7 @@ class SrsRtspConnection : public ISrsResource, public ISrsDisposingHandler, publ
     ISrsResourceManager *manager_;
     // Each connection start a green thread,
     // when thread stop, the connection will be delete by server.
-    SrsCoroutine *trd_;
+    ISrsCoroutine *trd_;
     // The ip and port of client.
     std::string ip_;
     int port_;
diff --git a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_rtsp_source.hpp b/trunk/src/app/srs_app_rtsp_source.hpp
index 34ac420ebe3..1ece97992e8 100644
--- a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_rtsp_source.hpp
+++ b/trunk/src/app/srs_app_rtsp_source.hpp
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
 #include <srs_core.hpp>
 
 #include <srs_app_rtc_source.hpp>
-#include <srs_app_source.hpp>
+#include <srs_app_rtmp_source.hpp>
 #include <srs_kernel_rtc_rtp.hpp>
 
 #include <map>
diff --git a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_server.cpp b/trunk/src/app/srs_app_server.cpp
index ac69b1a651a..cd7f802bc97 100644
--- a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_server.cpp
+++ b/trunk/src/app/srs_app_server.cpp
@@ -21,10 +21,8 @@ using namespace std;
 #include <srs_app_caster_flv.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_circuit_breaker.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_config.hpp>
-#include <srs_app_conn.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_coworkers.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_heartbeat.hpp>
-#include <srs_app_hourglass.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_http_api.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_http_conn.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_http_hooks.hpp>
@@ -32,26 +30,28 @@ using namespace std;
 #include <srs_app_latest_version.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_log.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_mpegts_udp.hpp>
-#include <srs_app_pithy_print.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_reload.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_rtc_api.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_rtc_dtls.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_rtc_network.hpp>
-#include <srs_app_rtc_sdp.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_rtc_server.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_rtc_source.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_rtmp_conn.hpp>
-#include <srs_app_source.hpp>
+#include <srs_app_rtmp_source.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_statistic.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_stream_token.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_utility.hpp>
 #include <srs_kernel_consts.hpp>
 #include <srs_kernel_error.hpp>
+#include <srs_kernel_hourglass.hpp>
 #include <srs_kernel_kbps.hpp>
 #include <srs_kernel_log.hpp>
+#include <srs_kernel_pithy_print.hpp>
 #include <srs_kernel_utility.hpp>
+#include <srs_protocol_conn.hpp>
 #include <srs_protocol_log.hpp>
 #include <srs_protocol_rtc_stun.hpp>
+#include <srs_protocol_sdp.hpp>
 #ifdef SRS_GB28181
 #include <srs_app_gb28181.hpp>
 #endif
diff --git a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_server.hpp b/trunk/src/app/srs_app_server.hpp
index 090cfd33d0c..7392b2200d9 100644
--- a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_server.hpp
+++ b/trunk/src/app/srs_app_server.hpp
@@ -12,15 +12,15 @@
 #include <string>
 #include <vector>
 
-#include <srs_app_conn.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_hls.hpp>
-#include <srs_app_hourglass.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_listener.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_reload.hpp>
-#include <srs_app_source.hpp>
+#include <srs_app_rtmp_source.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_srt_listener.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_srt_server.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_st.hpp>
+#include <srs_kernel_hourglass.hpp>
+#include <srs_protocol_conn.hpp>
 #include <srs_protocol_srt.hpp>
 #include <srs_protocol_st.hpp>
 
@@ -269,7 +269,7 @@ class SrsSignalManager : public ISrsCoroutineHandler
 
 private:
     SrsServer *server_;
-    SrsCoroutine *trd_;
+    ISrsCoroutine *trd_;
 
 public:
     SrsSignalManager(SrsServer *s);
@@ -296,7 +296,7 @@ class SrsInotifyWorker : public ISrsCoroutineHandler
 {
 private:
     SrsServer *server_;
-    SrsCoroutine *trd_;
+    ISrsCoroutine *trd_;
     srs_netfd_t inotify_fd_;
 
 public:
diff --git a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_srt_conn.cpp b/trunk/src/app/srs_app_srt_conn.cpp
index f9270f84e79..739efccb024 100644
--- a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_srt_conn.cpp
+++ b/trunk/src/app/srs_app_srt_conn.cpp
@@ -10,9 +10,8 @@ using namespace std;
 
 #include <srs_app_config.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_http_hooks.hpp>
-#include <srs_app_pithy_print.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_rtc_source.hpp>
-#include <srs_app_source.hpp>
+#include <srs_app_rtmp_source.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_srt_server.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_srt_source.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_statistic.hpp>
@@ -20,6 +19,7 @@ using namespace std;
 #include <srs_core_autofree.hpp>
 #include <srs_kernel_buffer.hpp>
 #include <srs_kernel_flv.hpp>
+#include <srs_kernel_pithy_print.hpp>
 #include <srs_kernel_stream.hpp>
 #include <srs_kernel_utility.hpp>
 #include <srs_protocol_rtmp_stack.hpp>
diff --git a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_srt_conn.hpp b/trunk/src/app/srs_app_srt_conn.hpp
index 7a92266e741..f1726284dfc 100644
--- a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_srt_conn.hpp
+++ b/trunk/src/app/srs_app_srt_conn.hpp
@@ -12,11 +12,11 @@
 #include <string>
 #include <vector>
 
-#include <srs_app_conn.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_security.hpp>
-#include <srs_app_srt_utility.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_st.hpp>
+#include <srs_protocol_conn.hpp>
 #include <srs_protocol_srt.hpp>
+#include <srs_protocol_utility.hpp>
 
 class SrsBuffer;
 class SrsLiveSource;
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ class SrsSrtRecvThread : public ISrsCoroutineHandler
 
 private:
     SrsSrtConnection *srt_conn_;
-    SrsCoroutine *trd_;
+    ISrsCoroutine *trd_;
     srs_error_t recv_err_;
 };
 
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ class SrsMpegtsSrtConn : public ISrsConnection, public ISrsStartable, public ISr
     SrsNetworkKbps *kbps_;
     std::string ip_;
     int port_;
-    SrsCoroutine *trd_;
+    ISrsCoroutine *trd_;
 
     ISrsRequest *req_;
     SrsSharedPtr<SrsSrtSource> srt_source_;
diff --git a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_srt_listener.hpp b/trunk/src/app/srs_app_srt_listener.hpp
index 29c53755645..dcec29cce51 100644
--- a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_srt_listener.hpp
+++ b/trunk/src/app/srs_app_srt_listener.hpp
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ class SrsSrtListener : public ISrsCoroutineHandler
 private:
     srs_srt_t lfd_;
     SrsSrtSocket *srt_skt_;
-    SrsCoroutine *trd_;
+    ISrsCoroutine *trd_;
 
 private:
     ISrsSrtHandler *handler_;
diff --git a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_srt_server.cpp b/trunk/src/app/srs_app_srt_server.cpp
index fefa1a7b317..1b3dc1be36e 100644
--- a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_srt_server.cpp
+++ b/trunk/src/app/srs_app_srt_server.cpp
@@ -9,8 +9,8 @@
 using namespace std;
 
 #include <srs_app_config.hpp>
+#include <srs_app_rtmp_source.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_server.hpp>
-#include <srs_app_source.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_srt_conn.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_statistic.hpp>
 #include <srs_kernel_log.hpp>
diff --git a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_srt_server.hpp b/trunk/src/app/srs_app_srt_server.hpp
index 4a85caba105..8a74713383c 100644
--- a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_srt_server.hpp
+++ b/trunk/src/app/srs_app_srt_server.hpp
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ class SrsSrtEventLoop : public ISrsCoroutineHandler
 
 private:
     ISrsSrtPoller *srt_poller_;
-    SrsCoroutine *trd_;
+    ISrsCoroutine *trd_;
 };
 
 // SrsSrtEventLoop is global singleton instance.
diff --git a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_srt_source.cpp b/trunk/src/app/srs_app_srt_source.cpp
index 6e993862b51..db70fce8a35 100644
--- a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_srt_source.cpp
+++ b/trunk/src/app/srs_app_srt_source.cpp
@@ -9,12 +9,12 @@
 #include <algorithm>
 using namespace std;
 
-#include <srs_app_pithy_print.hpp>
-#include <srs_app_source.hpp>
+#include <srs_app_rtmp_source.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_statistic.hpp>
 #include <srs_core_autofree.hpp>
 #include <srs_kernel_buffer.hpp>
 #include <srs_kernel_flv.hpp>
+#include <srs_kernel_pithy_print.hpp>
 #include <srs_kernel_stream.hpp>
 #include <srs_kernel_utility.hpp>
 #include <srs_protocol_raw_avc.hpp>
diff --git a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_srt_source.hpp b/trunk/src/app/srs_app_srt_source.hpp
index 12a71e6c25b..3df46fa8557 100644
--- a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_srt_source.hpp
+++ b/trunk/src/app/srs_app_srt_source.hpp
@@ -12,9 +12,9 @@
 #include <map>
 #include <vector>
 
-#include <srs_app_hourglass.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_stream_bridge.hpp>
 #include <srs_core_autofree.hpp>
+#include <srs_kernel_hourglass.hpp>
 #include <srs_kernel_ts.hpp>
 #include <srs_protocol_st.hpp>
 
diff --git a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_srt_utility.cpp b/trunk/src/app/srs_app_srt_utility.cpp
deleted file mode 100644
index 2c194abaede..00000000000
--- a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_srt_utility.cpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,147 +0,0 @@
-//
-// Copyright (c) 2013-2025 The SRS Authors
-//
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-//
-
-#include <srs_app_srt_utility.hpp>
-
-using namespace std;
-
-#include <srs_app_config.hpp>
-#include <srs_kernel_error.hpp>
-#include <srs_kernel_log.hpp>
-#include <srs_kernel_utility.hpp>
-#include <srs_protocol_rtmp_stack.hpp>
-#include <srs_protocol_utility.hpp>
-
-// See streamid of https://github.com/ossrs/srs/issues/2893
-// TODO: FIMXE: We should parse SRT streamid to URL object, rather than a HTTP url subpath.
-bool srs_srt_streamid_info(const std::string &streamid, SrtMode &mode, std::string &vhost, std::string &url_subpath)
-{
-    mode = SrtModePull;
-
-    size_t pos = streamid.find("#!::");
-    if (pos != 0) {
-        pos = streamid.find("/");
-        if (pos == streamid.npos) {
-            url_subpath = _srs_config->get_default_app_name() + "/" + streamid;
-            return true;
-        }
-        url_subpath = streamid;
-        return true;
-    }
-
-    // SRT url supports multiple QueryStrings, which are passed to RTMP to realize authentication and other capabilities
-    //@see https://github.com/ossrs/srs/issues/2893
-    std::string params;
-    std::string real_streamid;
-    real_streamid = streamid.substr(4);
-
-    // Compatible with previous auth querystring, like this one:
-    //      srt://127.0.0.1:10080?streamid=#!::h=live/livestream?secret=xxx,m=publish
-    real_streamid = srs_strings_replace(real_streamid, "?", ",");
-
-    std::map<std::string, std::string> query;
-    srs_net_url_parse_query(real_streamid, query);
-    for (std::map<std::string, std::string>::iterator it = query.begin(); it != query.end(); ++it) {
-        if (it->first == "h") {
-            std::string host = it->second;
-
-            size_t r0 = host.find("/");
-            size_t r1 = host.rfind("/");
-            if (r0 != std::string::npos && r0 != std::string::npos) {
-                // Compatible with previous style, see https://github.com/ossrs/srs/issues/2893#compatible
-                //      srt://127.0.0.1:10080?streamid=#!::h=live/livestream,m=publish
-                //      srt://127.0.0.1:10080?streamid=#!::h=live/livestream,m=request
-                //      srt://127.0.0.1:10080?streamid=#!::h=srs.srt.com.cn/live/livestream,m=publish
-                if (r0 != r1) {
-                    // We got vhost in host.
-                    url_subpath = host.substr(r0 + 1);
-                    host = host.substr(0, r0);
-
-                    params.append("vhost=");
-                    params.append(host);
-                    params.append("&");
-                    vhost = host;
-                } else {
-                    // Only stream in host.
-                    url_subpath = host;
-                }
-            } else {
-                // New URL style, see https://github.com/ossrs/srs/issues/2893#solution
-                //      srt://host.com:10080?streamid=#!::h=host.com,r=app/stream,key1=value1,key2=value2
-                //      srt://1.2.3.4:10080?streamid=#!::h=host.com,r=app/stream,key1=value1,key2=value2
-                //      srt://1.2.3.4:10080?streamid=#!::r=app/stream,key1=value1,key2=value2
-                params.append("vhost=");
-                params.append(host);
-                params.append("&");
-                vhost = host;
-            }
-        } else if (it->first == "r") {
-            url_subpath = it->second;
-        } else if (it->first == "m") {
-            std::string mode_str = it->second; // support m=publish or m=request
-            std::transform(it->second.begin(), it->second.end(), mode_str.begin(), ::tolower);
-            if (mode_str == "publish") {
-                mode = SrtModePush;
-            } else if (mode_str == "request") {
-                mode = SrtModePull;
-            } else {
-                srs_warn("unknown mode_str:%s", mode_str.c_str());
-                return false;
-            }
-        } else {
-            params.append(it->first);
-            params.append("=");
-            params.append(it->second);
-            params.append("&");
-        }
-    }
-
-    if (url_subpath.empty()) {
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    if (!params.empty()) {
-        url_subpath.append("?");
-        url_subpath.append(params);
-        url_subpath = url_subpath.substr(0, url_subpath.length() - 1); // remove last '&'
-    }
-
-    return true;
-}
-
-bool srs_srt_streamid_to_request(const std::string &streamid, SrtMode &mode, ISrsRequest *request)
-{
-    string url_subpath = "";
-    bool ret = srs_srt_streamid_info(streamid, mode, request->vhost_, url_subpath);
-    if (!ret) {
-        return ret;
-    }
-
-    size_t pos = url_subpath.find("/");
-    string stream_with_params = "";
-    if (pos == string::npos) {
-        request->app_ = _srs_config->get_default_app_name();
-        stream_with_params = url_subpath;
-    } else {
-        request->app_ = url_subpath.substr(0, pos);
-        stream_with_params = url_subpath.substr(pos + 1);
-    }
-
-    pos = stream_with_params.find("?");
-    if (pos == string::npos) {
-        request->stream_ = stream_with_params;
-    } else {
-        request->stream_ = stream_with_params.substr(0, pos);
-        request->param_ = stream_with_params.substr(pos + 1);
-    }
-
-    request->host_ = srs_get_public_internet_address();
-    if (request->vhost_.empty())
-        request->vhost_ = request->host_;
-    request->tcUrl_ = srs_net_url_encode_tcurl("srt", request->host_, request->vhost_, request->app_, request->port_);
-
-    return ret;
-}
diff --git a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_srt_utility.hpp b/trunk/src/app/srs_app_srt_utility.hpp
deleted file mode 100644
index c52fa74efb5..00000000000
--- a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_srt_utility.hpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,31 +0,0 @@
-//
-// Copyright (c) 2013-2025 The SRS Authors
-//
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-//
-
-#ifndef SRS_APP_SRT_UTILITY_HPP
-#define SRS_APP_SRT_UTILITY_HPP
-
-#include <srs_core.hpp>
-
-#include <string>
-
-#include <srs_kernel_log.hpp>
-#include <srs_kernel_utility.hpp>
-#include <srs_protocol_utility.hpp>
-
-class ISrsRequest;
-
-enum SrtMode {
-    SrtModePull = 1,
-    SrtModePush = 2,
-};
-
-// Get SRT streamid info.
-extern bool srs_srt_streamid_info(const std::string &streamid, SrtMode &mode, std::string &vhost, std::string &url_subpath);
-
-// SRT streamid to request.
-extern bool srs_srt_streamid_to_request(const std::string &streamid, SrtMode &mode, ISrsRequest *request);
-
-#endif
diff --git a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_st.cpp b/trunk/src/app/srs_app_st.cpp
index ac8966d086a..bc9695fb565 100644
--- a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_st.cpp
+++ b/trunk/src/app/srs_app_st.cpp
@@ -14,54 +14,6 @@ using namespace std;
 #include <srs_kernel_error.hpp>
 #include <srs_kernel_log.hpp>
 
-ISrsCoroutineHandler::ISrsCoroutineHandler()
-{
-}
-
-ISrsCoroutineHandler::~ISrsCoroutineHandler()
-{
-}
-
-ISrsStartable::ISrsStartable()
-{
-}
-
-ISrsStartable::~ISrsStartable()
-{
-}
-
-ISrsInterruptable::ISrsInterruptable()
-{
-}
-
-ISrsInterruptable::~ISrsInterruptable()
-{
-}
-
-ISrsContextIdSetter::ISrsContextIdSetter()
-{
-}
-
-ISrsContextIdSetter::~ISrsContextIdSetter()
-{
-}
-
-ISrsContextIdGetter::ISrsContextIdGetter()
-{
-}
-
-ISrsContextIdGetter::~ISrsContextIdGetter()
-{
-}
-
-SrsCoroutine::SrsCoroutine()
-{
-}
-
-SrsCoroutine::~SrsCoroutine()
-{
-}
-
 SrsDummyCoroutine::SrsDummyCoroutine()
 {
 }
diff --git a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_st.hpp b/trunk/src/app/srs_app_st.hpp
index 356bdaf8d3c..858ee697937 100644
--- a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_st.hpp
+++ b/trunk/src/app/srs_app_st.hpp
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@
 
 #include <srs_kernel_error.hpp>
 #include <srs_kernel_log.hpp>
+#include <srs_kernel_st.hpp>
 #include <srs_protocol_conn.hpp>
 #include <srs_protocol_io.hpp>
 #include <srs_protocol_st.hpp>
@@ -20,102 +21,9 @@
 class SrsFastCoroutine;
 class SrsExecutorCoroutine;
 
-// Each ST-coroutine must implements this interface,
-// to do the cycle job and handle some events.
-//
-// Thread do a job then terminated normally, it's a SrsOneCycleThread:
-//      class SrsOneCycleThread : public ISrsCoroutineHandler {
-//          public: SrsCoroutine trd;
-//          public: virtual srs_error_t cycle() {
-//              // Do something, then return this cycle and thread terminated normally.
-//          }
-//      };
-//
-// Thread has its inside loop, such as the RTMP receive thread:
-//      class SrsReceiveThread : public ISrsCoroutineHandler {
-//          public: SrsCoroutine* trd;
-//          public: virtual srs_error_t cycle() {
-//              while (true) {
-//                  // Check whether thread interrupted.
-//                  if ((err = trd->pull()) != srs_success) {
-//                      return err;
-//                  }
-//                  // Do something, such as st_read() packets, it'll be wakeup
-//                  // when user stop or interrupt the thread.
-//              }
-//          }
-//      };
-class ISrsCoroutineHandler
-{
-public:
-    ISrsCoroutineHandler();
-    virtual ~ISrsCoroutineHandler();
-
-public:
-    // Do the work. The ST-coroutine will terminated normally if it returned.
-    // @remark If the cycle has its own loop, it must check the thread pull.
-    virtual srs_error_t cycle() = 0;
-};
-
-// Start the object, generally a coroutine.
-class ISrsStartable
-{
-public:
-    ISrsStartable();
-    virtual ~ISrsStartable();
-
-public:
-    virtual srs_error_t start() = 0;
-};
-
-// Allow user to interrupt the coroutine, for example, to stop it.
-class ISrsInterruptable
-{
-public:
-    ISrsInterruptable();
-    virtual ~ISrsInterruptable();
-
-public:
-    virtual void interrupt() = 0;
-    virtual srs_error_t pull() = 0;
-};
-
-// Get the context id.
-class ISrsContextIdSetter
-{
-public:
-    ISrsContextIdSetter();
-    virtual ~ISrsContextIdSetter();
-
-public:
-    virtual void set_cid(const SrsContextId &cid) = 0;
-};
-
-// Set the context id.
-class ISrsContextIdGetter
-{
-public:
-    ISrsContextIdGetter();
-    virtual ~ISrsContextIdGetter();
-
-public:
-    virtual const SrsContextId &cid() = 0;
-};
-
-// The coroutine object.
-class SrsCoroutine : public ISrsStartable, public ISrsInterruptable, public ISrsContextIdSetter, public ISrsContextIdGetter
-{
-public:
-    SrsCoroutine();
-    virtual ~SrsCoroutine();
-
-public:
-    virtual void stop() = 0;
-};
-
 // An empty coroutine, user can default to this object before create any real coroutine.
 // @see https://github.com/ossrs/srs/pull/908
-class SrsDummyCoroutine : public SrsCoroutine
+class SrsDummyCoroutine : public ISrsCoroutine
 {
 private:
     SrsContextId cid_;
@@ -145,7 +53,7 @@ class SrsDummyCoroutine : public SrsCoroutine
 //      https://github.com/ossrs/state-threads/blob/st-1.9/README#L115
 // @remark We always create joinable thread, so we must join it or memory leak,
 //      Please read https://github.com/ossrs/srs/issues/78
-class SrsSTCoroutine : public SrsCoroutine
+class SrsSTCoroutine : public ISrsCoroutine
 {
 private:
     SrsFastCoroutine *impl_;
@@ -186,7 +94,7 @@ class SrsSTCoroutine : public SrsCoroutine
 };
 
 // High performance coroutine.
-class SrsFastCoroutine
+class SrsFastCoroutine : public ISrsCoroutine
 {
 private:
     std::string name_;
@@ -297,7 +205,7 @@ class SrsExecutorCoroutine : public ISrsResource, public ISrsStartable, public I
     ISrsExecutorHandler *callback_;
 
 private:
-    SrsCoroutine *trd_;
+    ISrsCoroutine *trd_;
 
 public:
     SrsExecutorCoroutine(ISrsResourceManager *m, ISrsResource *r, ISrsCoroutineHandler *h, ISrsExecutorHandler *cb);
diff --git a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_statistic.cpp b/trunk/src/app/srs_app_statistic.cpp
index 769b8bd731c..ec49f5b6056 100644
--- a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_statistic.cpp
+++ b/trunk/src/app/srs_app_statistic.cpp
@@ -11,14 +11,13 @@
 using namespace std;
 
 #include <srs_app_config.hpp>
-#include <srs_app_conn.hpp>
+#include <srs_protocol_conn.hpp>
 
 #include <srs_app_utility.hpp>
 #include <srs_kernel_kbps.hpp>
 #include <srs_kernel_utility.hpp>
 #include <srs_protocol_amf0.hpp>
 #include <srs_protocol_json.hpp>
-#include <srs_protocol_kbps.hpp>
 #include <srs_protocol_rtmp_stack.hpp>
 #include <srs_protocol_utility.hpp>
 
diff --git a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_stream_bridge.cpp b/trunk/src/app/srs_app_stream_bridge.cpp
index 20423c5e2ac..58927921dcc 100644
--- a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_stream_bridge.cpp
+++ b/trunk/src/app/srs_app_stream_bridge.cpp
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
 
 #include <srs_app_config.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_rtc_source.hpp>
-#include <srs_app_source.hpp>
+#include <srs_app_rtmp_source.hpp>
 #include <srs_core_autofree.hpp>
 #include <srs_kernel_rtc_rtp.hpp>
 #include <srs_protocol_format.hpp>
diff --git a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_utility.cpp b/trunk/src/app/srs_app_utility.cpp
index e021e227053..fd05f720604 100644
--- a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_utility.cpp
+++ b/trunk/src/app/srs_app_utility.cpp
@@ -26,11 +26,11 @@ using namespace std;
 #include <srs_app_config.hpp>
 #include <srs_kernel_buffer.hpp>
 #include <srs_kernel_error.hpp>
+#include <srs_kernel_kbps.hpp>
 #include <srs_kernel_log.hpp>
 #include <srs_kernel_utility.hpp>
 #include <srs_protocol_amf0.hpp>
 #include <srs_protocol_json.hpp>
-#include <srs_protocol_kbps.hpp>
 
 // the longest time to wait for a process to quit.
 #define SRS_PROCESS_QUIT_TIMEOUT_MS 1000
diff --git a/trunk/src/core/srs_core_time.cpp b/trunk/src/core/srs_core_time.cpp
index 68ba596aa35..fbf06771524 100644
--- a/trunk/src/core/srs_core_time.cpp
+++ b/trunk/src/core/srs_core_time.cpp
@@ -14,3 +14,11 @@ srs_utime_t srs_time_since(srs_utime_t start, srs_utime_t end)
 
     return end - start;
 }
+
+ISrsTime::ISrsTime()
+{
+}
+
+ISrsTime::~ISrsTime()
+{
+}
diff --git a/trunk/src/core/srs_core_time.hpp b/trunk/src/core/srs_core_time.hpp
index 9da7e71d80b..6785729d74f 100644
--- a/trunk/src/core/srs_core_time.hpp
+++ b/trunk/src/core/srs_core_time.hpp
@@ -43,4 +43,15 @@ extern srs_utime_t srs_time_since_startup();
 // A daemon st-thread updates it.
 extern srs_utime_t srs_time_now_realtime();
 
+// The time interface.
+class ISrsTime
+{
+public:
+    ISrsTime();
+    virtual ~ISrsTime();
+
+public:
+    virtual void usleep(srs_utime_t duration) = 0;
+};
+
 #endif
diff --git a/trunk/src/core/srs_core_version7.hpp b/trunk/src/core/srs_core_version7.hpp
index a9c7b1284ab..3f47aea396a 100644
--- a/trunk/src/core/srs_core_version7.hpp
+++ b/trunk/src/core/srs_core_version7.hpp
@@ -9,6 +9,6 @@
 
 #define VERSION_MAJOR 7
 #define VERSION_MINOR 0
-#define VERSION_REVISION 85
+#define VERSION_REVISION 86
 
 #endif
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/trunk/src/kernel/srs_kernel_factory.cpp b/trunk/src/kernel/srs_kernel_factory.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..8720858bd1a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/trunk/src/kernel/srs_kernel_factory.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+//
+// Copyright (c) 2013-2025 The SRS Authors
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+//
+
+#include <srs_kernel_factory.hpp>
+
+ISrsConfig::ISrsConfig()
+{
+}
+
+ISrsConfig::~ISrsConfig()
+{
+}
+
+ISrsKernelFactory::ISrsKernelFactory()
+{
+}
+
+ISrsKernelFactory::~ISrsKernelFactory()
+{
+}
diff --git a/trunk/src/kernel/srs_kernel_factory.hpp b/trunk/src/kernel/srs_kernel_factory.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..78ecaa1c759
--- /dev/null
+++ b/trunk/src/kernel/srs_kernel_factory.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+//
+// Copyright (c) 2013-2025 The SRS Authors
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+//
+
+#ifndef SRS_KERNEL_FACTORY_HPP
+#define SRS_KERNEL_FACTORY_HPP
+
+#include <srs_core.hpp>
+
+#include <srs_core_time.hpp>
+#include <srs_kernel_st.hpp>
+
+#include <string>
+
+// The config for kernel and protocol objects.
+class ISrsConfig
+{
+public:
+    ISrsConfig();
+    virtual ~ISrsConfig();
+
+public:
+    virtual srs_utime_t get_pithy_print() = 0;
+    virtual std::string get_default_app_name() = 0;
+};
+
+// The factory to create kernel objects.
+class ISrsKernelFactory
+{
+public:
+    ISrsKernelFactory();
+    virtual ~ISrsKernelFactory();
+
+public:
+    virtual ISrsCoroutine *create_coroutine(const std::string &name, ISrsCoroutineHandler *handler, SrsContextId cid) = 0;
+    virtual ISrsTime *create_time() = 0;
+    virtual ISrsConfig *create_config() = 0;
+    virtual ISrsCond *create_cond() = 0;
+};
+
+extern ISrsKernelFactory *_srs_kernel_factory;
+
+#endif
diff --git a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_hourglass.cpp b/trunk/src/kernel/srs_kernel_hourglass.cpp
similarity index 92%
rename from trunk/src/app/srs_app_hourglass.cpp
rename to trunk/src/kernel/srs_kernel_hourglass.cpp
index dca669f8241..e43b1b03743 100644
--- a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_hourglass.cpp
+++ b/trunk/src/kernel/srs_kernel_hourglass.cpp
@@ -4,17 +4,18 @@
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
 //
 
-#include <srs_app_hourglass.hpp>
+#include <srs_kernel_hourglass.hpp>
 
 #include <algorithm>
 using namespace std;
 
+#include <srs_core_time.hpp>
 #include <srs_kernel_error.hpp>
+#include <srs_kernel_factory.hpp>
+#include <srs_kernel_kbps.hpp>
 #include <srs_kernel_log.hpp>
 #include <srs_kernel_utility.hpp>
 
-#include <srs_protocol_kbps.hpp>
-
 SrsPps *_srs_pps_timer = NULL;
 SrsPps *_srs_pps_conn = NULL;
 SrsPps *_srs_pps_pub = NULL;
@@ -43,12 +44,14 @@ SrsHourGlass::SrsHourGlass(string label, ISrsHourGlass *h, srs_utime_t resolutio
     handler_ = h;
     resolution_ = resolution;
     total_elapse_ = 0;
-    trd_ = new SrsSTCoroutine("timer-" + label, this, _srs_context->get_id());
+    trd_ = _srs_kernel_factory->create_coroutine("timer-" + label, this, _srs_context->get_id());
+    time_ = _srs_kernel_factory->create_time();
 }
 
 SrsHourGlass::~SrsHourGlass()
 {
     srs_freep(trd_);
+    srs_freep(time_);
 }
 
 srs_error_t SrsHourGlass::start()
@@ -119,7 +122,7 @@ srs_error_t SrsHourGlass::cycle()
 
         // TODO: FIXME: Maybe we should use wallclock.
         total_elapse_ += resolution_;
-        srs_usleep(resolution_);
+        time_->usleep(resolution_);
     }
 
     return err;
@@ -136,12 +139,14 @@ ISrsFastTimer::~ISrsFastTimer()
 SrsFastTimer::SrsFastTimer(std::string label, srs_utime_t interval)
 {
     interval_ = interval;
-    trd_ = new SrsSTCoroutine(label, this, _srs_context->get_id());
+    trd_ = _srs_kernel_factory->create_coroutine(label, this, _srs_context->get_id());
+    time_ = _srs_kernel_factory->create_time();
 }
 
 SrsFastTimer::~SrsFastTimer()
 {
     srs_freep(trd_);
+    srs_freep(time_);
 }
 
 srs_error_t SrsFastTimer::start()
@@ -189,7 +194,7 @@ srs_error_t SrsFastTimer::cycle()
             }
         }
 
-        srs_usleep(interval_);
+        time_->usleep(interval_);
     }
 
     return err;
@@ -197,10 +202,12 @@ srs_error_t SrsFastTimer::cycle()
 
 SrsClockWallMonitor::SrsClockWallMonitor()
 {
+    time_ = _srs_kernel_factory->create_time();
 }
 
 SrsClockWallMonitor::~SrsClockWallMonitor()
 {
+    srs_freep(time_);
 }
 
 srs_error_t SrsClockWallMonitor::on_timer(srs_utime_t interval)
diff --git a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_hourglass.hpp b/trunk/src/kernel/srs_kernel_hourglass.hpp
similarity index 94%
rename from trunk/src/app/srs_app_hourglass.hpp
rename to trunk/src/kernel/srs_kernel_hourglass.hpp
index ad2e5fdfc9d..e0c556c1881 100644
--- a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_hourglass.hpp
+++ b/trunk/src/kernel/srs_kernel_hourglass.hpp
@@ -4,18 +4,18 @@
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
 //
 
-#ifndef SRS_APP_HOURGLASS_HPP
-#define SRS_APP_HOURGLASS_HPP
+#ifndef SRS_KERNEL_HOURGLASS_HPP
+#define SRS_KERNEL_HOURGLASS_HPP
 
 #include <srs_core.hpp>
 
-#include <srs_app_st.hpp>
+#include <srs_kernel_st.hpp>
 
 #include <map>
 #include <string>
 #include <vector>
 
-class SrsCoroutine;
+class ISrsCoroutine;
 
 // The handler for the tick.
 class ISrsHourGlass
@@ -57,9 +57,10 @@ class SrsHourGlass : public ISrsCoroutineHandler
 {
 private:
     std::string label_;
-    SrsCoroutine *trd_;
+    ISrsCoroutine *trd_;
     ISrsHourGlass *handler_;
     srs_utime_t resolution_;
+    ISrsTime *time_;
     // The ticks:
     //      key: the event of tick.
     //      value: the interval of tick.
@@ -112,9 +113,10 @@ class ISrsFastTimer
 class SrsFastTimer : public ISrsCoroutineHandler
 {
 private:
-    SrsCoroutine *trd_;
+    ISrsCoroutine *trd_;
     srs_utime_t interval_;
     std::vector<ISrsFastTimer *> handlers_;
+    ISrsTime *time_;
 
 public:
     SrsFastTimer(std::string label, srs_utime_t interval);
@@ -136,6 +138,9 @@ class SrsFastTimer : public ISrsCoroutineHandler
 // To monitor the system wall clock timer deviation.
 class SrsClockWallMonitor : public ISrsFastTimer
 {
+private:
+    ISrsTime *time_;
+
 public:
     SrsClockWallMonitor();
     virtual ~SrsClockWallMonitor();
diff --git a/trunk/src/kernel/srs_kernel_io.cpp b/trunk/src/kernel/srs_kernel_io.cpp
index b5706f37ad6..b9892953d3a 100644
--- a/trunk/src/kernel/srs_kernel_io.cpp
+++ b/trunk/src/kernel/srs_kernel_io.cpp
@@ -61,3 +61,11 @@ ISrsWriteSeeker::ISrsWriteSeeker()
 ISrsWriteSeeker::~ISrsWriteSeeker()
 {
 }
+
+ISrsProtocolStatistic::ISrsProtocolStatistic()
+{
+}
+
+ISrsProtocolStatistic::~ISrsProtocolStatistic()
+{
+}
diff --git a/trunk/src/kernel/srs_kernel_io.hpp b/trunk/src/kernel/srs_kernel_io.hpp
index 305db30cc07..302319b8abf 100644
--- a/trunk/src/kernel/srs_kernel_io.hpp
+++ b/trunk/src/kernel/srs_kernel_io.hpp
@@ -119,4 +119,20 @@ class ISrsWriteSeeker : public ISrsWriter, public ISrsSeeker
     virtual ~ISrsWriteSeeker();
 };
 
+/**
+ * Get the statistic of channel.
+ */
+class ISrsProtocolStatistic
+{
+public:
+    ISrsProtocolStatistic();
+    virtual ~ISrsProtocolStatistic();
+    // For protocol
+public:
+    // Get the total recv bytes over underlay fd.
+    virtual int64_t get_recv_bytes() = 0;
+    // Get the total send bytes over underlay fd.
+    virtual int64_t get_send_bytes() = 0;
+};
+
 #endif
diff --git a/trunk/src/kernel/srs_kernel_kbps.cpp b/trunk/src/kernel/srs_kernel_kbps.cpp
index 26b414e56f6..24c9c979877 100644
--- a/trunk/src/kernel/srs_kernel_kbps.cpp
+++ b/trunk/src/kernel/srs_kernel_kbps.cpp
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
 #include <srs_kernel_kbps.hpp>
 
 #include <srs_kernel_error.hpp>
+#include <srs_kernel_io.hpp>
 #include <srs_kernel_utility.hpp>
 
 #include <cstdio>
@@ -546,3 +547,282 @@ void srs_global_rtc_update(SrsKbsRtcStats *stats)
         fid_desc = buf;
     }
 }
+
+SrsKbpsSlice::SrsKbpsSlice(SrsWallClock *c)
+{
+    clk_ = c;
+    starttime_ = 0;
+    bytes_ = 0;
+}
+
+SrsKbpsSlice::~SrsKbpsSlice()
+{
+}
+
+void SrsKbpsSlice::sample()
+{
+    srs_utime_t now = clk_->now();
+
+    if (sample_30s_.time_ < 0) {
+        sample_30s_.update(bytes_, now, 0);
+    }
+    if (sample_1m_.time_ < 0) {
+        sample_1m_.update(bytes_, now, 0);
+    }
+    if (sample_5m_.time_ < 0) {
+        sample_5m_.update(bytes_, now, 0);
+    }
+    if (sample_60m_.time_ < 0) {
+        sample_60m_.update(bytes_, now, 0);
+    }
+
+    if (now - sample_30s_.time_ >= 30 * SRS_UTIME_SECONDS) {
+        int kbps = (int)((bytes_ - sample_30s_.total_) * 8 / srsu2ms(now - sample_30s_.time_));
+        sample_30s_.update(bytes_, now, kbps);
+    }
+    if (now - sample_1m_.time_ >= 60 * SRS_UTIME_SECONDS) {
+        int kbps = (int)((bytes_ - sample_1m_.total_) * 8 / srsu2ms(now - sample_1m_.time_));
+        sample_1m_.update(bytes_, now, kbps);
+    }
+    if (now - sample_5m_.time_ >= 300 * SRS_UTIME_SECONDS) {
+        int kbps = (int)((bytes_ - sample_5m_.total_) * 8 / srsu2ms(now - sample_5m_.time_));
+        sample_5m_.update(bytes_, now, kbps);
+    }
+    if (now - sample_60m_.time_ >= 3600 * SRS_UTIME_SECONDS) {
+        int kbps = (int)((bytes_ - sample_60m_.total_) * 8 / srsu2ms(now - sample_60m_.time_));
+        sample_60m_.update(bytes_, now, kbps);
+    }
+}
+
+ISrsKbpsDelta::ISrsKbpsDelta()
+{
+}
+
+ISrsKbpsDelta::~ISrsKbpsDelta()
+{
+}
+
+SrsEphemeralDelta::SrsEphemeralDelta()
+{
+    in_ = out_ = 0;
+}
+
+SrsEphemeralDelta::~SrsEphemeralDelta()
+{
+}
+
+void SrsEphemeralDelta::add_delta(int64_t in, int64_t out)
+{
+    in_ += in;
+    out_ += out;
+}
+
+void SrsEphemeralDelta::remark(int64_t *in, int64_t *out)
+{
+    if (in)
+        *in = in_;
+    if (out)
+        *out = out_;
+    in_ = out_ = 0;
+}
+
+SrsNetworkDelta::SrsNetworkDelta()
+{
+    in_ = out_ = NULL;
+    in_base_ = in_delta_ = 0;
+    out_base_ = out_delta_ = 0;
+}
+
+SrsNetworkDelta::~SrsNetworkDelta()
+{
+}
+
+void SrsNetworkDelta::set_io(ISrsProtocolStatistic *in, ISrsProtocolStatistic *out)
+{
+    if (in_) {
+        in_delta_ += in_->get_recv_bytes() - in_base_;
+    }
+    if (in) {
+        in_base_ = in->get_recv_bytes();
+        in_delta_ += in_base_;
+    }
+    in_ = in;
+
+    if (out_) {
+        out_delta_ += out_->get_send_bytes() - out_base_;
+    }
+    if (out) {
+        out_base_ = out->get_send_bytes();
+        out_delta_ += out_base_;
+    }
+    out_ = out;
+}
+
+void SrsNetworkDelta::remark(int64_t *in, int64_t *out)
+{
+    if (in_) {
+        in_delta_ += in_->get_recv_bytes() - in_base_;
+        in_base_ = in_->get_recv_bytes();
+    }
+    if (out_) {
+        out_delta_ += out_->get_send_bytes() - out_base_;
+        out_base_ = out_->get_send_bytes();
+    }
+
+    *in = in_delta_;
+    *out = out_delta_;
+    in_delta_ = out_delta_ = 0;
+}
+
+SrsKbps::SrsKbps(SrsWallClock *c)
+{
+    clk_ = c ? c : _srs_clock;
+    is_ = new SrsKbpsSlice(clk_);
+    os_ = new SrsKbpsSlice(clk_);
+}
+
+SrsKbps::~SrsKbps()
+{
+    srs_freep(is_);
+    srs_freep(os_);
+}
+
+int SrsKbps::get_send_kbps()
+{
+    int duration = srsu2ms(clk_->now() - is_->starttime_);
+    if (duration <= 0) {
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    int64_t bytes = get_send_bytes();
+    return (int)(bytes * 8 / duration);
+}
+
+int SrsKbps::get_recv_kbps()
+{
+    int duration = srsu2ms(clk_->now() - os_->starttime_);
+    if (duration <= 0) {
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    int64_t bytes = get_recv_bytes();
+    return (int)(bytes * 8 / duration);
+}
+
+int SrsKbps::get_send_kbps_30s()
+{
+    return os_->sample_30s_.rate_;
+}
+
+int SrsKbps::get_recv_kbps_30s()
+{
+    return is_->sample_30s_.rate_;
+}
+
+int SrsKbps::get_send_kbps_5m()
+{
+    return os_->sample_5m_.rate_;
+}
+
+int SrsKbps::get_recv_kbps_5m()
+{
+    return is_->sample_5m_.rate_;
+}
+
+void SrsKbps::add_delta(ISrsKbpsDelta *delta)
+{
+    if (!delta)
+        return;
+
+    int64_t in, out;
+    delta->remark(&in, &out);
+    add_delta(in, out);
+}
+
+void SrsKbps::add_delta(int64_t in, int64_t out)
+{
+    // update the total bytes
+    is_->bytes_ += in;
+    os_->bytes_ += out;
+
+    // we donot sample, please use sample() to do resample.
+}
+
+void SrsKbps::sample()
+{
+    is_->sample();
+    os_->sample();
+}
+
+int64_t SrsKbps::get_send_bytes()
+{
+    return os_->bytes_;
+}
+
+int64_t SrsKbps::get_recv_bytes()
+{
+    return is_->bytes_;
+}
+
+SrsNetworkKbps::SrsNetworkKbps(SrsWallClock *clock)
+{
+    delta_ = new SrsNetworkDelta();
+    kbps_ = new SrsKbps(clock);
+}
+
+SrsNetworkKbps::~SrsNetworkKbps()
+{
+    srs_freep(kbps_);
+    srs_freep(delta_);
+}
+
+void SrsNetworkKbps::set_io(ISrsProtocolStatistic *in, ISrsProtocolStatistic *out)
+{
+    delta_->set_io(in, out);
+}
+
+void SrsNetworkKbps::sample()
+{
+    kbps_->add_delta(delta_);
+    kbps_->sample();
+}
+
+int SrsNetworkKbps::get_send_kbps()
+{
+    return kbps_->get_send_kbps();
+}
+
+int SrsNetworkKbps::get_recv_kbps()
+{
+    return kbps_->get_recv_kbps();
+}
+
+int SrsNetworkKbps::get_send_kbps_30s()
+{
+    return kbps_->get_send_kbps_30s();
+}
+
+int SrsNetworkKbps::get_recv_kbps_30s()
+{
+    return kbps_->get_recv_kbps_30s();
+}
+
+int SrsNetworkKbps::get_send_kbps_5m()
+{
+    return kbps_->get_send_kbps_5m();
+}
+
+int SrsNetworkKbps::get_recv_kbps_5m()
+{
+    return kbps_->get_recv_kbps_5m();
+}
+
+int64_t SrsNetworkKbps::get_send_bytes()
+{
+    return kbps_->get_send_bytes();
+}
+
+int64_t SrsNetworkKbps::get_recv_bytes()
+{
+    return kbps_->get_recv_bytes();
+}
diff --git a/trunk/src/kernel/srs_kernel_kbps.hpp b/trunk/src/kernel/srs_kernel_kbps.hpp
index 32f86105df3..745099116a2 100644
--- a/trunk/src/kernel/srs_kernel_kbps.hpp
+++ b/trunk/src/kernel/srs_kernel_kbps.hpp
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
 #include <string>
 
 class SrsWallClock;
+class ISrsProtocolStatistic;
 
 // A sample for rate-based stat, such as kbps or kps.
 class SrsRateSample
@@ -230,4 +231,171 @@ class SrsKbsRtcStats
 // Update the global rtc statistics variables
 void srs_global_rtc_update(SrsKbsRtcStats *stats);
 
+/**
+ * The slice of kbps statistic, for input or output.
+ */
+class SrsKbpsSlice
+{
+private:
+    SrsWallClock *clk_;
+
+public:
+    // session startup bytes
+    // @remark, use total_bytes() to get the total bytes of slice.
+    int64_t bytes_;
+    // slice starttime, the first time to record bytes.
+    srs_utime_t starttime_;
+    // samples
+    SrsRateSample sample_30s_;
+    SrsRateSample sample_1m_;
+    SrsRateSample sample_5m_;
+    SrsRateSample sample_60m_;
+
+public:
+    SrsKbpsSlice(SrsWallClock *c);
+    virtual ~SrsKbpsSlice();
+
+public:
+    // Resample the slice to calculate the kbps.
+    virtual void sample();
+};
+
+/**
+ * The interface which provices delta of bytes. For example, we got a delta from a TCP client:
+ *       ISrsKbpsDelta* delta = ...;
+ * Now, we can add delta simple to a kbps:
+ *      kbps->add_delta(delta);
+ * Or by multiple kbps:
+ *       int64_t in, out;
+ *       delta->remark(&in, &out);
+ *       kbps1->add_delta(in, out);
+ *       kbpsN->add_delta(in, out);
+ * Then you're able to use the kbps object.
+ */
+class ISrsKbpsDelta
+{
+public:
+    ISrsKbpsDelta();
+    virtual ~ISrsKbpsDelta();
+
+public:
+    // Resample to get the value of delta bytes.
+    // @remark If no delta bytes, both in and out will be set to 0.
+    virtual void remark(int64_t *in, int64_t *out) = 0;
+};
+
+// A delta data source for SrsKbps, used in ephemeral case, for example, UDP server to increase stat when received or
+// sent out each UDP packet.
+class SrsEphemeralDelta : public ISrsKbpsDelta
+{
+private:
+    uint64_t in_;
+    uint64_t out_;
+
+public:
+    SrsEphemeralDelta();
+    virtual ~SrsEphemeralDelta();
+
+public:
+    virtual void add_delta(int64_t in, int64_t out);
+    // Interface ISrsKbpsDelta.
+public:
+    virtual void remark(int64_t *in, int64_t *out);
+};
+
+// A network delta data source for SrsKbps.
+class SrsNetworkDelta : public ISrsKbpsDelta
+{
+private:
+    ISrsProtocolStatistic *in_;
+    ISrsProtocolStatistic *out_;
+    uint64_t in_base_;
+    uint64_t in_delta_;
+    uint64_t out_base_;
+    uint64_t out_delta_;
+
+public:
+    SrsNetworkDelta();
+    virtual ~SrsNetworkDelta();
+
+public:
+    // Switch the under-layer network io, we use the bytes as a fresh delta.
+    virtual void set_io(ISrsProtocolStatistic *in, ISrsProtocolStatistic *out);
+    // Interface ISrsKbpsDelta.
+public:
+    virtual void remark(int64_t *in, int64_t *out);
+};
+
+/**
+ * To statistic the kbps. For example, we got a set of connections and add the total delta:
+ *       SrsKbps* kbps = ...;
+ *       for conn in connections:
+ *           kbps->add_delta(conn->delta()) // Which return an ISrsKbpsDelta object.
+ * Then we sample and got the total kbps:
+ *       kbps->sample()
+ *       kbps->get_xxx_kbps().
+ */
+class SrsKbps
+{
+private:
+    SrsKbpsSlice *is_;
+    SrsKbpsSlice *os_;
+    SrsWallClock *clk_;
+
+public:
+    // Note that we won't free the clock c.
+    SrsKbps(SrsWallClock *c = NULL);
+    virtual ~SrsKbps();
+
+public:
+    // Get total average kbps.
+    virtual int get_send_kbps();
+    virtual int get_recv_kbps();
+    // Get the average kbps in 30s.
+    virtual int get_send_kbps_30s();
+    virtual int get_recv_kbps_30s();
+    // Get the average kbps in 5m or 300s.
+    virtual int get_send_kbps_5m();
+    virtual int get_recv_kbps_5m();
+
+public:
+    // Add delta to kbps. Please call sample() after all deltas are added to kbps.
+    virtual void add_delta(int64_t in, int64_t out);
+    virtual void add_delta(ISrsKbpsDelta *delta);
+    // Sample the kbps to get the kbps in N seconds.
+    virtual void sample();
+
+public:
+    virtual int64_t get_send_bytes();
+    virtual int64_t get_recv_bytes();
+};
+
+// A sugar to use SrsNetworkDelta and SrsKbps.
+class SrsNetworkKbps
+{
+private:
+    SrsNetworkDelta *delta_;
+    SrsKbps *kbps_;
+
+public:
+    SrsNetworkKbps(SrsWallClock *c = NULL);
+    virtual ~SrsNetworkKbps();
+
+public:
+    virtual void set_io(ISrsProtocolStatistic *in, ISrsProtocolStatistic *out);
+    virtual void sample();
+
+public:
+    virtual int get_send_kbps();
+    virtual int get_recv_kbps();
+    virtual int get_send_kbps_30s();
+    virtual int get_recv_kbps_30s();
+    virtual int get_send_kbps_5m();
+    virtual int get_recv_kbps_5m();
+
+public:
+    virtual int64_t get_send_bytes();
+    virtual int64_t get_recv_bytes();
+};
+
 #endif
diff --git a/trunk/src/kernel/srs_kernel_log.cpp b/trunk/src/kernel/srs_kernel_log.cpp
index 0e9cc82f74d..d8ae0c1fd43 100644
--- a/trunk/src/kernel/srs_kernel_log.cpp
+++ b/trunk/src/kernel/srs_kernel_log.cpp
@@ -101,6 +101,16 @@ ISrsContext::~ISrsContext()
 {
 }
 
+impl_SrsContextRestore::impl_SrsContextRestore(SrsContextId cid)
+{
+    cid_ = cid;
+}
+
+impl_SrsContextRestore::~impl_SrsContextRestore()
+{
+    _srs_context->set_id(cid_);
+}
+
 void srs_logger_impl(SrsLogLevel level, const char *tag, const SrsContextId &context_id, const char *fmt, ...)
 {
     if (!_srs_log)
diff --git a/trunk/src/kernel/srs_kernel_log.hpp b/trunk/src/kernel/srs_kernel_log.hpp
index 95df3c76db5..45042f7fa87 100644
--- a/trunk/src/kernel/srs_kernel_log.hpp
+++ b/trunk/src/kernel/srs_kernel_log.hpp
@@ -18,6 +18,14 @@
 
 #include <srs_kernel_consts.hpp>
 
+// For log TAGs.
+#define TAG_MAIN "MAIN"
+#define TAG_MAYBE "MAYBE"
+#define TAG_DTLS_ALERT "DTLS_ALERT"
+#define TAG_DTLS_HANG "DTLS_HANG"
+#define TAG_RESOURCE_UNSUB "RESOURCE_UNSUB"
+#define TAG_LARGE_TIMER "LARGE_TIMER"
+
 // The log level, see https://github.com/apache/logging-log4j2/blob/release-2.x/log4j-api/src/main/java/org/apache/logging/log4j/Level.java
 // Please note that the enum name might not be the string, to keep compatible with previous definition.
 enum SrsLogLevel {
@@ -80,6 +88,20 @@ class ISrsContext
     virtual const SrsContextId &set_id(const SrsContextId &v) = 0;
 };
 
+// The context restore stores the context and restore it when done.
+// Usage:
+//      SrsContextRestore(_srs_context->get_id());
+#define SrsContextRestore(cid) impl_SrsContextRestore _context_restore_instance(cid)
+class impl_SrsContextRestore
+{
+private:
+    SrsContextId cid_;
+
+public:
+    impl_SrsContextRestore(SrsContextId cid);
+    virtual ~impl_SrsContextRestore();
+};
+
 // @global User must implements the LogContext and define a global instance.
 extern ISrsContext *_srs_context;
 
diff --git a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_pithy_print.cpp b/trunk/src/kernel/srs_kernel_pithy_print.cpp
similarity index 97%
rename from trunk/src/app/srs_app_pithy_print.cpp
rename to trunk/src/kernel/srs_kernel_pithy_print.cpp
index e97cd31aa2d..fcedba495a9 100644
--- a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_pithy_print.cpp
+++ b/trunk/src/kernel/srs_kernel_pithy_print.cpp
@@ -4,13 +4,13 @@
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
 //
 
-#include <srs_app_pithy_print.hpp>
+#include <srs_kernel_pithy_print.hpp>
 
 #include <stdlib.h>
 using namespace std;
 
-#include <srs_app_config.hpp>
 #include <srs_kernel_error.hpp>
+#include <srs_kernel_factory.hpp>
 #include <srs_kernel_log.hpp>
 #include <srs_kernel_utility.hpp>
 
@@ -21,20 +21,19 @@ SrsStageInfo::SrsStageInfo(int _stage_id, double ratio)
     age_ = 0;
     nn_count_ = 0;
     interval_ratio_ = ratio;
+    config_ = _srs_kernel_factory->create_config();
 
     update_print_time();
-
-    _srs_config->subscribe(this);
 }
 
 SrsStageInfo::~SrsStageInfo()
 {
-    _srs_config->unsubscribe(this);
+    srs_freep(config_);
 }
 
 void SrsStageInfo::update_print_time()
 {
-    interval_ = _srs_config->get_pithy_print();
+    interval_ = config_->get_pithy_print();
 }
 
 void SrsStageInfo::elapse(srs_utime_t diff)
diff --git a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_pithy_print.hpp b/trunk/src/kernel/srs_kernel_pithy_print.hpp
similarity index 94%
rename from trunk/src/app/srs_app_pithy_print.hpp
rename to trunk/src/kernel/srs_kernel_pithy_print.hpp
index fe62b05bdd8..2fca09055cd 100644
--- a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_pithy_print.hpp
+++ b/trunk/src/kernel/srs_kernel_pithy_print.hpp
@@ -4,17 +4,17 @@
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
 //
 
-#ifndef SRS_APP_PITHY_PRINT_HPP
-#define SRS_APP_PITHY_PRINT_HPP
+#ifndef SRS_KERNEL_PITHY_PRINT_HPP
+#define SRS_KERNEL_PITHY_PRINT_HPP
 
 #include <srs_core.hpp>
 
 #include <map>
 
-#include <srs_app_reload.hpp>
+class ISrsConfig;
 
 // The stage info to calc the age.
-class SrsStageInfo : public ISrsReloadHandler
+class SrsStageInfo
 {
 public:
     int stage_id_;
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ class SrsStageInfo : public ISrsReloadHandler
     uint32_t nn_count_;
     // The ratio for interval, 1.0 means no change.
     double interval_ratio_;
+    ISrsConfig *config_;
 
 public:
     srs_utime_t age_;
@@ -158,4 +159,7 @@ class SrsPithyPrint
     virtual srs_utime_t age();
 };
 
+// Global stage manager for pithy print, multiple stages.
+extern SrsStageManager *_srs_stages;
+
 #endif
diff --git a/trunk/src/kernel/srs_kernel_resource.cpp b/trunk/src/kernel/srs_kernel_resource.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..3574c1157ef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/trunk/src/kernel/srs_kernel_resource.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,430 @@
+//
+// Copyright (c) 2013-2025 The SRS Authors
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+//
+
+#include <srs_kernel_resource.hpp>
+
+#include <srs_kernel_error.hpp>
+#include <srs_kernel_factory.hpp>
+#include <srs_kernel_kbps.hpp>
+#include <srs_kernel_log.hpp>
+
+#include <algorithm>
+using namespace std;
+
+SrsPps *_srs_pps_ids = NULL;
+SrsPps *_srs_pps_fids = NULL;
+SrsPps *_srs_pps_fids_level0 = NULL;
+SrsPps *_srs_pps_dispose = NULL;
+
+SrsResourceManager *_srs_conn_manager = NULL;
+
+ISrsDisposingHandler::ISrsDisposingHandler()
+{
+}
+
+ISrsDisposingHandler::~ISrsDisposingHandler()
+{
+}
+
+ISrsResource::ISrsResource()
+{
+}
+
+ISrsResource::~ISrsResource()
+{
+}
+
+std::string ISrsResource::desc()
+{
+    return "Resource";
+}
+
+ISrsResourceManager::ISrsResourceManager()
+{
+}
+
+ISrsResourceManager::~ISrsResourceManager()
+{
+}
+
+SrsResourceManager::SrsResourceManager(const std::string &label, bool verbose)
+{
+    verbose_ = verbose;
+    label_ = label;
+    cond_ = _srs_kernel_factory->create_cond();
+    trd_ = NULL;
+    p_disposing_ = NULL;
+    removing_ = false;
+
+    nn_level0_cache_ = 100000;
+    conns_level0_cache_ = new SrsResourceFastIdItem[nn_level0_cache_];
+}
+
+SrsResourceManager::~SrsResourceManager()
+{
+    if (trd_) {
+        cond_->signal();
+        trd_->stop();
+
+        srs_freep(trd_);
+    }
+    srs_freep(cond_);
+
+    clear();
+
+    // Free all objects not in zombies.
+    std::vector<ISrsResource *>::iterator it;
+    for (it = conns_.begin(); it != conns_.end(); ++it) {
+        ISrsResource *resource = *it;
+        srs_freep(resource);
+    }
+
+    srs_freepa(conns_level0_cache_);
+}
+
+srs_error_t SrsResourceManager::start()
+{
+    srs_error_t err = srs_success;
+
+    cid_ = _srs_context->generate_id();
+    trd_ = _srs_kernel_factory->create_coroutine("manager", this, cid_);
+
+    if ((err = trd_->start()) != srs_success) {
+        return srs_error_wrap(err, "conn manager");
+    }
+
+    return err;
+}
+
+bool SrsResourceManager::empty()
+{
+    return conns_.empty();
+}
+
+size_t SrsResourceManager::size()
+{
+    return conns_.size();
+}
+
+srs_error_t SrsResourceManager::cycle()
+{
+    srs_error_t err = srs_success;
+
+    srs_trace("%s: connection manager run, conns=%d", label_.c_str(), (int)conns_.size());
+
+    while (true) {
+        if ((err = trd_->pull()) != srs_success) {
+            return srs_error_wrap(err, "conn manager");
+        }
+
+        // Clear all zombies, because we may switch context and lost signal
+        // when we clear zombie connection.
+        while (!zombies_.empty()) {
+            clear();
+        }
+
+        cond_->wait();
+    }
+
+    return err;
+}
+
+void SrsResourceManager::add(ISrsResource *conn, bool *exists)
+{
+    if (std::find(conns_.begin(), conns_.end(), conn) == conns_.end()) {
+        conns_.push_back(conn);
+    } else {
+        if (exists) {
+            *exists = true;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+void SrsResourceManager::add_with_id(const std::string &id, ISrsResource *conn)
+{
+    add(conn);
+    conns_id_[id] = conn;
+}
+
+void SrsResourceManager::add_with_fast_id(uint64_t id, ISrsResource *conn)
+{
+    bool exists = false;
+    add(conn, &exists);
+    conns_fast_id_[id] = conn;
+
+    if (exists) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    // For new resource, build the level-0 cache for fast-id.
+    SrsResourceFastIdItem *item = &conns_level0_cache_[(id | id >> 32) % nn_level0_cache_];
+
+    // Ignore if exits item.
+    if (item->fast_id_ && item->fast_id_ == id) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    // Fresh one, create the item.
+    if (!item->fast_id_) {
+        item->fast_id_ = id;
+        item->impl_ = conn;
+        item->nn_collisions_ = 1;
+        item->available_ = true;
+    }
+
+    // Collision, increase the collisions.
+    if (item->fast_id_ != id) {
+        item->nn_collisions_++;
+        item->available_ = false;
+    }
+}
+
+void SrsResourceManager::add_with_name(const std::string &name, ISrsResource *conn)
+{
+    add(conn);
+    conns_name_[name] = conn;
+}
+
+ISrsResource *SrsResourceManager::at(int index)
+{
+    return (index < (int)conns_.size()) ? conns_.at(index) : NULL;
+}
+
+ISrsResource *SrsResourceManager::find_by_id(std::string id)
+{
+    ++_srs_pps_ids->sugar_;
+    map<string, ISrsResource *>::iterator it = conns_id_.find(id);
+    return (it != conns_id_.end()) ? it->second : NULL;
+}
+
+ISrsResource *SrsResourceManager::find_by_fast_id(uint64_t id)
+{
+    SrsResourceFastIdItem *item = &conns_level0_cache_[(id | id >> 32) % nn_level0_cache_];
+    if (item->available_ && item->fast_id_ == id) {
+        ++_srs_pps_fids_level0->sugar_;
+        return item->impl_;
+    }
+
+    ++_srs_pps_fids->sugar_;
+    map<uint64_t, ISrsResource *>::iterator it = conns_fast_id_.find(id);
+    return (it != conns_fast_id_.end()) ? it->second : NULL;
+}
+
+ISrsResource *SrsResourceManager::find_by_name(std::string name)
+{
+    ++_srs_pps_ids->sugar_;
+    map<string, ISrsResource *>::iterator it = conns_name_.find(name);
+    return (it != conns_name_.end()) ? it->second : NULL;
+}
+
+void SrsResourceManager::subscribe(ISrsDisposingHandler *h)
+{
+    if (std::find(handlers_.begin(), handlers_.end(), h) == handlers_.end()) {
+        handlers_.push_back(h);
+    }
+
+    // Restore the handler from unsubscribing handlers.
+    vector<ISrsDisposingHandler *>::iterator it;
+    if ((it = std::find(unsubs_.begin(), unsubs_.end(), h)) != unsubs_.end()) {
+        it = unsubs_.erase(it);
+    }
+}
+
+void SrsResourceManager::unsubscribe(ISrsDisposingHandler *h)
+{
+    vector<ISrsDisposingHandler *>::iterator it = find(handlers_.begin(), handlers_.end(), h);
+    if (it != handlers_.end()) {
+        it = handlers_.erase(it);
+    }
+
+    // Put it to the unsubscribing handlers.
+    if (std::find(unsubs_.begin(), unsubs_.end(), h) == unsubs_.end()) {
+        unsubs_.push_back(h);
+    }
+}
+
+void SrsResourceManager::remove(ISrsResource *c)
+{
+    SrsContextRestore(_srs_context->get_id());
+
+    removing_ = true;
+    do_remove(c);
+    removing_ = false;
+}
+
+void SrsResourceManager::do_remove(ISrsResource *c)
+{
+    bool in_zombie = false;
+    bool in_disposing = false;
+    check_remove(c, in_zombie, in_disposing);
+    bool ignored = in_zombie || in_disposing;
+
+    if (verbose_) {
+        _srs_context->set_id(c->get_id());
+        srs_trace("%s: before dispose resource(%s)(%p), conns=%d, zombies=%d, ign=%d, inz=%d, ind=%d",
+                  label_.c_str(), c->desc().c_str(), c, (int)conns_.size(), (int)zombies_.size(), ignored,
+                  in_zombie, in_disposing);
+    }
+    if (ignored) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    // Push to zombies, we will free it in another coroutine.
+    zombies_.push_back(c);
+
+    // We should copy all handlers, because it may change during callback.
+    vector<ISrsDisposingHandler *> handlers = handlers_;
+
+    // Notify other handlers to handle the before-dispose event.
+    for (int i = 0; i < (int)handlers.size(); i++) {
+        ISrsDisposingHandler *h = handlers.at(i);
+
+        // Ignore if handler is unsubscribing.
+        if (!unsubs_.empty() && std::find(unsubs_.begin(), unsubs_.end(), h) != unsubs_.end()) {
+            srs_warn2(TAG_RESOURCE_UNSUB, "%s: ignore before-dispose resource(%s)(%p) for %p, conns=%d",
+                      label_.c_str(), c->desc().c_str(), c, h, (int)conns_.size());
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        h->on_before_dispose(c);
+    }
+
+    // Notify the coroutine to free it.
+    cond_->signal();
+}
+
+void SrsResourceManager::check_remove(ISrsResource *c, bool &in_zombie, bool &in_disposing)
+{
+    // Only notify when not removed(in zombies_).
+    vector<ISrsResource *>::iterator it = std::find(zombies_.begin(), zombies_.end(), c);
+    if (it != zombies_.end()) {
+        in_zombie = true;
+    }
+
+    // Also ignore when we are disposing it.
+    if (p_disposing_) {
+        it = std::find(p_disposing_->begin(), p_disposing_->end(), c);
+        if (it != p_disposing_->end()) {
+            in_disposing = true;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+void SrsResourceManager::clear()
+{
+    if (zombies_.empty()) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    SrsContextRestore(cid_);
+    if (verbose_) {
+        srs_trace("%s: clear zombies=%d resources, conns=%d, removing=%d, unsubs=%d",
+                  label_.c_str(), (int)zombies_.size(), (int)conns_.size(), removing_, (int)unsubs_.size());
+    }
+
+    // Clear all unsubscribing handlers, if not removing any resource.
+    if (!removing_ && !unsubs_.empty()) {
+        vector<ISrsDisposingHandler *>().swap(unsubs_);
+    }
+
+    do_clear();
+}
+
+void SrsResourceManager::do_clear()
+{
+    // To prevent thread switch when delete connection,
+    // we copy all connections then free one by one.
+    vector<ISrsResource *> copy;
+    copy.swap(zombies_);
+    p_disposing_ = &copy;
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < (int)copy.size(); i++) {
+        ISrsResource *conn = copy.at(i);
+
+        if (verbose_) {
+            _srs_context->set_id(conn->get_id());
+            srs_trace("%s: disposing #%d resource(%s)(%p), conns=%d, disposing=%d, zombies=%d", label_.c_str(),
+                      i, conn->desc().c_str(), conn, (int)conns_.size(), (int)copy.size(), (int)zombies_.size());
+        }
+
+        ++_srs_pps_dispose->sugar_;
+
+        dispose(conn);
+    }
+
+    // Reset it for it points to a local object.
+    // @remark We must set the disposing to NULL to avoid reusing address,
+    // because the context might switch.
+    p_disposing_ = NULL;
+
+    // We should free the resources when finished all disposing callbacks,
+    // which might cause context switch and reuse the freed addresses.
+    for (int i = 0; i < (int)copy.size(); i++) {
+        ISrsResource *conn = copy.at(i);
+        srs_freep(conn);
+    }
+}
+
+void SrsResourceManager::dispose(ISrsResource *c)
+{
+    for (map<string, ISrsResource *>::iterator it = conns_name_.begin(); it != conns_name_.end();) {
+        if (c != it->second) {
+            ++it;
+        } else {
+            // Use C++98 style: https://stackoverflow.com/a/4636230
+            conns_name_.erase(it++);
+        }
+    }
+
+    for (map<string, ISrsResource *>::iterator it = conns_id_.begin(); it != conns_id_.end();) {
+        if (c != it->second) {
+            ++it;
+        } else {
+            // Use C++98 style: https://stackoverflow.com/a/4636230
+            conns_id_.erase(it++);
+        }
+    }
+
+    for (map<uint64_t, ISrsResource *>::iterator it = conns_fast_id_.begin(); it != conns_fast_id_.end();) {
+        if (c != it->second) {
+            ++it;
+        } else {
+            // Update the level-0 cache for fast-id.
+            uint64_t id = it->first;
+            SrsResourceFastIdItem *item = &conns_level0_cache_[(id | id >> 32) % nn_level0_cache_];
+            item->nn_collisions_--;
+            if (!item->nn_collisions_) {
+                item->fast_id_ = 0;
+                item->available_ = false;
+            }
+
+            // Use C++98 style: https://stackoverflow.com/a/4636230
+            conns_fast_id_.erase(it++);
+        }
+    }
+
+    vector<ISrsResource *>::iterator it = std::find(conns_.begin(), conns_.end(), c);
+    if (it != conns_.end()) {
+        it = conns_.erase(it);
+    }
+
+    // We should copy all handlers, because it may change during callback.
+    vector<ISrsDisposingHandler *> handlers = handlers_;
+
+    // Notify other handlers to handle the disposing event.
+    for (int i = 0; i < (int)handlers.size(); i++) {
+        ISrsDisposingHandler *h = handlers.at(i);
+
+        // Ignore if handler is unsubscribing.
+        if (!unsubs_.empty() && std::find(unsubs_.begin(), unsubs_.end(), h) != unsubs_.end()) {
+            srs_warn2(TAG_RESOURCE_UNSUB, "%s: ignore disposing resource(%s)(%p) for %p, conns=%d",
+                      label_.c_str(), c->desc().c_str(), c, h, (int)conns_.size());
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        h->on_disposing(c);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_conn.hpp b/trunk/src/kernel/srs_kernel_resource.hpp
similarity index 57%
rename from trunk/src/app/srs_app_conn.hpp
rename to trunk/src/kernel/srs_kernel_resource.hpp
index 5c8962cb91c..cd917386898 100644
--- a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_conn.hpp
+++ b/trunk/src/kernel/srs_kernel_resource.hpp
@@ -4,26 +4,20 @@
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
 //
 
-#ifndef SRS_APP_CONN_HPP
-#define SRS_APP_CONN_HPP
+#ifndef SRS_KERNEL_RESOURCE_HPP
+#define SRS_KERNEL_RESOURCE_HPP
 
 #include <srs_core.hpp>
 
+#include <srs_core_autofree.hpp>
+#include <srs_kernel_st.hpp>
+
 #include <map>
 #include <string>
 #include <vector>
 
-#include <openssl/err.h>
-#include <openssl/ssl.h>
-
-#include <srs_app_reload.hpp>
-#include <srs_app_st.hpp>
-#include <srs_core_autofree.hpp>
-#include <srs_protocol_conn.hpp>
-#include <srs_protocol_kbps.hpp>
-
-class SrsWallClock;
-class SrsBuffer;
+class ISrsResource;
+class ISrsCond;
 
 // Hooks for connection manager, to handle the event when disposing connections.
 class ISrsDisposingHandler
@@ -65,6 +59,36 @@ class SrsResourceFastIdItem
     }
 };
 
+// The resource managed by ISrsResourceManager.
+class ISrsResource
+{
+public:
+    ISrsResource();
+    virtual ~ISrsResource();
+
+public:
+    // Get the context id of connection.
+    virtual const SrsContextId &get_id() = 0;
+
+public:
+    // The resource description, optional.
+    virtual std::string desc();
+};
+
+// The manager for resource.
+class ISrsResourceManager
+{
+public:
+    ISrsResourceManager();
+    virtual ~ISrsResourceManager();
+
+public:
+    // Remove then free the specified connection. Note that the manager always free c resource,
+    // in the same coroutine or another coroutine. Some manager may support add c to a map, it
+    // should always free it even if it's in the map.
+    virtual void remove(ISrsResource *c) = 0;
+};
+
 // The resource manager remove resource and delete it asynchronously.
 class SrsResourceManager : public ISrsCoroutineHandler, public ISrsResourceManager
 {
@@ -74,8 +98,8 @@ class SrsResourceManager : public ISrsCoroutineHandler, public ISrsResourceManag
     bool verbose_;
 
 private:
-    SrsCoroutine *trd_;
-    srs_cond_t cond_;
+    ISrsCoroutine *trd_;
+    ISrsCond *cond_;
     // Callback handlers.
     std::vector<ISrsDisposingHandler *> handlers_;
     // Unsubscribing handlers, skip it for notifying.
@@ -212,122 +236,6 @@ class SrsSharedResource : public ISrsResource
     }
 };
 
-// If a connection is able be expired, user can use HTTP-API to kick-off it.
-class ISrsExpire
-{
-public:
-    ISrsExpire();
-    virtual ~ISrsExpire();
-
-public:
-    // Set connection to expired to kick-off it.
-    virtual void expire() = 0;
-};
-
-// The basic connection of SRS, for TCP based protocols,
-// all connections accept from listener must extends from this base class,
-// server will add the connection to manager, and delete it when remove.
-class SrsTcpConnection : public ISrsProtocolReadWriter
-{
-private:
-    // The underlayer st fd handler.
-    srs_netfd_t stfd_;
-    // The underlayer socket.
-    SrsStSocket *skt_;
-
-public:
-    SrsTcpConnection(srs_netfd_t c);
-    virtual ~SrsTcpConnection();
-
-public:
-    // Set socket option TCP_NODELAY.
-    virtual srs_error_t set_tcp_nodelay(bool v);
-    // Set socket option SO_SNDBUF in srs_utime_t.
-    virtual srs_error_t set_socket_buffer(srs_utime_t buffer_v);
-    // Interface ISrsProtocolReadWriter
-public:
-    virtual void set_recv_timeout(srs_utime_t tm);
-    virtual srs_utime_t get_recv_timeout();
-    virtual srs_error_t read_fully(void *buf, size_t size, ssize_t *nread);
-    virtual int64_t get_recv_bytes();
-    virtual int64_t get_send_bytes();
-    virtual srs_error_t read(void *buf, size_t size, ssize_t *nread);
-    virtual void set_send_timeout(srs_utime_t tm);
-    virtual srs_utime_t get_send_timeout();
-    virtual srs_error_t write(void *buf, size_t size, ssize_t *nwrite);
-    virtual srs_error_t writev(const iovec *iov, int iov_size, ssize_t *nwrite);
-};
-
-// With a small fast read buffer, to support peek for protocol detecting. Note that directly write to io without any
-// cache or buffer.
-class SrsBufferedReadWriter : public ISrsProtocolReadWriter
-{
-private:
-    // The under-layer transport.
-    ISrsProtocolReadWriter *io_;
-    // Fixed, small and fast buffer. Note that it must be very small piece of cache, make sure matches all protocols,
-    // because we will full fill it when peeking.
-    char cache_[16];
-    // Current reading position.
-    SrsBuffer *buf_;
-
-public:
-    SrsBufferedReadWriter(ISrsProtocolReadWriter *io);
-    virtual ~SrsBufferedReadWriter();
-
-public:
-    // Peek the head of cache to buf in size of bytes.
-    srs_error_t peek(char *buf, int *size);
-
-private:
-    srs_error_t reload_buffer();
-    // Interface ISrsProtocolReadWriter
-public:
-    virtual srs_error_t read(void *buf, size_t size, ssize_t *nread);
-    virtual srs_error_t read_fully(void *buf, size_t size, ssize_t *nread);
-    virtual void set_recv_timeout(srs_utime_t tm);
-    virtual srs_utime_t get_recv_timeout();
-    virtual int64_t get_recv_bytes();
-    virtual int64_t get_send_bytes();
-    virtual void set_send_timeout(srs_utime_t tm);
-    virtual srs_utime_t get_send_timeout();
-    virtual srs_error_t write(void *buf, size_t size, ssize_t *nwrite);
-    virtual srs_error_t writev(const iovec *iov, int iov_size, ssize_t *nwrite);
-};
-
-// The SSL connection over TCP transport, in server mode.
-class SrsSslConnection : public ISrsProtocolReadWriter
-{
-private:
-    // The under-layer plaintext transport.
-    ISrsProtocolReadWriter *transport_;
-
-private:
-    SSL_CTX *ssl_ctx_;
-    SSL *ssl_;
-    BIO *bio_in_;
-    BIO *bio_out_;
-
-public:
-    SrsSslConnection(ISrsProtocolReadWriter *c);
-    virtual ~SrsSslConnection();
-
-public:
-    virtual srs_error_t handshake(std::string key_file, std::string crt_file);
-    // Interface ISrsProtocolReadWriter
-public:
-    virtual void set_recv_timeout(srs_utime_t tm);
-    virtual srs_utime_t get_recv_timeout();
-    virtual srs_error_t read_fully(void *buf, size_t size, ssize_t *nread);
-    virtual int64_t get_recv_bytes();
-    virtual int64_t get_send_bytes();
-    virtual srs_error_t read(void *buf, size_t size, ssize_t *nread);
-    virtual void set_send_timeout(srs_utime_t tm);
-    virtual srs_utime_t get_send_timeout();
-    virtual srs_error_t write(void *buf, size_t size, ssize_t *nwrite);
-    virtual srs_error_t writev(const iovec *iov, int iov_size, ssize_t *nwrite);
-};
-
 // Manager for RTC connections.
 extern SrsResourceManager *_srs_conn_manager;
 
diff --git a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_rtc_queue.cpp b/trunk/src/kernel/srs_kernel_rtc_queue.cpp
similarity index 93%
rename from trunk/src/app/srs_app_rtc_queue.cpp
rename to trunk/src/kernel/srs_kernel_rtc_queue.cpp
index 3404c6574c6..f3ff5fc69fd 100644
--- a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_rtc_queue.cpp
+++ b/trunk/src/kernel/srs_kernel_rtc_queue.cpp
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
 //
 
-#include <srs_app_rtc_queue.hpp>
+#include <srs_kernel_rtc_queue.hpp>
 
 #include <sstream>
 #include <string.h>
@@ -12,13 +12,12 @@
 
 using namespace std;
 
-#include <srs_app_circuit_breaker.hpp>
-#include <srs_app_utility.hpp>
 #include <srs_kernel_error.hpp>
+#include <srs_kernel_log.hpp>
 #include <srs_kernel_rtc_rtp.hpp>
 #include <srs_kernel_utility.hpp>
 
-#include <srs_protocol_kbps.hpp>
+#include <srs_kernel_kbps.hpp>
 
 extern SrsPps *_srs_pps_snack3;
 extern SrsPps *_srs_pps_snack4;
@@ -215,12 +214,6 @@ SrsRtpNackForReceiver::~SrsRtpNackForReceiver()
 
 void SrsRtpNackForReceiver::insert(uint16_t first, uint16_t last)
 {
-    // If circuit-breaker is enabled, disable nack.
-    if (_srs_circuit_breaker->hybrid_high_water_level()) {
-        ++_srs_pps_snack4->sugar_;
-        return;
-    }
-
     for (uint16_t s = first; s != last; ++s) {
         queue_[s] = SrsRtpNackInfo();
     }
@@ -252,13 +245,6 @@ void SrsRtpNackForReceiver::check_queue_size()
 
 void SrsRtpNackForReceiver::get_nack_seqs(SrsRtcpNack &seqs, uint32_t &timeout_nacks)
 {
-    // If circuit-breaker is enabled, disable nack.
-    if (_srs_circuit_breaker->hybrid_high_water_level()) {
-        queue_.clear();
-        ++_srs_pps_snack4->sugar_;
-        return;
-    }
-
     srs_utime_t now = srs_time_now_cached();
 
     srs_utime_t interval = now - pre_check_time_;
diff --git a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_rtc_queue.hpp b/trunk/src/kernel/srs_kernel_rtc_queue.hpp
similarity index 98%
rename from trunk/src/app/srs_app_rtc_queue.hpp
rename to trunk/src/kernel/srs_kernel_rtc_queue.hpp
index 6267b62bd58..9652e3f7b71 100644
--- a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_rtc_queue.hpp
+++ b/trunk/src/kernel/srs_kernel_rtc_queue.hpp
@@ -4,8 +4,8 @@
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
 //
 
-#ifndef SRS_APP_RTC_QUEUE_HPP
-#define SRS_APP_RTC_QUEUE_HPP
+#ifndef SRS_KERNEL_RTC_QUEUE_HPP
+#define SRS_KERNEL_RTC_QUEUE_HPP
 
 #include <srs_core.hpp>
 
diff --git a/trunk/src/kernel/srs_kernel_st.cpp b/trunk/src/kernel/srs_kernel_st.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..ef8e57bed70
--- /dev/null
+++ b/trunk/src/kernel/srs_kernel_st.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+//
+// Copyright (c) 2013-2025 The SRS Authors
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+//
+
+#include <srs_kernel_st.hpp>
+
+ISrsCoroutineHandler::ISrsCoroutineHandler()
+{
+}
+
+ISrsCoroutineHandler::~ISrsCoroutineHandler()
+{
+}
+
+ISrsStartable::ISrsStartable()
+{
+}
+
+ISrsStartable::~ISrsStartable()
+{
+}
+
+ISrsInterruptable::ISrsInterruptable()
+{
+}
+
+ISrsInterruptable::~ISrsInterruptable()
+{
+}
+
+ISrsContextIdSetter::ISrsContextIdSetter()
+{
+}
+
+ISrsContextIdSetter::~ISrsContextIdSetter()
+{
+}
+
+ISrsContextIdGetter::ISrsContextIdGetter()
+{
+}
+
+ISrsContextIdGetter::~ISrsContextIdGetter()
+{
+}
+
+ISrsStoppable::ISrsStoppable()
+{
+}
+
+ISrsStoppable::~ISrsStoppable()
+{
+}
+
+ISrsCoroutine::ISrsCoroutine()
+{
+}
+
+ISrsCoroutine::~ISrsCoroutine()
+{
+}
+
+ISrsCond::ISrsCond()
+{
+}
+
+ISrsCond::~ISrsCond()
+{
+}
diff --git a/trunk/src/kernel/srs_kernel_st.hpp b/trunk/src/kernel/srs_kernel_st.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..2e6d8615c15
--- /dev/null
+++ b/trunk/src/kernel/srs_kernel_st.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,127 @@
+//
+// Copyright (c) 2013-2025 The SRS Authors
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+//
+
+#ifndef SRS_KERNEL_ST_HPP
+#define SRS_KERNEL_ST_HPP
+
+#include <srs_core.hpp>
+
+// Each ST-coroutine must implements this interface,
+// to do the cycle job and handle some events.
+//
+// Thread do a job then terminated normally, it's a SrsOneCycleThread:
+//      class SrsOneCycleThread : public ISrsCoroutineHandler {
+//          public: ISrsCoroutine trd;
+//          public: virtual srs_error_t cycle() {
+//              // Do something, then return this cycle and thread terminated normally.
+//          }
+//      };
+//
+// Thread has its inside loop, such as the RTMP receive thread:
+//      class SrsReceiveThread : public ISrsCoroutineHandler {
+//          public: ISrsCoroutine* trd;
+//          public: virtual srs_error_t cycle() {
+//              while (true) {
+//                  // Check whether thread interrupted.
+//                  if ((err = trd->pull()) != srs_success) {
+//                      return err;
+//                  }
+//                  // Do something, such as st_read() packets, it'll be wakeup
+//                  // when user stop or interrupt the thread.
+//              }
+//          }
+//      };
+class ISrsCoroutineHandler
+{
+public:
+    ISrsCoroutineHandler();
+    virtual ~ISrsCoroutineHandler();
+
+public:
+    // Do the work. The ST-coroutine will terminated normally if it returned.
+    // @remark If the cycle has its own loop, it must check the thread pull.
+    virtual srs_error_t cycle() = 0;
+};
+
+// Start the object, generally a coroutine.
+class ISrsStartable
+{
+public:
+    ISrsStartable();
+    virtual ~ISrsStartable();
+
+public:
+    virtual srs_error_t start() = 0;
+};
+
+// Allow user to interrupt the coroutine, for example, to stop it.
+class ISrsInterruptable
+{
+public:
+    ISrsInterruptable();
+    virtual ~ISrsInterruptable();
+
+public:
+    virtual void interrupt() = 0;
+    virtual srs_error_t pull() = 0;
+};
+
+// Get the context id.
+class ISrsContextIdSetter
+{
+public:
+    ISrsContextIdSetter();
+    virtual ~ISrsContextIdSetter();
+
+public:
+    virtual void set_cid(const SrsContextId &cid) = 0;
+};
+
+// Set the context id.
+class ISrsContextIdGetter
+{
+public:
+    ISrsContextIdGetter();
+    virtual ~ISrsContextIdGetter();
+
+public:
+    virtual const SrsContextId &cid() = 0;
+};
+
+// Stop the object, generally a coroutine.
+class ISrsStoppable
+{
+public:
+    ISrsStoppable();
+    virtual ~ISrsStoppable();
+
+public:
+    virtual void stop() = 0;
+};
+
+// The coroutine object.
+class ISrsCoroutine : public ISrsStoppable, public ISrsStartable, public ISrsInterruptable, public ISrsContextIdSetter, public ISrsContextIdGetter
+{
+public:
+    ISrsCoroutine();
+    virtual ~ISrsCoroutine();
+};
+
+// The condition variable interface.
+class ISrsCond
+{
+public:
+    ISrsCond();
+    virtual ~ISrsCond();
+
+public:
+    virtual int wait() = 0;
+    virtual int timedwait(srs_utime_t timeout) = 0;
+    virtual int signal() = 0;
+    virtual int broadcast() = 0;
+};
+
+#endif
diff --git a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_uuid.cpp b/trunk/src/kernel/srs_kernel_uuid.cpp
similarity index 97%
rename from trunk/src/app/srs_app_uuid.cpp
rename to trunk/src/kernel/srs_kernel_uuid.cpp
index 70538ccc297..7994fcaf6a4 100644
--- a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_uuid.cpp
+++ b/trunk/src/kernel/srs_kernel_uuid.cpp
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
 //
 
-#include <srs_app_uuid.hpp>
+#include <srs_kernel_uuid.hpp>
 
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <sys/file.h>
@@ -125,18 +125,18 @@
 
 #ifndef min
 #define min(x, y) ({				\
-	__typeof__(x) _min1 = (x);		\
-	__typeof__(y) _min2 = (y);		\
-	(void) (&_min1 == &_min2);		\
-	_min1 < _min2 ? _min1 : _min2; })
+		__typeof__(x) _min1 = (x);		\
+		__typeof__(y) _min2 = (y);		\
+		(void) (&_min1 == &_min2);		\
+		_min1 < _min2 ? _min1 : _min2; })
 #endif
 
 #ifndef max
 #define max(x, y) ({				\
-	__typeof__(x) _max1 = (x);		\
-	__typeof__(y) _max2 = (y);		\
-	(void) (&_max1 == &_max2);		\
-	_max1 > _max2 ? _max1 : _max2; })
+		__typeof__(x) _max1 = (x);		\
+		__typeof__(y) _max2 = (y);		\
+		(void) (&_max1 == &_max2);		\
+		_max1 > _max2 ? _max1 : _max2; })
 #endif
 
 #ifndef offsetof
@@ -145,8 +145,8 @@
 
 #ifndef container_of
 #define container_of(ptr, type, member) ({                       \
-	const __typeof__( ((type *)0)->member ) *__mptr = (ptr); \
-	(type *)( (char *)__mptr - offsetof(type,member) ); })
+		const __typeof__( ((type *)0)->member ) *__mptr = (ptr); \
+		(type *)( (char *)__mptr - offsetof(type,member) ); })
 #endif
 
 #if 0
@@ -604,6 +604,33 @@ static int flock(int fd, int op)
 
 #endif /* LOCK_EX */
 
+#if defined(HAVE_UUIDD) && defined(HAVE_SYS_UN_H)
+// Helper function for reading all bytes
+static ssize_t read_all(int fd, char *buf, size_t count)
+{
+    ssize_t ret;
+    ssize_t c = 0;
+    int tries = 0;
+
+    memset(buf, 0, count);
+    while (count > 0) {
+        ret = read(fd, buf, count);
+        if (ret <= 0) {
+            if ((errno == EAGAIN || errno == EINTR) && (tries++ < 5))
+                continue;
+            return c ? c : -1;
+        }
+        if (ret > 0) {
+            tries = 0;
+            count -= ret;
+            buf += ret;
+            c += ret;
+        }
+    }
+    return c;
+}
+#endif
+
 /*
  * Get the ethernet hardware address, if we can find it...
  *
diff --git a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_uuid.hpp b/trunk/src/kernel/srs_kernel_uuid.hpp
similarity index 100%
rename from trunk/src/app/srs_app_uuid.hpp
rename to trunk/src/kernel/srs_kernel_uuid.hpp
diff --git a/trunk/src/main/srs_main_server.cpp b/trunk/src/main/srs_main_server.cpp
index 94086f91bc1..192dd823e12 100644
--- a/trunk/src/main/srs_main_server.cpp
+++ b/trunk/src/main/srs_main_server.cpp
@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@ using namespace std;
 
 #include <srs_app_circuit_breaker.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_config.hpp>
+#include <srs_app_factory.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_log.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_rtc_conn.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_server.hpp>
@@ -58,6 +59,9 @@ ISrsContext *_srs_context = NULL;
 // @global config object for app module.
 SrsConfig *_srs_config = NULL;
 
+// @global kernel factory.
+ISrsKernelFactory *_srs_kernel_factory = new SrsFinalFactory();
+
 // @global version of srs, which can grep keyword "XCORE"
 extern const char *_srs_version;
 
diff --git a/trunk/src/protocol/srs_protocol_conn.cpp b/trunk/src/protocol/srs_protocol_conn.cpp
index 6df1eeeb865..63707279832 100644
--- a/trunk/src/protocol/srs_protocol_conn.cpp
+++ b/trunk/src/protocol/srs_protocol_conn.cpp
@@ -6,36 +6,614 @@
 
 #include <srs_protocol_conn.hpp>
 
+#include <srs_kernel_buffer.hpp>
 #include <srs_kernel_error.hpp>
+#include <srs_kernel_log.hpp>
+#include <srs_kernel_utility.hpp>
+#include <srs_protocol_io.hpp>
 
 #include <algorithm>
+#include <netinet/in.h>
+#include <netinet/tcp.h>
 using namespace std;
 
-ISrsResource::ISrsResource()
+ISrsConnection::ISrsConnection()
 {
 }
 
-ISrsResource::~ISrsResource()
+ISrsConnection::~ISrsConnection()
 {
 }
 
-std::string ISrsResource::desc()
+ISrsExpire::ISrsExpire()
 {
-    return "Resource";
 }
 
-ISrsResourceManager::ISrsResourceManager()
+ISrsExpire::~ISrsExpire()
 {
 }
 
-ISrsResourceManager::~ISrsResourceManager()
+SrsTcpConnection::SrsTcpConnection(srs_netfd_t c)
 {
+    stfd_ = c;
+    skt_ = new SrsStSocket(c);
 }
 
-ISrsConnection::ISrsConnection()
+SrsTcpConnection::~SrsTcpConnection()
 {
+    srs_freep(skt_);
+    srs_close_stfd(stfd_);
 }
 
-ISrsConnection::~ISrsConnection()
+srs_error_t SrsTcpConnection::set_tcp_nodelay(bool v)
+{
+    srs_error_t err = srs_success;
+
+    int r0 = 0;
+    socklen_t nb_v = sizeof(int);
+    int fd = srs_netfd_fileno(stfd_);
+
+    int ov = 0;
+    if ((r0 = getsockopt(fd, IPPROTO_TCP, TCP_NODELAY, &ov, &nb_v)) != 0) {
+        return srs_error_new(ERROR_SOCKET_NO_NODELAY, "getsockopt fd=%d, r0=%d", fd, r0);
+    }
+
+#ifndef SRS_PERF_TCP_NODELAY
+    srs_warn("ignore TCP_NODELAY, fd=%d, ov=%d", fd, ov);
+    return err;
+#endif
+
+    int iv = (v ? 1 : 0);
+    if ((r0 = setsockopt(fd, IPPROTO_TCP, TCP_NODELAY, &iv, nb_v)) != 0) {
+        return srs_error_new(ERROR_SOCKET_NO_NODELAY, "setsockopt fd=%d, r0=%d", fd, r0);
+    }
+    if ((r0 = getsockopt(fd, IPPROTO_TCP, TCP_NODELAY, &iv, &nb_v)) != 0) {
+        return srs_error_new(ERROR_SOCKET_NO_NODELAY, "getsockopt fd=%d, r0=%d", fd, r0);
+    }
+
+    srs_trace("set fd=%d TCP_NODELAY %d=>%d", fd, ov, iv);
+
+    return err;
+}
+
+srs_error_t SrsTcpConnection::set_socket_buffer(srs_utime_t buffer_v)
+{
+    srs_error_t err = srs_success;
+
+    int r0 = 0;
+    int fd = srs_netfd_fileno(stfd_);
+    socklen_t nb_v = sizeof(int);
+
+    int ov = 0;
+    if ((r0 = getsockopt(fd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_SNDBUF, &ov, &nb_v)) != 0) {
+        return srs_error_new(ERROR_SOCKET_SNDBUF, "getsockopt fd=%d, r0=%d", fd, r0);
+    }
+
+#ifndef SRS_PERF_MW_SO_SNDBUF
+    srs_warn("ignore SO_SNDBUF, fd=%d, ov=%d", fd, ov);
+    return err;
+#endif
+
+    // the bytes:
+    //      4KB=4096, 8KB=8192, 16KB=16384, 32KB=32768, 64KB=65536,
+    //      128KB=131072, 256KB=262144, 512KB=524288
+    // the buffer should set to sleep*kbps/8,
+    // for example, your system delivery stream in 1000kbps,
+    // sleep 800ms for small bytes, the buffer should set to:
+    //      800*1000/8=100000B(about 128KB).
+    // other examples:
+    //      2000*3000/8=750000B(about 732KB).
+    //      2000*5000/8=1250000B(about 1220KB).
+    int kbps = 4000;
+    int iv = srsu2ms(buffer_v) * kbps / 8;
+
+    // socket send buffer, system will double it.
+    iv = iv / 2;
+
+    // override the send buffer by macro.
+#ifdef SRS_PERF_SO_SNDBUF_SIZE
+    iv = SRS_PERF_SO_SNDBUF_SIZE / 2;
+#endif
+
+    // set the socket send buffer when required larger buffer
+    if (setsockopt(fd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_SNDBUF, &iv, nb_v) < 0) {
+        return srs_error_new(ERROR_SOCKET_SNDBUF, "setsockopt fd=%d, r0=%d", fd, r0);
+    }
+    if ((r0 = getsockopt(fd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_SNDBUF, &iv, &nb_v)) != 0) {
+        return srs_error_new(ERROR_SOCKET_SNDBUF, "getsockopt fd=%d, r0=%d", fd, r0);
+    }
+
+    srs_trace("set fd=%d, SO_SNDBUF=%d=>%d, buffer=%dms", fd, ov, iv, srsu2ms(buffer_v));
+
+    return err;
+}
+
+void SrsTcpConnection::set_recv_timeout(srs_utime_t tm)
+{
+    skt_->set_recv_timeout(tm);
+}
+
+srs_utime_t SrsTcpConnection::get_recv_timeout()
+{
+    return skt_->get_recv_timeout();
+}
+
+srs_error_t SrsTcpConnection::read_fully(void *buf, size_t size, ssize_t *nread)
+{
+    return skt_->read_fully(buf, size, nread);
+}
+
+int64_t SrsTcpConnection::get_recv_bytes()
+{
+    return skt_->get_recv_bytes();
+}
+
+int64_t SrsTcpConnection::get_send_bytes()
+{
+    return skt_->get_send_bytes();
+}
+
+srs_error_t SrsTcpConnection::read(void *buf, size_t size, ssize_t *nread)
+{
+    return skt_->read(buf, size, nread);
+}
+
+void SrsTcpConnection::set_send_timeout(srs_utime_t tm)
+{
+    skt_->set_send_timeout(tm);
+}
+
+srs_utime_t SrsTcpConnection::get_send_timeout()
+{
+    return skt_->get_send_timeout();
+}
+
+srs_error_t SrsTcpConnection::write(void *buf, size_t size, ssize_t *nwrite)
+{
+    return skt_->write(buf, size, nwrite);
+}
+
+srs_error_t SrsTcpConnection::writev(const iovec *iov, int iov_size, ssize_t *nwrite)
+{
+    return skt_->writev(iov, iov_size, nwrite);
+}
+
+SrsBufferedReadWriter::SrsBufferedReadWriter(ISrsProtocolReadWriter *io)
+{
+    io_ = io;
+    buf_ = NULL;
+}
+
+SrsBufferedReadWriter::~SrsBufferedReadWriter()
+{
+    srs_freep(buf_);
+}
+
+srs_error_t SrsBufferedReadWriter::peek(char *buf, int *size)
+{
+    srs_error_t err = srs_success;
+
+    if ((err = reload_buffer()) != srs_success) {
+        return srs_error_wrap(err, "reload buffer");
+    }
+
+    int nn = srs_min(buf_->left(), *size);
+    *size = nn;
+
+    if (nn) {
+        memcpy(buf, buf_->head(), nn);
+    }
+
+    return err;
+}
+
+srs_error_t SrsBufferedReadWriter::reload_buffer()
 {
+    srs_error_t err = srs_success;
+
+    if (buf_ && !buf_->empty()) {
+        return err;
+    }
+
+    // We use read_fully to always full fill the cache, to avoid peeking failed.
+    ssize_t nread = 0;
+    if ((err = io_->read_fully(cache_, sizeof(cache_), &nread)) != srs_success) {
+        return srs_error_wrap(err, "read");
+    }
+
+    srs_freep(buf_);
+    buf_ = new SrsBuffer(cache_, nread);
+
+    return err;
+}
+
+srs_error_t SrsBufferedReadWriter::read(void *buf, size_t size, ssize_t *nread)
+{
+    if (!buf_ || buf_->empty()) {
+        return io_->read(buf, size, nread);
+    }
+
+    int nn = srs_min(buf_->left(), (int)size);
+    *nread = nn;
+
+    if (nn) {
+        buf_->read_bytes((char *)buf, nn);
+    }
+    return srs_success;
+}
+
+srs_error_t SrsBufferedReadWriter::read_fully(void *buf, size_t size, ssize_t *nread)
+{
+    if (!buf_ || buf_->empty()) {
+        return io_->read_fully(buf, size, nread);
+    }
+
+    int nn = srs_min(buf_->left(), (int)size);
+    if (nn) {
+        buf_->read_bytes((char *)buf, nn);
+    }
+
+    int left = size - nn;
+    *nread = size;
+
+    if (left) {
+        return io_->read_fully((char *)buf + nn, left, NULL);
+    }
+    return srs_success;
+}
+
+void SrsBufferedReadWriter::set_recv_timeout(srs_utime_t tm)
+{
+    return io_->set_recv_timeout(tm);
+}
+
+srs_utime_t SrsBufferedReadWriter::get_recv_timeout()
+{
+    return io_->get_recv_timeout();
+}
+
+int64_t SrsBufferedReadWriter::get_recv_bytes()
+{
+    return io_->get_recv_bytes();
+}
+
+int64_t SrsBufferedReadWriter::get_send_bytes()
+{
+    return io_->get_send_bytes();
+}
+
+void SrsBufferedReadWriter::set_send_timeout(srs_utime_t tm)
+{
+    return io_->set_send_timeout(tm);
+}
+
+srs_utime_t SrsBufferedReadWriter::get_send_timeout()
+{
+    return io_->get_send_timeout();
+}
+
+srs_error_t SrsBufferedReadWriter::write(void *buf, size_t size, ssize_t *nwrite)
+{
+    return io_->write(buf, size, nwrite);
+}
+
+srs_error_t SrsBufferedReadWriter::writev(const iovec *iov, int iov_size, ssize_t *nwrite)
+{
+    return io_->writev(iov, iov_size, nwrite);
+}
+
+SrsSslConnection::SrsSslConnection(ISrsProtocolReadWriter *c)
+{
+    transport_ = c;
+    ssl_ctx_ = NULL;
+    ssl_ = NULL;
+}
+
+SrsSslConnection::~SrsSslConnection()
+{
+    if (ssl_) {
+        // this function will free bio_in_ and bio_out_
+        SSL_free(ssl_);
+        ssl_ = NULL;
+    }
+
+    if (ssl_ctx_) {
+        SSL_CTX_free(ssl_ctx_);
+        ssl_ctx_ = NULL;
+    }
+}
+
+#pragma GCC diagnostic push
+#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wdeprecated-declarations"
+srs_error_t SrsSslConnection::handshake(string key_file, string crt_file)
+{
+    srs_error_t err = srs_success;
+
+    // For HTTPS, try to connect over security transport.
+#if (OPENSSL_VERSION_NUMBER < 0x10002000L) // v1.0.2
+    ssl_ctx_ = SSL_CTX_new(TLS_method());
+#else
+    ssl_ctx_ = SSL_CTX_new(TLSv1_2_method());
+#endif
+    SSL_CTX_set_verify(ssl_ctx_, SSL_VERIFY_NONE, NULL);
+    srs_assert(SSL_CTX_set_cipher_list(ssl_ctx_, "ALL") == 1);
+
+    // TODO: Setup callback, see SSL_set_ex_data and SSL_set_info_callback
+    if ((ssl_ = SSL_new(ssl_ctx_)) == NULL) {
+        return srs_error_new(ERROR_TLS_HANDSHAKE, "SSL_new ssl");
+    }
+
+    if ((bio_in_ = BIO_new(BIO_s_mem())) == NULL) {
+        return srs_error_new(ERROR_TLS_HANDSHAKE, "BIO_new in");
+    }
+
+    if ((bio_out_ = BIO_new(BIO_s_mem())) == NULL) {
+        BIO_free(bio_in_);
+        return srs_error_new(ERROR_TLS_HANDSHAKE, "BIO_new out");
+    }
+
+    SSL_set_bio(ssl_, bio_in_, bio_out_);
+
+    // SSL setup active, as server role.
+    SSL_set_accept_state(ssl_);
+    SSL_set_mode(ssl_, SSL_MODE_ENABLE_PARTIAL_WRITE);
+
+    uint8_t *data = NULL;
+    int r0, r1, size;
+
+    // Setup the key and cert file for server.
+    if ((r0 = SSL_use_certificate_chain_file(ssl_, crt_file.c_str())) != 1) {
+        return srs_error_new(ERROR_TLS_KEY_CRT, "use cert %s", crt_file.c_str());
+    }
+
+    if ((r0 = SSL_use_RSAPrivateKey_file(ssl_, key_file.c_str(), SSL_FILETYPE_PEM)) != 1) {
+        return srs_error_new(ERROR_TLS_KEY_CRT, "use key %s", key_file.c_str());
+    }
+
+    if ((r0 = SSL_check_private_key(ssl_)) != 1) {
+        return srs_error_new(ERROR_TLS_KEY_CRT, "check key %s with cert %s",
+                             key_file.c_str(), crt_file.c_str());
+    }
+    srs_info("ssl: use key %s and cert %s", key_file.c_str(), crt_file.c_str());
+
+    // Receive ClientHello
+    while (true) {
+        char buf[1024];
+        ssize_t nn = 0;
+        if ((err = transport_->read(buf, sizeof(buf), &nn)) != srs_success) {
+            return srs_error_wrap(err, "handshake: read");
+        }
+
+        if ((r0 = BIO_write(bio_in_, buf, nn)) <= 0) {
+            // TODO: 0 or -1 maybe block, use BIO_should_retry to check.
+            return srs_error_new(ERROR_TLS_HANDSHAKE, "BIO_write r0=%d, data=%p, size=%d", r0, buf, nn);
+        }
+
+        r0 = SSL_do_handshake(ssl_);
+        r1 = SSL_get_error(ssl_, r0);
+        ERR_clear_error();
+        if (r0 != -1 || r1 != SSL_ERROR_WANT_READ) {
+            return srs_error_new(ERROR_TLS_HANDSHAKE, "handshake r0=%d, r1=%d", r0, r1);
+        }
+
+        if ((size = BIO_get_mem_data(bio_out_, &data)) > 0) {
+            // OK, reset it for the next write.
+            if ((r0 = BIO_reset(bio_in_)) != 1) {
+                return srs_error_new(ERROR_TLS_HANDSHAKE, "BIO_reset r0=%d", r0);
+            }
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+
+    srs_info("tls: ClientHello done");
+
+    // Send ServerHello, Certificate, Server Key Exchange, Server Hello Done
+    size = BIO_get_mem_data(bio_out_, &data);
+    if (!data || size <= 0) {
+        return srs_error_new(ERROR_TLS_HANDSHAKE, "handshake data=%p, size=%d", data, size);
+    }
+    if ((err = transport_->write(data, size, NULL)) != srs_success) {
+        return srs_error_wrap(err, "handshake: write data=%p, size=%d", data, size);
+    }
+    if ((r0 = BIO_reset(bio_out_)) != 1) {
+        return srs_error_new(ERROR_TLS_HANDSHAKE, "BIO_reset r0=%d", r0);
+    }
+
+    srs_info("tls: ServerHello done");
+
+    // Receive Client Key Exchange, Change Cipher Spec, Encrypted Handshake Message
+    while (true) {
+        char buf[1024];
+        ssize_t nn = 0;
+        if ((err = transport_->read(buf, sizeof(buf), &nn)) != srs_success) {
+            return srs_error_wrap(err, "handshake: read");
+        }
+
+        if ((r0 = BIO_write(bio_in_, buf, nn)) <= 0) {
+            // TODO: 0 or -1 maybe block, use BIO_should_retry to check.
+            return srs_error_new(ERROR_TLS_HANDSHAKE, "BIO_write r0=%d, data=%p, size=%d", r0, buf, nn);
+        }
+
+        r0 = SSL_do_handshake(ssl_);
+        r1 = SSL_get_error(ssl_, r0);
+        ERR_clear_error();
+        if (r0 == 1 && r1 == SSL_ERROR_NONE) {
+            break;
+        }
+
+        if (r0 != -1 || r1 != SSL_ERROR_WANT_READ) {
+            return srs_error_new(ERROR_TLS_HANDSHAKE, "handshake r0=%d, r1=%d", r0, r1);
+        }
+
+        if ((size = BIO_get_mem_data(bio_out_, &data)) > 0) {
+            // OK, reset it for the next write.
+            if ((r0 = BIO_reset(bio_in_)) != 1) {
+                return srs_error_new(ERROR_TLS_HANDSHAKE, "BIO_reset r0=%d", r0);
+            }
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+
+    srs_info("tls: Client done");
+
+    // Send New Session Ticket, Change Cipher Spec, Encrypted Handshake Message
+    size = BIO_get_mem_data(bio_out_, &data);
+    if (!data || size <= 0) {
+        return srs_error_new(ERROR_TLS_HANDSHAKE, "handshake data=%p, size=%d", data, size);
+    }
+    if ((err = transport_->write(data, size, NULL)) != srs_success) {
+        return srs_error_wrap(err, "handshake: write data=%p, size=%d", data, size);
+    }
+    if ((r0 = BIO_reset(bio_out_)) != 1) {
+        return srs_error_new(ERROR_TLS_HANDSHAKE, "BIO_reset r0=%d", r0);
+    }
+
+    srs_info("tls: Server done");
+
+    return err;
+}
+#pragma GCC diagnostic pop
+
+void SrsSslConnection::set_recv_timeout(srs_utime_t tm)
+{
+    transport_->set_recv_timeout(tm);
+}
+
+srs_utime_t SrsSslConnection::get_recv_timeout()
+{
+    return transport_->get_recv_timeout();
+}
+
+srs_error_t SrsSslConnection::read_fully(void *buf, size_t size, ssize_t *nread)
+{
+    srs_error_t err = srs_success;
+    ssize_t nb = 0;
+    void *p = buf;
+    while ((size_t)nb < size) {
+        ssize_t once_nb = 0;
+        if ((err = read((char *)p + nb, size - nb, &once_nb)) != srs_success) {
+            return srs_error_wrap(err, "tls: read");
+        }
+        nb += once_nb;
+    }
+
+    if (nread) {
+        *nread = nb;
+    }
+
+    return err;
+}
+
+int64_t SrsSslConnection::get_recv_bytes()
+{
+    return transport_->get_recv_bytes();
+}
+
+int64_t SrsSslConnection::get_send_bytes()
+{
+    return transport_->get_send_bytes();
+}
+
+srs_error_t SrsSslConnection::read(void *plaintext, size_t nn_plaintext, ssize_t *nread)
+{
+    srs_error_t err = srs_success;
+
+    while (true) {
+        int r0 = SSL_read(ssl_, plaintext, nn_plaintext);
+        int r1 = SSL_get_error(ssl_, r0);
+        ERR_clear_error();
+        int r2 = BIO_ctrl_pending(bio_in_);
+        int r3 = SSL_is_init_finished(ssl_);
+
+        // OK, got data.
+        if (r0 > 0) {
+            srs_assert(r0 <= (int)nn_plaintext);
+            if (nread) {
+                *nread = r0;
+            }
+            return err;
+        }
+
+        // Need to read more data to feed SSL.
+        if (r0 == -1 && r1 == SSL_ERROR_WANT_READ) {
+            // TODO: Can we avoid copy?
+            int nn_cipher = nn_plaintext;
+            SrsUniquePtr<char[]> cipher(new char[nn_cipher]);
+
+            // Read the cipher from SSL.
+            ssize_t nn = 0;
+            if ((err = transport_->read(cipher.get(), nn_cipher, &nn)) != srs_success) {
+                return srs_error_wrap(err, "tls: read");
+            }
+
+            int r0 = BIO_write(bio_in_, cipher.get(), nn);
+            if (r0 <= 0) {
+                // TODO: 0 or -1 maybe block, use BIO_should_retry to check.
+                return srs_error_new(ERROR_TLS_READ, "BIO_write r0=%d, cipher=%p, size=%d", r0, cipher.get(), nn);
+            }
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        // Fail for error.
+        if (r0 <= 0) {
+            return srs_error_new(ERROR_TLS_READ, "SSL_read r0=%d, r1=%d, r2=%d, r3=%d",
+                                 r0, r1, r2, r3);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+void SrsSslConnection::set_send_timeout(srs_utime_t tm)
+{
+    transport_->set_send_timeout(tm);
+}
+
+srs_utime_t SrsSslConnection::get_send_timeout()
+{
+    return transport_->get_send_timeout();
+}
+
+srs_error_t SrsSslConnection::write(void *plaintext, size_t nn_plaintext, ssize_t *nwrite)
+{
+    srs_error_t err = srs_success;
+
+    for (char *p = (char *)plaintext; p < (char *)plaintext + nn_plaintext;) {
+        int left = (int)nn_plaintext - (p - (char *)plaintext);
+        int r0 = SSL_write(ssl_, (const void *)p, left);
+        int r1 = SSL_get_error(ssl_, r0);
+        ERR_clear_error();
+        if (r0 <= 0) {
+            return srs_error_new(ERROR_TLS_WRITE, "tls: write data=%p, size=%d, r0=%d, r1=%d", p, left, r0, r1);
+        }
+
+        // Move p to the next writing position.
+        p += r0;
+        if (nwrite) {
+            *nwrite += (ssize_t)r0;
+        }
+
+        uint8_t *data = NULL;
+        int size = BIO_get_mem_data(bio_out_, &data);
+        if ((err = transport_->write(data, size, NULL)) != srs_success) {
+            return srs_error_wrap(err, "tls: write data=%p, size=%d", data, size);
+        }
+        if ((r0 = BIO_reset(bio_out_)) != 1) {
+            return srs_error_new(ERROR_TLS_WRITE, "BIO_reset r0=%d", r0);
+        }
+    }
+
+    return err;
+}
+
+srs_error_t SrsSslConnection::writev(const iovec *iov, int iov_size, ssize_t *nwrite)
+{
+    srs_error_t err = srs_success;
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < iov_size; i++) {
+        const iovec *p = iov + i;
+        if ((err = write((void *)p->iov_base, (size_t)p->iov_len, nwrite)) != srs_success) {
+            return srs_error_wrap(err, "write iov #%d base=%p, size=%d", i, p->iov_base, p->iov_len);
+        }
+    }
+
+    return err;
 }
diff --git a/trunk/src/protocol/srs_protocol_conn.hpp b/trunk/src/protocol/srs_protocol_conn.hpp
index b49cb7110d3..3eb0f136294 100644
--- a/trunk/src/protocol/srs_protocol_conn.hpp
+++ b/trunk/src/protocol/srs_protocol_conn.hpp
@@ -12,46 +12,142 @@
 #include <string>
 #include <vector>
 
-// The resource managed by ISrsResourceManager.
-class ISrsResource
+#include <openssl/err.h>
+#include <openssl/ssl.h>
+
+#include <srs_kernel_kbps.hpp>
+#include <srs_kernel_resource.hpp>
+#include <srs_protocol_io.hpp>
+#include <srs_protocol_st.hpp>
+
+class SrsBuffer;
+
+// The connection interface for all HTTP/RTMP/RTSP object.
+class ISrsConnection : public ISrsResource
 {
 public:
-    ISrsResource();
-    virtual ~ISrsResource();
+    ISrsConnection();
+    virtual ~ISrsConnection();
 
 public:
-    // Get the context id of connection.
-    virtual const SrsContextId &get_id() = 0;
+    // Get remote ip address.
+    virtual std::string remote_ip() = 0;
+};
+
+// If a connection is able be expired, user can use HTTP-API to kick-off it.
+class ISrsExpire
+{
+public:
+    ISrsExpire();
+    virtual ~ISrsExpire();
 
 public:
-    // The resource description, optional.
-    virtual std::string desc();
+    // Set connection to expired to kick-off it.
+    virtual void expire() = 0;
 };
 
-// The manager for resource.
-class ISrsResourceManager
+// The basic connection of SRS, for TCP based protocols,
+// all connections accept from listener must extends from this base class,
+// server will add the connection to manager, and delete it when remove.
+class SrsTcpConnection : public ISrsProtocolReadWriter
 {
+private:
+    // The underlayer st fd handler.
+    srs_netfd_t stfd_;
+    // The underlayer socket.
+    SrsStSocket *skt_;
+
 public:
-    ISrsResourceManager();
-    virtual ~ISrsResourceManager();
+    SrsTcpConnection(srs_netfd_t c);
+    virtual ~SrsTcpConnection();
 
 public:
-    // Remove then free the specified connection. Note that the manager always free c resource,
-    // in the same coroutine or another coroutine. Some manager may support add c to a map, it
-    // should always free it even if it's in the map.
-    virtual void remove(ISrsResource *c) = 0;
+    // Set socket option TCP_NODELAY.
+    virtual srs_error_t set_tcp_nodelay(bool v);
+    // Set socket option SO_SNDBUF in srs_utime_t.
+    virtual srs_error_t set_socket_buffer(srs_utime_t buffer_v);
+    // Interface ISrsProtocolReadWriter
+public:
+    virtual void set_recv_timeout(srs_utime_t tm);
+    virtual srs_utime_t get_recv_timeout();
+    virtual srs_error_t read_fully(void *buf, size_t size, ssize_t *nread);
+    virtual int64_t get_recv_bytes();
+    virtual int64_t get_send_bytes();
+    virtual srs_error_t read(void *buf, size_t size, ssize_t *nread);
+    virtual void set_send_timeout(srs_utime_t tm);
+    virtual srs_utime_t get_send_timeout();
+    virtual srs_error_t write(void *buf, size_t size, ssize_t *nwrite);
+    virtual srs_error_t writev(const iovec *iov, int iov_size, ssize_t *nwrite);
 };
 
-// The connection interface for all HTTP/RTMP/RTSP object.
-class ISrsConnection : public ISrsResource
+// With a small fast read buffer, to support peek for protocol detecting. Note that directly write to io without any
+// cache or buffer.
+class SrsBufferedReadWriter : public ISrsProtocolReadWriter
 {
+private:
+    // The under-layer transport.
+    ISrsProtocolReadWriter *io_;
+    // Fixed, small and fast buffer. Note that it must be very small piece of cache, make sure matches all protocols,
+    // because we will full fill it when peeking.
+    char cache_[16];
+    // Current reading position.
+    SrsBuffer *buf_;
+
 public:
-    ISrsConnection();
-    virtual ~ISrsConnection();
+    SrsBufferedReadWriter(ISrsProtocolReadWriter *io);
+    virtual ~SrsBufferedReadWriter();
 
 public:
-    // Get remote ip address.
-    virtual std::string remote_ip() = 0;
+    // Peek the head of cache to buf in size of bytes.
+    srs_error_t peek(char *buf, int *size);
+
+private:
+    srs_error_t reload_buffer();
+    // Interface ISrsProtocolReadWriter
+public:
+    virtual srs_error_t read(void *buf, size_t size, ssize_t *nread);
+    virtual srs_error_t read_fully(void *buf, size_t size, ssize_t *nread);
+    virtual void set_recv_timeout(srs_utime_t tm);
+    virtual srs_utime_t get_recv_timeout();
+    virtual int64_t get_recv_bytes();
+    virtual int64_t get_send_bytes();
+    virtual void set_send_timeout(srs_utime_t tm);
+    virtual srs_utime_t get_send_timeout();
+    virtual srs_error_t write(void *buf, size_t size, ssize_t *nwrite);
+    virtual srs_error_t writev(const iovec *iov, int iov_size, ssize_t *nwrite);
+};
+
+// The SSL connection over TCP transport, in server mode.
+class SrsSslConnection : public ISrsProtocolReadWriter
+{
+private:
+    // The under-layer plaintext transport.
+    ISrsProtocolReadWriter *transport_;
+
+private:
+    SSL_CTX *ssl_ctx_;
+    SSL *ssl_;
+    BIO *bio_in_;
+    BIO *bio_out_;
+
+public:
+    SrsSslConnection(ISrsProtocolReadWriter *c);
+    virtual ~SrsSslConnection();
+
+public:
+    virtual srs_error_t handshake(std::string key_file, std::string crt_file);
+    // Interface ISrsProtocolReadWriter
+public:
+    virtual void set_recv_timeout(srs_utime_t tm);
+    virtual srs_utime_t get_recv_timeout();
+    virtual srs_error_t read_fully(void *buf, size_t size, ssize_t *nread);
+    virtual int64_t get_recv_bytes();
+    virtual int64_t get_send_bytes();
+    virtual srs_error_t read(void *buf, size_t size, ssize_t *nread);
+    virtual void set_send_timeout(srs_utime_t tm);
+    virtual srs_utime_t get_send_timeout();
+    virtual srs_error_t write(void *buf, size_t size, ssize_t *nwrite);
+    virtual srs_error_t writev(const iovec *iov, int iov_size, ssize_t *nwrite);
 };
 
 #endif
diff --git a/trunk/src/protocol/srs_protocol_http_client.cpp b/trunk/src/protocol/srs_protocol_http_client.cpp
index edf0c16b477..cb48b8e7dea 100644
--- a/trunk/src/protocol/srs_protocol_http_client.cpp
+++ b/trunk/src/protocol/srs_protocol_http_client.cpp
@@ -13,10 +13,10 @@ using namespace std;
 #include <srs_core_autofree.hpp>
 #include <srs_kernel_consts.hpp>
 #include <srs_kernel_error.hpp>
+#include <srs_kernel_kbps.hpp>
 #include <srs_kernel_log.hpp>
 #include <srs_kernel_utility.hpp>
 #include <srs_protocol_http_conn.hpp>
-#include <srs_protocol_kbps.hpp>
 
 // The return value of verify_callback controls the strategy of the further verification process. If verify_callback
 // returns 0, the verification process is immediately stopped with "verification failed" state. If SSL_VERIFY_PEER is
diff --git a/trunk/src/protocol/srs_protocol_io.cpp b/trunk/src/protocol/srs_protocol_io.cpp
index d584522a614..2bf873c5952 100644
--- a/trunk/src/protocol/srs_protocol_io.cpp
+++ b/trunk/src/protocol/srs_protocol_io.cpp
@@ -6,14 +6,6 @@
 
 #include <srs_protocol_io.hpp>
 
-ISrsProtocolStatistic::ISrsProtocolStatistic()
-{
-}
-
-ISrsProtocolStatistic::~ISrsProtocolStatistic()
-{
-}
-
 ISrsProtocolReader::ISrsProtocolReader()
 {
 }
diff --git a/trunk/src/protocol/srs_protocol_io.hpp b/trunk/src/protocol/srs_protocol_io.hpp
index 86c51346f91..793b863d328 100644
--- a/trunk/src/protocol/srs_protocol_io.hpp
+++ b/trunk/src/protocol/srs_protocol_io.hpp
@@ -39,22 +39,6 @@
  *           +----------------------------------+
  */
 
-/**
- * Get the statistic of channel.
- */
-class ISrsProtocolStatistic
-{
-public:
-    ISrsProtocolStatistic();
-    virtual ~ISrsProtocolStatistic();
-    // For protocol
-public:
-    // Get the total recv bytes over underlay fd.
-    virtual int64_t get_recv_bytes() = 0;
-    // Get the total send bytes over underlay fd.
-    virtual int64_t get_send_bytes() = 0;
-};
-
 /**
  * the reader for the protocol to read from whatever channel.
  */
diff --git a/trunk/src/protocol/srs_protocol_kbps.cpp b/trunk/src/protocol/srs_protocol_kbps.cpp
deleted file mode 100644
index 09624327a7d..00000000000
--- a/trunk/src/protocol/srs_protocol_kbps.cpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,288 +0,0 @@
-//
-// Copyright (c) 2013-2025 The SRS Authors
-//
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-//
-
-#include <srs_protocol_kbps.hpp>
-
-#include <srs_kernel_utility.hpp>
-
-SrsKbpsSlice::SrsKbpsSlice(SrsWallClock *c)
-{
-    clk_ = c;
-    starttime_ = 0;
-    bytes_ = 0;
-}
-
-SrsKbpsSlice::~SrsKbpsSlice()
-{
-}
-
-void SrsKbpsSlice::sample()
-{
-    srs_utime_t now = clk_->now();
-
-    if (sample_30s_.time_ < 0) {
-        sample_30s_.update(bytes_, now, 0);
-    }
-    if (sample_1m_.time_ < 0) {
-        sample_1m_.update(bytes_, now, 0);
-    }
-    if (sample_5m_.time_ < 0) {
-        sample_5m_.update(bytes_, now, 0);
-    }
-    if (sample_60m_.time_ < 0) {
-        sample_60m_.update(bytes_, now, 0);
-    }
-
-    if (now - sample_30s_.time_ >= 30 * SRS_UTIME_SECONDS) {
-        int kbps = (int)((bytes_ - sample_30s_.total_) * 8 / srsu2ms(now - sample_30s_.time_));
-        sample_30s_.update(bytes_, now, kbps);
-    }
-    if (now - sample_1m_.time_ >= 60 * SRS_UTIME_SECONDS) {
-        int kbps = (int)((bytes_ - sample_1m_.total_) * 8 / srsu2ms(now - sample_1m_.time_));
-        sample_1m_.update(bytes_, now, kbps);
-    }
-    if (now - sample_5m_.time_ >= 300 * SRS_UTIME_SECONDS) {
-        int kbps = (int)((bytes_ - sample_5m_.total_) * 8 / srsu2ms(now - sample_5m_.time_));
-        sample_5m_.update(bytes_, now, kbps);
-    }
-    if (now - sample_60m_.time_ >= 3600 * SRS_UTIME_SECONDS) {
-        int kbps = (int)((bytes_ - sample_60m_.total_) * 8 / srsu2ms(now - sample_60m_.time_));
-        sample_60m_.update(bytes_, now, kbps);
-    }
-}
-
-ISrsKbpsDelta::ISrsKbpsDelta()
-{
-}
-
-ISrsKbpsDelta::~ISrsKbpsDelta()
-{
-}
-
-SrsEphemeralDelta::SrsEphemeralDelta()
-{
-    in_ = out_ = 0;
-}
-
-SrsEphemeralDelta::~SrsEphemeralDelta()
-{
-}
-
-void SrsEphemeralDelta::add_delta(int64_t in, int64_t out)
-{
-    in_ += in;
-    out_ += out;
-}
-
-void SrsEphemeralDelta::remark(int64_t *in, int64_t *out)
-{
-    if (in)
-        *in = in_;
-    if (out)
-        *out = out_;
-    in_ = out_ = 0;
-}
-
-SrsNetworkDelta::SrsNetworkDelta()
-{
-    in_ = out_ = NULL;
-    in_base_ = in_delta_ = 0;
-    out_base_ = out_delta_ = 0;
-}
-
-SrsNetworkDelta::~SrsNetworkDelta()
-{
-}
-
-void SrsNetworkDelta::set_io(ISrsProtocolStatistic *in, ISrsProtocolStatistic *out)
-{
-    if (in_) {
-        in_delta_ += in_->get_recv_bytes() - in_base_;
-    }
-    if (in) {
-        in_base_ = in->get_recv_bytes();
-        in_delta_ += in_base_;
-    }
-    in_ = in;
-
-    if (out_) {
-        out_delta_ += out_->get_send_bytes() - out_base_;
-    }
-    if (out) {
-        out_base_ = out->get_send_bytes();
-        out_delta_ += out_base_;
-    }
-    out_ = out;
-}
-
-void SrsNetworkDelta::remark(int64_t *in, int64_t *out)
-{
-    if (in_) {
-        in_delta_ += in_->get_recv_bytes() - in_base_;
-        in_base_ = in_->get_recv_bytes();
-    }
-    if (out_) {
-        out_delta_ += out_->get_send_bytes() - out_base_;
-        out_base_ = out_->get_send_bytes();
-    }
-
-    *in = in_delta_;
-    *out = out_delta_;
-    in_delta_ = out_delta_ = 0;
-}
-
-SrsKbps::SrsKbps(SrsWallClock *c)
-{
-    clk_ = c ? c : _srs_clock;
-    is_ = new SrsKbpsSlice(clk_);
-    os_ = new SrsKbpsSlice(clk_);
-}
-
-SrsKbps::~SrsKbps()
-{
-    srs_freep(is_);
-    srs_freep(os_);
-}
-
-int SrsKbps::get_send_kbps()
-{
-    int duration = srsu2ms(clk_->now() - is_->starttime_);
-    if (duration <= 0) {
-        return 0;
-    }
-
-    int64_t bytes = get_send_bytes();
-    return (int)(bytes * 8 / duration);
-}
-
-int SrsKbps::get_recv_kbps()
-{
-    int duration = srsu2ms(clk_->now() - os_->starttime_);
-    if (duration <= 0) {
-        return 0;
-    }
-
-    int64_t bytes = get_recv_bytes();
-    return (int)(bytes * 8 / duration);
-}
-
-int SrsKbps::get_send_kbps_30s()
-{
-    return os_->sample_30s_.rate_;
-}
-
-int SrsKbps::get_recv_kbps_30s()
-{
-    return is_->sample_30s_.rate_;
-}
-
-int SrsKbps::get_send_kbps_5m()
-{
-    return os_->sample_5m_.rate_;
-}
-
-int SrsKbps::get_recv_kbps_5m()
-{
-    return is_->sample_5m_.rate_;
-}
-
-void SrsKbps::add_delta(ISrsKbpsDelta *delta)
-{
-    if (!delta)
-        return;
-
-    int64_t in, out;
-    delta->remark(&in, &out);
-    add_delta(in, out);
-}
-
-void SrsKbps::add_delta(int64_t in, int64_t out)
-{
-    // update the total bytes
-    is_->bytes_ += in;
-    os_->bytes_ += out;
-
-    // we donot sample, please use sample() to do resample.
-}
-
-void SrsKbps::sample()
-{
-    is_->sample();
-    os_->sample();
-}
-
-int64_t SrsKbps::get_send_bytes()
-{
-    return os_->bytes_;
-}
-
-int64_t SrsKbps::get_recv_bytes()
-{
-    return is_->bytes_;
-}
-
-SrsNetworkKbps::SrsNetworkKbps(SrsWallClock *clock)
-{
-    delta_ = new SrsNetworkDelta();
-    kbps_ = new SrsKbps(clock);
-}
-
-SrsNetworkKbps::~SrsNetworkKbps()
-{
-    srs_freep(kbps_);
-    srs_freep(delta_);
-}
-
-void SrsNetworkKbps::set_io(ISrsProtocolStatistic *in, ISrsProtocolStatistic *out)
-{
-    delta_->set_io(in, out);
-}
-
-void SrsNetworkKbps::sample()
-{
-    kbps_->add_delta(delta_);
-    kbps_->sample();
-}
-
-int SrsNetworkKbps::get_send_kbps()
-{
-    return kbps_->get_send_kbps();
-}
-
-int SrsNetworkKbps::get_recv_kbps()
-{
-    return kbps_->get_recv_kbps();
-}
-
-int SrsNetworkKbps::get_send_kbps_30s()
-{
-    return kbps_->get_send_kbps_30s();
-}
-
-int SrsNetworkKbps::get_recv_kbps_30s()
-{
-    return kbps_->get_recv_kbps_30s();
-}
-
-int SrsNetworkKbps::get_send_kbps_5m()
-{
-    return kbps_->get_send_kbps_5m();
-}
-
-int SrsNetworkKbps::get_recv_kbps_5m()
-{
-    return kbps_->get_recv_kbps_5m();
-}
-
-int64_t SrsNetworkKbps::get_send_bytes()
-{
-    return kbps_->get_send_bytes();
-}
-
-int64_t SrsNetworkKbps::get_recv_bytes()
-{
-    return kbps_->get_recv_bytes();
-}
diff --git a/trunk/src/protocol/srs_protocol_kbps.hpp b/trunk/src/protocol/srs_protocol_kbps.hpp
deleted file mode 100644
index 66e9b4db54d..00000000000
--- a/trunk/src/protocol/srs_protocol_kbps.hpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,182 +0,0 @@
-//
-// Copyright (c) 2013-2025 The SRS Authors
-//
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-//
-
-#ifndef SRS_PROTOCOL_KBPS_HPP
-#define SRS_PROTOCOL_KBPS_HPP
-
-#include <srs_core.hpp>
-
-#include <srs_kernel_kbps.hpp>
-#include <srs_protocol_io.hpp>
-
-/**
- * The slice of kbps statistic, for input or output.
- */
-class SrsKbpsSlice
-{
-private:
-    SrsWallClock *clk_;
-
-public:
-    // session startup bytes
-    // @remark, use total_bytes() to get the total bytes of slice.
-    int64_t bytes_;
-    // slice starttime, the first time to record bytes.
-    srs_utime_t starttime_;
-    // samples
-    SrsRateSample sample_30s_;
-    SrsRateSample sample_1m_;
-    SrsRateSample sample_5m_;
-    SrsRateSample sample_60m_;
-
-public:
-    SrsKbpsSlice(SrsWallClock *c);
-    virtual ~SrsKbpsSlice();
-
-public:
-    // Resample the slice to calculate the kbps.
-    virtual void sample();
-};
-
-/**
- * The interface which provices delta of bytes. For example, we got a delta from a TCP client:
- *       ISrsKbpsDelta* delta = ...;
- * Now, we can add delta simple to a kbps:
- *      kbps->add_delta(delta);
- * Or by multiple kbps:
- *       int64_t in, out;
- *       delta->remark(&in, &out);
- *       kbps1->add_delta(in, out);
- *       kbpsN->add_delta(in, out);
- * Then you're able to use the kbps object.
- */
-class ISrsKbpsDelta
-{
-public:
-    ISrsKbpsDelta();
-    virtual ~ISrsKbpsDelta();
-
-public:
-    // Resample to get the value of delta bytes.
-    // @remark If no delta bytes, both in and out will be set to 0.
-    virtual void remark(int64_t *in, int64_t *out) = 0;
-};
-
-// A delta data source for SrsKbps, used in ephemeral case, for example, UDP server to increase stat when received or
-// sent out each UDP packet.
-class SrsEphemeralDelta : public ISrsKbpsDelta
-{
-private:
-    uint64_t in_;
-    uint64_t out_;
-
-public:
-    SrsEphemeralDelta();
-    virtual ~SrsEphemeralDelta();
-
-public:
-    virtual void add_delta(int64_t in, int64_t out);
-    // Interface ISrsKbpsDelta.
-public:
-    virtual void remark(int64_t *in, int64_t *out);
-};
-
-// A network delta data source for SrsKbps.
-class SrsNetworkDelta : public ISrsKbpsDelta
-{
-private:
-    ISrsProtocolStatistic *in_;
-    ISrsProtocolStatistic *out_;
-    uint64_t in_base_;
-    uint64_t in_delta_;
-    uint64_t out_base_;
-    uint64_t out_delta_;
-
-public:
-    SrsNetworkDelta();
-    virtual ~SrsNetworkDelta();
-
-public:
-    // Switch the under-layer network io, we use the bytes as a fresh delta.
-    virtual void set_io(ISrsProtocolStatistic *in, ISrsProtocolStatistic *out);
-    // Interface ISrsKbpsDelta.
-public:
-    virtual void remark(int64_t *in, int64_t *out);
-};
-
-/**
- * To statistic the kbps. For example, we got a set of connections and add the total delta:
- *       SrsKbps* kbps = ...;
- *       for conn in connections:
- *           kbps->add_delta(conn->delta()) // Which return an ISrsKbpsDelta object.
- * Then we sample and got the total kbps:
- *       kbps->sample()
- *       kbps->get_xxx_kbps().
- */
-class SrsKbps
-{
-private:
-    SrsKbpsSlice *is_;
-    SrsKbpsSlice *os_;
-    SrsWallClock *clk_;
-
-public:
-    // Note that we won't free the clock c.
-    SrsKbps(SrsWallClock *c = NULL);
-    virtual ~SrsKbps();
-
-public:
-    // Get total average kbps.
-    virtual int get_send_kbps();
-    virtual int get_recv_kbps();
-    // Get the average kbps in 30s.
-    virtual int get_send_kbps_30s();
-    virtual int get_recv_kbps_30s();
-    // Get the average kbps in 5m or 300s.
-    virtual int get_send_kbps_5m();
-    virtual int get_recv_kbps_5m();
-
-public:
-    // Add delta to kbps. Please call sample() after all deltas are added to kbps.
-    virtual void add_delta(int64_t in, int64_t out);
-    virtual void add_delta(ISrsKbpsDelta *delta);
-    // Sample the kbps to get the kbps in N seconds.
-    virtual void sample();
-
-public:
-    virtual int64_t get_send_bytes();
-    virtual int64_t get_recv_bytes();
-};
-
-// A sugar to use SrsNetworkDelta and SrsKbps.
-class SrsNetworkKbps
-{
-private:
-    SrsNetworkDelta *delta_;
-    SrsKbps *kbps_;
-
-public:
-    SrsNetworkKbps(SrsWallClock *c = NULL);
-    virtual ~SrsNetworkKbps();
-
-public:
-    virtual void set_io(ISrsProtocolStatistic *in, ISrsProtocolStatistic *out);
-    virtual void sample();
-
-public:
-    virtual int get_send_kbps();
-    virtual int get_recv_kbps();
-    virtual int get_send_kbps_30s();
-    virtual int get_recv_kbps_30s();
-    virtual int get_send_kbps_5m();
-    virtual int get_recv_kbps_5m();
-
-public:
-    virtual int64_t get_send_bytes();
-    virtual int64_t get_recv_bytes();
-};
-
-#endif
diff --git a/trunk/src/protocol/srs_protocol_log.cpp b/trunk/src/protocol/srs_protocol_log.cpp
index a7e1a3a98e5..9bea6687281 100644
--- a/trunk/src/protocol/srs_protocol_log.cpp
+++ b/trunk/src/protocol/srs_protocol_log.cpp
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ using namespace std;
 #include <srs_kernel_utility.hpp>
 #include <srs_protocol_utility.hpp>
 
-#include <srs_protocol_kbps.hpp>
+#include <srs_kernel_kbps.hpp>
 
 SrsPps *_srs_pps_cids_get = NULL;
 SrsPps *_srs_pps_cids_set = NULL;
@@ -93,16 +93,6 @@ const SrsContextId &srs_context_set_cid_of(srs_thread_t trd, const SrsContextId
     return v;
 }
 
-impl_SrsContextRestore::impl_SrsContextRestore(SrsContextId cid)
-{
-    cid_ = cid;
-}
-
-impl_SrsContextRestore::~impl_SrsContextRestore()
-{
-    _srs_context->set_id(cid_);
-}
-
 // LCOV_EXCL_START
 SrsConsoleLog::SrsConsoleLog(SrsLogLevel l, bool u)
 {
diff --git a/trunk/src/protocol/srs_protocol_log.hpp b/trunk/src/protocol/srs_protocol_log.hpp
index b79d6ed8e8c..350dde9b4b9 100644
--- a/trunk/src/protocol/srs_protocol_log.hpp
+++ b/trunk/src/protocol/srs_protocol_log.hpp
@@ -38,20 +38,6 @@ class SrsThreadContext : public ISrsContext
 // Set the context id of specified thread, not self.
 extern const SrsContextId &srs_context_set_cid_of(srs_thread_t trd, const SrsContextId &v);
 
-// The context restore stores the context and restore it when done.
-// Usage:
-//      SrsContextRestore(_srs_context->get_id());
-#define SrsContextRestore(cid) impl_SrsContextRestore _context_restore_instance(cid)
-class impl_SrsContextRestore
-{
-private:
-    SrsContextId cid_;
-
-public:
-    impl_SrsContextRestore(SrsContextId cid);
-    virtual ~impl_SrsContextRestore();
-};
-
 // The basic console log, which write log to console.
 class SrsConsoleLog : public ISrsLog
 {
diff --git a/trunk/src/protocol/srs_protocol_rtmp_conn.cpp b/trunk/src/protocol/srs_protocol_rtmp_conn.cpp
index c9e15317e38..78093866f88 100644
--- a/trunk/src/protocol/srs_protocol_rtmp_conn.cpp
+++ b/trunk/src/protocol/srs_protocol_rtmp_conn.cpp
@@ -9,8 +9,8 @@
 #include <unistd.h>
 using namespace std;
 
+#include <srs_kernel_kbps.hpp>
 #include <srs_protocol_amf0.hpp>
-#include <srs_protocol_kbps.hpp>
 #include <srs_protocol_rtmp_stack.hpp>
 #include <srs_protocol_st.hpp>
 #include <srs_protocol_utility.hpp>
diff --git a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_rtc_sdp.cpp b/trunk/src/protocol/srs_protocol_sdp.cpp
similarity index 99%
rename from trunk/src/app/srs_app_rtc_sdp.cpp
rename to trunk/src/protocol/srs_protocol_sdp.cpp
index e7d934d389b..61242f76df2 100644
--- a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_rtc_sdp.cpp
+++ b/trunk/src/protocol/srs_protocol_sdp.cpp
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
 //
 
-#include <srs_app_rtc_sdp.hpp>
+#include <srs_protocol_sdp.hpp>
 
 #include <stdlib.h>
 
diff --git a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_rtc_sdp.hpp b/trunk/src/protocol/srs_protocol_sdp.hpp
similarity index 99%
rename from trunk/src/app/srs_app_rtc_sdp.hpp
rename to trunk/src/protocol/srs_protocol_sdp.hpp
index 6633e09e880..91bf96dcda2 100644
--- a/trunk/src/app/srs_app_rtc_sdp.hpp
+++ b/trunk/src/protocol/srs_protocol_sdp.hpp
@@ -4,8 +4,8 @@
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
 //
 
-#ifndef SRS_APP_RTC_SDP_HPP
-#define SRS_APP_RTC_SDP_HPP
+#ifndef SRS_PROTOCOL_SDP_HPP
+#define SRS_PROTOCOL_SDP_HPP
 
 #include <srs_core.hpp>
 #include <srs_kernel_utility.hpp>
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
 #include <map>
 #include <string>
 #include <vector>
+
 const std::string kTWCCExt = "http://www.ietf.org/id/draft-holmer-rmcat-transport-wide-cc-extensions-01";
 
 // TDOO: FIXME: Rename it, and add utest.
diff --git a/trunk/src/protocol/srs_protocol_st.hpp b/trunk/src/protocol/srs_protocol_st.hpp
index 252a53d010b..59acd275538 100644
--- a/trunk/src/protocol/srs_protocol_st.hpp
+++ b/trunk/src/protocol/srs_protocol_st.hpp
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@
 #include <string>
 
 #include <srs_kernel_error.hpp>
+#include <srs_kernel_st.hpp>
 #include <srs_protocol_io.hpp>
 
 // Wrap for SRT.
@@ -88,7 +89,7 @@ extern int srs_mutex_unlock(srs_mutex_t mutex);
 // For example:
 //      SrsUniquePtr<SrsCond> cond(new SrsCond());
 //      cond->signal();
-class SrsCond
+class SrsCond : public ISrsCond
 {
 private:
     srs_cond_t cond_;
diff --git a/trunk/src/protocol/srs_protocol_utility.cpp b/trunk/src/protocol/srs_protocol_utility.cpp
index 92765cc5490..e6d2f37229d 100644
--- a/trunk/src/protocol/srs_protocol_utility.cpp
+++ b/trunk/src/protocol/srs_protocol_utility.cpp
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
 #include <arpa/inet.h>
 #include <sstream>
 #include <stdlib.h>
+#include <algorithm>
 using namespace std;
 
 #include <srs_kernel_buffer.hpp>
@@ -36,6 +37,7 @@ using namespace std;
 #include <srs_core_autofree.hpp>
 #include <srs_kernel_consts.hpp>
 #include <srs_kernel_error.hpp>
+#include <srs_kernel_factory.hpp>
 #include <srs_kernel_log.hpp>
 #include <srs_kernel_utility.hpp>
 #include <srs_protocol_http_stack.hpp>
@@ -710,3 +712,136 @@ utsname *srs_get_system_uname_info()
     return system_info;
 }
 #endif
+
+// See streamid of https://github.com/ossrs/srs/issues/2893
+// TODO: FIMXE: We should parse SRT streamid to URL object, rather than a HTTP url subpath.
+bool srs_srt_streamid_info(const std::string &streamid, SrtMode &mode, std::string &vhost, std::string &url_subpath)
+{
+    mode = SrtModePull;
+
+    size_t pos = streamid.find("#!::");
+    if (pos != 0) {
+        pos = streamid.find("/");
+        if (pos == streamid.npos) {
+            SrsUniquePtr<ISrsConfig> config(_srs_kernel_factory->create_config());
+            url_subpath = config->get_default_app_name() + "/" + streamid;
+            return true;
+        }
+        url_subpath = streamid;
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    // SRT url supports multiple QueryStrings, which are passed to RTMP to realize authentication and other capabilities
+    //@see https://github.com/ossrs/srs/issues/2893
+    std::string params;
+    std::string real_streamid;
+    real_streamid = streamid.substr(4);
+
+    // Compatible with previous auth querystring, like this one:
+    //      srt://127.0.0.1:10080?streamid=#!::h=live/livestream?secret=xxx,m=publish
+    real_streamid = srs_strings_replace(real_streamid, "?", ",");
+
+    std::map<std::string, std::string> query;
+    srs_net_url_parse_query(real_streamid, query);
+    for (std::map<std::string, std::string>::iterator it = query.begin(); it != query.end(); ++it) {
+        if (it->first == "h") {
+            std::string host = it->second;
+
+            size_t r0 = host.find("/");
+            size_t r1 = host.rfind("/");
+            if (r0 != std::string::npos && r0 != std::string::npos) {
+                // Compatible with previous style, see https://github.com/ossrs/srs/issues/2893#compatible
+                //      srt://127.0.0.1:10080?streamid=#!::h=live/livestream,m=publish
+                //      srt://127.0.0.1:10080?streamid=#!::h=live/livestream,m=request
+                //      srt://127.0.0.1:10080?streamid=#!::h=srs.srt.com.cn/live/livestream,m=publish
+                if (r0 != r1) {
+                    // We got vhost in host.
+                    url_subpath = host.substr(r0 + 1);
+                    host = host.substr(0, r0);
+
+                    params.append("vhost=");
+                    params.append(host);
+                    params.append("&");
+                    vhost = host;
+                } else {
+                    // Only stream in host.
+                    url_subpath = host;
+                }
+            } else {
+                // New URL style, see https://github.com/ossrs/srs/issues/2893#solution
+                //      srt://host.com:10080?streamid=#!::h=host.com,r=app/stream,key1=value1,key2=value2
+                //      srt://1.2.3.4:10080?streamid=#!::h=host.com,r=app/stream,key1=value1,key2=value2
+                //      srt://1.2.3.4:10080?streamid=#!::r=app/stream,key1=value1,key2=value2
+                params.append("vhost=");
+                params.append(host);
+                params.append("&");
+                vhost = host;
+            }
+        } else if (it->first == "r") {
+            url_subpath = it->second;
+        } else if (it->first == "m") {
+            std::string mode_str = it->second; // support m=publish or m=request
+            std::transform(it->second.begin(), it->second.end(), mode_str.begin(), ::tolower);
+            if (mode_str == "publish") {
+                mode = SrtModePush;
+            } else if (mode_str == "request") {
+                mode = SrtModePull;
+            } else {
+                srs_warn("unknown mode_str:%s", mode_str.c_str());
+                return false;
+            }
+        } else {
+            params.append(it->first);
+            params.append("=");
+            params.append(it->second);
+            params.append("&");
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (url_subpath.empty()) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    if (!params.empty()) {
+        url_subpath.append("?");
+        url_subpath.append(params);
+        url_subpath = url_subpath.substr(0, url_subpath.length() - 1); // remove last '&'
+    }
+
+    return true;
+}
+
+bool srs_srt_streamid_to_request(const std::string &streamid, SrtMode &mode, ISrsRequest *request)
+{
+    string url_subpath = "";
+    bool ret = srs_srt_streamid_info(streamid, mode, request->vhost_, url_subpath);
+    if (!ret) {
+        return ret;
+    }
+
+    size_t pos = url_subpath.find("/");
+    string stream_with_params = "";
+    if (pos == string::npos) {
+        SrsUniquePtr<ISrsConfig> config(_srs_kernel_factory->create_config());
+        request->app_ = config->get_default_app_name();
+        stream_with_params = url_subpath;
+    } else {
+        request->app_ = url_subpath.substr(0, pos);
+        stream_with_params = url_subpath.substr(pos + 1);
+    }
+
+    pos = stream_with_params.find("?");
+    if (pos == string::npos) {
+        request->stream_ = stream_with_params;
+    } else {
+        request->stream_ = stream_with_params.substr(0, pos);
+        request->param_ = stream_with_params.substr(pos + 1);
+    }
+
+    request->host_ = srs_get_public_internet_address();
+    if (request->vhost_.empty())
+        request->vhost_ = request->host_;
+    request->tcUrl_ = srs_net_url_encode_tcurl("srt", request->host_, request->vhost_, request->app_, request->port_);
+
+    return ret;
+}
diff --git a/trunk/src/protocol/srs_protocol_utility.hpp b/trunk/src/protocol/srs_protocol_utility.hpp
index 0ccc0d3509c..ef01756a5d9 100644
--- a/trunk/src/protocol/srs_protocol_utility.hpp
+++ b/trunk/src/protocol/srs_protocol_utility.hpp
@@ -139,4 +139,17 @@ extern std::string srs_get_system_hostname(void);
 extern utsname *srs_get_system_uname_info();
 #endif
 
+class ISrsRequest;
+
+enum SrtMode {
+    SrtModePull = 1,
+    SrtModePush = 2,
+};
+
+// Get SRT streamid info.
+extern bool srs_srt_streamid_info(const std::string &streamid, SrtMode &mode, std::string &vhost, std::string &url_subpath);
+
+// SRT streamid to request.
+extern bool srs_srt_streamid_to_request(const std::string &streamid, SrtMode &mode, ISrsRequest *request);
+
 #endif
diff --git a/trunk/src/utest/srs_utest.cpp b/trunk/src/utest/srs_utest.cpp
index 4850946f4cc..abfa0984dee 100644
--- a/trunk/src/utest/srs_utest.cpp
+++ b/trunk/src/utest/srs_utest.cpp
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ using namespace std;
 #include <sys/mman.h>
 #include <sys/types.h>
 
+#include <srs_app_factory.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_srt_server.hpp>
 #include <srt/srt.h>
 
@@ -39,6 +40,9 @@ SrsConfig *_srs_config = NULL;
 bool _srs_in_docker = false;
 bool _srs_config_by_env = false;
 
+// @global kernel factory.
+ISrsKernelFactory *_srs_kernel_factory = new SrsFinalFactory();
+
 // The binary name of SRS.
 const char *_srs_binary = NULL;
 
diff --git a/trunk/src/utest/srs_utest_app.cpp b/trunk/src/utest/srs_utest_app.cpp
index ce26c605c2a..01566bc0d8c 100644
--- a/trunk/src/utest/srs_utest_app.cpp
+++ b/trunk/src/utest/srs_utest_app.cpp
@@ -12,7 +12,6 @@ using namespace std;
 #include <srs_app_security.hpp>
 #include <srs_kernel_error.hpp>
 
-#include <srs_app_conn.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_mpegts_udp.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_st.hpp>
 #include <srs_kernel_buffer.hpp>
diff --git a/trunk/src/utest/srs_utest_config.cpp b/trunk/src/utest/srs_utest_config.cpp
index e14d7613a20..e06fe931d56 100644
--- a/trunk/src/utest/srs_utest_config.cpp
+++ b/trunk/src/utest/srs_utest_config.cpp
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
 using namespace std;
 
 #include <srs_app_config.hpp>
-#include <srs_app_source.hpp>
+#include <srs_app_rtmp_source.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_utility.hpp>
 #include <srs_core_performance.hpp>
 #include <srs_kernel_consts.hpp>
diff --git a/trunk/src/utest/srs_utest_core.cpp b/trunk/src/utest/srs_utest_core.cpp
index d6e9910eb89..18e3f82071c 100644
--- a/trunk/src/utest/srs_utest_core.cpp
+++ b/trunk/src/utest/srs_utest_core.cpp
@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@
 
 using namespace std;
 
-#include <srs_app_conn.hpp>
 #include <srs_core_autofree.hpp>
 #include <srs_core_deprecated.hpp>
 #include <srs_protocol_conn.hpp>
diff --git a/trunk/src/utest/srs_utest_gb28181.cpp b/trunk/src/utest/srs_utest_gb28181.cpp
index 2f35ceb07ab..a474e9c0d3a 100644
--- a/trunk/src/utest/srs_utest_gb28181.cpp
+++ b/trunk/src/utest/srs_utest_gb28181.cpp
@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@ using namespace std;
 
 #include <srs_app_gb28181.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_http_static.hpp>
-#include <srs_app_rtc_sdp.hpp>
 #include <srs_core_autofree.hpp>
 #include <srs_kernel_file.hpp>
 #include <srs_kernel_rtc_rtp.hpp>
@@ -18,6 +17,7 @@ using namespace std;
 #include <srs_protocol_http_conn.hpp>
 #include <srs_protocol_http_stack.hpp>
 #include <srs_protocol_json.hpp>
+#include <srs_protocol_sdp.hpp>
 #include <srs_protocol_utility.hpp>
 #include <srs_utest_kernel.hpp>
 #include <srs_utest_protocol.hpp>
diff --git a/trunk/src/utest/srs_utest_pithy_print.cpp b/trunk/src/utest/srs_utest_pithy_print.cpp
index 123b2a4a0ef..f80aa8d03c2 100644
--- a/trunk/src/utest/srs_utest_pithy_print.cpp
+++ b/trunk/src/utest/srs_utest_pithy_print.cpp
@@ -9,9 +9,9 @@
 using namespace std;
 
 #include <srs_app_config.hpp>
-#include <srs_app_pithy_print.hpp>
 #include <srs_kernel_error.hpp>
 #include <srs_kernel_log.hpp>
+#include <srs_kernel_pithy_print.hpp>
 #include <srs_kernel_utility.hpp>
 
 // Mock configuration for testing
diff --git a/trunk/src/utest/srs_utest_protocol.cpp b/trunk/src/utest/srs_utest_protocol.cpp
index 4a105400f22..b04abbd091d 100644
--- a/trunk/src/utest/srs_utest_protocol.cpp
+++ b/trunk/src/utest/srs_utest_protocol.cpp
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ using namespace std;
 #include <srs_protocol_rtsp_stack.hpp>
 #include <srs_protocol_utility.hpp>
 
-#include <srs_app_rtc_sdp.hpp>
+#include <srs_protocol_sdp.hpp>
 
 MockEmptyIO::MockEmptyIO()
 {
diff --git a/trunk/src/utest/srs_utest_protocol.hpp b/trunk/src/utest/srs_utest_protocol.hpp
index af6ffb35eca..b53c2fbcfad 100644
--- a/trunk/src/utest/srs_utest_protocol.hpp
+++ b/trunk/src/utest/srs_utest_protocol.hpp
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
 #include <srs_protocol_utility.hpp>
 #include <string>
 
-#include <srs_protocol_kbps.hpp>
+#include <srs_kernel_kbps.hpp>
 #include <srs_protocol_rtmp_handshake.hpp>
 #include <srs_protocol_rtmp_stack.hpp>
 #include <srs_protocol_stream.hpp>
diff --git a/trunk/src/utest/srs_utest_rtc.cpp b/trunk/src/utest/srs_utest_rtc.cpp
index 8ea51130338..1a9a48e3585 100644
--- a/trunk/src/utest/srs_utest_rtc.cpp
+++ b/trunk/src/utest/srs_utest_rtc.cpp
@@ -5,15 +5,15 @@
 //
 #include <srs_utest_rtc.hpp>
 
-#include <srs_app_conn.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_rtc_conn.hpp>
-#include <srs_app_rtc_queue.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_rtc_source.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_utility.hpp>
 #include <srs_core_autofree.hpp>
 #include <srs_kernel_codec.hpp>
 #include <srs_kernel_error.hpp>
+#include <srs_kernel_rtc_queue.hpp>
 #include <srs_kernel_rtc_rtp.hpp>
+#include <srs_protocol_conn.hpp>
 
 #include <srs_utest_service.hpp>
 
diff --git a/trunk/src/utest/srs_utest_source_lock.cpp b/trunk/src/utest/srs_utest_source_lock.cpp
index f3890028624..2612eeac993 100644
--- a/trunk/src/utest/srs_utest_source_lock.cpp
+++ b/trunk/src/utest/srs_utest_source_lock.cpp
@@ -9,8 +9,8 @@ using namespace std;
 
 #include <srs_app_config.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_rtc_source.hpp>
+#include <srs_app_rtmp_source.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_server.hpp>
-#include <srs_app_source.hpp>
 #include <srs_app_srt_source.hpp>
 #include <srs_kernel_error.hpp>
 #include <srs_protocol_amf0.hpp>
diff --git a/trunk/src/utest/srs_utest_srt.cpp b/trunk/src/utest/srs_utest_srt.cpp
index 5a2665c2ff0..ceaa1100435 100644
--- a/trunk/src/utest/srs_utest_srt.cpp
+++ b/trunk/src/utest/srs_utest_srt.cpp
@@ -6,12 +6,12 @@
 #include <srs_utest_srt.hpp>
 
 #include <srs_app_srt_server.hpp>
-#include <srs_app_srt_utility.hpp>
 #include <srs_core_autofree.hpp>
 #include <srs_kernel_error.hpp>
 #include <srs_kernel_utility.hpp>
 #include <srs_protocol_rtmp_stack.hpp>
 #include <srs_protocol_srt.hpp>
+#include <srs_protocol_utility.hpp>
 
 #include <sstream>
 #include <vector>