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<div class="container">
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<div id="content">
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<h1 id="guide-to-programming-with-music-blocks">Guide to Programming with Music Blocks</h1>
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<p>Music Blocks is a programming environment for children interested in music and graphics. It expands upon Turtle Blocks by adding a collection of features relating to pitch and rhythm.</p>
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<p>The Turtle Blocks guide is a good place to start learning about the basics. In this guide, we illustrate the musical features by walking the reader through numerous examples.</p>
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<p>Music Blocks is a programming environment for children interested in
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music and graphics. It expands upon Turtle Blocks by adding a
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collection of features relating to pitch and rhythm.</p>
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<p>The Turtle Blocks guide is a good place to start learning about the
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basics. In this guide, we illustrate the musical features by walking
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the reader through numerous examples.</p>
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<p>A short <a href="http://github.com/sugarlabs/musicblocks/tree/master/Debugging.md">Guide to
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Debugging</a>. is
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also available.</p>
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<h2 id="-a-name-toc-a-table-of-contents"><a name="TOC"></a> Table of Contents</h2>
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<ol>
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<li><a href="#GETTING-STARTED">Getting Started</a></li>
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<h2 id="-a-name-getting-started-a-1-getting-started"><a name="GETTING-STARTED"></a>1. Getting Started</h2>
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<p><a href="#TOC">Back to Table of Contents</a> | <a href="#NOTES">Next Section (2. Making Sounds)</a></p>
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<p>Music Blocks is designed to run in a browser. Most of the development
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has been done in Chrome, but it should also work in Firefox. You can
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run it from <a href="http://sugarlabs.github.io/musicblocks">github io</a> or
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by downloading a copy of the code and running a local copy directly
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from the file system of your computer.</p>
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has been done in Chrome, but it should also work in Firefox, Opera,
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and some versions of Safari. You can run it from
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<a href="https://musicblocks.sugarlabs.org">musicblocks.sugarlabs.org</a>, from
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<a href="https://musicblocks.sugarlabs.org">github io</a>, or by
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downloading a copy of the code and running a local copy directly from
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the file system of your computer. (Note that when running locally, you
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may have to use a local server to expose all of the features.)</p>
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<p>This guide details the music-specific features of Music Blocks. You
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may also be interested in the <a href="http://github.com/sugarlabs/turtleblocksjs/tree/master/guide">Turtle Blocks
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Guide</a>,
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which reviews many programming features common to both projects.</p>
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<p>For more details on how to use Music Blocks, see <a href="http://github.com/sugarlabs/musicblocks/tree/master/documentation">Using Music
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Blocks</a>.
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For more details on how to use Turtle Blocks, see
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<a href="http://github.com/sugarlabs/turtleblocksjs/tree/master/documentation">Using Turtle Blocks JS</a>.</p>
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For more details on how to use Turtle Blocks, see <a href="http://github.com/sugarlabs/turtleblocksjs/tree/master/documentation">Using Turtle Blocks
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JS</a>.</p>
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<h2 id="-a-name-notes-a-2-making-sounds"><a name="NOTES"></a>2. Making Sounds</h2>
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<p><a href="#GETTING-STARTED">Previous Section (1. Getting Started)</a> | <a href="#TOC">Back to
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Table of Contents</a> | <a href="#PROGRAMMING-WITH-MUSIC">Next Section (3. Programming with
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<p>The next block is specified using a <em>Pitch-number</em> block (the <code>7th
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semi-tone</code> above <code>C</code> in <code>Octave 4</code>). The offset for the pitch number
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can be modified using the <em>Set-pitch-number-offset</em> block.</p>
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<p>The pitch of the last block is specified using the <em>Hertz</em> block in
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<p>The pitch of the next block is specified using the <em>Hertz</em> block in
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conjunction with a <em>Number</em> block (<code>392</code> Hertz) , which corresponds to
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the frequency of the sound made.</p>
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<p>The octave is specified using a number block and is restricted to
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whole numbers. In the case where the pitch name is specified by
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frequency, the octave is ignored.</p>
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frequency, the octave is ignored.The octave argument can also be specified using a <em>Text</em> block with values <em>current</em>, <em>previous</em>, <em>next</em> which does as 0, -1, 1 respectively.</p>
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<p>The octave of the next block is specified using a <em>current</em> text block (<code>Sol</code> in <code>Octave 4</code>).</p>
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<p>The octave of the next block is specified using a <em>previous</em> text block (<code>G</code> in <code>Octave 3</code>).</p>
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<p>The octave of the last block is specified using a <em>next</em> text block (<code>G</code> in <code>Octave 5</code>).</p>
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<p>Note that the pitch name can also be specified using a <em>Text</em> block. </p>
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<p><img src="https://rawgithub.com/sugarlabs/musicblocks/master/charts/KeyboardChart.svg" alt="alt tag" title="Note layout chart for keyboard" width="100%"></p>
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<p><img src="https://rawgithub.com/sugarlabs/musicblocks/master/charts/MalletChart.svg" alt="alt tag" title="Note layout chart for mallet" width="100%"></p>
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last played note. In the example above, <em>Step Pitch</em> blocks are used
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inside of <em>Repeat</em> blocks to repeat the code <code>7</code> times, playing up and
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down a scale.</p>
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<p><a href="http://sugarlabs.github.io/musicblocks/?file=MusicBlocks_scales.tb">RUN LIVE</a></p>
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<p><a href="https://musicblocks.sugarlabs.org/index.html?id=1523032034365533&amp;run=True">RUN LIVE</a></p>
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<p><img src="https://rawgithub.com/sugarlabs/musicblocks/master/guide/transform16.svg" alt="alt tag" title="Using the Scalar Step Up and Down blocks"></p>
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<p>Another way to move up and down notes in a scale is to use the <em>Scalar
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Step Up</em> and <em>Scalar Step Down</em> blocks. These blocks calculate the
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<p><img src="https://rawgithub.com/sugarlabs/musicblocks/master/guide/drum4.svg" alt="alt tag" title="increasing sequence of drum beats over time"></p>
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<p>In the above example, the sequence of <a href="#DRUMS">drum</a> note values is
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decreased over time, at each repetition.</p>
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<p><a href="http://sugarlabs.github.io/musicblocks/?file=MusicBlocks_drumexample.tb">RUN LIVE</a></p>
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<p><a href="https://musicblocks.sugarlabs.org/index.html?id=1523106271018484&amp;run=True">RUN LIVE</a></p>
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<h4 id="-a-name-repetition-a-3-2-6-repeating-notes"><a name="REPETITION"></a>3.2.6 Repeating Notes</h4>
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<p><img src="https://rawgithub.com/sugarlabs/musicblocks/master/guide/transform6.svg" alt="alt tag" title="repeating notes"></p>
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<p>There are several ways to repeat notes. The <em>Repeat</em> block will play a
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(retrograde). In the example above, the notes in <code>chunk</code> are played as
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<code>Sol</code>, <code>Ti</code>, <code>La</code>, <code>Sol</code>, i.e., from the bottom to the top of the
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stack.</p>
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<p><a href="http://sugarlabs.github.io/musicblocks/?file=MusicBlocks_crab_canon.tb">RUN
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<p><a href="https://musicblocks.sugarlabs.org/index.html?id=1522885752309944&amp;run=True">RUN
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LIVE</a></p>
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<p>Note that all of the blocks inside a <em>Backward</em> block are reverse, so
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use this feature with caution if you include logic intermixed with
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<p>It gets more interesting if we shift up and down octaves.</p>
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<p><img src="https://rawgithub.com/sugarlabs/musicblocks/master/guide/voices4.svg" alt="alt tag" title="playing the various voices offset in time"></p>
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<p>And even more interesting if we bring the various voices offset in time.</p>
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<p><a href="http://sugarlabs.github.io/musicblocks/?file=MusicBlocks_frerejacques.tb">RUN LIVE</a></p>
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<p><a href="https://musicblocks.sugarlabs.org/index.html?id=1523026536194324&amp;run=True">RUN LIVE</a></p>
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<p><img src="https://rawgithub.com/sugarlabs/musicblocks/master/guide/voices5.svg" alt="alt tag" title="queuing the various voices using events"></p>
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<p>An alternative to use a preprogrammed delay is to use the <em>Broadcast</em>
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block to bring in multiple voices. In the example above, after each
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right during the eighth note. The pitch is raised by one half step,
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the pen size decreases, and the pen color increases at each step in
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the inner repeat loop.</p>
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<p><a href="https://sugarlabs.github.io/musicblocks/index.html?file=MusicBlocks_graphicsexample.tb">RUN LIVE</a></p>
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<p><a href="https://musicblocks.sugarlabs.org/index.html?id=1518563680307291&amp;run=True">RUN LIVE</a></p>
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<p><img src="https://rawgithub.com/sugarlabs/musicblocks/master/guide/graphics3.svg" alt="alt tag" title="synchronizing graphics and music"></p>
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<p>Another example of graphics synchronized to the music by placing the
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graphics commands inside of <em>Note value</em> blocks</p>
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<p><a href="http://sugarlabs.github.io/musicblocks/?file=MusicBlocks_sync_graphics.tb">RUN LIVE</a></p>
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<p><a href="https://musicblocks.sugarlabs.org/index.html?id=1523106271018484&amp;run=True">RUN LIVE</a></p>
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<p><img src="https://rawgithub.com/sugarlabs/musicblocks/master/guide/fibonacci3.svg" alt="alt tag" title="usage of No-clock block"></p>
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<p>In this example, because the computation and graphics are more
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complex, a <em>No-clock</em> block is used to decouple the graphics from the
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<p>Another example of embedding graphics into notes: in case, a recursive
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tree drawing, where the pitch goes up as the branches assend.</p>
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<p><img src="https://rawgithub.com/sugarlabs/musicblocks/master/guide/tree.svg" alt="alt tag" title="tree graphic"></p>
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<p><a href="https://sugarlabs.github.io/musicblocks/index.html?file=MusicBlocks_musicaltree.tb">RUN LIVE</a></p>
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<p><a href="https://musicblocks.sugarlabs.org/index.html?id=1523029986215035&amp;run=True">RUN LIVE</a></p>
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<h3 id="-a-name-beat-a-3-5-beat"><a name="BEAT"></a>3.5 Beat</h3>
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<p>The beat of the music is determined by the <em>Meter</em> block (by default,
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it is set to 4:4).</p>
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inside the note block associated with the beat are run.)</p>
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<p><img src="https://rawgithub.com/sugarlabs/musicblocks/master/guide/graphics5.svg" alt="alt tag" title="using beat to synchronize graphics"></p>
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<p>Another approach to graphics is to use modulate them based on the
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beat. In the exxample above, we call the same graphics action for each
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beat. In the example above, we call the same graphics action for each
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note, but the parameters associated with the action, such as pen
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width, are dependent upon which beat we are on. On Beat 1, the pen
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size is set to <code>50</code> and the volume to <code>75</code>. On Beat <code>3</code>, the pen size is set
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depending on the quadrant. When the mouse is in the lower-left
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quadrant, <code>chunk0</code> is played; lower-right quadrant, <code>chunk1</code>;
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upper-left quadrant, <code>chunk2</code>; and upper-right quadrant, <code>chunk3</code>.</p>
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<p><a href="http://sugarlabs.github.io/musicblocks/?file=MusicBlocks_interactivefrerejacques.tb">RUN LIVE</a></p>
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<p><a href="https://musicblocks.sugarlabs.org/index.html?id=1523028011868930&amp;run=True">RUN LIVE</a></p>
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<p><img src="https://rawgithub.com/sugarlabs/musicblocks/master/guide/interactive2.svg" alt="alt tag" title="creation of a two-key piano"></p>
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<p>In the example above, a simple two-key piano is created by associating
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<em>click</em> events on two different turtles with individual notes. Can you
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make an 8-key piano?</p>
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<p><a href="http://sugarlabs.github.io/musicblocks/?file=MusicBlocks_twokey_piano.tb">RUN LIVE</a></p>
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<p><a href="https://musicblocks.sugarlabs.org/index.html?id=1523107390715125&amp;run=True">RUN LIVE</a></p>
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<p><img src="https://rawgithub.com/sugarlabs/musicblocks/master/guide/interactive3.svg" alt="alt tag" title="adding randomness to your music"></p>
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<p>You can also add a bit of randomness to your music. In the top example
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above, the <em>One-of</em> block is used to randomly assign either <code>Do</code> or
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<p>The matrix in the figure above has three <em>Pitch</em> blocks and one
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<em>Rhythm</em> block, which is used to create a 3 x 3 grid of pitch and
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time.</p>
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<p>Note that the default matrix has five <em>Pitch</em> blocks, hence, you will
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see five rows, one for each pitch. (A sixth row at the bottom is used
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for specifying the rhythms associated with each note.) Also by
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default, there are two <em>Rhythm</em> blocks, which specifies six quarter
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notes followed by one half note. Since the <em>Rhythm</em> blocks are inside
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of a <em>Repeat</em> block, there are fourteen (2 x 7) columns for selecting
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notes.</p>
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<p>Note that the default matrix has five <em>Pitch</em> blocks, one <em>Drum</em>
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block, and two <em>Mouse</em> (movement) blocks. Hence, you will see eight
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rows, one for each pitch, drum, and mouse (movement). (A ninth row at
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the bottom is used for specifying the rhythms associated with each
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note.) Also by default, there are two <em>Rhythm</em> blocks, which specifies
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six quarter <code>(1/4)</code> notes followed by one half <code>(1/2)</code> note.</p>
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<p><img src="https://rawgithub.com/sugarlabs/musicblocks/master/guide/matrix3.svg" alt="alt tag" title="matrix"></p>
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<p>By clicking on individual cells in the grid, you should hear
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individual notes (or chords if you click on more than one cell in a
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\layout { }
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}
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</code></pre><p><img src="https://rawgithub.com/sugarlabs/musicblocks/master/guide/hotdog.png" alt="alt tag" title="sheet music"></p>
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<p><a href="http://sugarlabs.github.io/musicblocks/?file=MusicBlocks_hotdog.tb">RUN LIVE</a></p>
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<p><a href="https://musicblocks.sugarlabs.org/index.html?id=1523043053377623&amp;run=True">RUN LIVE</a></p>
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</div>
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</div>
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</body>

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