From 237c4d964214f6592220dc5efdf7fc2e16af297f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: patrick thornton <70873350+patrickthornton@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 2 Jun 2026 14:25:20 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 01/14] fix(openapi): skip inherited props and propagate
 optionality in discriminated-union base inference (#16183)

fix(openapi): skip inherited and propagate optionality in inferred discriminated-union base properties

When `infer-discriminated-union-base-properties: true`, the OpenAPI parser
no longer (1) lifts properties every variant already inherits via a shared
`allOf $ref` parent, and (2) emits an inferred common property as required
when any variant declares it not-required. Prevents TypeScript SDK `_Base`
interfaces from colliding with the real parent on either presence or
optionality (TS2320).
---
 ...erDiscriminatedUnionBaseProperties.test.ts | 297 ++++++++++++++++++
 .../src/schema/convertDiscriminatedOneOf.ts   | 174 +++++++++-
 .../oneof-shared-allof-properties.json        |  45 +--
 .../oneof-shared-allof-properties.json        |  38 +--
 ...iminated-union-base-properties-overlap.yml |  10 +
 5 files changed, 491 insertions(+), 73 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 packages/cli/api-importers/openapi/openapi-ir-parser/src/__test__/inferDiscriminatedUnionBaseProperties.test.ts
 create mode 100644 packages/cli/cli/changes/unreleased/fix-infer-discriminated-union-base-properties-overlap.yml

diff --git a/packages/cli/api-importers/openapi/openapi-ir-parser/src/__test__/inferDiscriminatedUnionBaseProperties.test.ts b/packages/cli/api-importers/openapi/openapi-ir-parser/src/__test__/inferDiscriminatedUnionBaseProperties.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..fdd7aff36981
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/cli/api-importers/openapi/openapi-ir-parser/src/__test__/inferDiscriminatedUnionBaseProperties.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,297 @@
+import { Schema, Source } from "@fern-api/openapi-ir";
+import { TaskContext } from "@fern-api/task-context";
+import { OpenAPIV3 } from "openapi-types";
+import { describe, expect, it, vi } from "vitest";
+import { DEFAULT_PARSE_OPENAPI_SETTINGS } from "../options.js";
+import { parse } from "../parse.js";
+
+function mockTaskContext(): TaskContext {
+    return {
+        logger: {
+            debug: vi.fn(),
+            info: vi.fn(),
+            warn: vi.fn(),
+            error: vi.fn(),
+            trace: vi.fn(),
+            log: vi.fn()
+        }
+    } as unknown as TaskContext;
+}
+
+function findRootSchema(ir: ReturnType<typeof parse>, name: string): Schema | undefined {
+    return ir.groupedSchemas.rootSchemas[name];
+}
+
+function commonPropertyKeysOf(schema: Schema | undefined): string[] {
+    if (schema == null || schema.type !== "oneOf") {
+        return [];
+    }
+    if (schema.value.type !== "discriminated") {
+        return [];
+    }
+    return schema.value.commonProperties.map((p) => p.key);
+}
+
+function commonPropertyOptionalityOf(schema: Schema | undefined, key: string): "required" | "optional" | "missing" {
+    if (schema == null || schema.type !== "oneOf" || schema.value.type !== "discriminated") {
+        return "missing";
+    }
+    const prop = schema.value.commonProperties.find((p) => p.key === key);
+    if (prop == null) {
+        return "missing";
+    }
+    return prop.schema.type === "optional" ? "optional" : "required";
+}
+
+describe("infer-discriminated-union-base-properties", () => {
+    it("does NOT infer properties already inherited via a shared allOf $ref parent", () => {
+        const doc: OpenAPIV3.Document = {
+            openapi: "3.0.0",
+            info: { title: "Test API", version: "1.0" },
+            paths: {
+                "/things": {
+                    get: {
+                        operationId: "listThings",
+                        responses: {
+                            "200": {
+                                description: "OK",
+                                content: {
+                                    "application/json": {
+                                        schema: { $ref: "#/components/schemas/MyUnion" }
+                                    }
+                                }
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            },
+            components: {
+                schemas: {
+                    Common: {
+                        type: "object",
+                        properties: {
+                            sharedField: { type: "string" },
+                            anotherShared: { type: "integer" }
+                        }
+                        // no `required` — both fields are optional in Common
+                    },
+                    VariantA: {
+                        allOf: [
+                            { $ref: "#/components/schemas/Common" },
+                            {
+                                type: "object",
+                                properties: {
+                                    kind: { type: "string", enum: ["a"] },
+                                    ownPropA: { type: "string" }
+                                },
+                                required: ["kind"]
+                            }
+                        ]
+                    },
+                    VariantB: {
+                        allOf: [
+                            { $ref: "#/components/schemas/Common" },
+                            {
+                                type: "object",
+                                properties: {
+                                    kind: { type: "string", enum: ["b"] },
+                                    ownPropB: { type: "string" }
+                                },
+                                required: ["kind"]
+                            }
+                        ]
+                    },
+                    MyUnion: {
+                        type: "object",
+                        oneOf: [{ $ref: "#/components/schemas/VariantA" }, { $ref: "#/components/schemas/VariantB" }],
+                        discriminator: {
+                            propertyName: "kind",
+                            mapping: {
+                                a: "#/components/schemas/VariantA",
+                                b: "#/components/schemas/VariantB"
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        };
+
+        const ir = parse({
+            context: mockTaskContext(),
+            documents: [
+                {
+                    type: "openapi",
+                    value: doc,
+                    source: Source.openapi({ file: "test.yml" }),
+                    settings: {
+                        ...DEFAULT_PARSE_OPENAPI_SETTINGS,
+                        shouldInferDiscriminatedUnionBaseProperties: true
+                    }
+                }
+            ]
+        });
+
+        const union = findRootSchema(ir, "MyUnion");
+        const keys = commonPropertyKeysOf(union);
+
+        // `sharedField` and `anotherShared` come from Common, which every variant inherits
+        // via `allOf: $ref`. They should NOT be re-emitted as union commonProperties.
+        expect(keys).not.toContain("sharedField");
+        expect(keys).not.toContain("anotherShared");
+    });
+
+    it("still infers properties that variants declare inline (not inherited from a shared parent)", () => {
+        const doc: OpenAPIV3.Document = {
+            openapi: "3.0.0",
+            info: { title: "Test API", version: "1.0" },
+            paths: {
+                "/things": {
+                    get: {
+                        operationId: "listThings",
+                        responses: {
+                            "200": {
+                                description: "OK",
+                                content: {
+                                    "application/json": {
+                                        schema: { $ref: "#/components/schemas/MyUnion" }
+                                    }
+                                }
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            },
+            components: {
+                schemas: {
+                    VariantA: {
+                        type: "object",
+                        properties: {
+                            kind: { type: "string", enum: ["a"] },
+                            inlineShared: { type: "string" },
+                            ownPropA: { type: "string" }
+                        },
+                        required: ["kind", "inlineShared"]
+                    },
+                    VariantB: {
+                        type: "object",
+                        properties: {
+                            kind: { type: "string", enum: ["b"] },
+                            inlineShared: { type: "string" },
+                            ownPropB: { type: "string" }
+                        },
+                        required: ["kind", "inlineShared"]
+                    },
+                    MyUnion: {
+                        type: "object",
+                        oneOf: [{ $ref: "#/components/schemas/VariantA" }, { $ref: "#/components/schemas/VariantB" }],
+                        discriminator: {
+                            propertyName: "kind",
+                            mapping: {
+                                a: "#/components/schemas/VariantA",
+                                b: "#/components/schemas/VariantB"
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        };
+
+        const ir = parse({
+            context: mockTaskContext(),
+            documents: [
+                {
+                    type: "openapi",
+                    value: doc,
+                    source: Source.openapi({ file: "test.yml" }),
+                    settings: {
+                        ...DEFAULT_PARSE_OPENAPI_SETTINGS,
+                        shouldInferDiscriminatedUnionBaseProperties: true
+                    }
+                }
+            ]
+        });
+
+        const union = findRootSchema(ir, "MyUnion");
+        const keys = commonPropertyKeysOf(union);
+
+        // `inlineShared` is declared inline on each variant and not inherited from a shared parent,
+        // so the inference should still pick it up.
+        expect(keys).toContain("inlineShared");
+    });
+
+    it("lifts an inferred property as optional when any variant declares it optional", () => {
+        const doc: OpenAPIV3.Document = {
+            openapi: "3.0.0",
+            info: { title: "Test API", version: "1.0" },
+            paths: {
+                "/things": {
+                    get: {
+                        operationId: "listThings",
+                        responses: {
+                            "200": {
+                                description: "OK",
+                                content: {
+                                    "application/json": {
+                                        schema: { $ref: "#/components/schemas/MyUnion" }
+                                    }
+                                }
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            },
+            components: {
+                schemas: {
+                    VariantA: {
+                        type: "object",
+                        properties: {
+                            kind: { type: "string", enum: ["a"] },
+                            sometimesRequired: { type: "string" }
+                        },
+                        // sometimesRequired is OPTIONAL here
+                        required: ["kind"]
+                    },
+                    VariantB: {
+                        type: "object",
+                        properties: {
+                            kind: { type: "string", enum: ["b"] },
+                            sometimesRequired: { type: "string" }
+                        },
+                        // sometimesRequired is REQUIRED here
+                        required: ["kind", "sometimesRequired"]
+                    },
+                    MyUnion: {
+                        type: "object",
+                        oneOf: [{ $ref: "#/components/schemas/VariantA" }, { $ref: "#/components/schemas/VariantB" }],
+                        discriminator: {
+                            propertyName: "kind",
+                            mapping: {
+                                a: "#/components/schemas/VariantA",
+                                b: "#/components/schemas/VariantB"
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        };
+
+        const ir = parse({
+            context: mockTaskContext(),
+            documents: [
+                {
+                    type: "openapi",
+                    value: doc,
+                    source: Source.openapi({ file: "test.yml" }),
+                    settings: {
+                        ...DEFAULT_PARSE_OPENAPI_SETTINGS,
+                        shouldInferDiscriminatedUnionBaseProperties: true
+                    }
+                }
+            ]
+        });
+
+        const union = findRootSchema(ir, "MyUnion");
+        // Lifted, but as optional — because at least one variant doesn't require it.
+        expect(commonPropertyOptionalityOf(union, "sometimesRequired")).toBe("optional");
+    });
+});
diff --git a/packages/cli/api-importers/openapi/openapi-ir-parser/src/schema/convertDiscriminatedOneOf.ts b/packages/cli/api-importers/openapi/openapi-ir-parser/src/schema/convertDiscriminatedOneOf.ts
index cd00e3c09794..79fb88e87de3 100644
--- a/packages/cli/api-importers/openapi/openapi-ir-parser/src/schema/convertDiscriminatedOneOf.ts
+++ b/packages/cli/api-importers/openapi/openapi-ir-parser/src/schema/convertDiscriminatedOneOf.ts
@@ -353,6 +353,12 @@ export function wrapDiscriminatedOneOf({
  * all variants. The discriminant property and any properties already declared at the
  * union's top level are excluded. This lets SDKs expose shared fields directly on
  * the union type instead of forcing a cast to a concrete variant.
+ *
+ * Properties that every variant already inherits through a shared `allOf $ref` parent
+ * are also excluded: the parent schema is the single source of truth, and re-emitting
+ * those properties on the union forces some generators (e.g. TypeScript) to declare a
+ * synthesized base interface alongside the real parent, which can collide when the two
+ * disagree on optionality.
  */
 function inferCommonPropertiesFromVariants({
     variants,
@@ -381,6 +387,16 @@ function inferCommonPropertiesFromVariants({
     if (firstVariantProps == null) {
         return [];
     }
+    const inheritedFromSharedParent = getPropertyNamesInheritedFromSharedAllOfRefParents({
+        variants,
+        context,
+        breadcrumbs,
+        source,
+        namespace
+    });
+    const variantRequiredSets = variants.map((variant) =>
+        getAllRequiredPropertyNames({ schema: variant, context, visited: new Set() })
+    );
     const result: CommonPropertyWithExample[] = [];
     for (const [propertyName, firstSchema] of Object.entries(firstVariantProps)) {
         if (propertyName === discriminant) {
@@ -389,6 +405,9 @@ function inferCommonPropertiesFromVariants({
         if (existingPropertyNames.has(propertyName)) {
             continue;
         }
+        if (inheritedFromSharedParent.has(propertyName)) {
+            continue;
+        }
         let presentInAll = true;
         for (let i = 1; i < variantPropertyMaps.length; i++) {
             const map = variantPropertyMaps[i];
@@ -398,8 +417,159 @@ function inferCommonPropertiesFromVariants({
                 break;
             }
         }
-        if (presentInAll) {
-            result.push({ key: propertyName, schema: firstSchema });
+        if (!presentInAll) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        const requiredInEveryVariant = variantRequiredSets.every((set) => set.has(propertyName));
+        const schemaToLift =
+            requiredInEveryVariant || firstSchema.type === "optional" || firstSchema.type === "nullable"
+                ? firstSchema
+                : SchemaWithExample.optional({
+                      nameOverride: undefined,
+                      generatedName: "",
+                      title: undefined,
+                      value: firstSchema,
+                      description: undefined,
+                      availability: undefined,
+                      namespace: undefined,
+                      groupName: undefined,
+                      inline: undefined
+                  });
+        result.push({ key: propertyName, schema: schemaToLift });
+    }
+    return result;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Returns the set of property names that the given schema (and any schemas reachable via
+ * `allOf`) declares as required. A property is required for the variant if any link in the
+ * `allOf` chain places it in a `required` array; otherwise it's optional. Used by the
+ * inference path to decide whether a lifted common property should be wrapped as optional.
+ */
+function getAllRequiredPropertyNames({
+    schema,
+    context,
+    visited
+}: {
+    schema: OpenAPIV3.ReferenceObject | OpenAPIV3.SchemaObject;
+    context: SchemaParserContext;
+    visited: Set<string>;
+}): Set<string> {
+    const result = new Set<string>();
+    let resolved: OpenAPIV3.SchemaObject;
+    if (isReferenceObject(schema)) {
+        if (visited.has(schema.$ref)) {
+            return result;
+        }
+        visited.add(schema.$ref);
+        resolved = context.resolveSchemaReference(schema);
+    } else {
+        resolved = schema;
+    }
+    for (const name of resolved.required ?? []) {
+        result.add(name);
+    }
+    for (const allOfElement of resolved.allOf ?? []) {
+        const childRequired = getAllRequiredPropertyNames({ schema: allOfElement, context, visited });
+        for (const name of childRequired) {
+            result.add(name);
+        }
+    }
+    return result;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Walks each variant's `allOf` chain (following `$ref`s transitively) and returns the set
+ * of property names that come from `$ref` parents shared by *every* variant. These are the
+ * properties each variant already inherits from a common ancestor — re-declaring them on
+ * the union would cause the structural duplication described above.
+ */
+function getPropertyNamesInheritedFromSharedAllOfRefParents({
+    variants,
+    context,
+    breadcrumbs,
+    source,
+    namespace
+}: {
+    variants: Array<OpenAPIV3.ReferenceObject | OpenAPIV3.SchemaObject>;
+    context: SchemaParserContext;
+    breadcrumbs: string[];
+    source: Source;
+    namespace: string | undefined;
+}): Set<string> {
+    if (variants.length === 0) {
+        return new Set();
+    }
+    const refsPerVariant = variants.map((variant) =>
+        collectTransitiveAllOfRefs({ schema: variant, context, visited: new Set() })
+    );
+    const firstSet = refsPerVariant[0];
+    if (firstSet == null || firstSet.size === 0) {
+        return new Set();
+    }
+    const inherited = new Set<string>();
+    for (const [refKey, refObject] of firstSet) {
+        const sharedAcrossAllVariants = refsPerVariant.every((s) => s.has(refKey));
+        if (!sharedAcrossAllVariants) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        const parentProperties = getAllProperties({
+            schema: refObject,
+            context,
+            breadcrumbs,
+            source,
+            namespace
+        });
+        for (const propertyName of Object.keys(parentProperties)) {
+            inherited.add(propertyName);
+        }
+    }
+    return inherited;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Returns a map of `$ref` URI -> the `ReferenceObject` that points to it, for every
+ * `$ref` reachable via `allOf` from the given schema (transitively). Inline `allOf`
+ * elements are recursed into so a deeply-nested `$ref` still surfaces.
+ */
+function collectTransitiveAllOfRefs({
+    schema,
+    context,
+    visited
+}: {
+    schema: OpenAPIV3.ReferenceObject | OpenAPIV3.SchemaObject;
+    context: SchemaParserContext;
+    visited: Set<string>;
+}): Map<string, OpenAPIV3.ReferenceObject> {
+    const result = new Map<string, OpenAPIV3.ReferenceObject>();
+    let resolved: OpenAPIV3.SchemaObject;
+    if (isReferenceObject(schema)) {
+        if (visited.has(schema.$ref)) {
+            return result;
+        }
+        visited.add(schema.$ref);
+        resolved = context.resolveSchemaReference(schema);
+    } else {
+        resolved = schema;
+    }
+    for (const allOfElement of resolved.allOf ?? []) {
+        if (isReferenceObject(allOfElement)) {
+            if (!result.has(allOfElement.$ref)) {
+                result.set(allOfElement.$ref, allOfElement);
+            }
+            const nested = collectTransitiveAllOfRefs({ schema: allOfElement, context, visited });
+            for (const [k, v] of nested) {
+                if (!result.has(k)) {
+                    result.set(k, v);
+                }
+            }
+        } else {
+            const nested = collectTransitiveAllOfRefs({ schema: allOfElement, context, visited });
+            for (const [k, v] of nested) {
+                if (!result.has(k)) {
+                    result.set(k, v);
+                }
+            }
         }
     }
     return result;
diff --git a/packages/cli/api-importers/openapi/openapi-ir-to-fern-tests/src/__test__/__snapshots__/openapi-ir/oneof-shared-allof-properties.json b/packages/cli/api-importers/openapi/openapi-ir-to-fern-tests/src/__test__/__snapshots__/openapi-ir/oneof-shared-allof-properties.json
index e253894243df..7ff7da39a9db 100644
--- a/packages/cli/api-importers/openapi/openapi-ir-to-fern-tests/src/__test__/__snapshots__/openapi-ir/oneof-shared-allof-properties.json
+++ b/packages/cli/api-importers/openapi/openapi-ir-to-fern-tests/src/__test__/__snapshots__/openapi-ir/oneof-shared-allof-properties.json
@@ -77,21 +77,21 @@
                 "value": {
                   "id": {
                     "value": {
-                      "value": "string",
+                      "value": "id",
                       "type": "string"
                     },
                     "type": "primitive"
                   },
                   "name": {
                     "value": {
-                      "value": "string",
+                      "value": "name",
                       "type": "string"
                     },
                     "type": "primitive"
                   },
                   "display_name": {
                     "value": {
-                      "value": "string",
+                      "value": "display_name",
                       "type": "string"
                     },
                     "type": "primitive"
@@ -204,44 +204,7 @@
       },
       "ConnectionResponse": {
         "value": {
-          "commonProperties": [
-            {
-              "key": "id",
-              "schema": {
-                "description": "The connection's identifier.",
-                "schema": {
-                  "type": "string"
-                },
-                "generatedName": "ConnectionCommonId",
-                "groupName": [],
-                "type": "primitive"
-              }
-            },
-            {
-              "key": "name",
-              "schema": {
-                "description": "The connection's display name.",
-                "schema": {
-                  "type": "string"
-                },
-                "generatedName": "ConnectionCommonName",
-                "groupName": [],
-                "type": "primitive"
-              }
-            },
-            {
-              "key": "display_name",
-              "schema": {
-                "description": "Connection name shown in the login screen.",
-                "schema": {
-                  "type": "string"
-                },
-                "generatedName": "ConnectionCommonDisplayName",
-                "groupName": [],
-                "type": "primitive"
-              }
-            }
-          ],
+          "commonProperties": [],
           "description": "Discriminated union of connection strategies.",
           "discriminantProperty": "strategy",
           "discriminatorContext": "data",
diff --git a/packages/cli/api-importers/openapi/openapi-ir-to-fern-tests/src/__test__/__snapshots__/openapi/oneof-shared-allof-properties.json b/packages/cli/api-importers/openapi/openapi-ir-to-fern-tests/src/__test__/__snapshots__/openapi/oneof-shared-allof-properties.json
index 67f96a9f9366..8c29c692a65e 100644
--- a/packages/cli/api-importers/openapi/openapi-ir-to-fern-tests/src/__test__/__snapshots__/openapi/oneof-shared-allof-properties.json
+++ b/packages/cli/api-importers/openapi/openapi-ir-to-fern-tests/src/__test__/__snapshots__/openapi/oneof-shared-allof-properties.json
@@ -19,9 +19,9 @@
                   },
                   "response": {
                     "body": {
-                      "display_name": "string",
-                      "id": "string",
-                      "name": "string",
+                      "display_name": "display_name",
+                      "id": "id",
+                      "name": "name",
                       "options_auth0": {
                         "tenant": "tenant",
                       },
@@ -77,20 +77,7 @@
           },
           "ConnectionResponse": {
             "availability": undefined,
-            "base-properties": {
-              "display_name": {
-                "docs": "Connection name shown in the login screen.",
-                "type": "string",
-              },
-              "id": {
-                "docs": "The connection's identifier.",
-                "type": "string",
-              },
-              "name": {
-                "docs": "The connection's display name.",
-                "type": "string",
-              },
-            },
+            "base-properties": {},
             "default-variant": undefined,
             "discriminant": {
               "context": "data",
@@ -200,9 +187,9 @@
             id: id
           response:
             body:
-              id: string
-              name: string
-              display_name: string
+              id: id
+              name: name
+              display_name: display_name
               options_auth0:
                 tenant: tenant
               strategy: auth0
@@ -227,16 +214,7 @@ types:
     discriminant:
       value: strategy
       context: data
-    base-properties:
-      id:
-        type: string
-        docs: The connection's identifier.
-      name:
-        type: string
-        docs: The connection's display name.
-      display_name:
-        type: string
-        docs: Connection name shown in the login screen.
+    base-properties: {}
     docs: Discriminated union of connection strategies.
     union:
       auth0: ConnectionResponseAuth0
diff --git a/packages/cli/cli/changes/unreleased/fix-infer-discriminated-union-base-properties-overlap.yml b/packages/cli/cli/changes/unreleased/fix-infer-discriminated-union-base-properties-overlap.yml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..04e7c05fe8d1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/cli/cli/changes/unreleased/fix-infer-discriminated-union-base-properties-overlap.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+- summary: |
+    Fix OpenAPI parser emitting redundant or wrongly-required base properties for
+    discriminated unions when `infer-discriminated-union-base-properties: true`.
+    The inference now (1) skips properties every variant already inherits via a
+    shared `allOf $ref` parent — the parent schema is the single source of truth —
+    and (2) lifts an inferred property as `optional` if any variant declares it as
+    not-required. Together these prevent generated TypeScript SDKs from synthesizing
+    a `_Base` interface that collides with the real parent on either presence or
+    optionality (`TS2320`).
+  type: fix

From 89c3c569f3721e5d53f8110a26aec0824ebe3611 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: jsklan <100491078+jsklan@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 2 Jun 2026 14:49:44 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 02/14] chore(cli-generator): rename Docker image from
 fernapi/fern-cli to fernapi/fern-cli-generator (#16188)

Co-authored-by: Devin AI <158243242+devin-ai-integration[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
---
 generators/cli/package.json                                 | 4 ++--
 generators/cli/sdk/docs/DESIGN.md                           | 2 +-
 packages/cli/cli-v2/src/sdk/config/converter/constants.ts   | 2 +-
 packages/cli/cli/changes/5.25.0/add-cli-generator.yml       | 2 +-
 packages/cli/cli/changes/5.37.0/cli-generator-support.yml   | 2 +-
 .../cli/changes/unreleased/rename-cli-generator-image.yml   | 6 ++++++
 packages/cli/cli/versions.yml                               | 4 ++--
 .../src/generators-yml/GeneratorName.ts                     | 2 +-
 .../cli/generation/ir-migrations/src/generatorVersionMap.ts | 2 +-
 .../src/__test__/LocalTaskHandler.snippetCopy.test.ts       | 2 +-
 .../local-workspace-runner/src/__test__/rawSpecs.test.ts    | 2 +-
 .../local-workspace-runner/src/constants.ts                 | 2 +-
 seed/cli/seed.yml                                           | 6 +++---
 .../fern/apis/cli-multi-spec-namespaced/generators.yml      | 2 +-
 test-definitions/fern/apis/cli-multi-spec/generators.yml    | 2 +-
 15 files changed, 24 insertions(+), 18 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 packages/cli/cli/changes/unreleased/rename-cli-generator-image.yml

diff --git a/generators/cli/package.json b/generators/cli/package.json
index 443fdf59b6d5..95320c14fc36 100644
--- a/generators/cli/package.json
+++ b/generators/cli/package.json
@@ -27,8 +27,8 @@
     "compile": "tsc",
     "compile:debug": "tsc --sourceMap",
     "dist:cli": "node build.mjs",
-    "dockerTagLatest": "docker build -f ./Dockerfile -t fernapi/fern-cli:latest .",
-    "dockerTagVersion": "turbo run dist:cli --filter . && docker build -f ./Dockerfile -t fernapi/fern-cli:${0} .",
+    "dockerTagLatest": "docker build -f ./Dockerfile -t fernapi/fern-cli-generator:latest .",
+    "dockerTagVersion": "turbo run dist:cli --filter . && docker build -f ./Dockerfile -t fernapi/fern-cli-generator:${0} .",
     "test": "vitest --passWithNoTests --run"
   },
   "devDependencies": {
diff --git a/generators/cli/sdk/docs/DESIGN.md b/generators/cli/sdk/docs/DESIGN.md
index 4230c2525a3b..6ded9822f8d2 100644
--- a/generators/cli/sdk/docs/DESIGN.md
+++ b/generators/cli/sdk/docs/DESIGN.md
@@ -429,7 +429,7 @@ The current prototype embeds a single spec at compile time. The full vision (out
 groups:
   cli:
     generators:
-      - name: fernapi/fern-cli
+      - name: fernapi/fern-cli-generator
         version: 0.1.0
         config:
           cli-name: acme
diff --git a/packages/cli/cli-v2/src/sdk/config/converter/constants.ts b/packages/cli/cli-v2/src/sdk/config/converter/constants.ts
index acff55234819..3264902b506c 100644
--- a/packages/cli/cli-v2/src/sdk/config/converter/constants.ts
+++ b/packages/cli/cli-v2/src/sdk/config/converter/constants.ts
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ export const DOCKER_IMAGE_TO_GENERATOR_ID: Record<string, string> = {
     "fernapi/fern-swift-model": "swift-model",
     "fernapi/fern-postman": "postman",
     "fernapi/fern-openapi": "openapi",
-    "fernapi/fern-cli": "cli"
+    "fernapi/fern-cli-generator": "cli"
 };
 
 /**
diff --git a/packages/cli/cli/changes/5.25.0/add-cli-generator.yml b/packages/cli/cli/changes/5.25.0/add-cli-generator.yml
index 7877edfd98d6..452ac55d60d3 100644
--- a/packages/cli/cli/changes/5.25.0/add-cli-generator.yml
+++ b/packages/cli/cli/changes/5.25.0/add-cli-generator.yml
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 - summary: |
-    Register the new `fernapi/fern-cli` generator in the CLI configuration.
+    Register the new `fernapi/fern-cli-generator` generator in the CLI configuration.
   type: feat
 - summary: |
     Pass raw API spec files (OAS, overrides, overlays, protobuf, etc.) to generators via Docker mount.
diff --git a/packages/cli/cli/changes/5.37.0/cli-generator-support.yml b/packages/cli/cli/changes/5.37.0/cli-generator-support.yml
index b84907e10897..e3c0f4352959 100644
--- a/packages/cli/cli/changes/5.37.0/cli-generator-support.yml
+++ b/packages/cli/cli/changes/5.37.0/cli-generator-support.yml
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
     and `GraphQLSpec.namespace`). Enables generators that opt into
     `generatorWantsSpecs` to route multi-spec workspaces by their
     workspace-declared namespace instead of inferring one from the
-    runner-assigned filename. The new `fernapi/fern-cli` generator
+    runner-assigned filename. The new `fernapi/fern-cli-generator` generator
     uses this to emit `.spec_under("<ns>", ...)` in the generated
     `main.rs` when the user namespaces their specs.
   type: feat
diff --git a/packages/cli/cli/changes/unreleased/rename-cli-generator-image.yml b/packages/cli/cli/changes/unreleased/rename-cli-generator-image.yml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..f247a89b2bfd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/cli/cli/changes/unreleased/rename-cli-generator-image.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+# yaml-language-server: $schema=../../../../../fern-changes-yml.schema.json
+
+- summary: |
+    Rename the CLI generator Docker image from `fernapi/fern-cli` to
+    `fernapi/fern-cli-generator`.
+  type: chore
diff --git a/packages/cli/cli/versions.yml b/packages/cli/cli/versions.yml
index d89d894e907e..0d4f7e2b2ca4 100644
--- a/packages/cli/cli/versions.yml
+++ b/packages/cli/cli/versions.yml
@@ -251,7 +251,7 @@
         and `GraphQLSpec.namespace`). Enables generators that opt into
         `generatorWantsSpecs` to route multi-spec workspaces by their
         workspace-declared namespace instead of inferring one from the
-        runner-assigned filename. The new `fernapi/fern-cli` generator
+        runner-assigned filename. The new `fernapi/fern-cli-generator` generator
         uses this to emit `.spec_under("<ns>", ...)` in the generated
         `main.rs` when the user namespaces their specs.
       type: feat
@@ -715,7 +715,7 @@
 - version: 5.25.0
   changelogEntry:
     - summary: |
-        Register the new `fernapi/fern-cli` generator in the CLI configuration.
+        Register the new `fernapi/fern-cli-generator` generator in the CLI configuration.
       type: feat
   createdAt: "2026-05-14"
   irVersion: 66
diff --git a/packages/cli/configuration-loader/src/generators-yml/GeneratorName.ts b/packages/cli/configuration-loader/src/generators-yml/GeneratorName.ts
index 39918af8369f..569275dd173c 100644
--- a/packages/cli/configuration-loader/src/generators-yml/GeneratorName.ts
+++ b/packages/cli/configuration-loader/src/generators-yml/GeneratorName.ts
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ export const GeneratorName = {
     STOPLIGHT: "fernapi/fern-stoplight",
     POSTMAN: "fernapi/fern-postman",
     OPENAPI_PYTHON_CLIENT: "fernapi/openapi-python-client",
-    CLI: "fernapi/fern-cli"
+    CLI: "fernapi/fern-cli-generator"
 } as const;
 
 export type GeneratorName = (typeof GeneratorName)[keyof typeof GeneratorName];
diff --git a/packages/cli/generation/ir-migrations/src/generatorVersionMap.ts b/packages/cli/generation/ir-migrations/src/generatorVersionMap.ts
index 14bf4dc2f0c8..f6e010e1b081 100644
--- a/packages/cli/generation/ir-migrations/src/generatorVersionMap.ts
+++ b/packages/cli/generation/ir-migrations/src/generatorVersionMap.ts
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 import { MINIMUM_SUPPORTED_IR_VERSION } from "./constants.js";
 
 export const GENERATOR_MINIMUM_VERSIONS: Record<string, string> = {
-    "fernapi/fern-cli": "0.0.1",
+    "fernapi/fern-cli-generator": "0.0.1",
     "fernapi/fern-csharp-model": "0.0.2",
     "fernapi/fern-csharp-sdk": "0.5.0",
     "fernapi/fern-express": "0.17.3",
diff --git a/packages/cli/generation/local-generation/local-workspace-runner/src/__test__/LocalTaskHandler.snippetCopy.test.ts b/packages/cli/generation/local-generation/local-workspace-runner/src/__test__/LocalTaskHandler.snippetCopy.test.ts
index 754eecc74c6c..2627ecc167c2 100644
--- a/packages/cli/generation/local-generation/local-workspace-runner/src/__test__/LocalTaskHandler.snippetCopy.test.ts
+++ b/packages/cli/generation/local-generation/local-workspace-runner/src/__test__/LocalTaskHandler.snippetCopy.test.ts
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ import { copySnippetJsonIfNonEmpty } from "../LocalTaskHandler.js";
 
 /**
  * Unit coverage for the empty-stub skip behavior introduced when the
- * `fernapi/fern-cli` generator started shipping outputs without
+ * `fernapi/fern-cli-generator` generator started shipping outputs without
  * per-endpoint snippets. `runGenerator` pre-creates an empty
  * `snippet.json` in the workspace tmp dir; if we blindly copy it into
  * the user's output every generator without a snippet emission leaves a
diff --git a/packages/cli/generation/local-generation/local-workspace-runner/src/__test__/rawSpecs.test.ts b/packages/cli/generation/local-generation/local-workspace-runner/src/__test__/rawSpecs.test.ts
index a227121f90b9..9d0536db890b 100644
--- a/packages/cli/generation/local-generation/local-workspace-runner/src/__test__/rawSpecs.test.ts
+++ b/packages/cli/generation/local-generation/local-workspace-runner/src/__test__/rawSpecs.test.ts
@@ -882,7 +882,7 @@ describe("filterSpec", () => {
 /**
  * Coverage for the per-entry `namespace` field added to
  * `RawSpecsManifestEntry`. Downstream generators (initially
- * `fernapi/fern-cli`) rely on this field to route multi-spec
+ * `fernapi/fern-cli-generator`) rely on this field to route multi-spec
  * workspaces by their `generators.yml`-declared namespace rather than
  * inferring one from the runner-assigned filename.
  */
diff --git a/packages/cli/generation/local-generation/local-workspace-runner/src/constants.ts b/packages/cli/generation/local-generation/local-workspace-runner/src/constants.ts
index dedf5848cb87..db199336028b 100644
--- a/packages/cli/generation/local-generation/local-workspace-runner/src/constants.ts
+++ b/packages/cli/generation/local-generation/local-workspace-runner/src/constants.ts
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ export const DEFAULT_NODE_DEBUG_PORT = "9229";
  * Generators that receive pre-processed raw API spec files mounted into their
  * Docker container. Add new generator names here as they opt in.
  */
-const GENERATORS_WANTING_SPECS: ReadonlySet<string> = new Set(["fernapi/fern-cli"]);
+const GENERATORS_WANTING_SPECS: ReadonlySet<string> = new Set(["fernapi/fern-cli-generator"]);
 
 export function generatorWantsSpecs(generatorName: string): boolean {
     return GENERATORS_WANTING_SPECS.has(generatorName);
diff --git a/seed/cli/seed.yml b/seed/cli/seed.yml
index 85acbd5f76ee..5df39b73eb63 100644
--- a/seed/cli/seed.yml
+++ b/seed/cli/seed.yml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 irVersion: v67
 displayName: CLI
-image: fernapi/fern-cli
+image: fernapi/fern-cli-generator
 changelogLocation: ../../generators/cli/versions.yml
 
 buildScripts:
@@ -16,12 +16,12 @@ publish:
     - pnpm turbo run dist:cli --filter @fern-api/cli-generator
   docker:
     file: ./generators/cli/Dockerfile
-    image: fernapi/fern-cli
+    image: fernapi/fern-cli-generator
     context: ./generators/cli
 
 test:
   docker:
-    image: fernapi/fern-cli:latest
+    image: fernapi/fern-cli-generator:latest
     command: pnpm turbo run dockerTagLatest --filter @fern-api/cli-generator
   local:
     workingDirectory: generators/cli
diff --git a/test-definitions/fern/apis/cli-multi-spec-namespaced/generators.yml b/test-definitions/fern/apis/cli-multi-spec-namespaced/generators.yml
index 22e5eb38949e..40b53a6b3027 100644
--- a/test-definitions/fern/apis/cli-multi-spec-namespaced/generators.yml
+++ b/test-definitions/fern/apis/cli-multi-spec-namespaced/generators.yml
@@ -13,6 +13,6 @@ api:
 groups:
   cli:
     generators:
-      - name: fernapi/fern-cli
+      - name: fernapi/fern-cli-generator
         version: latest
         ir-version: latest
diff --git a/test-definitions/fern/apis/cli-multi-spec/generators.yml b/test-definitions/fern/apis/cli-multi-spec/generators.yml
index 61d39e9bfbbe..91a1404ec22d 100644
--- a/test-definitions/fern/apis/cli-multi-spec/generators.yml
+++ b/test-definitions/fern/apis/cli-multi-spec/generators.yml
@@ -10,6 +10,6 @@ api:
 groups:
   cli:
     generators:
-      - name: fernapi/fern-cli
+      - name: fernapi/fern-cli-generator
         version: latest
         ir-version: latest

From 6688ff1f21c5b332fbd158dea9ca74e1b4e08d7f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Fern Support <126544928+fern-support@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 2 Jun 2026 14:50:23 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 03/14] chore(cli-generator): sync cli-sdk@9c1f38f (#16187)

* chore(cli-generator): sync cli-sdk@9c1f38f

* chore(cli-generator): add changelog for cli-sdk@9c1f38f sync

---------

Co-authored-by: jsklan <100491078+jsklan@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: jsklan <jsklan.development@gmail.com>
---
 _cli-sdk                                      |    1 +
 .../unreleased/sync-cli-sdk-9c1f38f.yml       |   57 +
 generators/cli/sdk/.synced-from               |    1 +
 generators/cli/sdk/Cargo.lock                 |  145 +-
 generators/cli/sdk/Cargo.toml                 |    3 +-
 .../cli/sdk/cli/openapi-fixture/openapi.yaml  |  123 ++
 generators/cli/sdk/src/auth/builder.rs        |   58 +-
 generators/cli/sdk/src/auth/compose.rs        |  198 +++
 generators/cli/sdk/src/auth/credential.rs     |  115 +-
 generators/cli/sdk/src/auth/error.rs          |  212 ++-
 generators/cli/sdk/src/auth/mod.rs            |    8 +-
 generators/cli/sdk/src/auth/oauth2.rs         |   26 +-
 generators/cli/sdk/src/auth/provider.rs       |    7 +
 generators/cli/sdk/src/auth/root_builder.rs   |    1 -
 generators/cli/sdk/src/auth/schemes.rs        |   22 +-
 generators/cli/sdk/src/graphql/app.rs         |    1 +
 generators/cli/sdk/src/graphql/binding.rs     |  110 +-
 generators/cli/sdk/src/graphql/commands.rs    |   11 +
 generators/cli/sdk/src/graphql/executor.rs    |   95 +-
 generators/cli/sdk/src/graphql/parser.rs      |   17 +
 generators/cli/sdk/src/http.rs                |  362 ++++-
 generators/cli/sdk/src/openapi/app.rs         |  444 +++++-
 generators/cli/sdk/src/openapi/binding.rs     |   51 +-
 generators/cli/sdk/src/openapi/commands.rs    |  795 ++++++++++-
 generators/cli/sdk/src/openapi/discovery.rs   |   60 +-
 generators/cli/sdk/src/openapi/executor.rs    | 1244 +++++++++++++++--
 generators/cli/sdk/src/openapi/overlay.rs     |  105 ++
 generators/cli/sdk/src/openapi/parser.rs      |  775 +++++++++-
 .../cli/sdk/src/openapi/skill_emitter.rs      |    3 +-
 generators/cli/sdk/src/text.rs                |  221 +++
 generators/cli/sdk/src/websocket/auth.rs      |   61 +-
 generators/cli/sdk/src/websocket/client.rs    |  222 ++-
 generators/cli/sdk/src/websocket/error.rs     |   51 +-
 generators/cli/sdk/src/websocket/mod.rs       |   12 +-
 generators/cli/sdk/tests/auth_routing_wire.rs |  728 ----------
 generators/cli/sdk/tests/common/mod.rs        |  260 ----
 .../sdk/tests/extension_surface_behavior.rs   |  840 -----------
 .../fixtures/openapi-fixture-mappings.json    |  116 --
 generators/cli/sdk/tests/lib_api.rs           |   50 -
 generators/cli/sdk/tests/overlay_fixture.rs   |  107 --
 generators/cli/sdk/tests/tls_env_vars.rs      |  339 -----
 41 files changed, 5220 insertions(+), 2837 deletions(-)
 create mode 160000 _cli-sdk
 create mode 100644 generators/cli/changes/unreleased/sync-cli-sdk-9c1f38f.yml
 create mode 100644 generators/cli/sdk/.synced-from
 delete mode 100644 generators/cli/sdk/tests/auth_routing_wire.rs
 delete mode 100644 generators/cli/sdk/tests/common/mod.rs
 delete mode 100644 generators/cli/sdk/tests/extension_surface_behavior.rs
 delete mode 100644 generators/cli/sdk/tests/fixtures/openapi-fixture-mappings.json
 delete mode 100644 generators/cli/sdk/tests/lib_api.rs
 delete mode 100644 generators/cli/sdk/tests/overlay_fixture.rs
 delete mode 100644 generators/cli/sdk/tests/tls_env_vars.rs

diff --git a/_cli-sdk b/_cli-sdk
new file mode 160000
index 000000000000..9c1f38fd0ffb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_cli-sdk
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Subproject commit 9c1f38fd0ffba8da21db241c07179f48fa0cecf7
diff --git a/generators/cli/changes/unreleased/sync-cli-sdk-9c1f38f.yml b/generators/cli/changes/unreleased/sync-cli-sdk-9c1f38f.yml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..3fab1f06123f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/generators/cli/changes/unreleased/sync-cli-sdk-9c1f38f.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+# yaml-language-server: $schema=../../../../fern-changes-yml.schema.json
+# Entries below describe the user-facing changes pulled into generated CLIs by
+# syncing the vendored fern-cli-sdk to cli-sdk@9c1f38f. Each maps to an upstream
+# fern-api/cli-sdk PR.
+
+- summary: |
+    Generated CLIs now serialize OpenAPI query parameters according to their
+    declared `style`/`explode` (form, spaceDelimited, pipeDelimited, deepObject).
+    (cli-sdk #144, FER-10569)
+  type: feat
+
+- summary: |
+    Generated CLIs now serialize OpenAPI header parameters using the `simple`
+    style. (cli-sdk #137, FER-10569)
+  type: feat
+
+- summary: |
+    Generated CLIs now serialize OpenAPI path parameters using the `simple`,
+    `label`, and `matrix` styles. (cli-sdk #138, FER-10569)
+  type: feat
+
+- summary: |
+    Generated CLIs support `multipart/form-data` request bodies, exposing each
+    part as its own flag. (cli-sdk #88, FER-10569)
+  type: feat
+
+- summary: |
+    `multipart/form-data` request bodies accept `--file` parts, so file-upload
+    endpoints can stream a file from disk. (cli-sdk #145, FER-10569)
+  type: feat
+
+- summary: |
+    HTTP requests now retry on transient failures with exponential backoff and
+    automatically attach an `Idempotency-Key` header to retried mutations.
+    (cli-sdk #86, FER-10521)
+  type: feat
+
+- summary: |
+    OpenAPI parameter names are sanitized into valid, readable CLI flags instead
+    of being passed through verbatim. (cli-sdk #87, FER-10430)
+  type: feat
+
+- summary: |
+    Auth error messages now name the specific environment variable the CLI
+    expected, making missing-credential failures easier to diagnose.
+    (cli-sdk #81, FER-10702)
+  type: feat
+
+- summary: |
+    Auth schemes support multiple headers, enabling APIs that require more than
+    one credential header (e.g. Sandboxes). (cli-sdk #116)
+  type: feat
+
+- summary: |
+    Nullable scalar request-body flags emit a null sentinel, letting users
+    distinguish an explicit `null` from an omitted value. (cli-sdk 8234544)
+  type: feat
diff --git a/generators/cli/sdk/.synced-from b/generators/cli/sdk/.synced-from
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..72c8253e8746
--- /dev/null
+++ b/generators/cli/sdk/.synced-from
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+cli-sdk@9c1f38fd0ffba8da21db241c07179f48fa0cecf7
diff --git a/generators/cli/sdk/Cargo.lock b/generators/cli/sdk/Cargo.lock
index a5a694a2abd8..0f74437d387c 100644
--- a/generators/cli/sdk/Cargo.lock
+++ b/generators/cli/sdk/Cargo.lock
@@ -91,9 +91,9 @@ checksum = "72b3254f16251a8381aa12e40e3c4d2f0199f8c6508fbecb9d91f575e0fbb8c6"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "bitflags"
-version = "2.11.1"
+version = "2.12.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "c4512299f36f043ab09a583e57bceb5a5aab7a73db1805848e8fef3c9e8c78b3"
+checksum = "84d7ced0ae9557296835c32bf1b1e02b44c746701f898460fb000d7eaa84f00a"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "block-buffer"
@@ -106,9 +106,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "bumpalo"
-version = "3.20.2"
+version = "3.20.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "5d20789868f4b01b2f2caec9f5c4e0213b41e3e5702a50157d699ae31ced2fcb"
+checksum = "72f5acc6cb2ba439de613abc23857ec3d78374d8ed5ac84e9d11336e87da8649"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "byteorder"
@@ -124,9 +124,9 @@ checksum = "1e748733b7cbc798e1434b6ac524f0c1ff2ab456fe201501e6497c8417a4fc33"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "cc"
-version = "1.2.62"
+version = "1.2.63"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "a1dce859f0832a7d088c4f1119888ab94ef4b5d6795d1ce05afb7fe159d79f98"
+checksum = "556e016178bb5662a08681bbe0f00f8e17631781a4dfc8c45e466e4b185ec27f"
 dependencies = [
  "find-msvc-tools",
  "shlex",
@@ -305,9 +305,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "displaydoc"
-version = "0.2.5"
+version = "0.2.6"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "97369cbbc041bc366949bc74d34658d6cda5621039731c6310521892a3a20ae0"
+checksum = "1ac70aa55017e108007fbaf5aa0f54b021c98f92ff8af59d42eda9da96e3dd4f"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
@@ -376,6 +376,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "tracing",
  "tracing-appender",
  "tracing-subscriber",
+ "unicode-normalization",
  "wiremock",
 ]
 
@@ -616,9 +617,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "http"
-version = "1.4.0"
+version = "1.4.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "e3ba2a386d7f85a81f119ad7498ebe444d2e22c2af0b86b069416ace48b3311a"
+checksum = "8be7462df143984c4598a256ef469b251d7d7f9e271135073e78fc535414f3d0"
 dependencies = [
  "bytes",
  "itoa",
@@ -661,9 +662,9 @@ checksum = "df3b46402a9d5adb4c86a0cf463f42e19994e3ee891101b1841f30a545cb49a9"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "hyper"
-version = "1.9.0"
+version = "1.10.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "6299f016b246a94207e63da54dbe807655bf9e00044f73ded42c3ac5305fbcca"
+checksum = "55281c53a1894c864990125767da440a4e630446785086f52523b20033b74498"
 dependencies = [
  "atomic-waker",
  "bytes",
@@ -886,9 +887,9 @@ checksum = "8f42a60cbdf9a97f5d2305f08a87dc4e09308d1276d28c869c684d7777685682"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "js-sys"
-version = "0.3.98"
+version = "0.3.99"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "67df7112613f8bfd9150013a0314e196f4800d3201ae742489d999db2f979f08"
+checksum = "142bc4740e452c1e57ade0cbc129f139c9093e354346f0872ef985f4f5cf5f11"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "futures-util",
@@ -937,9 +938,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "log"
-version = "0.4.29"
+version = "0.4.31"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "5e5032e24019045c762d3c0f28f5b6b8bbf38563a65908389bf7978758920897"
+checksum = "113b30b4cd05f7c06868fdb2854f66a7b9fece9a48425351cd532e810d74024f"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "lru-slab"
@@ -958,9 +959,25 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "memchr"
-version = "2.8.0"
+version = "2.8.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "f8ca58f447f06ed17d5fc4043ce1b10dd205e060fb3ce5b979b8ed8e59ff3f79"
+checksum = "6b947ae49db0d222b1dbc6b113ce7248a3fc3a6ca21b696717bfc000ba4484d8"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "mime"
+version = "0.3.17"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "6877bb514081ee2a7ff5ef9de3281f14a4dd4bceac4c09388074a6b5df8a139a"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "mime_guess"
+version = "2.0.5"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "f7c44f8e672c00fe5308fa235f821cb4198414e1c77935c1ab6948d3fd78550e"
+dependencies = [
+ "mime",
+ "unicase",
+]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "minimal-lexical"
@@ -970,9 +987,9 @@ checksum = "68354c5c6bd36d73ff3feceb05efa59b6acb7626617f4962be322a825e61f79a"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "mio"
-version = "1.2.0"
+version = "1.2.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "50b7e5b27aa02a74bac8c3f23f448f8d87ff11f92d3aac1a6ed369ee08cc56c1"
+checksum = "02bd0af71c67b473010cbbc60715ee815645a4dc942899111f494b4b737d6fda"
 dependencies = [
  "libc",
  "wasi",
@@ -1362,6 +1379,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "hyper-util",
  "js-sys",
  "log",
+ "mime_guess",
  "native-tls",
  "percent-encoding",
  "pin-project-lite",
@@ -1442,9 +1460,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "rustls-native-certs"
-version = "0.8.3"
+version = "0.8.4"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "612460d5f7bea540c490b2b6395d8e34a953e52b491accd6c86c8164c5932a63"
+checksum = "dab5152771c58876a2146916e53e35057e1a4dfa2b9df0f0305b07f611fdea4d"
 dependencies = [
  "openssl-probe",
  "rustls-pki-types",
@@ -1485,15 +1503,6 @@ version = "1.0.23"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "9774ba4a74de5f7b1c1451ed6cd5285a32eddb5cccb8cc655a4e50009e06477f"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "scc"
-version = "2.4.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "46e6f046b7fef48e2660c57ed794263155d713de679057f2d0c169bfc6e756cc"
-dependencies = [
- "sdd",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "schannel"
 version = "0.1.29"
@@ -1509,12 +1518,6 @@ version = "1.2.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "94143f37725109f92c262ed2cf5e59bce7498c01bcc1502d7b9afe439a4e9f49"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "sdd"
-version = "3.0.10"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "490dcfcbfef26be6800d11870ff2df8774fa6e86d047e3e8c8a76b25655e41ca"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "secrecy"
 version = "0.10.3"
@@ -1685,24 +1688,23 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "serial_test"
-version = "3.4.0"
+version = "3.5.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "911bd979bf1070a3f3aa7b691a3b3e9968f339ceeec89e08c280a8a22207a32f"
+checksum = "699f4197115b8a7e7ff19c9a315a4bd6fffec26cc4626ef45ecaea389e081c6d"
 dependencies = [
  "futures-executor",
  "futures-util",
  "log",
  "once_cell",
  "parking_lot",
- "scc",
  "serial_test_derive",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "serial_test_derive"
-version = "3.4.0"
+version = "3.5.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "0a7d91949b85b0d2fb687445e448b40d322b6b3e4af6b44a29b21d9a5f33e6d9"
+checksum = "94e153fc76e1c6a068703d6d29c508a0b15c061c4b7e43da59cc097bc342673c"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
@@ -1742,9 +1744,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "shlex"
-version = "1.3.0"
+version = "2.0.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "0fda2ff0d084019ba4d7c6f371c95d8fd75ce3524c3cb8fb653a3023f6323e64"
+checksum = "f8fadd59c855ef2080decdef8ff161eb6661b86933c9d82e5ba29dc602a55aba"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "signal-hook-registry"
@@ -1770,9 +1772,9 @@ checksum = "67b1b7a3b5fe4f1376887184045fcf45c69e92af734b7aaddc05fb777b6fbd03"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "socket2"
-version = "0.6.3"
+version = "0.6.4"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "3a766e1110788c36f4fa1c2b71b387a7815aa65f88ce0229841826633d93723e"
+checksum = "52d1cfed4120b4d927bf7c0f86d2087a4a7d6027c906d9f9d525a80573b9be51"
 dependencies = [
  "libc",
  "windows-sys 0.61.2",
@@ -2191,9 +2193,15 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "typenum"
-version = "1.20.0"
+version = "1.20.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "b6f5e870be6c3b371b77fe0ee0bafb859fa4964b4404c27de1d380043c4dda20"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "unicase"
+version = "2.9.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "40ce102ab67701b8526c123c1bab5cbe42d7040ccfd0f64af1a385808d2f43de"
+checksum = "dbc4bc3a9f746d862c45cb89d705aa10f187bb96c76001afab07a0d35ce60142"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "unicode-ident"
@@ -2201,6 +2209,15 @@ version = "1.0.24"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "e6e4313cd5fcd3dad5cafa179702e2b244f760991f45397d14d4ebf38247da75"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "unicode-normalization"
+version = "0.1.25"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "5fd4f6878c9cb28d874b009da9e8d183b5abc80117c40bbd187a1fde336be6e8"
+dependencies = [
+ "tinyvec",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "unicode-xid"
 version = "0.2.6"
@@ -2302,9 +2319,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "wasm-bindgen"
-version = "0.2.121"
+version = "0.2.122"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "49ace1d07c165b0864824eee619580c4689389afa9dc9ed3a4c75040d82e6790"
+checksum = "3ed04576f974d2b2fba0f38c51dbc5518011e38c36bf1143164be765528fd409"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "once_cell",
@@ -2315,9 +2332,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "wasm-bindgen-futures"
-version = "0.4.71"
+version = "0.4.72"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "96492d0d3ffba25305a7dc88720d250b1401d7edca02cc3bcd50633b424673b8"
+checksum = "9473dbd2991ae90b6291c3c32c30c6187ac49aa32f9905d1cce280ec1e110b0f"
 dependencies = [
  "js-sys",
  "wasm-bindgen",
@@ -2325,9 +2342,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "wasm-bindgen-macro"
-version = "0.2.121"
+version = "0.2.122"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "8e68e6f4afd367a562002c05637acb8578ff2dea1943df76afb9e83d177c8578"
+checksum = "916151b09da36bd82f6615cbf3a419e2f0ba23a03c6160e8e92eb6bd4aa1dec6"
 dependencies = [
  "quote",
  "wasm-bindgen-macro-support",
@@ -2335,9 +2352,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "wasm-bindgen-macro-support"
-version = "0.2.121"
+version = "0.2.122"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "d95a9ec35c64b2a7cb35d3fead40c4238d0940c86d107136999567a4703259f2"
+checksum = "299047362ccbfce148b67ab7e73349f77748e00c8296f9542adfad2ad82c5c5e"
 dependencies = [
  "bumpalo",
  "proc-macro2",
@@ -2348,9 +2365,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "wasm-bindgen-shared"
-version = "0.2.121"
+version = "0.2.122"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "c4e0100b01e9f0d03189a92b96772a1fb998639d981193d7dbab487302513441"
+checksum = "9a929b2c61f11ba3e9bc35b50c1f25cb38e0e892c0c231ae2b8cf78d5dad4437"
 dependencies = [
  "unicode-ident",
 ]
@@ -2404,9 +2421,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "web-sys"
-version = "0.3.98"
+version = "0.3.99"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "4b572dff8bcf38bad0fa19729c89bb5748b2b9b1d8be70cf90df697e3a8f32aa"
+checksum = "6d621441cfc37b84979402712047321980c178f299193a3589d05b99e8763436"
 dependencies = [
  "js-sys",
  "wasm-bindgen",
@@ -2732,18 +2749,18 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "zerocopy"
-version = "0.8.48"
+version = "0.8.50"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "eed437bf9d6692032087e337407a86f04cd8d6a16a37199ed57949d415bd68e9"
+checksum = "3b065d4f0e55f82fae73202e189638116a87c55ab6b8e6c2721e13dd9d854ad1"
 dependencies = [
  "zerocopy-derive",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "zerocopy-derive"
-version = "0.8.48"
+version = "0.8.50"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "70e3cd084b1788766f53af483dd21f93881ff30d7320490ec3ef7526d203bad4"
+checksum = "0b631b19d36a892ab55420c92dbc83ccd79274f25be714855d3074aa71cab639"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
diff --git a/generators/cli/sdk/Cargo.toml b/generators/cli/sdk/Cargo.toml
index 988350203b7d..2a63dc0e8ed7 100644
--- a/generators/cli/sdk/Cargo.toml
+++ b/generators/cli/sdk/Cargo.toml
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ futures-util = "0.3"
 httpdate = "1"
 libc = "0.2"
 percent-encoding = "2.3.2"
-reqwest = { version = "0.12", features = ["json", "stream"], default-features = false }
+reqwest = { version = "0.12", features = ["json", "multipart", "stream"], default-features = false }
 serde = { version = "1", features = ["derive"] }
 serde_json = "1"
 serde_json_path = "0.7"
@@ -81,6 +81,7 @@ tokio-util = { version = "0.7", features = ["io"] }
 tracing = "0.1"
 tracing-subscriber = { version = "0.3", features = ["env-filter", "json"] }
 tracing-appender = "0.2"
+unicode-normalization = "0.1.25"
 form_urlencoded = "1"
 
 [package.metadata.dist]
diff --git a/generators/cli/sdk/cli/openapi-fixture/openapi.yaml b/generators/cli/sdk/cli/openapi-fixture/openapi.yaml
index 3be52fa29921..5cdae682d3d0 100644
--- a/generators/cli/sdk/cli/openapi-fixture/openapi.yaml
+++ b/generators/cli/sdk/cli/openapi-fixture/openapi.yaml
@@ -132,6 +132,15 @@ paths:
               external:
                 name: External
                 description: External collaborators only.
+        # `status:in` exercises FER-10430 flag-name sanitization. The
+        # colon is a shell-special character (YAML separator, completion
+        # quirks) so the CLI must expose `--status-in` while the wire
+        # request still sends `status:in=<value>` in the query string.
+        - name: "status:in"
+          in: query
+          description: Filter users by status. Comma-separated list.
+          schema:
+            type: string
         # `limit` exercises the standard OpenAPI `default:` keyword. The
         # extension is absent, so the schema default is treated as a
         # documentation hint — it shows up in `--help` but the CLI does
@@ -969,6 +978,120 @@ paths:
         "201":
           description: Created order
 
+  # --- uploads (multipart/form-data) ---
+  # Endpoint with a multipart/form-data body containing both text and
+  # file fields. Exercises the multipart parser + executor pipeline.
+  /uploads:
+    post:
+      x-fern-sdk-group-name:
+        - uploads
+      x-fern-sdk-method-name: create
+      operationId: uploads_create
+      summary: Upload a file with metadata
+      requestBody:
+        required: true
+        content:
+          multipart/form-data:
+            schema:
+              type: object
+              required:
+                - file
+              properties:
+                file:
+                  type: string
+                  format: binary
+                  description: The file to upload
+                purpose:
+                  type: string
+                  description: Purpose of the upload
+      responses:
+        "201":
+          description: Upload created
+          content:
+            application/json:
+              schema:
+                type: object
+                properties:
+                  id:
+                    type: string
+                  filename:
+                    type: string
+                  purpose:
+                    type: string
+
+  # Endpoint with multipart/form-data where all fields are text
+  # (no file upload). Covers the text-only multipart case.
+  /uploads/metadata:
+    post:
+      x-fern-sdk-group-name:
+        - uploads
+      x-fern-sdk-method-name: create-metadata
+      operationId: uploads_createMetadata
+      summary: Create upload metadata (text-only multipart)
+      requestBody:
+        required: true
+        content:
+          multipart/form-data:
+            schema:
+              type: object
+              required:
+                - name
+              properties:
+                name:
+                  type: string
+                  description: Name of the upload
+                tags:
+                  type: string
+                  description: Comma-separated tags
+      responses:
+        "201":
+          description: Metadata created
+          content:
+            application/json:
+              schema:
+                type: object
+                properties:
+                  id:
+                    type: string
+                  name:
+                    type: string
+
+  # Endpoint whose multipart field name collides with the builtin --output
+  # flag.  Exercises the guard in collect_multipart_parts that prevents the
+  # builtin flag value from leaking into the request body.
+  /uploads/collide:
+    post:
+      x-fern-sdk-group-name:
+        - uploads
+      x-fern-sdk-method-name: create-collide
+      operationId: uploads_createCollide
+      summary: Multipart with a field named output (builtin collision)
+      requestBody:
+        required: true
+        content:
+          multipart/form-data:
+            schema:
+              type: object
+              properties:
+                output:
+                  type: string
+                  description: Field that collides with the builtin --output flag
+                description:
+                  type: string
+                  description: A normal text field
+      responses:
+        "201":
+          description: Created
+          content:
+            application/json:
+              schema:
+                type: object
+                properties:
+                  id:
+                    type: string
+                  output:
+                    type: string
+
   # --- messages (form-urlencoded) ---
 
   /messages:
diff --git a/generators/cli/sdk/src/auth/builder.rs b/generators/cli/sdk/src/auth/builder.rs
index e629dd01553d..4469a75acd3e 100644
--- a/generators/cli/sdk/src/auth/builder.rs
+++ b/generators/cli/sdk/src/auth/builder.rs
@@ -135,6 +135,36 @@ pub fn render_auth_help_section(bindings: &[(String, SchemeBinding)]) -> Option<
     Some(out)
 }
 
+/// Render the optional-layer rows for the `--help` "Authentication:" block.
+///
+/// Layers are additive supplementary headers (e.g. a sandbox-only token) that
+/// are attached on top of the primary auth when their credential is present.
+/// Each row is rendered as `  <name>   <hints> (optional)` and the block is
+/// returned *without* the `Authentication:` heading so the caller can append
+/// it under [`render_auth_help_section`]'s output (or supply the heading
+/// itself when there are no primary bindings).
+///
+/// Returns `None` when there are no layers.
+pub fn render_auth_layers_help(layers: &[(String, Vec<String>)]) -> Option<String> {
+    if layers.is_empty() {
+        return None;
+    }
+    let max_name = layers.iter().map(|(n, _)| n.len()).max().unwrap_or(0).max(8);
+    let mut out = String::new();
+    for (name, hints) in layers {
+        let sources = if hints.is_empty() {
+            "custom (optional)".to_string()
+        } else {
+            format!("{} (optional)", hints.join(" / "))
+        };
+        let _ = std::fmt::Write::write_fmt(
+            &mut out,
+            format_args!("  {name:<max_name$}   {sources}\n"),
+        );
+    }
+    Some(out)
+}
+
 fn describe_binding_sources(binding: &SchemeBinding) -> String {
     match binding {
         SchemeBinding::Token(src) => describe_credential_source(src),
@@ -155,7 +185,8 @@ fn describe_credential_source(src: &AuthCredentialSource) -> String {
         AuthCredentialSource::Cli(arg) => format!("--{arg} flag"),
         AuthCredentialSource::File(path) => format!("{} file", path.display()),
         AuthCredentialSource::Literal(_) => "built-in literal".to_string(),
-        AuthCredentialSource::Closure(_) => "custom resolver".to_string(),
+        AuthCredentialSource::Closure(_, Some(hint)) => hint.clone(),
+        AuthCredentialSource::Closure(_, None) => "custom resolver".to_string(),
         AuthCredentialSource::Chain(sources) => sources
             .iter()
             .map(describe_credential_source)
@@ -833,6 +864,30 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(out.contains("API_PASS env var"));
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn render_auth_layers_help_none_for_empty() {
+        assert!(render_auth_layers_help(&[]).is_none());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn render_auth_layers_help_marks_optional_with_hints() {
+        let layers = vec![(
+            "sandboxAuthorization".to_string(),
+            vec!["SANDBOXES_TOKEN environment variable".to_string()],
+        )];
+        let out = render_auth_layers_help(&layers).unwrap();
+        assert!(out.contains("sandboxAuthorization"));
+        assert!(out.contains("SANDBOXES_TOKEN environment variable"));
+        assert!(out.contains("(optional)"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn render_auth_layers_help_handles_hintless_layer() {
+        let layers = vec![("x".to_string(), Vec::new())];
+        let out = render_auth_layers_help(&layers).unwrap();
+        assert!(out.contains("custom (optional)"));
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn render_auth_help_section_marks_custom_provider_opaque() {
         let bindings = vec![(
@@ -857,5 +912,4 @@ mod tests {
         let r = p.apply(req(), &EndpointAuthMetadata::unspecified()).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(header(r, "x-custom").as_deref(), Some("c"));
     }
-
 }
diff --git a/generators/cli/sdk/src/auth/compose.rs b/generators/cli/sdk/src/auth/compose.rs
index dd06d2365493..35adaf07904e 100644
--- a/generators/cli/sdk/src/auth/compose.rs
+++ b/generators/cli/sdk/src/auth/compose.rs
@@ -41,6 +41,13 @@ impl AuthProvider for AnyAuthProvider {
         self.providers.iter().any(|p| p.has_credentials())
     }
 
+    fn credential_hints(&self) -> Vec<String> {
+        self.providers
+            .iter()
+            .flat_map(|p| p.credential_hints())
+            .collect()
+    }
+
     fn has_credentials_for(&self, endpoint: &EndpointAuthMetadata) -> bool {
         self.providers
             .iter()
@@ -105,6 +112,13 @@ impl AuthProvider for AllAuthProvider {
         !self.providers.is_empty() && self.providers.iter().all(|p| p.has_credentials())
     }
 
+    fn credential_hints(&self) -> Vec<String> {
+        self.providers
+            .iter()
+            .flat_map(|p| p.credential_hints())
+            .collect()
+    }
+
     fn has_credentials_for(&self, endpoint: &EndpointAuthMetadata) -> bool {
         !self.providers.is_empty()
             && self
@@ -136,6 +150,83 @@ impl AuthProvider for AllAuthProvider {
     }
 }
 
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// LayeredAuthProvider — a primary scheme plus optional additive headers.
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/// Wrap a `primary` provider and layer zero or more *optional* providers on
+/// top of it. The layers are additive supplements, not alternatives: every
+/// layer that currently has credentials is applied to the request in addition
+/// to whatever the primary attaches.
+///
+/// Unlike [`AllAuthProvider`], a layer never makes the request mandatory —
+/// satisfiability (`has_credentials` / `has_credentials_for`) is decided by
+/// the primary alone, and a layer with no credentials is simply skipped. This
+/// is the right shape for a supplementary header that sits *alongside* real
+/// auth and is only present in some environments.
+///
+/// The motivating case is Lattice Sandboxes: every request carries the normal
+/// `Authorization: Bearer <token>` (the primary) and, only when developing
+/// against a sandbox, an additional `Anduril-Sandbox-Authorization: Bearer
+/// <SANDBOXES_TOKEN>` header (a layer). In production the layer's credential
+/// is absent, so the request behaves exactly as if no layer were configured.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct LayeredAuthProvider {
+    primary: DynAuthProvider,
+    layers: Vec<DynAuthProvider>,
+}
+
+impl LayeredAuthProvider {
+    pub fn new(primary: DynAuthProvider, layers: Vec<DynAuthProvider>) -> Self {
+        Self { primary, layers }
+    }
+}
+
+impl AuthProvider for LayeredAuthProvider {
+    fn name(&self) -> &str {
+        self.primary.name()
+    }
+
+    fn has_credentials(&self) -> bool {
+        // Optional layers don't gate satisfiability — the primary decides
+        // whether the CLI can authenticate at all.
+        self.primary.has_credentials()
+    }
+
+    fn credential_hints(&self) -> Vec<String> {
+        // Surface only the primary's hints in the friendly auth-error path:
+        // a missing optional layer (e.g. no sandbox token in production) is
+        // not a misconfiguration and shouldn't be reported as a missing
+        // credential.
+        self.primary.credential_hints()
+    }
+
+    fn has_credentials_for(&self, endpoint: &EndpointAuthMetadata) -> bool {
+        self.primary.has_credentials_for(endpoint)
+    }
+
+    fn apply(
+        &self,
+        request: reqwest::RequestBuilder,
+        endpoint: &EndpointAuthMetadata,
+    ) -> Result<reqwest::RequestBuilder, CliError> {
+        // Explicitly anonymous endpoints (`security: []`) opt out of auth
+        // entirely. The executor already short-circuits these before calling
+        // `apply`, but guard here too so a supplementary header can never
+        // leak onto an opt-out endpoint regardless of the call path.
+        if endpoint.is_explicit_anonymous() {
+            return Ok(request);
+        }
+        let mut req = self.primary.apply(request, endpoint)?;
+        for layer in &self.layers {
+            if layer.has_credentials() {
+                req = layer.apply(req, endpoint)?;
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(req)
+    }
+}
+
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 // RoutingAuthProvider — per-endpoint security map.
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -189,6 +280,18 @@ impl AuthProvider for RoutingAuthProvider {
             || self.default.as_ref().is_some_and(|p| p.has_credentials())
     }
 
+    fn credential_hints(&self) -> Vec<String> {
+        let mut hints: Vec<String> = self
+            .schemes
+            .values()
+            .flat_map(|p| p.credential_hints())
+            .collect();
+        if let Some(d) = &self.default {
+            hints.extend(d.credential_hints());
+        }
+        hints
+    }
+
     /// Endpoint-aware credential check.
     ///
     /// - **No requirements declared**: defer to the wrapper's `default`
@@ -393,6 +496,101 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(matches!(err, CliError::Auth(_)));
     }
 
+    // -------- LayeredAuthProvider --------
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn layered_applies_primary_and_present_layer() {
+        let primary: DynAuthProvider = bearer("bearer", "tok");
+        let layer: DynAuthProvider = Arc::new(HeaderAuthProvider::new(
+            "sandbox",
+            "Anduril-Sandbox-Authorization",
+            AuthCredentialSource::literal("sbx"),
+            true,
+        ));
+        let p = LayeredAuthProvider::new(primary, vec![layer]);
+        let r = p.apply(req(), &EndpointAuthMetadata::unspecified()).unwrap();
+        let built = r.build().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(
+            built.headers().get("authorization").and_then(|v| v.to_str().ok()),
+            Some("Bearer tok"),
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            built
+                .headers()
+                .get("anduril-sandbox-authorization")
+                .and_then(|v| v.to_str().ok()),
+            Some("Bearer sbx"),
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn layered_skips_layer_without_credentials() {
+        // Production case: no sandbox token set. The layer is silently
+        // skipped and the request behaves as if it weren't configured.
+        let primary: DynAuthProvider = bearer("bearer", "tok");
+        let layer: DynAuthProvider = Arc::new(HeaderAuthProvider::new(
+            "sandbox",
+            "Anduril-Sandbox-Authorization",
+            AuthCredentialSource::Missing,
+            true,
+        ));
+        let p = LayeredAuthProvider::new(primary, vec![layer]);
+        let r = p.apply(req(), &EndpointAuthMetadata::unspecified()).unwrap();
+        let built = r.build().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(
+            built.headers().get("authorization").and_then(|v| v.to_str().ok()),
+            Some("Bearer tok"),
+        );
+        assert!(built.headers().get("anduril-sandbox-authorization").is_none());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn layered_satisfiability_follows_primary_only() {
+        // A present layer must not make an otherwise-unauthenticated CLI
+        // claim it has credentials.
+        let primary: DynAuthProvider = Arc::new(BearerAuthProvider::new(
+            "bearer",
+            AuthCredentialSource::Missing,
+        ));
+        let layer: DynAuthProvider = api_key("sandbox", "Anduril-Sandbox-Authorization", "sbx");
+        let p = LayeredAuthProvider::new(primary, vec![layer]);
+        assert!(!p.has_credentials());
+        assert_eq!(p.name(), "bearer");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn layered_credential_hints_exclude_layers() {
+        // The friendly auth-error path should point at the primary's source,
+        // not nag about an optional layer that's missing by design.
+        let primary: DynAuthProvider = Arc::new(BearerAuthProvider::new(
+            "bearer",
+            AuthCredentialSource::from_env("ENVIRONMENT_TOKEN"),
+        ));
+        let layer: DynAuthProvider = Arc::new(HeaderAuthProvider::new(
+            "sandbox",
+            "Anduril-Sandbox-Authorization",
+            AuthCredentialSource::from_env("SANDBOXES_TOKEN"),
+            true,
+        ));
+        let p = LayeredAuthProvider::new(primary, vec![layer]);
+        let hints = p.credential_hints();
+        assert_eq!(hints, vec!["ENVIRONMENT_TOKEN environment variable"]);
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn layered_does_not_attach_to_explicit_anonymous_endpoint() {
+        // `security: []` opts the operation out of auth entirely — neither
+        // the primary nor the supplementary layer should be attached.
+        let primary: DynAuthProvider = bearer("bearer", "tok");
+        let layer: DynAuthProvider = api_key("sandbox", "Anduril-Sandbox-Authorization", "sbx");
+        let p = LayeredAuthProvider::new(primary, vec![layer]);
+        let r = p
+            .apply(req(), &EndpointAuthMetadata::explicit_anonymous())
+            .unwrap();
+        let built = r.build().unwrap();
+        assert!(built.headers().get("anduril-sandbox-authorization").is_none());
+    }
+
     // -------- RoutingAuthProvider --------
 
     fn routing_setup() -> RoutingAuthProvider {
diff --git a/generators/cli/sdk/src/auth/credential.rs b/generators/cli/sdk/src/auth/credential.rs
index 68734684e069..6b4c7faff370 100644
--- a/generators/cli/sdk/src/auth/credential.rs
+++ b/generators/cli/sdk/src/auth/credential.rs
@@ -57,7 +57,12 @@ pub enum AuthCredentialSource {
     /// A user-supplied closure invoked on every request. The escape hatch
     /// for any source the built-in variants don't cover (token refresh,
     /// shell-out, OS keychain, etc.).
-    Closure(CredentialClosure),
+    ///
+    /// The optional `String` carries a human-readable credential hint
+    /// (e.g. `"--api-token flag"`) so that `credential_hints()` can still
+    /// report the original source after `finalize()` replaces `Cli` with
+    /// a `Closure`.
+    Closure(CredentialClosure, Option<String>),
     /// No source bound. The provider will report itself as unable to
     /// satisfy requests.
     Missing,
@@ -94,7 +99,7 @@ impl AuthCredentialSource {
     where
         F: Fn() -> Option<String> + Send + Sync + 'static,
     {
-        AuthCredentialSource::Closure(Arc::new(f))
+        AuthCredentialSource::Closure(Arc::new(f), None)
     }
 
     /// Resolve the value, if available. Empty strings are treated as
@@ -117,11 +122,29 @@ impl AuthCredentialSource {
             AuthCredentialSource::Literal(v) if v.is_empty() => None,
             AuthCredentialSource::Literal(v) => Some(SecretString::from(v.clone())),
             AuthCredentialSource::Chain(sources) => sources.iter().find_map(|s| s.resolve()),
-            AuthCredentialSource::Closure(f) => f().filter(|v| !v.is_empty()).map(SecretString::from),
+            AuthCredentialSource::Closure(f, _) => f().filter(|v| !v.is_empty()).map(SecretString::from),
             AuthCredentialSource::Missing => None,
         }
     }
 
+    /// Human-readable descriptions of where this source reads credentials
+    /// from. Used by the auth-error path to tell the user which env var,
+    /// flag, or file to set.
+    pub fn credential_hints(&self) -> Vec<String> {
+        match self {
+            AuthCredentialSource::Env(name) => vec![format!("{name} environment variable")],
+            AuthCredentialSource::Cli(arg) => vec![format!("--{arg} flag")],
+            AuthCredentialSource::File(path) => vec![format!("{} file", path.display())],
+            AuthCredentialSource::Chain(sources) => {
+                sources.iter().flat_map(|s| s.credential_hints()).collect()
+            }
+            AuthCredentialSource::Closure(_, Some(hint)) => vec![hint.clone()],
+            AuthCredentialSource::Literal(_)
+            | AuthCredentialSource::Closure(_, None)
+            | AuthCredentialSource::Missing => Vec::new(),
+        }
+    }
+
     /// Recursively collect every CLI arg name this source references.
     /// CliApp uses this before clap parsing to register the corresponding
     /// global `--<name>` flags.
@@ -145,7 +168,7 @@ impl AuthCredentialSource {
             AuthCredentialSource::Env(_)
             | AuthCredentialSource::File(_)
             | AuthCredentialSource::Literal(_)
-            | AuthCredentialSource::Closure(_)
+            | AuthCredentialSource::Closure(_, _)
             | AuthCredentialSource::Missing => {}
         }
     }
@@ -160,9 +183,13 @@ impl AuthCredentialSource {
         match self {
             AuthCredentialSource::Cli(name) => {
                 let m = Arc::clone(matches);
-                AuthCredentialSource::Closure(Arc::new(move || {
-                    m.try_get_one::<String>(&name).ok().flatten().cloned()
-                }))
+                let hint = format!("--{name} flag");
+                AuthCredentialSource::Closure(
+                    Arc::new(move || {
+                        m.try_get_one::<String>(&name).ok().flatten().cloned()
+                    }),
+                    Some(hint),
+                )
             }
             AuthCredentialSource::Chain(sources) => {
                 AuthCredentialSource::Chain(
@@ -182,7 +209,13 @@ impl std::fmt::Debug for AuthCredentialSource {
             AuthCredentialSource::File(path) => write!(f, "File({})", path.display()),
             AuthCredentialSource::Literal(_) => write!(f, "Literal(<redacted>)"),
             AuthCredentialSource::Chain(sources) => f.debug_tuple("Chain").field(sources).finish(),
-            AuthCredentialSource::Closure(_) => write!(f, "Closure"),
+            AuthCredentialSource::Closure(_, hint) => {
+                if let Some(h) = hint {
+                    write!(f, "Closure({h})")
+                } else {
+                    write!(f, "Closure")
+                }
+            }
             AuthCredentialSource::Missing => write!(f, "Missing"),
         }
     }
@@ -546,4 +579,70 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(!dbg.contains("super-secret"));
         assert!(dbg.contains("redacted"));
     }
+
+    // -------- credential_hints --------
+
+    #[test]
+    fn credential_hints_env() {
+        let s = AuthCredentialSource::from_env("MY_TOKEN");
+        assert_eq!(s.credential_hints(), vec!["MY_TOKEN environment variable"]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn credential_hints_cli() {
+        let s = AuthCredentialSource::cli("api-token");
+        assert_eq!(s.credential_hints(), vec!["--api-token flag"]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn credential_hints_file() {
+        let s = AuthCredentialSource::file("~/.config/token");
+        assert_eq!(
+            s.credential_hints(),
+            vec!["~/.config/token file"],
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn credential_hints_chain_collects_all() {
+        let s = AuthCredentialSource::any([
+            AuthCredentialSource::cli("api-token"),
+            AuthCredentialSource::from_env("API_TOKEN"),
+            AuthCredentialSource::file("~/.token"),
+        ]);
+        assert_eq!(
+            s.credential_hints(),
+            vec![
+                "--api-token flag",
+                "API_TOKEN environment variable",
+                "~/.token file",
+            ],
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn credential_hints_missing_is_empty() {
+        assert!(AuthCredentialSource::Missing.credential_hints().is_empty());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn credential_hints_literal_is_empty() {
+        assert!(AuthCredentialSource::literal("x").credential_hints().is_empty());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn credential_hints_closure_without_hint_is_empty() {
+        let s = AuthCredentialSource::closure(|| Some("x".into()));
+        assert!(s.credential_hints().is_empty());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn credential_hints_closure_with_hint_from_finalize() {
+        let cmd = clap::Command::new("test").arg(
+            clap::Arg::new("api-token").long("api-token").num_args(1),
+        );
+        let matches = Arc::new(cmd.try_get_matches_from(vec!["test"]).unwrap());
+        let s = AuthCredentialSource::cli("api-token").finalize(&matches);
+        assert_eq!(s.credential_hints(), vec!["--api-token flag"]);
+    }
 }
diff --git a/generators/cli/sdk/src/auth/error.rs b/generators/cli/sdk/src/auth/error.rs
index 0c34ba048c90..49c39a32f9d7 100644
--- a/generators/cli/sdk/src/auth/error.rs
+++ b/generators/cli/sdk/src/auth/error.rs
@@ -37,16 +37,33 @@ pub fn handle_error_response<T>(
     if (status.as_u16() == 401 || status.as_u16() == 403)
         && !provider.has_credentials_for(endpoint)
     {
-        return Err(CliError::Auth(
-            "Access denied. This request was sent without authentication \
-             credentials. Check that the configured auth source for this CLI \
+        let hints = provider.credential_hints();
+        let message = if hints.is_empty() {
+            "Access denied. Authentication credentials are missing. \
+             Check that the configured auth source for this CLI \
              (environment variable, --flag, or credential file) has a value set."
-                .to_string(),
-        ));
+                .to_string()
+        } else {
+            let joined = dedup_preserve_order(hints).join(", ");
+            format!(
+                "Access denied. Authentication credentials are missing. \
+                 Set {joined}.",
+            )
+        };
+        return Err(CliError::Auth(message));
     }
     Err(parse_api_error(status, error_body))
 }
 
+/// Deduplicate strings while preserving first-seen order.
+fn dedup_preserve_order(items: Vec<String>) -> Vec<String> {
+    let mut seen = std::collections::HashSet::new();
+    items
+        .into_iter()
+        .filter(|s| seen.insert(s.clone()))
+        .collect()
+}
+
 /// Shared parsing for the auth-aware error handler. Returns a structured
 /// [`CliError::Api`] whether or not the body was JSON.
 fn parse_api_error(status: reqwest::StatusCode, error_body: &str) -> CliError {
@@ -187,4 +204,189 @@ mod tests {
             _ => panic!("Expected Api"),
         }
     }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn friendly_error_names_env_var_bearer() {
+        let p = BearerAuthProvider::new(
+            "bearerAuth",
+            AuthCredentialSource::from_env("__FERN_TEST_BEARER_KEY"),
+        );
+        let err = handle_error_response::<()>(
+            reqwest::StatusCode::UNAUTHORIZED,
+            "Unauthorized",
+            &p,
+            &EndpointAuthMetadata::unspecified(),
+        )
+        .unwrap_err();
+        match err {
+            CliError::Auth(msg) => {
+                assert!(
+                    msg.contains("__FERN_TEST_BEARER_KEY"),
+                    "expected env var name in message, got: {msg}",
+                );
+            }
+            other => panic!("Expected Auth, got: {other:?}"),
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn friendly_error_names_env_var_header() {
+        use crate::auth::schemes::HeaderAuthProvider;
+        let p = HeaderAuthProvider::new(
+            "X-Auth-Token",
+            "X-Auth-Token",
+            AuthCredentialSource::from_env("__FERN_TEST_HEADER_KEY"),
+            false,
+        );
+        let err = handle_error_response::<()>(
+            reqwest::StatusCode::UNAUTHORIZED,
+            "Unauthorized",
+            &p,
+            &EndpointAuthMetadata::unspecified(),
+        )
+        .unwrap_err();
+        match err {
+            CliError::Auth(msg) => {
+                assert!(
+                    msg.contains("__FERN_TEST_HEADER_KEY"),
+                    "expected env var name in message, got: {msg}",
+                );
+            }
+            other => panic!("Expected Auth, got: {other:?}"),
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn friendly_error_names_env_var_basic() {
+        use crate::auth::schemes::BasicAuthProvider;
+        let p = BasicAuthProvider::username_only(
+            "ApiKeyAuth",
+            AuthCredentialSource::from_env("__FERN_TEST_BASIC_KEY"),
+        );
+        let err = handle_error_response::<()>(
+            reqwest::StatusCode::UNAUTHORIZED,
+            "Unauthorized",
+            &p,
+            &EndpointAuthMetadata::unspecified(),
+        )
+        .unwrap_err();
+        match err {
+            CliError::Auth(msg) => {
+                assert!(
+                    msg.contains("__FERN_TEST_BASIC_KEY"),
+                    "expected env var name in message, got: {msg}",
+                );
+            }
+            other => panic!("Expected Auth, got: {other:?}"),
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn friendly_error_names_cli_flag_in_chain() {
+        // Use a non-finalized source to verify pre-finalize hints.
+        let p = BearerAuthProvider::new(
+            "bearer",
+            AuthCredentialSource::any([
+                AuthCredentialSource::cli("api-token"),
+                AuthCredentialSource::from_env("__FERN_TEST_CHAIN_TOKEN"),
+            ]),
+        );
+        let err = handle_error_response::<()>(
+            reqwest::StatusCode::UNAUTHORIZED,
+            "Unauthorized",
+            &p,
+            &EndpointAuthMetadata::unspecified(),
+        )
+        .unwrap_err();
+        match err {
+            CliError::Auth(msg) => {
+                assert!(msg.contains("--api-token"), "expected flag hint, got: {msg}");
+                assert!(msg.contains("__FERN_TEST_CHAIN_TOKEN"), "expected env var hint, got: {msg}");
+            }
+            other => panic!("Expected Auth, got: {other:?}"),
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn friendly_error_names_cli_flag_after_finalize() {
+        // Simulate the production path: finalize() converts Cli to Closure,
+        // but the hint must survive so the error message still names the flag.
+        let cmd = clap::Command::new("test").arg(
+            clap::Arg::new("api-token").long("api-token").num_args(1),
+        );
+        let matches = std::sync::Arc::new(
+            cmd.try_get_matches_from(vec!["test"]).unwrap(),
+        );
+        let source = AuthCredentialSource::any([
+            AuthCredentialSource::cli("api-token"),
+            AuthCredentialSource::from_env("__FERN_TEST_FINALIZE_TOKEN"),
+        ])
+        .finalize(&matches);
+
+        let p = BearerAuthProvider::new("bearer", source);
+        let err = handle_error_response::<()>(
+            reqwest::StatusCode::UNAUTHORIZED,
+            "Unauthorized",
+            &p,
+            &EndpointAuthMetadata::unspecified(),
+        )
+        .unwrap_err();
+        match err {
+            CliError::Auth(msg) => {
+                assert!(msg.contains("--api-token"), "expected flag hint after finalize, got: {msg}");
+                assert!(msg.contains("__FERN_TEST_FINALIZE_TOKEN"), "expected env var hint after finalize, got: {msg}");
+            }
+            other => panic!("Expected Auth, got: {other:?}"),
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn friendly_error_fallback_when_no_hints() {
+        let p = BearerAuthProvider::new("bearer", AuthCredentialSource::Missing);
+        let err = handle_error_response::<()>(
+            reqwest::StatusCode::UNAUTHORIZED,
+            "Unauthorized",
+            &p,
+            &EndpointAuthMetadata::unspecified(),
+        )
+        .unwrap_err();
+        match err {
+            CliError::Auth(msg) => {
+                assert!(msg.contains("Access denied"), "expected fallback msg, got: {msg}");
+                assert!(
+                    msg.contains("environment variable, --flag, or credential file"),
+                    "expected generic hint in fallback, got: {msg}",
+                );
+            }
+            other => panic!("Expected Auth, got: {other:?}"),
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn friendly_error_json_envelope_contains_env_var() {
+        let p = BearerAuthProvider::new(
+            "bearerAuth",
+            AuthCredentialSource::from_env("__FERN_TEST_JSON_KEY"),
+        );
+        let err = handle_error_response::<()>(
+            reqwest::StatusCode::UNAUTHORIZED,
+            "Unauthorized",
+            &p,
+            &EndpointAuthMetadata::unspecified(),
+        )
+        .unwrap_err();
+        let json = err.to_json();
+        let json_msg = json["error"]["message"].as_str().unwrap();
+        assert!(
+            json_msg.contains("__FERN_TEST_JSON_KEY"),
+            "expected env var in JSON message, got: {json_msg}",
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn dedup_removes_duplicates_preserving_order() {
+        let input = vec!["a".into(), "b".into(), "a".into(), "c".into(), "b".into()];
+        let result = dedup_preserve_order(input);
+        assert_eq!(result, vec!["a", "b", "c"]);
+    }
 }
diff --git a/generators/cli/sdk/src/auth/mod.rs b/generators/cli/sdk/src/auth/mod.rs
index 6c7d7b703bb2..2254547db7d1 100644
--- a/generators/cli/sdk/src/auth/mod.rs
+++ b/generators/cli/sdk/src/auth/mod.rs
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@
 //! - [`schemes`] — concrete [`BearerAuthProvider`], [`BasicAuthProvider`],
 //!   and [`HeaderAuthProvider`] implementations.
 //! - [`compose`] — composition wrappers: [`AnyAuthProvider`],
-//!   [`AllAuthProvider`], [`RoutingAuthProvider`].
+//!   [`AllAuthProvider`], [`LayeredAuthProvider`], [`RoutingAuthProvider`].
 //! - [`builder`] — [`SchemeBinding`], [`AuthStrategy`], and the
 //!   `build_provider_*` factories that `CliApp` calls.
 //! - [`error`] — auth-aware HTTP error mapping (`handle_error_response`).
@@ -47,11 +47,11 @@ pub(crate) mod test_helpers;
 
 pub use builder::{
     build_provider_from_bindings, build_provider_from_doc, build_provider_with_strategy,
-    collect_binding_cli_args, finalize_bindings, render_auth_help_section, AuthStrategy,
-    SchemeBinding,
+    collect_binding_cli_args, finalize_bindings, render_auth_help_section, render_auth_layers_help,
+    AuthStrategy, SchemeBinding,
 };
 pub use error::handle_error_response;
-pub use compose::{AllAuthProvider, AnyAuthProvider, RoutingAuthProvider};
+pub use compose::{AllAuthProvider, AnyAuthProvider, LayeredAuthProvider, RoutingAuthProvider};
 pub use credential::AuthCredentialSource;
 pub use provider::{
     no_auth_provider, AuthProvider, DynAuthProvider, EndpointAuthMetadata, NoAuthProvider,
diff --git a/generators/cli/sdk/src/auth/oauth2.rs b/generators/cli/sdk/src/auth/oauth2.rs
index 9f761ea61c79..b0755e1287f4 100644
--- a/generators/cli/sdk/src/auth/oauth2.rs
+++ b/generators/cli/sdk/src/auth/oauth2.rs
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ struct CachedToken {
 /// The file is a JSON object keyed by token_url:
 /// ```json
 /// {
-///   "https://identity.example.com/connect/token": {
+///   "https://identity.xero.com/connect/token": {
 ///     "access_token": "...",
 ///     "refresh_token": "...",
 ///     "expires_at": 1715550000
@@ -492,7 +492,7 @@ impl OAuth2TokenProvider {
     }
 
     /// Enable on-disk token persistence. `cli_name` is the binary name
-    /// (e.g., `"myapi"`) — tokens are stored under the platform config dir.
+    /// (e.g., `"xero"`) — tokens are stored under the platform config dir.
     pub fn with_cache(mut self, cli_name: &str) -> Self {
         self.cache = TokenCache::for_cli(cli_name);
         self
@@ -659,6 +659,28 @@ impl AuthProvider for OAuth2TokenProvider {
         }
     }
 
+    fn credential_hints(&self) -> Vec<String> {
+        match &self.grant {
+            OAuth2Grant::ClientCredentials {
+                client_id_env,
+                client_secret_env,
+                ..
+            } => vec![
+                format!("{client_id_env} environment variable"),
+                format!("{client_secret_env} environment variable"),
+            ],
+            OAuth2Grant::RefreshToken {
+                client_id_env,
+                client_secret_env,
+                refresh_token_env,
+            } => vec![
+                format!("{client_id_env} environment variable"),
+                format!("{client_secret_env} environment variable"),
+                format!("{refresh_token_env} environment variable"),
+            ],
+        }
+    }
+
     fn apply(
         &self,
         request: reqwest::RequestBuilder,
diff --git a/generators/cli/sdk/src/auth/provider.rs b/generators/cli/sdk/src/auth/provider.rs
index 9ab3470d3e7b..8cbec6b950ae 100644
--- a/generators/cli/sdk/src/auth/provider.rs
+++ b/generators/cli/sdk/src/auth/provider.rs
@@ -104,6 +104,13 @@ pub trait AuthProvider: Send + Sync + std::fmt::Debug {
         self.has_credentials()
     }
 
+    /// Human-readable hints about where this provider reads its credentials
+    /// from. Used by the friendly auth-error path to tell the user which
+    /// env var / CLI flag / file to set.
+    fn credential_hints(&self) -> Vec<String> {
+        Vec::new()
+    }
+
     /// Apply the scheme to `request`. Implementations should be a no-op if
     /// they can't satisfy the request (e.g., no env var set), so wrappers can
     /// fall through. Hard errors (malformed token bytes) are surfaced via
diff --git a/generators/cli/sdk/src/auth/root_builder.rs b/generators/cli/sdk/src/auth/root_builder.rs
index 8365b0db1f6f..97e2f7603690 100644
--- a/generators/cli/sdk/src/auth/root_builder.rs
+++ b/generators/cli/sdk/src/auth/root_builder.rs
@@ -415,5 +415,4 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(name, "OAuth2Security");
         assert!(matches!(binding, SchemeBinding::Token(AuthCredentialSource::Missing)));
     }
-
 }
diff --git a/generators/cli/sdk/src/auth/schemes.rs b/generators/cli/sdk/src/auth/schemes.rs
index db98d297271b..c5704e48f2b3 100644
--- a/generators/cli/sdk/src/auth/schemes.rs
+++ b/generators/cli/sdk/src/auth/schemes.rs
@@ -52,6 +52,10 @@ impl AuthProvider for BearerAuthProvider {
         self.token.resolve().is_some()
     }
 
+    fn credential_hints(&self) -> Vec<String> {
+        self.token.credential_hints()
+    }
+
     fn apply(
         &self,
         request: reqwest::RequestBuilder,
@@ -121,7 +125,7 @@ impl BasicAuthProvider {
     }
 
     /// Username-only Basic auth (empty password). Common for APIs that
-    /// accept an API key as the HTTP Basic username.
+    /// accept an API key as the HTTP Basic username (e.g. Close CRM).
     pub fn username_only(
         name: impl Into<String>,
         username: AuthCredentialSource,
@@ -164,6 +168,12 @@ impl AuthProvider for BasicAuthProvider {
         }
     }
 
+    fn credential_hints(&self) -> Vec<String> {
+        let mut hints = self.username.credential_hints();
+        hints.extend(self.password.credential_hints());
+        hints
+    }
+
     fn apply(
         &self,
         request: reqwest::RequestBuilder,
@@ -203,13 +213,13 @@ impl AuthProvider for BasicAuthProvider {
 // HeaderAuthProvider — raw or bearer-prefixed token in a named header.
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/// Send the token verbatim in a named header. Used by APIs that pass the
-/// raw token in `Authorization` (no `Bearer ` prefix) and any custom
+/// Send the token verbatim in a named header. Used by APIs like Linear
+/// (`Authorization: <api_key>` with no `Bearer ` prefix) and any custom
 /// `X-Api-Key` style scheme.
 ///
 /// If `bearer_prefix` is true, the value is prefixed with `Bearer ` —
 /// equivalent to a [`BearerAuthProvider`] but on a non-`Authorization`
-/// header.
+/// header (the Square pattern).
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct HeaderAuthProvider {
     name: String,
@@ -243,6 +253,10 @@ impl AuthProvider for HeaderAuthProvider {
         self.token.resolve().is_some()
     }
 
+    fn credential_hints(&self) -> Vec<String> {
+        self.token.credential_hints()
+    }
+
     fn apply(
         &self,
         request: reqwest::RequestBuilder,
diff --git a/generators/cli/sdk/src/graphql/app.rs b/generators/cli/sdk/src/graphql/app.rs
index b04c4a6cf262..7e477c2bc679 100644
--- a/generators/cli/sdk/src/graphql/app.rs
+++ b/generators/cli/sdk/src/graphql/app.rs
@@ -295,6 +295,7 @@ impl AppContext {
                 false,
                 None,
                 &entry.http_config,
+                false,
             ))
             .map(|_| ())
     }
diff --git a/generators/cli/sdk/src/graphql/binding.rs b/generators/cli/sdk/src/graphql/binding.rs
index 2b732510efa4..b74d78f58946 100644
--- a/generators/cli/sdk/src/graphql/binding.rs
+++ b/generators/cli/sdk/src/graphql/binding.rs
@@ -22,6 +22,12 @@ struct Prepared {
 #[must_use]
 pub struct GraphqlBinding {
     inner: super::CliApp,
+    /// When set, the entire GraphQL surface is mounted under this single
+    /// top-level command (e.g. `graphql`) instead of contributing its
+    /// resource groups directly at the root. Lets a GraphQL binding
+    /// coexist with another binding whose group names would otherwise
+    /// collide (e.g. an OpenAPI binding for the same vendor).
+    prefix: Option<String>,
     prepared: std::sync::Mutex<Option<Arc<Prepared>>>,
 }
 
@@ -29,6 +35,7 @@ impl Default for GraphqlBinding {
     fn default() -> Self {
         Self {
             inner: super::CliApp::new(""),
+            prefix: None,
             prepared: std::sync::Mutex::new(None),
         }
     }
@@ -51,6 +58,17 @@ impl GraphqlBinding {
         self
     }
 
+    /// Mount the entire GraphQL surface under a single top-level command.
+    ///
+    /// Without this, the binding contributes its resource groups directly
+    /// at the CLI root (`<cli> payment …`). With `.under("graphql")`, the
+    /// same surface is reachable as `<cli> graphql payment …`, freeing the
+    /// root namespace for another binding (e.g. a REST `OpenApiBinding`).
+    pub fn under(mut self, prefix: &str) -> Self {
+        self.prefix = Some(prefix.to_string());
+        self
+    }
+
     pub fn auth_scheme_env(mut self, scheme_name: &str, env_var: &str) -> Self {
         self.inner = self.inner.auth_scheme_env(scheme_name, env_var);
         self
@@ -61,16 +79,6 @@ impl GraphqlBinding {
         self
     }
 
-    pub fn auth_basic_scheme(
-        mut self,
-        scheme_name: &str,
-        username: AuthCredentialSource,
-        password: AuthCredentialSource,
-    ) -> Self {
-        self.inner = self.inner.auth_basic_scheme(scheme_name, username, password);
-        self
-    }
-
     pub fn auth_provider(
         mut self,
         scheme_name: &str,
@@ -94,7 +102,20 @@ impl GraphqlBinding {
                 "No endpoint provided. Call .endpoint() on GraphqlBinding.".to_string(),
             )
         })?;
-        let doc = crate::graphql::load_graphql_schema(json, &self.inner.name, endpoint)?;
+        let mut doc = crate::graphql::load_graphql_schema(json, &self.inner.name, endpoint)?;
+
+        // If a prefix is configured, nest every top-level resource under a
+        // single synthetic resource. `build_cli`, `resolve_method_from_matches`,
+        // and the JSON-help walk all recurse through `resources`, so this is
+        // all that's needed to mount the whole surface under `<prefix>`.
+        if let Some(prefix) = &self.prefix {
+            let original = std::mem::take(&mut doc.resources);
+            let wrapper = crate::graphql::discovery::GraphQLResource {
+                methods: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
+                resources: original,
+            };
+            doc.resources = std::collections::HashMap::from([(prefix.clone(), wrapper)]);
+        }
 
         let http_config = crate::http::HttpConfig::new(&self.inner.name)?
             .with_parsed_root_certs(
@@ -269,6 +290,15 @@ impl Binding for GraphqlBinding {
             let dry_run = matched_args.get_flag("dry-run");
             let pagination = super::app::build_pagination_config(matched_args);
 
+            // `--no-retry` is a global debug opt-out; read it safely so an
+            // unmatched flag is a clean `false` rather than a panic.
+            let no_retry = matched_args
+                .try_get_one::<bool>("no-retry")
+                .ok()
+                .flatten()
+                .copied()
+                .unwrap_or(false);
+
             let base_url_override_owned =
                 crate::cli_args::resolve_base_url_override(root_matches, &self.inner.name)?;
             let base_url_override = base_url_override_owned.as_deref();
@@ -285,6 +315,7 @@ impl Binding for GraphqlBinding {
                 true, // capture_output
                 base_url_override,
                 &prepared.http_config,
+                no_retry,
             )
             .await?;
 
@@ -353,3 +384,60 @@ impl Binding for GraphqlBinding {
         }
     }
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::binding::Binding;
+
+    // A compact GraphQL introspection schema (the graphql-fixture surface)
+    // with two top-level resources: `node` and `filtered-node`.
+    const FIXTURE_SCHEMA: &str = include_str!("../../cli/graphql-fixture/schema.json");
+
+    fn prepared_binding(prefix: Option<&str>) -> GraphqlBinding {
+        let mut b = GraphqlBinding::new()
+            .spec(FIXTURE_SCHEMA)
+            .endpoint("http://localhost/graphql");
+        if let Some(p) = prefix {
+            b = b.under(p);
+        }
+        b.set_cli_name("fixture");
+        b
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn without_prefix_resources_are_top_level() {
+        let cmd = prepared_binding(None).build_command().unwrap();
+        let names: Vec<_> = cmd.get_subcommands().map(|c| c.get_name()).collect();
+        assert!(names.contains(&"node"), "expected `node` at root, got {names:?}");
+        assert!(
+            !names.contains(&"graphql"),
+            "did not expect a `graphql` wrapper without .under(), got {names:?}"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn under_prefix_nests_all_resources() {
+        let cmd = prepared_binding(Some("graphql")).build_command().unwrap();
+        let names: Vec<_> = cmd.get_subcommands().map(|c| c.get_name()).collect();
+        assert!(
+            names.contains(&"graphql"),
+            "expected a top-level `graphql` wrapper, got {names:?}"
+        );
+        assert!(
+            !names.contains(&"node"),
+            "resources should be nested under `graphql`, not at root: {names:?}"
+        );
+
+        // The original resources live one level down, under the wrapper.
+        let wrapper = cmd
+            .get_subcommands()
+            .find(|c| c.get_name() == "graphql")
+            .expect("graphql wrapper present");
+        let nested: Vec<_> = wrapper.get_subcommands().map(|c| c.get_name()).collect();
+        assert!(
+            nested.contains(&"node") && nested.contains(&"filtered-node"),
+            "expected node/filtered-node nested under graphql, got {nested:?}"
+        );
+    }
+}
diff --git a/generators/cli/sdk/src/graphql/commands.rs b/generators/cli/sdk/src/graphql/commands.rs
index a65076c45209..7b6623fdc76b 100644
--- a/generators/cli/sdk/src/graphql/commands.rs
+++ b/generators/cli/sdk/src/graphql/commands.rs
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ const BUILTIN_FLAG_NAMES: &[&str] = &[
     "page-all",
     "page-limit",
     "page-delay",
+    "no-retry",
     "quiet",
     "help",
 ];
@@ -61,6 +62,16 @@ pub fn build_cli(doc: &RestDescription) -> Command {
                 .help("Suppress stdout output on success (errors still go to stderr)")
                 .action(clap::ArgAction::SetTrue)
                 .global(true),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            clap::Arg::new("no-retry")
+                .long("no-retry")
+                .help(
+                    "Disable automatic retries on transient failures (5xx, 408, 429, \
+                     network errors). Useful for debugging.",
+                )
+                .action(clap::ArgAction::SetTrue)
+                .global(true),
         );
 
     // Add resource subcommands
diff --git a/generators/cli/sdk/src/graphql/executor.rs b/generators/cli/sdk/src/graphql/executor.rs
index dab3e92329ae..3554c70f7bf6 100644
--- a/generators/cli/sdk/src/graphql/executor.rs
+++ b/generators/cli/sdk/src/graphql/executor.rs
@@ -206,6 +206,7 @@ pub async fn execute_method(
     capture_output: bool,
     base_url_override: Option<&str>,
     http_config: &crate::http::HttpConfig,
+    no_retry: bool,
 ) -> Result<Option<Value>, CliError> {
     let mut input =
         parse_and_validate_inputs(doc, method, params_json, body_json, base_url_override)?;
@@ -230,26 +231,89 @@ pub async fn execute_method(
     let mut pages_fetched: u32 = 0;
     let mut captured_values = Vec::new();
 
-    // Build the client once outside the pagination loop. Client construction
-    // reads env vars and (with TLS) builds a connection pool; rebuilding per
-    // page would defeat connection reuse and emit any one-time warnings
-    // (e.g. insecure-mode) once per page.
     let client = http_config.build_client()?;
 
-    loop {
-        let request = build_http_request(&client, &input, auth_provider)?;
+    let retry_policy = crate::http::RetryPolicy::default();
 
+    loop {
         let method_id = method.id.as_deref().unwrap_or("unknown");
         let start = std::time::Instant::now();
-        let response = match request.send().await {
-            Ok(resp) => resp,
-            Err(e) => {
-                // Surface a human-readable hint to stderr if this looks like
-                // a TLS failure — the most common debugging hump for users
-                // behind corporate proxies / interception tools. The hint is
-                // a side effect; the error then propagates up like any other.
-                crate::http::maybe_emit_tls_hint(http_config, &e);
-                return Err(anyhow::Error::from(e).context("HTTP request failed").into());
+
+        // Fresh key per page so the server doesn't deduplicate distinct
+        // pages, but stable across retries of the same page.
+        let idempotency_key = Some(crate::http::generate_idempotency_key());
+
+        // Retry loop — same pattern as the OpenAPI executor.
+        let mut retry_attempt: u32 = 0;
+        let response = loop {
+            let mut request = build_http_request(&client, &input, auth_provider)?;
+            if let Some(ref key) = idempotency_key {
+                request = request.header("Idempotency-Key", key.as_str());
+            }
+
+            match request.send().await {
+                Ok(resp) => {
+                    let status = resp.status();
+                    let retry_after_header = resp
+                        .headers()
+                        .get("retry-after")
+                        .and_then(|v| v.to_str().ok())
+                        .map(|s| s.to_string());
+                    let outcome = crate::http::RetryOutcome {
+                        status: Some(status.as_u16()),
+                        retry_after: retry_after_header.as_deref(),
+                    };
+                    if let Some(delay) = crate::http::decide_retry(
+                        retry_attempt,
+                        &outcome,
+                        &retry_policy,
+                        "POST",
+                        idempotency_key.is_some(),
+                        no_retry,
+                    ) {
+                        tracing::warn!(
+                            api_method = method_id,
+                            http_method = "POST",
+                            status = status.as_u16(),
+                            attempt = retry_attempt + 1,
+                            delay_ms = delay.as_millis() as u64,
+                            "retrying after retryable HTTP status",
+                        );
+                        let _ = resp.bytes().await;
+                        tokio::time::sleep(delay).await;
+                        retry_attempt += 1;
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                    break resp;
+                }
+                Err(e) => {
+                    let outcome = crate::http::RetryOutcome {
+                        status: None,
+                        retry_after: None,
+                    };
+                    if let Some(delay) = crate::http::decide_retry(
+                        retry_attempt,
+                        &outcome,
+                        &retry_policy,
+                        "POST",
+                        idempotency_key.is_some(),
+                        no_retry,
+                    ) {
+                        tracing::warn!(
+                            api_method = method_id,
+                            http_method = "POST",
+                            attempt = retry_attempt + 1,
+                            delay_ms = delay.as_millis() as u64,
+                            error = %e,
+                            "retrying after network/transport failure",
+                        );
+                        tokio::time::sleep(delay).await;
+                        retry_attempt += 1;
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                    crate::http::maybe_emit_tls_hint(http_config, &e);
+                    return Err(anyhow::Error::from(e).context("HTTP request failed").into());
+                }
             }
         };
         let latency_ms = start.elapsed().as_millis() as u64;
@@ -669,6 +733,7 @@ mod tests {
             true, // capture_output
             None,
             &http_config,
+            false,
         )
         .await
         .expect("dry-run should succeed");
diff --git a/generators/cli/sdk/src/graphql/parser.rs b/generators/cli/sdk/src/graphql/parser.rs
index 2b956c4bbe08..1318e44ab9ec 100644
--- a/generators/cli/sdk/src/graphql/parser.rs
+++ b/generators/cli/sdk/src/graphql/parser.rs
@@ -971,4 +971,21 @@ mod tests {
         );
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn test_load_linear_schema() {
+        let json = include_str!("../../cli/linear/schema.json");
+        let doc = load_graphql_schema(json, "linear", "https://api.linear.app/graphql").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(doc.name, "linear");
+
+        let issue = doc.resources.get("issue").expect("issue resource missing");
+        assert!(issue.methods.contains_key("get"), "missing issue.get");
+        assert!(issue.methods.contains_key("list"), "missing issue.list");
+        assert!(issue.methods.contains_key("create"), "missing issue.create");
+
+        assert!(
+            doc.resources.len() > 20,
+            "expected >20 resources, got {}",
+            doc.resources.len()
+        );
+    }
 }
diff --git a/generators/cli/sdk/src/http.rs b/generators/cli/sdk/src/http.rs
index 4d7ee2f14ef2..69fe34940083 100644
--- a/generators/cli/sdk/src/http.rs
+++ b/generators/cli/sdk/src/http.rs
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ use crate::error::CliError;
 /// and threads it through to the executor.
 #[derive(Clone, Debug)]
 pub struct HttpConfig {
-    /// CLI binary name (e.g. `"myapi"`). Cheap to clone via `Arc`.
+    /// CLI binary name (e.g. `"bigcommerce"`). Cheap to clone via `Arc`.
     name: Arc<str>,
     /// Env-var prefix derived once from `name`: uppercase + `-` → `_`. Cached
     /// so the transform isn't recomputed on every `build_client` call (and
@@ -161,13 +161,13 @@ impl HttpConfig {
         self
     }
 
-    /// CLI binary name (e.g. `"myapi"`).
+    /// CLI binary name (e.g. `"bigcommerce"`).
     pub fn name(&self) -> &str {
         &self.name
     }
 
     /// Env-var prefix derived from the binary name (uppercase, `-` → `_`).
-    /// `MYAPI`, `OTHER_API`, etc. Use this when constructing scoped env vars
+    /// `BIGCOMMERCE`, `BOX`, etc. Use this when constructing scoped env vars
     /// so the transform stays consistent across the codebase.
     pub fn env_prefix(&self) -> &str {
         &self.prefix
@@ -424,8 +424,8 @@ fn is_first_emission(name: &str, kind: &str) -> bool {
 // Env-var helpers
 // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/// Format a scoped env-var name. `scoped("MYAPI", "_CA_BUNDLE")` →
-/// `"MYAPI_CA_BUNDLE"`.
+/// Format a scoped env-var name. `scoped("BIGCOMMERCE", "_CA_BUNDLE")` →
+/// `"BIGCOMMERCE_CA_BUNDLE"`.
 fn scoped(prefix: &str, suffix: &str) -> String {
     format!("{prefix}{suffix}")
 }
@@ -468,6 +468,226 @@ fn parse_secs(key: &str) -> Option<u64> {
     std::env::var(key).ok().and_then(|v| v.parse().ok())
 }
 
+// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Retry / Idempotency — shared infrastructure
+// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/// Default retry policy for the CLI. Used by both OpenAPI and GraphQL
+/// executors when no spec-level `x-fern-retries` override applies.
+///
+/// 4 total attempts (initial + 3 retries), exponential backoff starting
+/// at 500ms with factor 2, 10% jitter.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq)]
+pub struct RetryPolicy {
+    pub enabled: bool,
+    pub max_attempts: u32,
+    pub base_delay_ms: u64,
+    pub factor: f64,
+    pub jitter: f64,
+}
+
+impl Default for RetryPolicy {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            enabled: true,
+            max_attempts: 4,
+            base_delay_ms: 500,
+            factor: 2.0,
+            jitter: 0.1,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl RetryPolicy {
+    pub fn disabled() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            enabled: false,
+            max_attempts: 0,
+            base_delay_ms: 0,
+            factor: 2.0,
+            jitter: 0.0,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Returns `true` when the HTTP status code is considered retryable.
+///
+/// Retryable statuses:
+///   - 408 Request Timeout
+///   - 429 Too Many Requests
+///   - 500–599 (all server errors)
+pub fn is_retryable_status(status: u16) -> bool {
+    status == 408 || status == 429 || (500..=599).contains(&status)
+}
+
+/// Whether the HTTP method is safe to retry without explicit idempotency
+/// marking. GET, HEAD, OPTIONS, DELETE, and PUT are idempotent by spec.
+pub fn method_allows_retry(http_method: &str, marked_idempotent: bool) -> bool {
+    if marked_idempotent {
+        return true;
+    }
+    matches!(
+        http_method.to_ascii_uppercase().as_str(),
+        "GET" | "HEAD" | "OPTIONS" | "DELETE" | "PUT"
+    )
+}
+
+/// Parse a `Retry-After` header value into a `Duration`.
+///
+/// Accepts either a non-negative integer (seconds) or an HTTP-date
+/// (IMF-fixdate / RFC 850 / asctime).
+pub fn parse_retry_after(value: &str, now: std::time::SystemTime) -> Option<Duration> {
+    let trimmed = value.trim();
+    if trimmed.is_empty() {
+        return None;
+    }
+    if let Ok(secs) = trimmed.parse::<u64>() {
+        return Some(Duration::from_secs(secs));
+    }
+    if let Ok(target) = httpdate::parse_http_date(trimmed) {
+        return Some(target.duration_since(now).unwrap_or(Duration::ZERO));
+    }
+    None
+}
+
+/// Compute exponential backoff delay for the given attempt.
+///
+/// `attempt` is 0-indexed (the just-completed send). Delay grows as
+/// `base_delay_ms * factor^attempt`, with symmetric jitter.
+pub fn compute_backoff_delay(attempt: u32, policy: &RetryPolicy) -> Duration {
+    let jitter_sample = if policy.jitter > 0.0 {
+        let nanos = std::time::SystemTime::now()
+            .duration_since(std::time::UNIX_EPOCH)
+            .unwrap_or_default()
+            .subsec_nanos() as u64;
+        ((nanos.wrapping_mul(2654435761)) & 0xFFFF) as f64 / 65535.0
+    } else {
+        0.5
+    };
+    compute_backoff_delay_with_rand(attempt, policy, jitter_sample)
+}
+
+/// Test-friendly variant: `rand_unit` in `[0.0, 1.0]`; 0.5 = no jitter offset.
+pub fn compute_backoff_delay_with_rand(
+    attempt: u32,
+    policy: &RetryPolicy,
+    rand_unit: f64,
+) -> Duration {
+    if !policy.enabled {
+        return Duration::ZERO;
+    }
+    let raw_ms = (policy.base_delay_ms as f64) * policy.factor.powi(attempt as i32);
+    let jitter_span = raw_ms * policy.jitter;
+    let offset = (rand_unit.clamp(0.0, 1.0) - 0.5) * jitter_span;
+    let ms = (raw_ms + offset).max(0.0);
+    let capped = if ms > u64::MAX as f64 { u64::MAX } else { ms as u64 };
+    Duration::from_millis(capped)
+}
+
+/// Outcome of a retry-loop iteration.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct RetryOutcome<'a> {
+    pub status: Option<u16>,
+    pub retry_after: Option<&'a str>,
+}
+
+/// Decide whether to retry. Returns `Some(delay)` to schedule a retry,
+/// or `None` to surface the outcome.
+pub fn decide_retry(
+    attempt: u32,
+    outcome: &RetryOutcome<'_>,
+    policy: &RetryPolicy,
+    http_method: &str,
+    marked_idempotent: bool,
+    no_retry: bool,
+) -> Option<Duration> {
+    if no_retry || !policy.enabled || policy.max_attempts == 0 {
+        return None;
+    }
+    if attempt + 1 >= policy.max_attempts {
+        return None;
+    }
+    match outcome.status {
+        None => {
+            if !method_allows_retry(http_method, marked_idempotent) {
+                return None;
+            }
+            Some(compute_backoff_delay(attempt, policy))
+        }
+        Some(status) => {
+            if !is_retryable_status(status) {
+                return None;
+            }
+            let always_safe = matches!(status, 408 | 429);
+            if !always_safe && !method_allows_retry(http_method, marked_idempotent) {
+                return None;
+            }
+            if let Some(raw) = outcome.retry_after {
+                if let Some(d) = parse_retry_after(raw, std::time::SystemTime::now()) {
+                    return Some(d);
+                }
+            }
+            Some(compute_backoff_delay(attempt, policy))
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Generate a UUID v4 idempotency key.
+///
+/// Uses cheap entropy from system time + process-id + a monotonic counter
+/// rather than pulling in the `uuid` crate. The counter guarantees
+/// uniqueness even when two calls land in the same clock tick (e.g. fast
+/// pagination with `--page-delay 0`). The result is formatted as a
+/// standard 8-4-4-4-12 lowercase hex UUID with version nibble = 4 and
+/// variant bits set per RFC 4122 section 4.4.
+pub fn generate_idempotency_key() -> String {
+    use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicU64, Ordering};
+    static COUNTER: AtomicU64 = AtomicU64::new(0);
+
+    let now = std::time::SystemTime::now()
+        .duration_since(std::time::UNIX_EPOCH)
+        .unwrap_or_default();
+    let nanos = now.subsec_nanos() as u64;
+    let secs = now.as_secs();
+    let pid = std::process::id() as u64;
+    let seq = COUNTER.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
+
+    // Mix bits with a multiplicative hash (Knuth's golden-ratio constant
+    // variants) to spread entropy across the 128-bit space.
+    let a = secs
+        .wrapping_mul(6364136223846793005)
+        .wrapping_add(nanos)
+        .wrapping_add(seq);
+    let b = nanos
+        .wrapping_mul(2654435761)
+        .wrapping_add(pid)
+        .wrapping_mul(1442695040888963407)
+        .wrapping_add(secs)
+        .wrapping_add(seq.wrapping_mul(6364136223846793005));
+
+    // Stamp version (4) and variant (10xx) bits per RFC 4122.
+    let hi = (a & 0xFFFFFFFF_FFFF0FFF) | 0x00000000_00004000;
+    let lo = (b & 0x3FFFFFFF_FFFFFFFF) | 0x80000000_00000000;
+
+    format!(
+        "{:08x}-{:04x}-{:04x}-{:04x}-{:012x}",
+        (hi >> 32) as u32,
+        ((hi >> 16) & 0xFFFF) as u16,
+        hi as u16,
+        (lo >> 48) as u16,
+        lo & 0x0000FFFFFFFFFFFF,
+    )
+}
+
+/// Returns `true` when the HTTP method should carry an auto-generated
+/// `Idempotency-Key` header (POST, PUT, PATCH).
+pub fn needs_idempotency_key(http_method: &str) -> bool {
+    matches!(
+        http_method.to_ascii_uppercase().as_str(),
+        "POST" | "PUT" | "PATCH"
+    )
+}
+
 // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 // Tests
 // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -531,7 +751,7 @@ mod tests {
     #[test]
     #[serial_test::serial]
     fn build_client_succeeds_with_clean_env() {
-        let cfg = HttpConfig::new("myapi").unwrap();
+        let cfg = HttpConfig::new("bigcommerce").unwrap();
         assert!(cfg.build_client().is_ok());
     }
 
@@ -674,8 +894,8 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn scoped_helper_concatenates_prefix_and_suffix() {
-        assert_eq!(scoped("MYAPI", "_CA_BUNDLE"), "MYAPI_CA_BUNDLE");
-        assert_eq!(scoped("OTHER", "_INSECURE"), "OTHER_INSECURE");
+        assert_eq!(scoped("BIGCOMMERCE", "_CA_BUNDLE"), "BIGCOMMERCE_CA_BUNDLE");
+        assert_eq!(scoped("BOX", "_INSECURE"), "BOX_INSECURE");
     }
 
     // ----- resolve() — transport-neutral view ---------------------------------
@@ -842,4 +1062,130 @@ Wf86aX6PepsntZv2GYlA5UpabfT2EZICICpJ5h/iI+i341gBmLiAFQOyTDT+/wQc\n\
         assert_eq!(resolved.request_timeout, Some(Duration::from_secs(30)));
         assert_eq!(resolved.connect_timeout, Some(Duration::from_secs(5)));
     }
+
+    // ---------------------------------------------------------------
+    // Retry policy tests
+    // ---------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    #[test]
+    fn retry_policy_default_has_4_attempts() {
+        let p = RetryPolicy::default();
+        assert!(p.enabled);
+        assert_eq!(p.max_attempts, 4);
+        assert_eq!(p.base_delay_ms, 500);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn is_retryable_status_covers_5xx_408_429() {
+        for s in [408u16, 429, 500, 501, 502, 503, 504, 599] {
+            assert!(is_retryable_status(s), "{s} should be retryable");
+        }
+        for s in [200u16, 301, 400, 401, 403, 404, 422] {
+            assert!(!is_retryable_status(s), "{s} should NOT be retryable");
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn method_allows_retry_idempotent_verbs() {
+        for m in ["GET", "HEAD", "OPTIONS", "DELETE", "PUT"] {
+            assert!(method_allows_retry(m, false), "{m} should allow retry");
+        }
+        for m in ["POST", "PATCH"] {
+            assert!(!method_allows_retry(m, false), "{m} should NOT allow retry");
+            assert!(method_allows_retry(m, true), "{m}+marked should allow");
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn needs_idempotency_key_post_put_patch() {
+        assert!(needs_idempotency_key("POST"));
+        assert!(needs_idempotency_key("PUT"));
+        assert!(needs_idempotency_key("PATCH"));
+        assert!(!needs_idempotency_key("GET"));
+        assert!(!needs_idempotency_key("DELETE"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn generate_idempotency_key_is_uuid_shaped() {
+        let key = generate_idempotency_key();
+        let parts: Vec<&str> = key.split('-').collect();
+        assert_eq!(parts.len(), 5, "should be 8-4-4-4-12 format: {key}");
+        assert_eq!(parts[0].len(), 8);
+        assert_eq!(parts[1].len(), 4);
+        assert_eq!(parts[2].len(), 4);
+        assert_eq!(parts[3].len(), 4);
+        assert_eq!(parts[4].len(), 12);
+        // Version nibble = 4
+        assert!(parts[2].starts_with('4'), "version nibble should be 4: {key}");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn generate_idempotency_key_unique() {
+        // No sleep needed -- the monotonic counter guarantees uniqueness
+        // even when calls land in the same clock tick.
+        let a = generate_idempotency_key();
+        let b = generate_idempotency_key();
+        assert_ne!(a, b, "successive keys should differ");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn parse_retry_after_numeric() {
+        let now = std::time::SystemTime::now();
+        assert_eq!(parse_retry_after("5", now), Some(Duration::from_secs(5)));
+        assert_eq!(parse_retry_after("0", now), Some(Duration::from_secs(0)));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn parse_retry_after_empty_returns_none() {
+        let now = std::time::SystemTime::now();
+        assert_eq!(parse_retry_after("", now), None);
+        assert_eq!(parse_retry_after("   ", now), None);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn compute_backoff_delay_grows_exponentially() {
+        let p = RetryPolicy {
+            enabled: true,
+            max_attempts: 4,
+            base_delay_ms: 500,
+            factor: 2.0,
+            jitter: 0.0,
+        };
+        let d0 = compute_backoff_delay_with_rand(0, &p, 0.5);
+        let d1 = compute_backoff_delay_with_rand(1, &p, 0.5);
+        let d2 = compute_backoff_delay_with_rand(2, &p, 0.5);
+        assert_eq!(d0, Duration::from_millis(500));
+        assert_eq!(d1, Duration::from_millis(1000));
+        assert_eq!(d2, Duration::from_millis(2000));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn decide_retry_no_retry_flag_short_circuits() {
+        let p = RetryPolicy::default();
+        let outcome = RetryOutcome { status: Some(503), retry_after: None };
+        assert!(decide_retry(0, &outcome, &p, "GET", false, true).is_none());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn decide_retry_exhausts_max_attempts() {
+        let p = RetryPolicy { max_attempts: 3, ..RetryPolicy::default() };
+        let outcome = RetryOutcome { status: Some(503), retry_after: None };
+        assert!(decide_retry(0, &outcome, &p, "GET", false, false).is_some());
+        assert!(decide_retry(1, &outcome, &p, "GET", false, false).is_some());
+        assert!(decide_retry(2, &outcome, &p, "GET", false, false).is_none());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn decide_retry_post_5xx_without_idempotent_no_retry() {
+        let p = RetryPolicy::default();
+        let outcome = RetryOutcome { status: Some(503), retry_after: None };
+        assert!(decide_retry(0, &outcome, &p, "POST", false, false).is_none());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn decide_retry_post_429_always_safe() {
+        let p = RetryPolicy::default();
+        let outcome = RetryOutcome { status: Some(429), retry_after: None };
+        assert!(decide_retry(0, &outcome, &p, "POST", false, false).is_some());
+    }
 }
diff --git a/generators/cli/sdk/src/openapi/app.rs b/generators/cli/sdk/src/openapi/app.rs
index e0dcfb9e7deb..8daf8441732d 100644
--- a/generators/cli/sdk/src/openapi/app.rs
+++ b/generators/cli/sdk/src/openapi/app.rs
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ fn split_prefix(prefix: &str) -> Vec<String> {
 /// **Stutter elision:** at the leaf, if `incoming` contains a top-level
 /// resource whose name matches the leaf namespace, that resource's methods
 /// and sub-resources are *hoisted* into the namespace itself — eliminating
-/// the `myapi v3 customers customers get` repetition that would
+/// the `bigcommerce v3 customers customers get` repetition that would
 /// otherwise occur when a spec's primary domain matches the namespace name.
 /// Other top-level resources from the spec become children of the
 /// namespace as usual.
@@ -204,7 +204,7 @@ fn merge_schemas(
     acc: &mut HashMap<String, JsonSchema>,
     incoming: HashMap<String, JsonSchema>,
 ) -> Result<(), CliError> {
-    // Multi-spec setups share common schema
+    // Multi-spec setups like BigCommerce's Management API share common schema
     // names (`ErrorResponse`, `Pagination`, `Meta`) across many specs that are
     // authored from the same template — collisions are the norm, not a bug.
     // First write wins; schemas are only used for best-effort request-body
@@ -482,16 +482,16 @@ pub(crate) struct SpecEntry {
 }
 
 /// A server-URL template variable like `{store_hash}` in
-/// `https://api.example.com/stores/{store_hash}/v3`. Resolved at runtime
+/// `https://api.bigcommerce.com/stores/{store_hash}/v3`. Resolved at runtime
 /// from a CLI flag (`--<name>`), an env var, or a built-in default — first
 /// match wins.
 #[derive(Clone)]
 pub(crate) struct ServerVar {
     /// OpenAPI variable name as it appears in the URL template (`store_hash`).
     name: String,
-    /// Env var consulted when the flag isn't passed (e.g. `MYAPI_STORE_HASH`).
+    /// Env var consulted when the flag isn't passed (e.g. `BIGCOMMERCE_STORE_HASH`).
     env_var: Option<String>,
-    /// Fallback default (for variables that have one — most
+    /// Fallback default (for variables that have one — most BigCommerce-style
     /// store identifiers don't).
     default: Option<String>,
     /// One-line `--help` string.
@@ -514,6 +514,12 @@ pub struct CliApp {
     /// — the spec drives the choice. Generators that already know the
     /// API's auth model can pin a specific strategy.
     auth_strategy: AuthStrategy,
+    /// Optional additive auth layers registered via
+    /// [`auth_layer`](Self::auth_layer). Each is applied on top of the
+    /// composed primary provider whenever it has credentials — see
+    /// [`LayeredAuthProvider`](crate::auth::LayeredAuthProvider). Empty by
+    /// default; layers never affect whether the primary auth is satisfiable.
+    pub(crate) auth_layers: Vec<DynAuthProvider>,
     /// Trust roots parsed at builder-call time. Storing parsed certs (not
     /// raw bytes) means the validation error message lives in one place
     /// — at the call site of `extra_root_cert`, where it's most useful.
@@ -555,6 +561,7 @@ impl CliApp {
             description_override: None,
             auth_bindings: Vec::new(),
             auth_strategy: AuthStrategy::Auto,
+            auth_layers: Vec::new(),
             extra_root_certs: Vec::new(),
             extra_root_certs_pem: Vec::new(),
             server_vars: Vec::new(),
@@ -636,7 +643,7 @@ impl CliApp {
     ///   4. Otherwise, errors with a helpful message
     ///
     /// Used for multi-tenant APIs where every URL is parameterized — the
-    /// canonical example is a `{store_hash}` placeholder. Variables
+    /// canonical example is BigCommerce's `{store_hash}`. Variables
     /// referenced in `servers[].url` but not registered here remain literal
     /// in the URL (and the request will fail at send time), so registering
     /// them is effectively required.
@@ -769,7 +776,7 @@ impl CliApp {
     /// deep-merged onto the spec before parsing.
     ///
     /// ```ignore
-    /// CliApp::new("myapi")
+    /// CliApp::new("bigcommerce")
     ///     .specs_under_named_with_overrides("v3", [
     ///         ("customers",
     ///          include_str!("specs/management/customers.v3.yml"),
@@ -1017,6 +1024,48 @@ impl CliApp {
         self
     }
 
+    /// Register an *additive* auth layer: a provider whose headers are
+    /// attached on top of the composed primary auth whenever it has
+    /// credentials, regardless of the [`AuthStrategy`].
+    ///
+    /// Unlike [`auth_scheme`](Self::auth_scheme) bound under
+    /// [`AuthStrategy::All`], a layer is strictly optional — it never makes
+    /// the primary auth mandatory and is silently skipped when its credential
+    /// is absent. Use it for a supplementary header that sits alongside real
+    /// auth and is only present in some environments.
+    ///
+    /// The motivating case is Lattice Sandboxes, which require an extra
+    /// `Anduril-Sandbox-Authorization: Bearer <token>` header in addition to
+    /// the normal bearer token — but only when developing against a sandbox:
+    ///
+    /// ```ignore
+    /// use fern_cli_sdk::auth::{AuthCredentialSource, HeaderAuthProvider};
+    ///
+    /// CliApp::new("lattice")
+    ///     .spec(include_str!("openapi.yaml"))
+    ///     .auth_scheme_env("bearerHttpAuthentication", "ENVIRONMENT_TOKEN")
+    ///     .auth_layer(HeaderAuthProvider::new(
+    ///         "sandboxAuthorization",
+    ///         "Anduril-Sandbox-Authorization",
+    ///         AuthCredentialSource::from_env("SANDBOXES_TOKEN"),
+    ///         true, // emit "Bearer <token>"
+    ///     ))
+    ///     .run();
+    /// ```
+    pub fn auth_layer<P>(self, provider: P) -> Self
+    where
+        P: crate::auth::AuthProvider + 'static,
+    {
+        self.auth_layer_shared(std::sync::Arc::new(provider))
+    }
+
+    /// Same as [`auth_layer`](Self::auth_layer) but takes an already-built
+    /// [`DynAuthProvider`] (for sharing one provider across bindings).
+    pub fn auth_layer_shared(mut self, provider: DynAuthProvider) -> Self {
+        self.auth_layers.push(provider);
+        self
+    }
+
     /// Pin how the bound auth schemes compose into a single provider.
     /// Defaults to [`AuthStrategy::Auto`], which derives the strategy from
     /// the spec (Routing if any operation declares per-endpoint security,
@@ -1071,11 +1120,26 @@ impl CliApp {
         doc: &RestDescription,
         mut cli: clap::Command,
     ) -> clap::Command {
-        let auth_section = crate::auth::render_auth_help_section(&self.auth_bindings);
+        let auth_section = {
+            let base = crate::auth::render_auth_help_section(&self.auth_bindings);
+            let layer_rows: Vec<(String, Vec<String>)> = self
+                .auth_layers
+                .iter()
+                .map(|p| (p.name().to_string(), p.credential_hints()))
+                .collect();
+            let layers = crate::auth::render_auth_layers_help(&layer_rows);
+            match (base, layers) {
+                (Some(b), Some(l)) => Some(format!("{b}{l}")),
+                (Some(b), None) => Some(b),
+                // No primary bindings but layers exist — supply the heading.
+                (None, Some(l)) => Some(format!("Authentication:\n{l}")),
+                (None, None) => None,
+            }
+        };
 
         // Server-variable flags (e.g. `--store-hash` for {store_hash}).
         for var in &self.server_vars {
-            let kebab = var.name.replace('_', "-");
+            let kebab = crate::text::to_kebab_flag(&var.name);
             let help_text = var
                 .description
                 .clone()
@@ -1265,12 +1329,27 @@ impl CliApp {
     /// — the CLI runs unauthenticated.
     pub(crate) fn build_auth_provider(&self, doc: &RestDescription) -> DynAuthProvider {
         let has_per_endpoint = doc.resources.values().any(resource_has_per_endpoint_security);
-        crate::auth::build_provider_with_strategy(
+        let primary = crate::auth::build_provider_with_strategy(
             &self.auth_bindings,
             &doc.security_schemes,
             self.auth_strategy,
             has_per_endpoint,
-        )
+        );
+        self.wrap_auth_layers(primary)
+    }
+
+    /// Layer any registered additive providers on top of the composed
+    /// primary. A no-op when no layers were registered, so the common case
+    /// pays nothing.
+    fn wrap_auth_layers(&self, primary: DynAuthProvider) -> DynAuthProvider {
+        if self.auth_layers.is_empty() {
+            primary
+        } else {
+            std::sync::Arc::new(crate::auth::LayeredAuthProvider::new(
+                primary,
+                self.auth_layers.clone(),
+            ))
+        }
     }
 
     /// Build an auth provider from externally-finalized bindings.
@@ -1282,12 +1361,13 @@ impl CliApp {
         doc: &RestDescription,
     ) -> DynAuthProvider {
         let has_per_endpoint = doc.resources.values().any(resource_has_per_endpoint_security);
-        crate::auth::build_provider_with_strategy(
+        let primary = crate::auth::build_provider_with_strategy(
             finalized,
             &doc.security_schemes,
             self.auth_strategy,
             has_per_endpoint,
-        )
+        );
+        self.wrap_auth_layers(primary)
     }
 }
 
@@ -1319,6 +1399,10 @@ pub struct AppContext {
     /// `OutputPipeline` by [`AppContext::execute`] so custom commands
     /// honor the flag.
     quiet: bool,
+    /// Base URL override resolved from `--base-url` / `{NAME}_BASE_URL`.
+    /// Threaded into `invoke()` so custom command handlers respect the
+    /// override the same way direct CLI dispatch does.
+    base_url_override: Option<String>,
 }
 
 impl AppContext {
@@ -1331,6 +1415,7 @@ impl AppContext {
         Self {
             entries: vec![BindingEntry { doc, auth_provider, http_config, global_headers }],
             quiet: false,
+            base_url_override: None,
         }
     }
 
@@ -1339,6 +1424,11 @@ impl AppContext {
         self
     }
 
+    pub(crate) fn with_base_url_override(mut self, base_url_override: Option<String>) -> Self {
+        self.base_url_override = base_url_override;
+        self
+    }
+
     /// Add another binding's prepared state to this context.
     pub(crate) fn add_entry(&mut self, entry: BindingEntry) {
         self.entries.push(entry);
@@ -1451,11 +1541,12 @@ impl AppContext {
                 None,
                 None,
                 None,
+                None, // no multipart for programmatic callers
                 false,
                 &pagination,
                 &pipeline,
                 false,
-                None,
+                self.base_url_override.as_deref(),
                 &entry.http_config,
                 // TODO(mcp/programmatic): programmatic callers always
                 // honor `x-fern-sdk-return-value` (matches typed-SDK
@@ -1489,7 +1580,7 @@ impl AppContext {
     ///
     /// Like [`execute`](Self::execute) but captures the response instead of
     /// printing it, and accepts a `binary_body_path` for operations with a
-    /// binary request body (e.g. a file upload endpoint). Designed for
+    /// binary request body (e.g. AssemblyAI's `/v2/upload`). Designed for
     /// custom commands that chain multiple API calls.
     pub fn invoke(
         &self,
@@ -1528,11 +1619,12 @@ impl AppContext {
                 None,
                 None,
                 binary_body_path,
+                None, // no multipart for programmatic callers
                 false,
                 &pagination,
                 &formatter::OutputPipeline::default(),
                 true, // capture_output
-                None,
+                self.base_url_override.as_deref(),
                 &entry.http_config,
                 // See TODO in `execute` above — same trade-off applies
                 // here: chained custom commands expect the
@@ -1750,10 +1842,6 @@ pub(crate) fn collect_params_from_flags(
     let mut missing_variable_bound: Vec<(String, String)> = Vec::new();
     for (param_name, param_def) in &method.parameters {
         if let Some(var_name) = param_def.variable_reference.as_deref() {
-            // Global flag ids match the variable name (see `run_async`).
-            // clap's `.env(...)` on the global arg already covers the
-            // env-var fallback before we get here, so a missing value
-            // means neither CLI flag nor env var was provided.
             match matched_args.get_one::<String>(var_name) {
                 Some(value) => {
                     params.insert(
@@ -1767,8 +1855,14 @@ pub(crate) fn collect_params_from_flags(
             }
             continue;
         }
+
+        // The clap arg ID may differ from the wire name when the wire
+        // name collides with a built-in flag. Use the same resolution
+        // function the command builder uses (FER-10430).
+        let arg_id = crate::openapi::commands::param_clap_arg_id(param_name);
+
         if param_def.repeated {
-            if let Some(values) = matched_args.get_many::<String>(param_name) {
+            if let Some(values) = matched_args.get_many::<String>(&arg_id) {
                 let arr: Vec<serde_json::Value> = values
                     .map(|v| serde_json::Value::String(v.clone()))
                     .collect();
@@ -1777,18 +1871,29 @@ pub(crate) fn collect_params_from_flags(
             continue;
         }
 
-        let Some(value) = matched_args.get_one::<String>(param_name) else {
+        let Some(value) = matched_args.get_one::<String>(&arg_id) else {
             continue;
         };
-        let from_default = matched_args.value_source(param_name)
+        let from_default = matched_args.value_source(&arg_id)
             == Some(clap::parser::ValueSource::DefaultValue);
         let json_value = match (from_default, &param_def.default_value) {
             (true, Some(typed)) => typed.clone(),
             _ => {
-                // For object-typed params (e.g. deepObject query parameters),
-                // attempt JSON parsing so deepObject serialization receives a
-                // Value::Object rather than a string.
-                if param_def.param_type.as_deref() == Some("object") {
+                // Null sentinel, gated to user-supplied input so a
+                // default-injected "null" string is never reinterpreted.
+                // See ADR-0003.
+                if param_def.nullable && value == "null" {
+                    serde_json::Value::Null
+                } else if matches!(
+                    param_def.param_type.as_deref(),
+                    Some("object") | Some("array")
+                ) {
+                    // For object- and array-typed params (e.g. deepObject /
+                    // form / spaceDelimited / pipeDelimited query parameters,
+                    // or simple-style header parameters), attempt JSON parsing
+                    // so the style-aware serializer receives a `Value::Object` /
+                    // `Value::Array` rather than a verbatim string. Falls back
+                    // to the raw string when the value isn't valid JSON.
                     serde_json::from_str(value.as_str())
                         .unwrap_or_else(|_| serde_json::Value::String(value.clone()))
                 } else {
@@ -1829,6 +1934,65 @@ pub(crate) fn collect_params_from_flags(
     Ok(params)
 }
 
+/// Collect multipart/form-data parts from CLI arg matches. Returns `None`
+/// when the operation has no multipart fields. File-typed fields reject
+/// control characters (matching `binary_body_path` validation) but allow
+/// absolute paths since users may upload files from anywhere on disk.
+pub(crate) fn collect_multipart_parts(
+    method: &RestMethod,
+    matches: &clap::ArgMatches,
+) -> Result<Option<Vec<executor::MultipartPart>>, crate::error::CliError> {
+    if method.multipart_fields.is_empty() {
+        return Ok(None);
+    }
+
+    let mut parts = Vec::new();
+    for field in &method.multipart_fields {
+        // Skip fields whose kebab name collides with a builtin flag — the
+        // arg was never registered so any value would come from the builtin.
+        let kebab = crate::text::to_kebab_flag(&field.wire_name);
+        if crate::openapi::commands::BUILTIN_FLAG_NAMES.contains(&kebab.as_str()) {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        let value = matches
+            .try_get_one::<String>(&field.wire_name)
+            .ok()
+            .flatten();
+        let Some(value) = value else {
+            continue;
+        };
+
+        if field.is_file {
+            let raw = value.as_str();
+            let stripped = raw.strip_prefix('@').unwrap_or(raw);
+            if stripped != "-" {
+                crate::output::reject_dangerous_chars(
+                    stripped,
+                    &format!("--{}", crate::text::to_kebab_flag(&field.wire_name)),
+                )?;
+            }
+            parts.push(executor::MultipartPart::File {
+                name: field.wire_name.clone(),
+                path: raw.to_string(),
+                content_type: field.content_type.clone(),
+            });
+        } else {
+            parts.push(executor::MultipartPart::Text {
+                name: field.wire_name.clone(),
+                value: value.clone(),
+                content_type: field.content_type.clone(),
+            });
+        }
+    }
+
+    if parts.is_empty() {
+        Ok(None)
+    } else {
+        Ok(Some(parts))
+    }
+}
+
 pub(crate) fn build_pagination_config(
     matches: &clap::ArgMatches,
     doc: &RestDescription,
@@ -2568,6 +2732,159 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(result.get("uuid").unwrap().as_str().unwrap(), "from-json");
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn test_collect_params_null_sentinel_on_nullable_param() {
+        // `--user-id null` on a nullable scalar body param must produce
+        // serde_json::Value::Null, not Value::String("null").
+        let mut params = std::collections::HashMap::new();
+        params.insert(
+            "userId".to_string(),
+            crate::openapi::discovery::MethodParameter {
+                param_type: Some("string".to_string()),
+                location: Some("body".to_string()),
+                nullable: true,
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+        );
+        let method = crate::openapi::discovery::RestMethod {
+            parameters: params,
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let cmd = clap::Command::new("test")
+            .arg(clap::Arg::new("userId").long("user-id"))
+            .arg(clap::Arg::new("params").long("params"));
+        let matches = cmd.get_matches_from(vec!["test", "--user-id", "null"]);
+        let result = collect_params_from_flags(&matches, &method, None).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(result.get("userId"), Some(&serde_json::Value::Null));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_collect_params_null_string_on_non_nullable_param_unchanged() {
+        // `--field null` on a non-nullable string param keeps current
+        // behavior: passes the four-character string through unchanged.
+        let mut params = std::collections::HashMap::new();
+        params.insert(
+            "code".to_string(),
+            crate::openapi::discovery::MethodParameter {
+                param_type: Some("string".to_string()),
+                location: Some("body".to_string()),
+                nullable: false,
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+        );
+        let method = crate::openapi::discovery::RestMethod {
+            parameters: params,
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let cmd = clap::Command::new("test")
+            .arg(clap::Arg::new("code").long("code"))
+            .arg(clap::Arg::new("params").long("params"));
+        let matches = cmd.get_matches_from(vec!["test", "--code", "null"]);
+        let result = collect_params_from_flags(&matches, &method, None).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(
+            result.get("code").and_then(|v| v.as_str()),
+            Some("null"),
+            "literal 'null' must pass through unchanged on non-nullable fields",
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_collect_params_array_typed_param_parsed_from_json() {
+        // An array-typed param (e.g. a simple/array path param) carries a
+        // JSON-array string on the CLI; it must be parsed into a
+        // `Value::Array` so the path serializer can comma-join the elements
+        // instead of sending the verbatim `["a","b"]` string.
+        let mut params = std::collections::HashMap::new();
+        params.insert(
+            "ids".to_string(),
+            crate::openapi::discovery::MethodParameter {
+                param_type: Some("array".to_string()),
+                location: Some("path".to_string()),
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+        );
+        let method = crate::openapi::discovery::RestMethod {
+            parameters: params,
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let cmd = clap::Command::new("test")
+            .arg(clap::Arg::new("ids").long("ids"))
+            .arg(clap::Arg::new("params").long("params"));
+        let matches = cmd.get_matches_from(vec!["test", "--ids", r#"["a","b"]"#]);
+        let result = collect_params_from_flags(&matches, &method, None).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(
+            result.get("ids"),
+            Some(&serde_json::json!(["a", "b"])),
+            "array-typed param must be JSON-parsed into a Value::Array",
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_collect_params_array_typed_param_invalid_json_falls_back_to_string() {
+        // Malformed JSON for an array-typed param keeps the verbatim string
+        // (no behavior change / no hard error for non-JSON input).
+        let mut params = std::collections::HashMap::new();
+        params.insert(
+            "ids".to_string(),
+            crate::openapi::discovery::MethodParameter {
+                param_type: Some("array".to_string()),
+                location: Some("path".to_string()),
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+        );
+        let method = crate::openapi::discovery::RestMethod {
+            parameters: params,
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let cmd = clap::Command::new("test")
+            .arg(clap::Arg::new("ids").long("ids"))
+            .arg(clap::Arg::new("params").long("params"));
+        let matches = cmd.get_matches_from(vec!["test", "--ids", "not-json"]);
+        let result = collect_params_from_flags(&matches, &method, None).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(
+            result.get("ids").and_then(|v| v.as_str()),
+            Some("not-json"),
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_collect_params_null_sentinel_does_not_apply_to_defaults() {
+        // When clap injects an `x-fern-default` value that happens to be the
+        // string "null", we must NOT convert it to Value::Null — the user
+        // didn't ask for null, the default did. The value_source check is
+        // load-bearing here.
+        let mut params = std::collections::HashMap::new();
+        params.insert(
+            "userId".to_string(),
+            crate::openapi::discovery::MethodParameter {
+                param_type: Some("string".to_string()),
+                location: Some("body".to_string()),
+                nullable: true,
+                default_value: Some(serde_json::Value::String("fallback".into())),
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+        );
+        let method = crate::openapi::discovery::RestMethod {
+            parameters: params,
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let cmd = clap::Command::new("test")
+            .arg(
+                clap::Arg::new("userId")
+                    .long("user-id")
+                    .default_value("fallback"),
+            )
+            .arg(clap::Arg::new("params").long("params"));
+        // Omit the flag → clap fills "fallback" from default.
+        let matches = cmd.get_matches_from(vec!["test"]);
+        let result = collect_params_from_flags(&matches, &method, None).unwrap();
+        // The typed default flows through, NOT a JSON null.
+        assert_eq!(
+            result.get("userId"),
+            Some(&serde_json::Value::String("fallback".into())),
+        );
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn test_collect_params_empty_when_no_flags() {
         let method = crate::openapi::discovery::RestMethod::default();
@@ -2577,6 +2894,71 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(result.is_empty());
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn test_collect_params_array_value_parsed_from_json() {
+        // An `array`-typed param carrying a JSON array string is parsed
+        // into a Value::Array so the style-aware serializer can explode /
+        // join it. Previously only `object` params were parsed.
+        let mut params = std::collections::HashMap::new();
+        params.insert(
+            "tag".to_string(),
+            crate::openapi::discovery::MethodParameter {
+                param_type: Some("array".to_string()),
+                location: Some("query".to_string()),
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+        );
+        let method = crate::openapi::discovery::RestMethod {
+            parameters: params,
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let cmd = clap::Command::new("test")
+            .arg(clap::Arg::new("tag").long("tag"))
+            .arg(clap::Arg::new("params").long("params"));
+        let matches = cmd.get_matches_from(vec!["test", "--tag", r#"["a","b"]"#]);
+        let result = collect_params_from_flags(&matches, &method, None).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(result.get("tag"), Some(&serde_json::json!(["a", "b"])));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_collect_params_array_invalid_json_falls_back_to_string() {
+        // Non-JSON input for an `array` param degrades to the raw string
+        // rather than erroring, mirroring the object branch.
+        let mut params = std::collections::HashMap::new();
+        params.insert(
+            "tag".to_string(),
+            crate::openapi::discovery::MethodParameter {
+                param_type: Some("array".to_string()),
+                location: Some("query".to_string()),
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+        );
+        let method = crate::openapi::discovery::RestMethod {
+            parameters: params,
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let cmd = clap::Command::new("test")
+            .arg(clap::Arg::new("tag").long("tag"))
+            .arg(clap::Arg::new("params").long("params"));
+        let matches = cmd.get_matches_from(vec!["test", "--tag", "not-json"]);
+        let result = collect_params_from_flags(&matches, &method, None).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(
+            result.get("tag").and_then(|v| v.as_str()),
+            Some("not-json"),
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_load_spec_via_cli_app() {
+        let yaml = include_str!("../../cli/box/openapi.yaml");
+        let app = CliApp::new("box").spec(yaml);
+        assert_eq!(app.name, "box");
+        // Verify the spec can be parsed via build_doc
+        let doc = app.build_doc().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(doc.name, "box");
+        assert!(doc.resources.len() >= 14);
+    }
+
     // ------------------------------------------------------------------
     // CliApp::idempotency_header_env — generator-side env-var wiring for
     // FER-9852, implemented in cli-sdk for FER-9864 P1. Verifies the
@@ -2927,7 +3309,7 @@ paths:
     #[test]
     fn test_merge_schemas_first_write_wins_on_duplicate() {
         // Multi-spec setups commonly share schema names (`ErrorResponse`,
-        // `Pagination`). Strict-error policy made multi-spec use
+        // `Pagination`). Strict-error policy made BigCommerce-style use
         // unworkable; first-write-wins lets specs share without manual
         // de-duplication.
         let mut acc = HashMap::new();
@@ -3013,7 +3395,7 @@ paths:
     #[test]
     fn test_spec_under_merges_multiple_specs_into_same_prefix() {
         // Two specs sharing a prefix should merge under it (not error).
-        // Prevents use cases where many v2 specs all need
+        // Prevents BigCommerce-style use cases where many v2 specs all need
         // to live under a single `v2` namespace.
         let spec_a = r#"
 openapi: "3.0.0"
@@ -3141,13 +3523,13 @@ paths:
     fn test_substitute_url_vars_replaces_known_and_leaves_unknown() {
         let mut subs = HashMap::new();
         subs.insert("store_hash".to_string(), "abc123".to_string());
-        let url = "https://api.example.com/stores/{store_hash}/v3/customers/{customer_id}";
+        let url = "https://api.bigcommerce.com/stores/{store_hash}/v3/customers/{customer_id}";
         let out = substitute_url_vars(url, &subs);
         // Known var substituted, unknown left literal so the failure mode is
         // visible in dry-run output and downstream error messages.
         assert_eq!(
             out,
-            "https://api.example.com/stores/abc123/v3/customers/{customer_id}"
+            "https://api.bigcommerce.com/stores/abc123/v3/customers/{customer_id}"
         );
     }
 
diff --git a/generators/cli/sdk/src/openapi/binding.rs b/generators/cli/sdk/src/openapi/binding.rs
index afce90e0a08c..e2c6fcb90d21 100644
--- a/generators/cli/sdk/src/openapi/binding.rs
+++ b/generators/cli/sdk/src/openapi/binding.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 
 use std::sync::Arc;
 
-use crate::auth::{AuthCredentialSource, DynAuthProvider};
+use crate::auth::{AuthCredentialSource, AuthStrategy, DynAuthProvider};
 use crate::binding::{Binding, BoxFuture, DispatchResult};
 use crate::error::CliError;
 use crate::openapi::commands;
@@ -132,6 +132,33 @@ impl OpenApiBinding {
         self
     }
 
+    /// Pin how multiple auth schemes compose. See [`AuthStrategy`].
+    pub fn auth_strategy(mut self, strategy: AuthStrategy) -> Self {
+        self.inner = self.inner.auth_strategy(strategy);
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Register an additive auth layer applied on top of the primary auth
+    /// whenever its credential is present. See [`CliApp::auth_layer`].
+    ///
+    /// [`CliApp::auth_layer`]: crate::openapi::app::CliApp::auth_layer
+    pub fn auth_layer(
+        mut self,
+        provider: impl crate::auth::provider::AuthProvider + 'static,
+    ) -> Self {
+        self.inner = self.inner.auth_layer(provider);
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Register a pre-built shared additive auth layer.
+    /// See [`CliApp::auth_layer_shared`].
+    ///
+    /// [`CliApp::auth_layer_shared`]: crate::openapi::app::CliApp::auth_layer_shared
+    pub fn auth_layer_shared(mut self, provider: crate::auth::DynAuthProvider) -> Self {
+        self.inner = self.inner.auth_layer_shared(provider);
+        self
+    }
+
     /// Bind HTTP Basic auth for the named scheme.
     pub fn auth_basic_scheme(
         mut self,
@@ -312,8 +339,8 @@ impl Binding for OpenApiBinding {
         if !missing.is_empty() {
             missing.sort();
             // Warn rather than fail — multi-spec binaries may intentionally
-            // bind only a subset of schemes (e.g. basic auth
-            // but not the OAuth2 schemes).
+            // bind only a subset of schemes (e.g. Twilio binds basic auth
+            // but not the IAM OAuth2 schemes).
             tracing::warn!(
                 "Spec declares security scheme(s) [{}] with no .auth() binding. \
                  Those endpoints will run unauthenticated.",
@@ -501,6 +528,10 @@ impl Binding for OpenApiBinding {
             };
             let output_path = output_path_buf.as_deref().and_then(|p| p.to_str());
 
+            // Collect multipart/form-data parts from CLI flags for operations
+            // that declare a `multipart/form-data` body. `None` for all others.
+            let multipart_parts = super::app::collect_multipart_parts(method, matched_args)?;
+
             // Execute with capture_output = true to get the Value back
             // instead of printing to stdout.
             let result = executor::execute_method(
@@ -512,6 +543,7 @@ impl Binding for OpenApiBinding {
                 output_path,
                 None,  // upload
                 binary_body_path,
+                multipart_parts,
                 dry_run,
                 &pagination,
                 &crate::formatter::OutputPipeline::default(),
@@ -543,12 +575,15 @@ impl Binding for OpenApiBinding {
             .flatten()
             .copied()
             .unwrap_or(false);
+        let base_url_override =
+            crate::cli_args::resolve_base_url_override(matches, &self.inner.name)?;
         let ctx = super::AppContext::new(
             entry.doc,
             entry.auth_provider,
             entry.http_config,
             entry.global_headers,
-        ).with_quiet(quiet);
+        ).with_quiet(quiet)
+         .with_base_url_override(base_url_override);
         Ok(Some(Box::new(ctx)))
     }
 
@@ -564,6 +599,8 @@ impl Binding for OpenApiBinding {
             .flatten()
             .copied()
             .unwrap_or(false);
+        let base_url_override =
+            crate::cli_args::resolve_base_url_override(matches, &self.inner.name)?;
         match existing {
             Some(ctx_box) => match ctx_box.downcast::<super::AppContext>() {
                 Ok(mut ctx) => {
@@ -578,7 +615,8 @@ impl Binding for OpenApiBinding {
                         entry.auth_provider,
                         entry.http_config,
                         entry.global_headers,
-                    ).with_quiet(quiet);
+                    ).with_quiet(quiet)
+                     .with_base_url_override(base_url_override);
                     let _ = original;
                     Ok(Some(Box::new(ctx)))
                 }
@@ -589,7 +627,8 @@ impl Binding for OpenApiBinding {
                     entry.auth_provider,
                     entry.http_config,
                     entry.global_headers,
-                ).with_quiet(quiet);
+                ).with_quiet(quiet)
+                 .with_base_url_override(base_url_override);
                 Ok(Some(Box::new(ctx)))
             }
         }
diff --git a/generators/cli/sdk/src/openapi/commands.rs b/generators/cli/sdk/src/openapi/commands.rs
index c5d3897cc368..51509c7c96f1 100644
--- a/generators/cli/sdk/src/openapi/commands.rs
+++ b/generators/cli/sdk/src/openapi/commands.rs
@@ -5,12 +5,14 @@
 use clap::builder::{PossibleValue, PossibleValuesParser};
 use clap::{Arg, Command};
 
+use std::borrow::Cow;
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 
 use crate::openapi::discovery::{
-    Availability, FernEnumValue, MethodParameter, RestDescription, RestResource, SdkGroupInfo,
+    Availability, FernEnumValue, MethodParameter, MultipartField, RestDescription, RestResource,
+    SdkGroupInfo,
 };
-use crate::text::to_kebab_flag;
+use crate::text::{sanitize_flag_name, to_kebab_flag};
 
 /// Filter the document in-place so only operations matching at least
 /// one of `active_audiences` survive into the command tree. Mirrors
@@ -332,6 +334,17 @@ fn build_resource_command(
             );
         }
 
+        // Add per-field flags for multipart/form-data operations.
+        // Skip fields whose kebab name collides with a builtin flag,
+        // matching the regular-param convention above.
+        for field in &method.multipart_fields {
+            let kebab = to_kebab_flag(&field.wire_name);
+            if BUILTIN_FLAG_NAMES.contains(&kebab.as_str()) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            method_cmd = method_cmd.arg(build_multipart_field_arg(field));
+        }
+
         // Pagination flags
         method_cmd = method_cmd
             .arg(
@@ -390,50 +403,57 @@ fn build_resource_command(
             );
         }
 
-        // Generate individual flags from method parameters
+        // Generate individual flags from method parameters.
+        //
+        // Track (sanitized_flag → wire_name) to detect collisions where
+        // two distinct wire names produce the same CLI flag.
+        let mut flag_to_wire: HashMap<String, String> = HashMap::new();
+
         let mut param_names: Vec<_> = method.parameters.keys().collect();
         param_names.sort();
         for param_name in param_names {
             let param = &method.parameters[param_name];
 
-            // Flag name resolution:
-            //   1. `flag_name_override` (set verbatim, no kebab pass) —
-            //      populated only by synthetic Fern-extension injections
-            //      (currently `inject_idempotency_header_params`). See
-            //      `MethodParameter::flag_name_override`.
-            //   2. `display_name` from `x-fern-parameter-name` — kebabed.
-            //      Renames the CLI flag while keeping `param_name` (the
-            //      wire name) as the clap arg ID. Downstream
-            //      `collect_params_from_flags` looks values up by arg ID,
-            //      and the executor uses the params map key (= wire name)
-            //      when serializing the request, so the alias never leaks
-            //      onto the wire — only the user-facing flag changes.
-            //      Mirrors fern's openapi-ir-parser, which renames the
-            //      SDK parameter via `parameterNameOverride` while
-            //      preserving the OpenAPI parameter's `name` on the HTTP
-            //      request.
-            //   3. Fallback: kebab the HashMap key.
-            let kebab_name = if let Some(override_flag) = param.flag_name_override.as_deref() {
-                override_flag.to_string()
-            } else {
-                let flag_source = param.display_name.as_deref().unwrap_or(param_name.as_str());
-                to_kebab_flag(flag_source)
+            // Flag name resolution uses `resolve_param_flag_name` — the
+            // single source of truth shared with the executor's
+            // missing-param hint (FER-10430).
+            let kebab_name = match resolve_param_flag_name(param, param_name) {
+                Some(name) => name,
+                None => {
+                    tracing::warn!(
+                        param = %param_name,
+                        "skipping parameter with unsanitizable name",
+                    );
+                    continue;
+                }
             };
-            if BUILTIN_FLAG_NAMES.contains(&kebab_name.as_str()) {
-                continue;
-            }
 
             // Variable-bound path parameters get their value from a
             // root-level global flag (registered in `app::run_async` from
-            // `doc.sdk_variables`) plus its env-var fallback. Skipping
-            // here keeps the per-operation flag surface clean and matches
-            // Fern's openapi-ir-parser, which lowers these into
-            // constructor-style globals rather than method arguments.
+            // `doc.sdk_variables`) plus its env-var fallback. Skip before
+            // inserting into flag_to_wire so variable-bound params don't
+            // occupy a collision slot and block a later non-variable-bound
+            // param that sanitizes to the same flag name.
             if param.variable_reference.is_some() {
                 continue;
             }
 
-            let value_name = match param.param_type.as_deref() {
+            // Cross-parameter collision: two different wire names mapping
+            // to the same flag. Skip the second occurrence with a warning
+            // (load-time error would be ideal but the builder is infallible).
+            if let Some(existing_wire) = flag_to_wire.get(&kebab_name) {
+                tracing::warn!(
+                    flag = %kebab_name,
+                    wire1 = %existing_wire,
+                    wire2 = %param_name,
+                    "two parameters sanitize to the same flag --{kebab_name}; \
+                     keeping '{existing_wire}', skipping '{param_name}'",
+                );
+                continue;
+            }
+            flag_to_wire.insert(kebab_name.clone(), param_name.clone());
+
+            let base_value_name = match param.param_type.as_deref() {
                 Some("string") => "STRING",
                 Some("integer") => "NUMBER",
                 Some("number") => "NUMBER",
@@ -442,6 +462,13 @@ fn build_resource_command(
                 Some("object") => "JSON_OBJECT",
                 _ => "VALUE",
             };
+            // Composite types never set `param.nullable`, so the `|null`
+            // sentinel suffix stays scalar-only without an explicit guard.
+            let value_name: Cow<'static, str> = if param.nullable {
+                Cow::Owned(format!("{base_value_name}|null"))
+            } else {
+                Cow::Borrowed(base_value_name)
+            };
 
             let help_text = crate::text::truncate_description(
                 param.description.as_deref().unwrap_or(""),
@@ -449,20 +476,22 @@ fn build_resource_command(
                 true,
             );
             let help_text = with_availability_badge(&help_text, param.availability);
-            // When the flag has been renamed via `x-fern-parameter-name`,
-            // surface the original wire name in `--help` so users can
-            // still correlate the flag with the API doc / `--params` JSON.
-            // (Synthetic `flag_name_override` injections already encode
-            // the wire name in their description, so they skip this.)
-            let help_text = match param.display_name.as_deref() {
-                Some(alias) if param.flag_name_override.is_none() && alias != param_name => {
-                    if help_text.is_empty() {
-                        format!("(wire name: {param_name})")
-                    } else {
-                        format!("{help_text} (wire name: {param_name})")
-                    }
+            // When the CLI flag differs from the wire name — whether via
+            // `x-fern-parameter-name` rename or sanitization — surface
+            // the original wire name in `--help` so users can correlate
+            // the flag with the API docs / `--params` JSON. Synthetic
+            // `flag_name_override` injections already encode the wire
+            // name in their description, so they skip this.
+            let flag_differs_from_wire = param.flag_name_override.is_none()
+                && kebab_name != *param_name;
+            let help_text = if flag_differs_from_wire {
+                if help_text.is_empty() {
+                    format!("(api: {param_name})")
+                } else {
+                    format!("{help_text} (api: {param_name})")
                 }
-                _ => help_text,
+            } else {
+                help_text
             };
             // Append the OpenAPI standard `default:` value as a
             // `[default: ...]` suffix when it is the only default
@@ -479,7 +508,8 @@ fn build_resource_command(
                 None => help_text,
             };
 
-            let mut arg = Arg::new(param_name.clone())
+            let arg_id = param_clap_arg_id(param_name);
+            let mut arg = Arg::new(arg_id)
                 .long(kebab_name)
                 .value_name(value_name)
                 .help(help_text);
@@ -534,6 +564,54 @@ fn build_resource_command(
     }
 }
 
+/// Compute the clap arg ID for a parameter given its wire name.
+///
+/// Normally the arg ID equals the wire name so the executor can look
+/// values up by wire name directly. When the wire name itself collides
+/// with a built-in flag's arg ID (e.g. `format`, `output`, `json`), we
+/// suffix it with `-param` to avoid a clap duplicate-arg-ID panic.
+///
+/// This function is also called by `collect_params_from_flags` so the
+/// executor uses the same mangled ID that the command builder registered.
+pub(crate) fn param_clap_arg_id(wire_name: &str) -> String {
+    if BUILTIN_FLAG_NAMES.contains(&wire_name) {
+        format!("{wire_name}-param")
+    } else {
+        wire_name.to_string()
+    }
+}
+
+/// Resolve the CLI flag name for a parameter, replicating every step that
+/// `build_resource_command` applies: override -> body-kebab vs
+/// non-body-sanitize -> builtin-collision `-param` suffix. Both the
+/// command builder and the executor's missing-param hint must agree on
+/// what flag a parameter maps to — this shared helper is the single
+/// source of truth.
+///
+/// Returns `None` only when `sanitize_flag_name` rejects the name
+/// (control characters, CJK, etc.). The caller should fall back to
+/// `--params` guidance in that case.
+pub(crate) fn resolve_param_flag_name(param: &MethodParameter, wire_name: &str) -> Option<String> {
+    let mut flag = if let Some(override_flag) = param.flag_name_override.as_deref() {
+        override_flag.to_string()
+    } else {
+        let is_body = param.location.as_deref() == Some("body");
+        let source = param.display_name.as_deref().unwrap_or(wire_name);
+        if is_body {
+            to_kebab_flag(source)
+        } else {
+            match sanitize_flag_name(source) {
+                Ok(name) => name,
+                Err(_) => return None,
+            }
+        }
+    };
+    if BUILTIN_FLAG_NAMES.contains(&flag.as_str()) {
+        flag = format!("{flag}-param");
+    }
+    Some(flag)
+}
+
 /// Build a `PossibleValuesParser` that respects an optional `x-fern-enum`
 /// override. When the parameter has no `fern_enum` map, this is a plain
 /// `PossibleValuesParser::new(wire_values)`. When it does, each wire value
@@ -544,7 +622,7 @@ fn build_enum_value_parser(
     wire_values: &[String],
     param: &MethodParameter,
 ) -> PossibleValuesParser {
-    let possible: Vec<PossibleValue> = wire_values
+    let mut possible: Vec<PossibleValue> = wire_values
         .iter()
         .map(|wire| {
             let cfg = param
@@ -554,6 +632,12 @@ fn build_enum_value_parser(
             build_possible_value(wire, cfg)
         })
         .collect();
+    // Null sentinel: when the param is nullable, accept `null` as a
+    // fourth (etc.) possible value so clap admits it. The conversion to
+    // `Value::Null` happens later in `collect_params_from_flags`.
+    if param.nullable {
+        possible.push(PossibleValue::new("null").help("Send JSON null."));
+    }
     PossibleValuesParser::from(possible)
 }
 
@@ -573,6 +657,36 @@ fn build_possible_value(wire: &str, cfg: Option<&FernEnumValue>) -> PossibleValu
     pv
 }
 
+/// Build a `clap::Arg` for a single [`MultipartField`]. File fields
+/// accept a path (or `@path` / `-` for stdin); text fields accept a
+/// plain string value.
+fn build_multipart_field_arg(field: &MultipartField) -> Arg {
+    let kebab = to_kebab_flag(&field.wire_name);
+    let (value_name, help_prefix) = if field.is_file {
+        ("PATH|@PATH|-", "File to upload")
+    } else {
+        ("VALUE", "")
+    };
+
+    let help_text = match (&field.description, help_prefix) {
+        (Some(desc), "") => desc.clone(),
+        (Some(desc), prefix) => format!("{prefix}. {desc}"),
+        (None, prefix) if !prefix.is_empty() => prefix.to_string(),
+        _ => String::new(),
+    };
+
+    let mut arg = Arg::new(field.wire_name.clone())
+        .long(kebab)
+        .value_name(value_name)
+        .help(help_text);
+
+    if field.required {
+        arg = arg.required(true);
+    }
+
+    arg
+}
+
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
@@ -778,7 +892,91 @@ mod tests {
     }
 
     #[test]
-    fn test_builtin_flag_names_not_duplicated() {
+    fn test_nullable_scalar_renders_value_name_with_null_suffix() {
+        // A nullable scalar body param renders its value_name as `<TYPE>|null`
+        // so users discover the null sentinel from `--help`.
+        let mut params = HashMap::new();
+        params.insert(
+            "userId".to_string(),
+            MethodParameter {
+                param_type: Some("string".to_string()),
+                location: Some("body".to_string()),
+                nullable: true,
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+        );
+        params.insert(
+            "count".to_string(),
+            MethodParameter {
+                param_type: Some("integer".to_string()),
+                location: Some("body".to_string()),
+                nullable: true,
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+        );
+        params.insert(
+            "code".to_string(),
+            MethodParameter {
+                param_type: Some("string".to_string()),
+                location: Some("body".to_string()),
+                nullable: false,
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+        );
+        let mut methods = HashMap::new();
+        methods.insert(
+            "create".to_string(),
+            RestMethod {
+                http_method: "POST".to_string(),
+                path: "/things".to_string(),
+                parameters: params,
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+        );
+        let mut resources = HashMap::new();
+        resources.insert(
+            "things".to_string(),
+            RestResource {
+                methods,
+                resources: HashMap::new(),
+            },
+        );
+        let doc = RestDescription {
+            name: "test-cli".to_string(),
+            resources,
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let cmd = build_cli(&doc);
+        let create = cmd
+            .find_subcommand("things")
+            .unwrap()
+            .find_subcommand("create")
+            .unwrap();
+
+        let value_name_for = |id: &str| -> String {
+            let arg = create
+                .get_arguments()
+                .find(|a| a.get_id().as_str() == id)
+                .unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("arg '{id}' missing"));
+            arg.get_value_names()
+                .unwrap_or(&[])
+                .iter()
+                .map(|s| s.to_string())
+                .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+                .join(",")
+        };
+
+        assert_eq!(value_name_for("userId"), "STRING|null");
+        assert_eq!(value_name_for("count"), "NUMBER|null");
+        assert_eq!(
+            value_name_for("code"),
+            "STRING",
+            "non-nullable scalar must NOT gain the |null suffix",
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_builtin_flag_names_renamed_with_param_suffix() {
         let mut params = HashMap::new();
         params.insert(
             "format".to_string(),
@@ -831,7 +1029,6 @@ mod tests {
             ..Default::default()
         };
 
-        // This should not panic from duplicate arg names
         let cmd = build_cli(&doc);
         let things_cmd = cmd
             .find_subcommand("things")
@@ -845,20 +1042,359 @@ mod tests {
             .map(|a| a.get_id().to_string())
             .collect();
 
-        // "format" and "output" should NOT appear as duplicated param flags
-        // but "real_param" should be present
         assert!(
             args.contains(&"real_param".to_string()),
             "real_param flag missing"
         );
 
-        // Count occurrences of "format" — should be at most 1 (from the global flag)
-        let format_count = args.iter().filter(|a| *a == "format").count();
+        // Wire names that collide with builtins get a `-param` suffix on
+        // both the arg ID and the long flag (FER-10430).
         assert!(
-            format_count <= 1,
-            "format flag duplicated: found {format_count}"
+            args.contains(&"format-param".to_string()),
+            "format should be renamed to format-param, got: {args:?}"
+        );
+        assert!(
+            args.contains(&"output-param".to_string()),
+            "output should be renamed to output-param, got: {args:?}"
+        );
+
+        // The long flags should also be suffixed.
+        let format_arg = test_cmd
+            .get_arguments()
+            .find(|a| a.get_id() == "format-param")
+            .expect("format-param arg missing");
+        assert_eq!(
+            format_arg.get_long().unwrap(),
+            "format-param",
+            "format param should have --format-param long flag",
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_sanitized_param_name_produces_correct_flag() {
+        let mut params = HashMap::new();
+        params.insert(
+            "id:in".to_string(),
+            MethodParameter {
+                param_type: Some("string".to_string()),
+                description: Some("Filter by ID".to_string()),
+                location: Some("query".to_string()),
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+        );
+        params.insert(
+            "date_created:min".to_string(),
+            MethodParameter {
+                param_type: Some("string".to_string()),
+                description: Some("Min date".to_string()),
+                location: Some("query".to_string()),
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+        );
+
+        let mut methods = HashMap::new();
+        methods.insert(
+            "list".to_string(),
+            RestMethod {
+                http_method: "GET".to_string(),
+                path: "/things".to_string(),
+                parameters: params,
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+        );
+        let mut resources = HashMap::new();
+        resources.insert(
+            "things".to_string(),
+            RestResource {
+                methods,
+                resources: HashMap::new(),
+            },
+        );
+        let doc = RestDescription {
+            name: "test-cli".to_string(),
+            resources,
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+
+        let cmd = build_cli(&doc);
+        let list_cmd = cmd
+            .find_subcommand("things")
+            .and_then(|c| c.find_subcommand("list"))
+            .expect("things list missing");
+
+        // The arg IDs are the wire names (no builtin collision).
+        let arg_ids: Vec<String> = list_cmd
+            .get_arguments()
+            .map(|a| a.get_id().to_string())
+            .collect();
+        assert!(
+            arg_ids.contains(&"id:in".to_string()),
+            "arg ID should be the wire name 'id:in', got: {arg_ids:?}",
+        );
+        assert!(
+            arg_ids.contains(&"date_created:min".to_string()),
+            "arg ID should be the wire name 'date_created:min', got: {arg_ids:?}",
+        );
+
+        // But the long flags are sanitized.
+        let id_in = list_cmd
+            .get_arguments()
+            .find(|a| a.get_id() == "id:in")
+            .unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(id_in.get_long().unwrap(), "id-in");
+
+        let date_min = list_cmd
+            .get_arguments()
+            .find(|a| a.get_id() == "date_created:min")
+            .unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(date_min.get_long().unwrap(), "date-created-min");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_sanitized_flag_help_shows_wire_name() {
+        let mut params = HashMap::new();
+        params.insert(
+            "id:in".to_string(),
+            MethodParameter {
+                param_type: Some("string".to_string()),
+                description: Some("Filter by ID".to_string()),
+                location: Some("query".to_string()),
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+        );
+
+        let mut methods = HashMap::new();
+        methods.insert(
+            "list".to_string(),
+            RestMethod {
+                http_method: "GET".to_string(),
+                path: "/things".to_string(),
+                parameters: params,
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+        );
+        let mut resources = HashMap::new();
+        resources.insert(
+            "things".to_string(),
+            RestResource {
+                methods,
+                resources: HashMap::new(),
+            },
+        );
+        let doc = RestDescription {
+            name: "test-cli".to_string(),
+            resources,
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+
+        let cmd = build_cli(&doc);
+        let list_cmd = cmd
+            .find_subcommand("things")
+            .and_then(|c| c.find_subcommand("list"))
+            .unwrap();
+        let id_in = list_cmd
+            .get_arguments()
+            .find(|a| a.get_id() == "id:in")
+            .unwrap();
+        let help = id_in.get_help().unwrap().to_string();
+        assert!(
+            help.contains("api: id:in"),
+            "help text should include the wire name; got: {help}",
+        );
+    }
+    #[test]
+    fn test_variable_bound_param_does_not_block_same_named_normal_param() {
+        // Finding 1: a variable-bound param (e.g. `projectId`) that
+        // sanitizes to the same flag as a normal param (e.g.
+        // `project_id` -> `project-id`) must not occupy a collision
+        // slot and prevent the normal param from getting a flag.
+        let mut params = HashMap::new();
+        params.insert(
+            "projectId".to_string(),
+            MethodParameter {
+                param_type: Some("string".to_string()),
+                location: Some("path".to_string()),
+                variable_reference: Some("projectId".to_string()),
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+        );
+        params.insert(
+            "project_id".to_string(),
+            MethodParameter {
+                param_type: Some("string".to_string()),
+                description: Some("Filter by project".to_string()),
+                location: Some("query".to_string()),
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+        );
+
+        let mut methods = HashMap::new();
+        methods.insert(
+            "list".to_string(),
+            RestMethod {
+                http_method: "GET".to_string(),
+                path: "/projects/{projectId}/items".to_string(),
+                parameters: params,
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+        );
+        let mut resources = HashMap::new();
+        resources.insert(
+            "items".to_string(),
+            RestResource {
+                methods,
+                resources: HashMap::new(),
+            },
+        );
+        let doc = RestDescription {
+            name: "test-cli".to_string(),
+            resources,
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+
+        let cmd = build_cli(&doc);
+        let list_cmd = cmd
+            .find_subcommand("items")
+            .and_then(|c| c.find_subcommand("list"))
+            .expect("items list missing");
+
+        let arg_ids: Vec<String> = list_cmd
+            .get_arguments()
+            .map(|a| a.get_id().to_string())
+            .collect();
+
+        // The normal query param `project_id` should be registered
+        // even though `projectId` (variable-bound) sanitizes to the
+        // same flag name `project-id`.
+        assert!(
+            arg_ids.contains(&"project_id".to_string()),
+            "project_id flag should be registered despite variable-bound projectId; got: {arg_ids:?}",
+        );
+
+        // The variable-bound param should NOT have a per-op flag.
+        assert!(
+            !arg_ids.contains(&"projectId".to_string()),
+            "variable-bound projectId should not appear as a per-op flag; got: {arg_ids:?}",
+        );
+
+        // Verify the long flag is correct.
+        let proj_arg = list_cmd
+            .get_arguments()
+            .find(|a| a.get_id() == "project_id")
+            .unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(proj_arg.get_long().unwrap(), "project-id");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_resolve_param_flag_name_body_preserves_dots() {
+        // Finding 2: body params use to_kebab_flag which preserves
+        // dot-notation; the helper must replicate this.
+        let param = MethodParameter {
+            param_type: Some("string".to_string()),
+            location: Some("body".to_string()),
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let flag = resolve_param_flag_name(&param, "address.street").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(
+            flag, "address.street",
+            "body param dots should be preserved via to_kebab_flag",
         );
     }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_resolve_param_flag_name_builtin_collision() {
+        // Finding 2: params colliding with builtins get `-param` suffix.
+        let param = MethodParameter {
+            param_type: Some("string".to_string()),
+            location: Some("query".to_string()),
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let flag = resolve_param_flag_name(&param, "format").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(
+            flag, "format-param",
+            "builtin collision should append -param",
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_resolve_param_flag_name_sanitizes_non_body() {
+        let param = MethodParameter {
+            param_type: Some("string".to_string()),
+            location: Some("query".to_string()),
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let flag = resolve_param_flag_name(&param, "status:in").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(flag, "status-in");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_resolve_param_flag_name_uses_override() {
+        let param = MethodParameter {
+            flag_name_override: Some("custom-flag".to_string()),
+            location: Some("header".to_string()),
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let flag = resolve_param_flag_name(&param, "X-Custom-Header").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(flag, "custom-flag");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_resolve_param_flag_name_uses_display_name() {
+        let param = MethodParameter {
+            display_name: Some("searchQuery".to_string()),
+            location: Some("query".to_string()),
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let flag = resolve_param_flag_name(&param, "filter_term").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(flag, "search-query");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_resolve_param_flag_name_is_idempotent() {
+        // Applying the helper twice must equal applying it once. The
+        // function calls sanitize_flag_name (idempotent) and may append
+        // `-param`. Since `format-param` is NOT in BUILTIN_FLAG_NAMES,
+        // a second application stays `format-param`.
+
+        // Case 1: body param with dot-notation (`address.street`).
+        let body_param = MethodParameter {
+            location: Some("body".to_string()),
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let once = resolve_param_flag_name(&body_param, "address.street").unwrap();
+        let twice = resolve_param_flag_name(&body_param, &once).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(once, twice, "body dot-notation must be idempotent");
+
+        // Case 2: flag_name_override — the override is used verbatim.
+        let override_param = MethodParameter {
+            flag_name_override: Some("custom-flag".to_string()),
+            location: Some("header".to_string()),
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let once = resolve_param_flag_name(&override_param, "X-Custom-Header").unwrap();
+        let twice = resolve_param_flag_name(&override_param, &once).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(once, twice, "override case must be idempotent");
+
+        // Case 3: sanitize case (`id:in` → `id-in`).
+        let query_param = MethodParameter {
+            location: Some("query".to_string()),
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let once = resolve_param_flag_name(&query_param, "id:in").unwrap();
+        let twice = resolve_param_flag_name(&query_param, &once).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(once, twice, "sanitize case must be idempotent");
+
+        // Case 4: builtin-collision case (`format` → `format-param`).
+        let collision_param = MethodParameter {
+            location: Some("query".to_string()),
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let once = resolve_param_flag_name(&collision_param, "format").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(once, "format-param", "sanity: first application appends -param");
+        let twice = resolve_param_flag_name(&collision_param, &once).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(once, twice, "builtin-collision case must be idempotent");
+    }
+
     // ------------------------------------------------------------------
     // x-fern-enum → clap PossibleValue wiring
     //
@@ -1016,6 +1552,69 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(matches.get_one::<String>("status").unwrap(), "managed");
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn test_build_enum_value_parser_accepts_null_when_param_nullable() {
+        // A nullable enum field must accept the literal `null` alongside its
+        // wire values. The sentinel→Value::Null transform happens later in
+        // collect_params_from_flags; clap's job is just to admit the string.
+        let param = MethodParameter {
+            param_type: Some("string".to_string()),
+            enum_values: Some(vec!["red".to_string(), "blue".to_string()]),
+            nullable: true,
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let parser = build_enum_value_parser(param.enum_values.as_ref().unwrap(), &param);
+        let cmd = Command::new("test").arg(Arg::new("color").long("color").value_parser(parser));
+
+        for input in ["red", "blue", "null"] {
+            cmd.clone()
+                .try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "--color", input])
+                .unwrap_or_else(|e| panic!("nullable enum should accept `{input}`; got: {e}"));
+        }
+
+        assert!(
+            cmd.clone()
+                .try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "--color", "purple"])
+                .is_err(),
+            "values outside the enum (and not the null sentinel) must still be rejected",
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_build_enum_value_parser_rejects_null_when_non_nullable() {
+        // Regression guard: a non-nullable enum field must NOT accept "null".
+        let param = MethodParameter {
+            param_type: Some("string".to_string()),
+            enum_values: Some(vec!["red".to_string(), "blue".to_string()]),
+            nullable: false,
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let parser = build_enum_value_parser(param.enum_values.as_ref().unwrap(), &param);
+        let cmd = Command::new("test").arg(Arg::new("color").long("color").value_parser(parser));
+        assert!(
+            cmd.try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "--color", "null"])
+                .is_err(),
+            "non-nullable enum must reject `null` (closed set)",
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_build_enum_value_parser_nullable_lists_null_in_help() {
+        // The clap-rendered help must include `null` in the [possible values]
+        // listing so users can discover the sentinel from `--help` alone.
+        let param = MethodParameter {
+            param_type: Some("string".to_string()),
+            enum_values: Some(vec!["red".to_string(), "blue".to_string()]),
+            nullable: true,
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let help = render_arg_long_help(&param);
+        assert!(
+            help.contains("null"),
+            "nullable enum's long help must list `null` as a possible value, got:\n{help}",
+        );
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn test_json_help_text_rest_method() {
         use crate::openapi::discovery::SchemaRef;
@@ -1560,4 +2159,88 @@ paths:
         };
         assert_eq!(collect_tree(yaml_without), collect_tree(yaml_with));
     }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_multipart_field_builtin_collision_skipped() {
+        use crate::openapi::discovery::MultipartField;
+
+        let mut methods = HashMap::new();
+        methods.insert(
+            "upload".to_string(),
+            RestMethod {
+                http_method: "POST".to_string(),
+                path: "/uploads".to_string(),
+                multipart_fields: vec![
+                    MultipartField {
+                        wire_name: "format".to_string(),
+                        is_file: false,
+                        description: Some("Collides with builtin --format".to_string()),
+                        required: false,
+                        content_type: None,
+                    },
+                    MultipartField {
+                        wire_name: "output".to_string(),
+                        is_file: false,
+                        description: Some("Collides with builtin --output".to_string()),
+                        required: false,
+                        content_type: None,
+                    },
+                    MultipartField {
+                        wire_name: "file".to_string(),
+                        is_file: true,
+                        description: Some("No collision".to_string()),
+                        required: true,
+                        content_type: Some("application/octet-stream".to_string()),
+                    },
+                ],
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+        );
+
+        let mut resources = HashMap::new();
+        resources.insert(
+            "uploads".to_string(),
+            RestResource {
+                methods,
+                resources: HashMap::new(),
+            },
+        );
+
+        let doc = RestDescription {
+            name: "test-cli".to_string(),
+            resources,
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+
+        // Must not panic from duplicate arg names.
+        let cmd = build_cli(&doc);
+        let uploads_cmd = cmd
+            .find_subcommand("uploads")
+            .expect("uploads resource missing");
+        let upload_cmd = uploads_cmd
+            .find_subcommand("upload")
+            .expect("upload method missing");
+
+        let arg_ids: Vec<String> = upload_cmd
+            .get_arguments()
+            .map(|a| a.get_id().to_string())
+            .collect();
+
+        // "file" should be present (no collision).
+        assert!(
+            arg_ids.contains(&"file".to_string()),
+            "non-colliding multipart field 'file' should be present, got: {arg_ids:?}",
+        );
+        // "format" and "output" appear exactly once (from the global builtins).
+        let format_count = arg_ids.iter().filter(|a| *a == "format").count();
+        assert!(
+            format_count <= 1,
+            "multipart 'format' should be skipped to avoid duplicate; found {format_count} in {arg_ids:?}",
+        );
+        let output_count = arg_ids.iter().filter(|a| *a == "output").count();
+        assert!(
+            output_count <= 1,
+            "multipart 'output' should be skipped to avoid duplicate; found {output_count} in {arg_ids:?}",
+        );
+    }
 }
diff --git a/generators/cli/sdk/src/openapi/discovery.rs b/generators/cli/sdk/src/openapi/discovery.rs
index 3f67f8a2228a..c93a439a40ef 100644
--- a/generators/cli/sdk/src/openapi/discovery.rs
+++ b/generators/cli/sdk/src/openapi/discovery.rs
@@ -433,23 +433,22 @@ impl RestDescription {
 
 /// Default total attempts (initial + retries) when retries are enabled.
 ///
-/// CLI users typically don't expect retries by default — they want fast,
-/// observable failures — so we ship a *conservative* default that retries
-/// at most once. The spec author can override this with
+/// 4 total attempts = 3 retries. Matches the fern Python/TypeScript
+/// runtime SDKs. The spec author can override this with
 /// `x-fern-retries: { max_attempts: N }`.
 ///
-/// This is deliberately lower than the fern Python/TypeScript runtime SDKs
-/// (which default to 3 total attempts) because those SDKs are embedded in
+/// This was raised from 2 (FER-10521) to align with the cross-SDK
+/// default and the expectation that transient 5xx / 429 / network
+/// failures benefit from multiple retry attempts. CLIs that are embedded in
 /// long-running applications where the latency of an extra retry is
 /// acceptable. The CLI is interactive — a 3-second backoff before the
 /// final failure feels broken.
-pub const DEFAULT_RETRY_MAX_ATTEMPTS: u32 = 2;
+pub const DEFAULT_RETRY_MAX_ATTEMPTS: u32 = 4;
 
 /// Default exponential-backoff base delay in milliseconds. The wait before
 /// retry N is `base * factor^N` (plus jitter). With
-/// [`DEFAULT_RETRY_MAX_ATTEMPTS`] = 2 the single retry happens after
-/// `base * factor^0` = 250ms.
-pub const DEFAULT_RETRY_BASE_DELAY_MS: u64 = 250;
+/// [`DEFAULT_RETRY_MAX_ATTEMPTS`] = 4 the delays are 500ms, 1s, 2s.
+pub const DEFAULT_RETRY_BASE_DELAY_MS: u64 = 500;
 
 /// Default exponential-backoff growth factor.
 pub const DEFAULT_RETRY_FACTOR: f64 = 2.0;
@@ -572,6 +571,12 @@ pub struct RestMethod {
     /// type.
     #[serde(default)]
     pub binary_request_body: Option<BinaryRequestBody>,
+    /// Fields for a `multipart/form-data` request body. When non-empty, the
+    /// executor sends the request as multipart instead of JSON, and each
+    /// field surfaces as a per-operation CLI flag. Empty for non-multipart
+    /// operations.
+    #[serde(default, skip)]
+    pub multipart_fields: Vec<MultipartField>,
     /// How the request body should be serialized on the wire.
     ///
     /// Defaults to `BodyEncoding::Json`. The executor reads this to decide
@@ -645,6 +650,11 @@ pub struct RestMethod {
     /// stream.
     #[serde(default, skip)]
     pub streaming: Option<StreamingConfig>,
+    /// When `true`, the executor does NOT auto-generate an
+    /// `Idempotency-Key` header for this operation even though it uses
+    /// POST/PUT/PATCH. Set from `x-fern-cli-idempotency: false`.
+    #[serde(default, skip)]
+    pub no_auto_idempotency_key: bool,
     /// Resolved `x-fern-retries` extension for this operation, after
     /// applying root-level inheritance (per-op `true` adopts the spec-root
     /// baseline; per-op object merges field-by-field over root). `None`
@@ -827,6 +837,29 @@ pub struct BinaryRequestBody {
     pub flag_name: String,
 }
 
+/// A single field in a `multipart/form-data` request body. Each field
+/// becomes a CLI flag whose value is sent as one part in the multipart
+/// body. File-typed fields accept a filesystem path (or `@path` /
+/// `-` for stdin) and are streamed as binary parts with the appropriate
+/// content type.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct MultipartField {
+    /// Wire name sent as the `name` in `Content-Disposition: form-data; name="..."`.
+    pub wire_name: String,
+    /// `true` when the field's schema is `type: string, format: binary`
+    /// (or `type: file`). File fields accept a path and stream the
+    /// contents; text fields send the flag value as a UTF-8 text part.
+    pub is_file: bool,
+    /// Human-readable description from the spec (surfaces in `--help`).
+    pub description: Option<String>,
+    /// Whether the spec marks this field as required.
+    pub required: bool,
+    /// Content type hint for file parts (e.g. `application/octet-stream`).
+    /// Only meaningful when `is_file` is true; text parts always use
+    /// `text/plain; charset=utf-8`.
+    pub content_type: Option<String>,
+}
+
 /// Media upload metadata.
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize, Default)]
 pub struct MediaUpload {
@@ -914,6 +947,15 @@ pub struct MethodParameter {
     /// implicit default (no badge).
     #[serde(default)]
     pub availability: Option<Availability>,
+    /// True when this body parameter's schema admits JSON `null` as a valid
+    /// value (OpenAPI 3.0 `nullable: true` or 3.1 `type: [..., "null"]`).
+    /// Gated on scalar `param_type` (`string` / `integer` / `number` /
+    /// `boolean`) — composite types stay false because the null sentinel
+    /// surface is scalar-only (see ADR-0003). When true, the CLI accepts
+    /// the literal `null` as a flag value and converts it to `Value::Null`
+    /// at request-build time.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub nullable: bool,
     /// Optional environment variable that supplies a default value when
     /// the corresponding CLI flag is not passed. Populated for synthetic
     /// parameters injected by Fern extensions (e.g. idempotency headers);
diff --git a/generators/cli/sdk/src/openapi/executor.rs b/generators/cli/sdk/src/openapi/executor.rs
index 2af619a5c605..482460d1e085 100644
--- a/generators/cli/sdk/src/openapi/executor.rs
+++ b/generators/cli/sdk/src/openapi/executor.rs
@@ -69,6 +69,28 @@ pub enum UploadSource<'a> {
     },
 }
 
+/// A single part in a multipart/form-data request, collected from CLI
+/// flags for operations that declare `multipart/form-data` bodies.
+pub enum MultipartPart {
+    /// UTF-8 text value sent as a plain form field. `content_type` carries
+    /// an explicit per-part `Content-Type` from the OpenAPI `encoding`
+    /// object; `None` means reqwest's default (`text/plain`).
+    Text {
+        name: String,
+        value: String,
+        content_type: Option<String>,
+    },
+    /// File read from disk (or stdin). The `path` is already validated.
+    /// `content_type` is the per-part `Content-Type` resolved from the
+    /// OpenAPI `encoding` object (falling back to the schema-inferred
+    /// `application/octet-stream` for file fields).
+    File {
+        name: String,
+        path: String,
+        content_type: Option<String>,
+    },
+}
+
 /// Configuration for auto-pagination.
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct PaginationConfig {
@@ -111,27 +133,18 @@ pub(crate) struct RetryOutcome<'a> {
     pub retry_after: Option<&'a str>,
 }
 
-/// Returns the default set of retryable HTTP status codes.
-///
-/// Matches fern's TypeScript SDK `retryStatusCodes: recommended` mode
-/// ([fern PR](https://github.com/fern-api/fern/blob/main/generators/typescript/sdk/changes/3.67.0/feat-retry-status-codes.yml)):
+/// Returns `true` when the HTTP status code is considered retryable.
 ///
+/// Retryable statuses (FER-10521):
 ///   - 408 Request Timeout      — server gave up before reading; safe.
 ///   - 429 Too Many Requests    — backoff signal; safe.
-///   - 502 Bad Gateway          — upstream layer failed; transient.
-///   - 503 Service Unavailable  — explicitly transient by spec.
-///   - 504 Gateway Timeout      — upstream timeout; transient.
+///   - 500–599 (all server errors) — transient infrastructure failures.
 ///
-/// Deliberately *excludes* 500 Internal Server Error — a 500 often
-/// indicates a non-transient bug on the server (bad input shape, app
-/// crash) where retrying just masks the underlying issue. Servers that
-/// genuinely want us to retry a 500 can still surface a `Retry-After`
-/// header and the executor will honor it.
-///
-/// Also excludes 425 Too Early (TLS 1.3 0-RTT replay protection) —
-/// never seen in practice from reqwest's HTTP/1.1 client.
+/// Prior to FER-10521 this excluded 500 (often a non-transient bug).
+/// The broader 5xx set aligns with the cross-SDK default and with
+/// the expectation that CLIs retry aggressively on server-side errors.
 pub(crate) fn is_retryable_status(status: u16) -> bool {
-    matches!(status, 408 | 429 | 502 | 503 | 504)
+    status == 408 || status == 429 || (500..=599).contains(&status)
 }
 
 /// Whether the per-method retry policy allows retrying *non-idempotent*
@@ -161,6 +174,22 @@ pub(crate) fn binary_body_is_stdin(binary_body_path: Option<&str>) -> bool {
     }
 }
 
+/// Whether any `MultipartPart::File` in the list uses stdin (`-` or `@-`).
+/// Stdin-sourced file parts cannot be replayed on retry because the pipe is
+/// consumed by the first `read_to_end`. Mirrors `binary_body_is_stdin`.
+pub(crate) fn multipart_has_stdin(parts: &Option<Vec<MultipartPart>>) -> bool {
+    match parts {
+        Some(parts) => parts.iter().any(|p| match p {
+            MultipartPart::File { path, .. } => {
+                let stripped = path.strip_prefix('@').unwrap_or(path);
+                stripped == "-"
+            }
+            MultipartPart::Text { .. } => false,
+        }),
+        None => false,
+    }
+}
+
 /// Parse a `Retry-After` header value into a `Duration`.
 ///
 /// HTTP/1.1 allows two forms (RFC 7231 §7.1.3): a non-negative integer
@@ -327,22 +356,13 @@ fn parse_and_validate_inputs(
         Map::new()
     };
 
-    // Helper: build the `Provide it via …` hint listing every channel a
-    // user can satisfy this parameter through. Mirrors `commands.rs`'s
-    // flag-name resolution so the suggested `--<flag>` is the actual flag
-    // the user can pass: `flag_name_override` wins verbatim (synthetic
-    // injections that already encode the wire name); otherwise kebab the
-    // `display_name` from `x-fern-parameter-name`, falling back to the
-    // wire name. Body fields also accept `--json`; every other location
-    // only accepts the per-field flag or `--params`.
+    // Helper: build the `Provide it via …` hint. Uses the same
+    // `resolve_param_flag_name` that the command builder uses so the
+    // suggested `--<flag>` matches the actually registered flag
+    // (including body-param dot-notation and `-param` builtin suffix).
     let missing_param_hint = |param_def: &MethodParameter, param_name: &str| -> String {
-        let flag = if let Some(override_flag) = param_def.flag_name_override.as_deref() {
-            override_flag.to_string()
-        } else {
-            crate::text::to_kebab_flag(
-                param_def.display_name.as_deref().unwrap_or(param_name),
-            )
-        };
+        let flag = crate::openapi::commands::resolve_param_flag_name(param_def, param_name)
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| crate::text::to_kebab_flag(param_name));
         if param_def.location.as_deref() == Some("body") {
             format!("Provide it via --{flag}, --json, or --params")
         } else {
@@ -389,10 +409,8 @@ fn parse_and_validate_inputs(
         let location = method.parameters.get(key).and_then(|p| p.location.as_deref());
         match location {
             Some("header") => {
-                let str_value = match value {
-                    Value::String(s) => s.clone(),
-                    other => other.to_string(),
-                };
+                let param_def = method.parameters.get(key);
+                let str_value = serialize_header_simple(value, param_def)?;
                 header_params.push((key.clone(), str_value));
             }
             Some("body") => {
@@ -575,19 +593,46 @@ async fn build_http_request(
     pages_fetched: u32,
     upload: &Option<UploadSource<'_>>,
     binary_body_path: Option<&str>,
+    multipart_parts: &Option<Vec<MultipartPart>>,
     pagination: &PaginationConfig,
 ) -> Result<reqwest::RequestBuilder, CliError> {
     // Uri / Path pagination supplies a fully-resolved next URL in the
     // page state; use it verbatim so that the server's cursor / query
     // params travel as-is.
-    let target_url = page_state.url_override().unwrap_or(&input.full_url);
+    let base_target_url = page_state.url_override().unwrap_or(&input.full_url);
+
+    // Build the query string ourselves (rather than reqwest's `.query()`,
+    // which form-encodes: space -> `+`, comma -> `%2C`). The OpenAPI 3.0
+    // query styles need RFC 3986 percent-encoding with style delimiters left
+    // literal in the joined value (spaceDelimited -> `%20`, pipeDelimited ->
+    // `%7C`, form/no-explode arrays keep `,`). When the URL is supplied by the
+    // server (uri / path pagination) it already carries every query param the
+    // server cares about, so we honor it as-is.
+    let target_url = if page_state.url_override().is_some() {
+        base_target_url.to_string()
+    } else {
+        let mut all_query_params = input.query_params.clone();
+        if let Some((name, value)) =
+            page_state.injection(method.pagination.as_ref(), &pagination.token_query_param)
+        {
+            all_query_params.push((name, value));
+        }
+        // Upload operations carry `uploadType=multipart`; route it through the
+        // same RFC-3986 query encoder as every other param instead of reqwest's
+        // `.query()` (the value is an ASCII literal, so the encoded form is
+        // identical — this just keeps a single query encoder).
+        if pages_fetched == 0 && upload.is_some() {
+            all_query_params.push(("uploadType".to_string(), "multipart".to_string()));
+        }
+        append_query_string(base_target_url, &all_query_params)
+    };
 
     let mut request = match method.http_method.as_str() {
-        "GET" => client.get(target_url),
-        "POST" => client.post(target_url),
-        "PUT" => client.put(target_url),
-        "PATCH" => client.patch(target_url),
-        "DELETE" => client.delete(target_url),
+        "GET" => client.get(&target_url),
+        "POST" => client.post(&target_url),
+        "PUT" => client.put(&target_url),
+        "PATCH" => client.patch(&target_url),
+        "DELETE" => client.delete(&target_url),
         other => {
             return Err(CliError::Other(anyhow::anyhow!(
                 "Unsupported HTTP method: {other}"
@@ -624,25 +669,8 @@ async fn build_http_request(
         }
     }
 
-    // When the URL is supplied by the server (uri / path pagination)
-    // the URL already carries every query param the server cares about
-    // — re-appending the user's initial filters would either double them
-    // up or fight the server's own cursor. Honor the server's URL as-is.
-    if page_state.url_override().is_none() {
-        let mut all_query_params = input.query_params.clone();
-        if let Some((name, value)) =
-            page_state.injection(method.pagination.as_ref(), &pagination.token_query_param)
-        {
-            all_query_params.push((name, value));
-        }
-        if !all_query_params.is_empty() {
-            request = request.query(&all_query_params);
-        }
-    }
-
     if pages_fetched == 0 {
         if let Some(upload_source) = upload {
-            request = request.query(&[("uploadType", "multipart")]);
             let (body, content_type, content_length) = match upload_source {
                 UploadSource::Bytes { data, content_type } => {
                     if content_type.contains('\r') || content_type.contains('\n') {
@@ -693,6 +721,9 @@ async fn build_http_request(
                     request = request.body(build_stdin_body_stream());
                 }
             }
+        } else if let Some(parts) = multipart_parts {
+            let form = build_multipart_form(parts).await?;
+            request = request.multipart(form);
         } else if let Some(ref body_val) = input.body {
             request = encode_request_body(request, body_val, &method.body_encoding);
         } else if matches!(method.http_method.as_str(), "POST" | "PUT" | "PATCH") {
@@ -1463,6 +1494,7 @@ pub async fn execute_method(
     output_path: Option<&str>,
     upload: Option<UploadSource<'_>>,
     binary_body_path: Option<&str>,
+    multipart_parts: Option<Vec<MultipartPart>>,
     dry_run: bool,
     pagination: &PaginationConfig,
     pipeline: &crate::formatter::OutputPipeline,
@@ -1547,6 +1579,28 @@ pub async fn execute_method(
                 "flag": flag_name,
             });
         }
+        if let Some(ref parts) = multipart_parts {
+            let part_info: Vec<Value> = parts
+                .iter()
+                .map(|p| match p {
+                    MultipartPart::Text {
+                        name,
+                        value,
+                        content_type,
+                    } => {
+                        json!({ "name": name, "type": "text", "value": value, "content_type": content_type })
+                    }
+                    MultipartPart::File {
+                        name,
+                        path,
+                        content_type,
+                    } => {
+                        json!({ "name": name, "type": "file", "path": path, "content_type": content_type })
+                    }
+                })
+                .collect();
+            dry_run_info["multipart_form_data"] = json!(part_info);
+        }
         if capture_output {
             return Ok(Some(dry_run_info));
         }
@@ -1591,14 +1645,38 @@ pub async fn execute_method(
         // an empty body. Disable retries for that case so we preserve
         // the pre-retry behavior (a single attempt, surface whatever
         // the server returns) rather than masking the original failure.
-        let retries_cfg = if binary_body_is_stdin(binary_body_path) {
-            None
+        // Disable retries when the body is a streamed stdin or multipart
+        // body — those can't be replayed on a second attempt.
+        let default_retries = RetriesConfig::default();
+        let retries_cfg =
+            if binary_body_is_stdin(binary_body_path) || multipart_has_stdin(&multipart_parts) {
+                None
+            } else {
+                Some(method.retries.as_ref().unwrap_or(&default_retries))
+            };
+
+        // Auto Idempotency-Key: generate once before the retry loop so
+        // the same key is sent on every attempt. Only for POST/PUT/PATCH
+        // unless opted out via `x-fern-cli-idempotency: false`, or when
+        // the operation already has an explicit idempotency-header
+        // mechanism (x-fern-idempotent: true provides --idempotency-key).
+        let user_provides_idempotency = method.idempotent
+            || input
+                .header_params
+                .iter()
+                .any(|(k, _)| k.eq_ignore_ascii_case("idempotency-key"));
+        let idempotency_key = if !method.no_auto_idempotency_key
+            && !user_provides_idempotency
+            && crate::http::needs_idempotency_key(&method.http_method)
+        {
+            Some(crate::http::generate_idempotency_key())
         } else {
-            method.retries.as_ref()
+            None
         };
+
         let mut retry_attempt: u32 = 0;
         let response = loop {
-            let request = build_http_request(
+            let mut request = build_http_request(
                 &client,
                 method,
                 &input,
@@ -1608,10 +1686,15 @@ pub async fn execute_method(
                 pages_fetched,
                 &upload,
                 binary_body_path,
+                &multipart_parts,
                 pagination,
             )
             .await?;
 
+            if let Some(ref key) = idempotency_key {
+                request = request.header("Idempotency-Key", key.as_str());
+            }
+
             match request.send().await {
                 Ok(resp) => {
                     let status = resp.status();
@@ -1630,7 +1713,7 @@ pub async fn execute_method(
                             &outcome,
                             cfg,
                             &method.http_method,
-                            method.idempotent,
+                            method.idempotent || idempotency_key.is_some(),
                             no_retry,
                         ) {
                             tracing::warn!(
@@ -1665,7 +1748,7 @@ pub async fn execute_method(
                             &outcome,
                             cfg,
                             &method.http_method,
-                            method.idempotent,
+                            method.idempotent || idempotency_key.is_some(),
                             no_retry,
                         ) {
                             tracing::warn!(
@@ -1856,10 +1939,33 @@ fn serialize_query_param(
 
     match style {
         "deepObject" => serialize_deep_object(key, value),
+        // spaceDelimited / pipeDelimited only define array behavior; the
+        // elements are joined by a single space / pipe under one key. For
+        // non-array values they degrade to the same scalar shape as form.
+        "spaceDelimited" => serialize_delimited(key, value, ' '),
+        "pipeDelimited" => serialize_delimited(key, value, '|'),
         _ => serialize_form(key, value, explode),
     }
 }
 
+/// `spaceDelimited` / `pipeDelimited` array serialization: a single key whose
+/// value is the elements joined by `delim`. The delimiter is a literal here;
+/// the request encoder percent-encodes it on the wire (space -> `%20`,
+/// pipe -> `%7C`).
+fn serialize_delimited(key: &str, value: &Value, delim: char) -> Vec<(String, String)> {
+    match value {
+        Value::Array(arr) => {
+            let joined = arr
+                .iter()
+                .map(value_to_query_string)
+                .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+                .join(&delim.to_string());
+            vec![(key.to_string(), joined)]
+        }
+        _ => vec![(key.to_string(), value_to_query_string(value))],
+    }
+}
+
 fn serialize_deep_object(key: &str, value: &Value) -> Vec<(String, String)> {
     match value {
         Value::Object(_) => {
@@ -1907,6 +2013,23 @@ fn serialize_form(key: &str, value: &Value, explode: bool) -> Vec<(String, Strin
                 .join(",");
             vec![(key.to_string(), joined)]
         }
+        // form / object / explode=true: each property becomes its own
+        // top-level key (`role=admin&active=true`), dropping the parameter
+        // name entirely — the OpenAPI 3.0 rule for an exploded object.
+        Value::Object(map) if explode => map
+            .iter()
+            .map(|(k, v)| (k.clone(), value_to_query_string(v)))
+            .collect(),
+        // form / object / explode=false: comma-joined `key,value` pairs under
+        // the single parameter key (`profile=role,admin,active,true`).
+        Value::Object(map) => {
+            let joined = map
+                .iter()
+                .flat_map(|(k, v)| [k.clone(), value_to_query_string(v)])
+                .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+                .join(",");
+            vec![(key.to_string(), joined)]
+        }
         _ => vec![(key.to_string(), value_to_query_string(value))],
     }
 }
@@ -1921,6 +2044,86 @@ fn value_to_query_string(v: &Value) -> String {
     }
 }
 
+/// Serialize a header parameter value into its OpenAPI `simple`-style wire
+/// representation (the only style permitted for `in: header` parameters).
+///
+/// - primitive → the scalar rendered as-is (`X-Custom: hello`)
+/// - array → elements comma-joined under one name; `explode` does not change
+///   the delimiter for `simple` (`X-Tags: a,b`)
+/// - object, `explode: false` → flattened `k,v,k2,v2` (`X-Filter: k,v,k2,v2`)
+/// - object, `explode: true` → `k=v,k2=v2`
+///
+/// The fully-assembled value is rejected if it contains control characters,
+/// which would otherwise enable header injection (CR/LF) when the value
+/// arrives from an untrusted CLI argument.
+fn serialize_header_simple(
+    value: &Value,
+    param_def: Option<&crate::openapi::discovery::MethodParameter>,
+) -> Result<String, CliError> {
+    let explode = param_def.and_then(|p| p.explode).unwrap_or(false);
+
+    let rendered = match value {
+        Value::Array(arr) => arr
+            .iter()
+            .map(value_to_query_string)
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+            .join(","),
+        Value::Object(map) => map
+            .iter()
+            .flat_map(|(k, v)| {
+                let v = value_to_query_string(v);
+                if explode {
+                    vec![format!("{k}={v}")]
+                } else {
+                    vec![k.clone(), v]
+                }
+            })
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+            .join(","),
+        other => value_to_query_string(other),
+    };
+
+    crate::output::reject_dangerous_chars(&rendered, "header value")?;
+    Ok(rendered)
+}
+
+/// Percent-encode set for a query-string component (key or value).
+///
+/// RFC 3986 unreserved characters (`A-Za-z0-9-_.~`) are left intact; the comma
+/// is also kept literal so a form/no-explode array reads `ids=1,2` rather than
+/// `ids=1%2C2`. Everything else — including space (`%20`, *not* the form
+/// `+`), `|` (`%7C`), `&`, `=`, `#`, and `[` `]` — is percent-encoded. This is
+/// the RFC 3986 encoding the OpenAPI 3.0 query styles expect, and is stricter
+/// than reqwest's `serde_urlencoded`-based `.query()` form encoding.
+const QUERY_COMPONENT: &percent_encoding::AsciiSet = &percent_encoding::NON_ALPHANUMERIC
+    .remove(b'-')
+    .remove(b'_')
+    .remove(b'.')
+    .remove(b'~')
+    .remove(b',');
+
+fn encode_query_component(s: &str) -> String {
+    percent_encoding::utf8_percent_encode(s, QUERY_COMPONENT).to_string()
+}
+
+/// Append already-style-serialized `(key, value)` query pairs to `base_url`,
+/// percent-encoding each component per [`QUERY_COMPONENT`]. Pairs are joined
+/// with `&`; the leading separator is `?` unless `base_url` already carries a
+/// query string, in which case `&` continues it. Returns `base_url` unchanged
+/// when there are no pairs.
+fn append_query_string(base_url: &str, pairs: &[(String, String)]) -> String {
+    if pairs.is_empty() {
+        return base_url.to_string();
+    }
+    let query = pairs
+        .iter()
+        .map(|(k, v)| format!("{}={}", encode_query_component(k), encode_query_component(v)))
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+        .join("&");
+    let sep = if base_url.contains('?') { '&' } else { '?' };
+    format!("{base_url}{sep}{query}")
+}
+
 fn effective_root_url(method: &RestMethod, doc: &RestDescription) -> String {
     if !method.root_url.is_empty() { method.root_url.clone() } else { doc.root_url.clone() }
 }
@@ -1996,7 +2199,7 @@ fn build_url(
     let rendered_base_path = doc
         .base_path
         .as_deref()
-        .map(|bp| render_path_template(bp, params))
+        .map(|bp| render_path_template(bp, params, Some(&method.parameters)))
         .transpose()?;
     let base_path_parameters: HashSet<&str> = doc
         .base_path
@@ -2080,7 +2283,7 @@ fn build_url(
         query_params.extend(pairs);
     }
 
-    let url_path = render_path_template(path_template, params)?;
+    let url_path = render_path_template(path_template, params, Some(&method.parameters))?;
 
     let full_url = if is_upload {
         // Use the upload endpoint from the Discovery Document
@@ -2096,7 +2299,7 @@ fn build_url(
                         .to_string(),
                 )
             })?;
-        let upload_path = render_path_template(upload_endpoint, params)?;
+        let upload_path = render_path_template(upload_endpoint, params, Some(&method.parameters))?;
         // Compose the upload host with the spec-level base_path the same
         // way the non-upload branch does, so x-fern-base-path is applied
         // uniformly. This branch is currently unreachable from OpenAPI
@@ -2145,6 +2348,7 @@ fn extract_template_path_parameters(path_template: &str) -> HashSet<&str> {
 fn render_path_template(
     path_template: &str,
     params: &Map<String, Value>,
+    param_defs: Option<&HashMap<String, MethodParameter>>,
 ) -> Result<String, CliError> {
     let mut rendered = String::with_capacity(path_template.len());
     let mut cursor = 0;
@@ -2167,15 +2371,21 @@ fn render_path_template(
         };
 
         if let Some(value) = params.get(key) {
-            let val_str = match value {
-                Value::String(s) => s.clone(),
-                other => other.to_string(),
-            };
             let encoded = if is_plus {
+                // RFC 6570 `{+var}` reserved expansion: preserve literal `/`.
+                let val_str = match value {
+                    Value::String(s) => s.clone(),
+                    other => other.to_string(),
+                };
                 let validated = crate::validate::validate_resource_name(&val_str)?;
                 crate::validate::encode_path_preserving_slashes(validated)
             } else {
-                crate::validate::encode_path_segment(&val_str)
+                // Consult the parameter's OpenAPI serialization `style`
+                // (simple / label / matrix) and `explode` flag. Falls back
+                // to plain simple/primitive substitution when no definition
+                // is available (e.g. `x-fern-base-path` placeholders).
+                let param_def = param_defs.and_then(|defs| defs.get(key));
+                serialize_path_param(key, value, param_def)
             };
             rendered.push_str(&encoded);
         } else {
@@ -2189,6 +2399,123 @@ fn render_path_template(
     Ok(rendered)
 }
 
+/// Serialize a value into a single URL path segment per the OpenAPI 3.0 path
+/// `style` (`simple` default, `label`, `matrix`) and `explode` flag.
+///
+/// Only the user-supplied *values* are percent-encoded
+/// ([`encode_path_segment`](crate::validate::encode_path_segment)); the
+/// structural separators introduced by the style (`,`, `.`, `;`, `=`) are
+/// literal. Because `encode_path_segment` itself encodes those characters,
+/// assembling the segment from already-encoded values keeps the separators
+/// from being double-encoded.
+fn serialize_path_param(
+    name: &str,
+    value: &Value,
+    param_def: Option<&MethodParameter>,
+) -> String {
+    let style = param_def
+        .and_then(|p| p.style.as_deref())
+        .unwrap_or("simple");
+    // OpenAPI default `explode` is false for every path style.
+    let explode = param_def.and_then(|p| p.explode).unwrap_or(false);
+
+    let enc = |v: &Value| crate::validate::encode_path_segment(&value_to_path_string(v));
+
+    match style {
+        "label" => match value {
+            Value::Array(arr) => {
+                // RFC 6570: explode=true -> dot-separated; explode=false -> comma-separated.
+                let joiner = if explode { "." } else { "," };
+                let body = arr.iter().map(&enc).collect::<Vec<_>>().join(joiner);
+                format!(".{body}")
+            }
+            Value::Object(map) => {
+                if explode {
+                    // explode=true: k=v pairs dot-separated.
+                    let body = map
+                        .iter()
+                        .map(|(k, v)| {
+                            format!("{}={}", crate::validate::encode_path_segment(k), enc(v))
+                        })
+                        .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+                        .join(".");
+                    format!(".{body}")
+                } else {
+                    // explode=false: flat k,v,k,v comma-separated.
+                    let body = map
+                        .iter()
+                        .flat_map(|(k, v)| {
+                            [crate::validate::encode_path_segment(k), enc(v)]
+                        })
+                        .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+                        .join(",");
+                    format!(".{body}")
+                }
+            }
+            _ => format!(".{}", enc(value)),
+        },
+        "matrix" => match value {
+            Value::Array(arr) if explode => arr
+                .iter()
+                .map(|v| format!(";{name}={}", enc(v)))
+                .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+                .join(""),
+            Value::Array(arr) => {
+                let body = arr.iter().map(&enc).collect::<Vec<_>>().join(",");
+                format!(";{name}={body}")
+            }
+            Value::Object(map) if explode => map
+                .iter()
+                .map(|(k, v)| {
+                    format!(";{}={}", crate::validate::encode_path_segment(k), enc(v))
+                })
+                .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+                .join(""),
+            Value::Object(map) => {
+                let body = map
+                    .iter()
+                    .map(|(k, v)| {
+                        format!("{},{}", crate::validate::encode_path_segment(k), enc(v))
+                    })
+                    .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+                    .join(",");
+                format!(";{name}={body}")
+            }
+            _ => format!(";{name}={}", enc(value)),
+        },
+        // "simple" (default) and any unrecognized style.
+        _ => match value {
+            Value::Array(arr) => arr.iter().map(&enc).collect::<Vec<_>>().join(","),
+            Value::Object(map) if explode => map
+                .iter()
+                .map(|(k, v)| {
+                    format!("{}={}", crate::validate::encode_path_segment(k), enc(v))
+                })
+                .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+                .join(","),
+            Value::Object(map) => map
+                .iter()
+                .flat_map(|(k, v)| [crate::validate::encode_path_segment(k), enc(v)])
+                .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+                .join(","),
+            _ => enc(value),
+        },
+    }
+}
+
+/// Stringify a JSON value for a path segment. Mirrors `value_to_query_string`
+/// (the query-side equivalent) — strings pass through, numbers/booleans use
+/// their canonical text, null is empty, composites fall back to JSON.
+fn value_to_path_string(v: &Value) -> String {
+    match v {
+        Value::String(s) => s.clone(),
+        Value::Number(n) => n.to_string(),
+        Value::Bool(b) => b.to_string(),
+        Value::Null => String::new(),
+        other => other.to_string(),
+    }
+}
+
 /// Resolves the MIME type for the uploaded media content.
 ///
 /// Priority:
@@ -2371,6 +2698,89 @@ fn build_multipart_stream(
     ))
 }
 
+/// Resolve a file part's `Content-Type`. A per-part value from the OpenAPI
+/// `encoding` object wins; otherwise the OAS default for a binary part,
+/// `application/octet-stream`, applies.
+fn file_part_mime(content_type: Option<&str>) -> &str {
+    content_type.unwrap_or("application/octet-stream")
+}
+
+/// Build a `reqwest::multipart::Form` from the collected CLI flag values.
+/// Text parts are added inline; file parts are read from disk and
+/// streamed. The `Content-Type: multipart/form-data; boundary=...`
+/// header is set by reqwest automatically when `.multipart(form)` is
+/// called on the request builder.
+async fn build_multipart_form(
+    parts: &[MultipartPart],
+) -> Result<reqwest::multipart::Form, CliError> {
+    let mut form = reqwest::multipart::Form::new();
+
+    for part in parts {
+        match part {
+            MultipartPart::Text {
+                name,
+                value,
+                content_type,
+            } => {
+                // A text part is just `Part::text`; an explicit per-part
+                // `Content-Type` from the OpenAPI `encoding` object (e.g.
+                // `application/json`) overrides reqwest's `text/plain`.
+                let mut text_part = reqwest::multipart::Part::text(value.clone());
+                if let Some(ct) = content_type {
+                    text_part = text_part.mime_str(ct).map_err(|e| {
+                        CliError::Validation(format!(
+                            "Invalid Content-Type '{ct}' for multipart field '{name}': {e}"
+                        ))
+                    })?;
+                }
+                form = form.part(name.clone(), text_part);
+            }
+            MultipartPart::File {
+                name,
+                path,
+                content_type,
+            } => {
+                let mime = file_part_mime(content_type.as_deref());
+                let stripped = path.strip_prefix('@').unwrap_or(path);
+                let (bytes, file_name) = if stripped == "-" {
+                    let mut buf = Vec::new();
+                    tokio::io::AsyncReadExt::read_to_end(&mut tokio::io::stdin(), &mut buf)
+                        .await
+                        .map_err(|e| {
+                            CliError::Validation(format!(
+                                "Failed to read stdin for multipart field '{name}': {e}"
+                            ))
+                        })?;
+                    (buf, "stdin".to_string())
+                } else {
+                    let file_bytes = tokio::fs::read(stripped).await.map_err(|e| {
+                        CliError::Validation(format!(
+                            "Failed to read file '{stripped}' for multipart field '{name}': {e}"
+                        ))
+                    })?;
+                    let file_name = std::path::Path::new(stripped)
+                        .file_name()
+                        .and_then(|n| n.to_str())
+                        .unwrap_or("upload")
+                        .to_string();
+                    (file_bytes, file_name)
+                };
+                let file_part = reqwest::multipart::Part::bytes(bytes)
+                    .file_name(file_name)
+                    .mime_str(mime)
+                    .map_err(|e| {
+                        CliError::Validation(format!(
+                            "Invalid Content-Type '{mime}' for multipart field '{name}': {e}"
+                        ))
+                    })?;
+                form = form.part(name.clone(), file_part);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok(form)
+}
+
 /// Builds a multipart/related body from in-memory bytes.
 ///
 /// Used when the upload content is constructed in memory (e.g., a Gmail RFC 5322
@@ -2662,6 +3072,13 @@ fn validate_property(
         return;
     }
 
+    // Null on a nullable property is always valid — short-circuits type
+    // checking that would otherwise reject `null` for a `string` /
+    // `integer` / etc. base type.
+    if prop_schema.nullable && value.is_null() {
+        return;
+    }
+
     // 2. Type checking
     if let Some(expected_type) = &prop_schema.prop_type {
         let type_matches = match (expected_type.as_str(), value) {
@@ -2780,16 +3197,13 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn test_is_retryable_status_set_matches_docs() {
-        // Matches fern TS SDK retryStatusCodes: recommended set:
-        // 408 / 429 / 502 / 503 / 504.
-        for s in [408u16, 429, 502, 503, 504] {
+        // All 5xx plus 408 and 429 are retryable (FER-10521).
+        for s in [408u16, 429, 500, 501, 502, 503, 504, 505, 599] {
             assert!(is_retryable_status(s), "{s} should retry");
         }
-        // 500 is deliberately NOT retried \u2014 see is_retryable_status
-        // docstring. 425 (Too Early), 501 Not Implemented, and other
-        // 5xx outside the recommended set are terminal. 4xx client
-        // errors won't change on retry, so they're terminal too.
-        for s in [200u16, 301, 400, 401, 403, 404, 422, 425, 500, 501, 505] {
+        // 4xx client errors (except 408/429) won't change on retry \u2014 see is_retryable_status
+        // and 2xx/3xx are obviously terminal.
+        for s in [200u16, 301, 400, 401, 403, 404, 422, 425] {
             assert!(!is_retryable_status(s), "{s} should NOT retry");
         }
     }
@@ -2824,6 +3238,147 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(!binary_body_is_stdin(None));
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn test_multipart_has_stdin() {
+        // File part with `-` — retries must be disabled.
+        assert!(multipart_has_stdin(&Some(vec![MultipartPart::File {
+            name: "file".into(),
+            path: "-".into(),
+            content_type: None,
+        }])));
+        // File part with `@-` — also stdin.
+        assert!(multipart_has_stdin(&Some(vec![MultipartPart::File {
+            name: "file".into(),
+            path: "@-".into(),
+            content_type: None,
+        }])));
+        // File part with real path — retries are safe.
+        assert!(!multipart_has_stdin(&Some(vec![MultipartPart::File {
+            name: "file".into(),
+            path: "/tmp/upload.bin".into(),
+            content_type: None,
+        }])));
+        // Text-only parts — retries are safe.
+        assert!(!multipart_has_stdin(&Some(vec![MultipartPart::Text {
+            name: "purpose".into(),
+            value: "test".into(),
+            content_type: None,
+        }])));
+        // Mixed: one stdin file + one text — still disables retries.
+        assert!(multipart_has_stdin(&Some(vec![
+            MultipartPart::Text {
+                name: "purpose".into(),
+                value: "test".into(),
+                content_type: None,
+            },
+            MultipartPart::File {
+                name: "file".into(),
+                path: "-".into(),
+                content_type: None,
+            },
+        ])));
+        // No multipart parts at all.
+        assert!(!multipart_has_stdin(&None));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_file_part_mime_defaults_and_override() {
+        // No per-part content type → OAS binary default.
+        assert_eq!(file_part_mime(None), "application/octet-stream");
+        // An encoding-supplied content type wins.
+        assert_eq!(file_part_mime(Some("image/png")), "image/png");
+        assert_eq!(file_part_mime(Some("text/plain")), "text/plain");
+    }
+
+    /// Send a built multipart form to a local mock server and return the raw
+    /// captured body so we can assert the per-part framing the wire carries.
+    /// reqwest serializes multipart forms as a stream, so the only faithful
+    /// way to inspect the bytes is to actually transmit them.
+    async fn multipart_body_string(parts: Vec<MultipartPart>) -> String {
+        use wiremock::matchers::method as wm_method;
+        use wiremock::{Mock, MockServer, ResponseTemplate};
+
+        let server = MockServer::start().await;
+        Mock::given(wm_method("POST"))
+            .respond_with(ResponseTemplate::new(200))
+            .mount(&server)
+            .await;
+
+        let client = reqwest::Client::new();
+        let form = build_multipart_form(&parts).await.unwrap();
+        client
+            .post(format!("{}/upload", server.uri()))
+            .multipart(form)
+            .send()
+            .await
+            .unwrap();
+
+        let received = server.received_requests().await.unwrap();
+        String::from_utf8_lossy(&received[0].body).into_owned()
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_build_multipart_form_text_part_uses_encoding_content_type() {
+        // A text part with an explicit encoding contentType emits that
+        // Content-Type header instead of the default text/plain.
+        let body = multipart_body_string(vec![MultipartPart::Text {
+            name: "metadata".into(),
+            value: "{\"k\":1}".into(),
+            content_type: Some("application/json".into()),
+        }])
+        .await;
+        assert!(
+            body.contains("Content-Disposition: form-data; name=\"metadata\""),
+            "text part should carry its Content-Disposition; got: {body}"
+        );
+        assert!(
+            body.contains("Content-Type: application/json"),
+            "text part Content-Type should come from encoding; got: {body}"
+        );
+        assert!(body.contains("{\"k\":1}"), "value should be in body; got: {body}");
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_build_multipart_form_file_part_default_octet_stream() {
+        // A file part without an encoding entry defaults to octet-stream.
+        let tmp = std::env::temp_dir().join("fern_multipart_default.bin");
+        std::fs::write(&tmp, b"payload-bytes").unwrap();
+        let body = multipart_body_string(vec![MultipartPart::File {
+            name: "file".into(),
+            path: tmp.to_string_lossy().into_owned(),
+            content_type: None,
+        }])
+        .await;
+        let _ = std::fs::remove_file(&tmp);
+        assert!(
+            body.contains("Content-Disposition: form-data; name=\"file\""),
+            "file part should carry its Content-Disposition; got: {body}"
+        );
+        assert!(
+            body.contains("Content-Type: application/octet-stream"),
+            "file part should default to octet-stream; got: {body}"
+        );
+        assert!(body.contains("payload-bytes"), "file bytes should stream; got: {body}");
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_build_multipart_form_file_part_honors_encoding_content_type() {
+        // A file part with an encoding contentType overrides the default.
+        let tmp = std::env::temp_dir().join("fern_multipart_override.png");
+        std::fs::write(&tmp, b"\x89PNG").unwrap();
+        let body = multipart_body_string(vec![MultipartPart::File {
+            name: "file".into(),
+            path: tmp.to_string_lossy().into_owned(),
+            content_type: Some("image/png".into()),
+        }])
+        .await;
+        let _ = std::fs::remove_file(&tmp);
+        assert!(
+            body.contains("Content-Type: image/png"),
+            "file part Content-Type should come from encoding; got: {body}"
+        );
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn test_parse_retry_after_numeric_seconds() {
         let now = std::time::SystemTime::now();
@@ -3259,6 +3814,7 @@ mod tests {
             0,
             &None,
             None,
+            &None,
             &PaginationConfig::default(),
         )
         .await
@@ -3306,6 +3862,7 @@ mod tests {
             0,
             &None,
             None,
+            &None,
             &PaginationConfig::default(),
         )
         .await
@@ -3357,6 +3914,7 @@ mod tests {
             0,
             &None,
             None,
+            &None,
             &PaginationConfig::default(),
         )
         .await
@@ -3715,6 +4273,96 @@ mod tests {
         }
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn test_missing_body_param_hint_preserves_dot_notation() {
+        // Gap 1a: For a body param with dot-notation (e.g. `address.street`),
+        // the missing-required-param error must suggest `--address.street`
+        // (dots preserved via `to_kebab_flag`), NOT `--address-street`.
+        let mut parameters = std::collections::HashMap::new();
+        parameters.insert(
+            "address.street".to_string(),
+            MethodParameter {
+                location: Some("body".to_string()),
+                param_type: Some("string".to_string()),
+                required: true,
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+        );
+
+        let method = RestMethod {
+            http_method: "POST".to_string(),
+            path: "contacts".to_string(),
+            parameters,
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let doc = RestDescription {
+            base_url: Some("https://api.example.com/".to_string()),
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+
+        let err = parse_and_validate_inputs(&doc, &method, None, None, false, None, &[])
+            .unwrap_err();
+        match err {
+            CliError::Validation(msg) => {
+                assert!(
+                    msg.contains("--address.street"),
+                    "hint must preserve dots for body params: {msg}",
+                );
+                assert!(
+                    !msg.contains("--address-street"),
+                    "hint must NOT kebab-ify dots to hyphens: {msg}",
+                );
+            }
+            other => panic!("expected Validation error, got {other:?}"),
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_missing_param_hint_uses_builtin_collision_suffix() {
+        // Gap 1b: When a required param's flag name collides with a builtin
+        // (e.g. a param named `format`), the hint must suggest
+        // `--format-param` (the actually registered flag), NOT `--format`.
+        let mut parameters = std::collections::HashMap::new();
+        parameters.insert(
+            "format".to_string(),
+            MethodParameter {
+                location: Some("query".to_string()),
+                param_type: Some("string".to_string()),
+                required: true,
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+        );
+
+        let method = RestMethod {
+            http_method: "GET".to_string(),
+            path: "reports".to_string(),
+            parameters,
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let doc = RestDescription {
+            base_url: Some("https://api.example.com/".to_string()),
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+
+        let err = parse_and_validate_inputs(&doc, &method, None, None, false, None, &[])
+            .unwrap_err();
+        match err {
+            CliError::Validation(msg) => {
+                assert!(
+                    msg.contains("--format-param"),
+                    "hint must use the -param suffixed flag for builtin collisions: {msg}",
+                );
+                // Verify it does NOT suggest bare `--format ` (with trailing
+                // space to avoid matching `--format-param`).
+                assert!(
+                    !msg.contains("--format ") && !msg.contains("--format,"),
+                    "hint must NOT suggest the bare builtin flag: {msg}",
+                );
+            }
+            other => panic!("expected Validation error, got {other:?}"),
+        }
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn test_per_field_body_flags_path_runs_schema_validation() {
         // Schema validation must run regardless of whether the body was
@@ -3837,6 +4485,62 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(validate_body_against_schema(&body, "File", &doc).is_ok());
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn test_validate_body_accepts_null_on_nullable_property() {
+        // A property whose schema declares `nullable: true` must accept JSON
+        // null without raising "Expected type 'string', found null".
+        let mut properties = HashMap::new();
+        properties.insert(
+            "userId".to_string(),
+            JsonSchemaProperty {
+                prop_type: Some("string".to_string()),
+                nullable: true,
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+        );
+        let schemas = HashMap::from([(
+            "Event".to_string(),
+            JsonSchema {
+                schema_type: Some("object".to_string()),
+                properties,
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+        )]);
+        let doc = RestDescription { schemas, ..Default::default() };
+        let body = json!({ "userId": null });
+        assert!(
+            validate_body_against_schema(&body, "Event", &doc).is_ok(),
+            "JSON null on a nullable: true property must validate",
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_validate_body_rejects_null_on_non_nullable_property() {
+        // Regression guard: a property with no `nullable` flag must still
+        // reject JSON null. Keeps the validator strict outside the explicit
+        // nullable opt-in.
+        let mut properties = HashMap::new();
+        properties.insert(
+            "code".to_string(),
+            JsonSchemaProperty {
+                prop_type: Some("string".to_string()),
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+        );
+        let schemas = HashMap::from([(
+            "Item".to_string(),
+            JsonSchema {
+                schema_type: Some("object".to_string()),
+                properties,
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+        )]);
+        let doc = RestDescription { schemas, ..Default::default() };
+        let body = json!({ "code": null });
+        let result = validate_body_against_schema(&body, "Item", &doc);
+        assert!(result.is_err(), "null on non-nullable property must still be rejected");
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn test_validate_body_open_schema_allows_any_properties() {
         // A schema with type=object but no properties defined is an open schema:
@@ -5139,6 +5843,374 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(result, vec![("q".to_string(), "hello".to_string())]);
     }
 
+    fn param_with(style: &str, explode: Option<bool>) -> MethodParameter {
+        MethodParameter {
+            style: Some(style.to_string()),
+            explode,
+            ..Default::default()
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn path_param(style: &str, explode: Option<bool>) -> MethodParameter {
+        MethodParameter {
+            location: Some("path".to_string()),
+            style: Some(style.to_string()),
+            explode,
+            ..Default::default()
+        }
+    }
+
+    // ── query-param style tests (from main) ──────────────────────────────
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_serialize_space_delimited_array() {
+        // spaceDelimited joins elements with a literal space; the encoder
+        // turns that into `%20` on the wire.
+        let value = json!(["1", "2"]);
+        let result = serialize_query_param("ids", &value, Some(&param_with("spaceDelimited", Some(false))));
+        assert_eq!(result, vec![("ids".to_string(), "1 2".to_string())]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_serialize_pipe_delimited_array() {
+        let value = json!(["1", "2"]);
+        let result = serialize_query_param("ids", &value, Some(&param_with("pipeDelimited", Some(false))));
+        assert_eq!(result, vec![("ids".to_string(), "1|2".to_string())]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_serialize_delimited_scalar_degrades_to_value() {
+        // A non-array under a delimited style is just the scalar value.
+        let value = json!("solo");
+        let result = serialize_query_param("ids", &value, Some(&param_with("spaceDelimited", Some(false))));
+        assert_eq!(result, vec![("ids".to_string(), "solo".to_string())]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_serialize_form_explode_object() {
+        // form/object/explode=true: each property becomes its own top-level
+        // key; the parameter name is dropped.
+        let value = json!({"role": "admin", "active": "true"});
+        let result = serialize_query_param("profile", &value, Some(&param_with("form", Some(true))));
+        assert!(result.contains(&("role".to_string(), "admin".to_string())), "got: {result:?}");
+        assert!(result.contains(&("active".to_string(), "true".to_string())), "got: {result:?}");
+        assert!(
+            !result.iter().any(|(k, _)| k == "profile"),
+            "parameter name must be dropped for exploded object; got: {result:?}"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_serialize_form_no_explode_object() {
+        // form/object/explode=false: comma-joined key,value pairs under the
+        // single parameter key.
+        let value = json!({"role": "admin"});
+        let result = serialize_query_param("profile", &value, Some(&param_with("form", Some(false))));
+        assert_eq!(result, vec![("profile".to_string(), "role,admin".to_string())]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_encode_query_component_space_is_percent20_not_plus() {
+        // RFC 3986: a literal space encodes as %20, never the form `+`.
+        assert_eq!(encode_query_component("a b"), "a%20b");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_encode_query_component_reserved_chars() {
+        assert_eq!(encode_query_component("a&b=c#d"), "a%26b%3Dc%23d");
+        // Brackets (deepObject keys) are percent-encoded.
+        assert_eq!(encode_query_component("filter[status]"), "filter%5Bstatus%5D");
+        // The pipe delimiter encodes to %7C.
+        assert_eq!(encode_query_component("1|2"), "1%7C2");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_encode_query_component_comma_stays_literal() {
+        // The comma is the form/no-explode delimiter and must stay literal.
+        assert_eq!(encode_query_component("1,2"), "1,2");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_encode_query_component_unreserved_untouched() {
+        assert_eq!(encode_query_component("Aa0-_.~"), "Aa0-_.~");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_append_query_string_first_param_uses_question_mark() {
+        let pairs = vec![("ids".to_string(), "1 2".to_string())];
+        assert_eq!(
+            append_query_string("https://api.example.com/x", &pairs),
+            "https://api.example.com/x?ids=1%202"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_append_query_string_continues_existing_query() {
+        let pairs = vec![("b".to_string(), "2".to_string())];
+        assert_eq!(
+            append_query_string("https://api.example.com/x?a=1", &pairs),
+            "https://api.example.com/x?a=1&b=2"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_append_query_string_empty_pairs_is_unchanged() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            append_query_string("https://api.example.com/x", &[]),
+            "https://api.example.com/x"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_append_query_string_joins_multiple_with_ampersand() {
+        let pairs = vec![
+            ("role".to_string(), "admin".to_string()),
+            ("active".to_string(), "true".to_string()),
+        ];
+        assert_eq!(
+            append_query_string("https://api.example.com/x", &pairs),
+            "https://api.example.com/x?role=admin&active=true"
+        );
+    }
+
+    // ── header style tests (from main) ───────────────────────────────────
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_serialize_header_simple_primitive() {
+        let v = serialize_header_simple(&json!("hello"), None).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(v, "hello");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_serialize_header_simple_array_comma_joined() {
+        // simple/array: elements comma-joined, regardless of explode.
+        let value = json!(["a", "b"]);
+        let v = serialize_header_simple(&value, None).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(v, "a,b");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_serialize_header_simple_object_no_explode() {
+        // simple/object explode=false -> k,v,k2,v2 (keys sorted by Map order).
+        let value = json!({"k": "v", "k2": "v2"});
+        let v = serialize_header_simple(
+            &value,
+            Some(&MethodParameter {
+                style: Some("simple".to_string()),
+                explode: Some(false),
+                ..Default::default()
+            }),
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(v, "k,v,k2,v2");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_serialize_header_simple_object_explode() {
+        // simple/object explode=true -> k=v,k2=v2.
+        let value = json!({"k": "v", "k2": "v2"});
+        let v = serialize_header_simple(
+            &value,
+            Some(&MethodParameter {
+                explode: Some(true),
+                ..Default::default()
+            }),
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(v, "k=v,k2=v2");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_serialize_header_simple_array_numbers() {
+        // non-string scalars render via value_to_query_string.
+        let value = json!([1, 2, 3]);
+        let v = serialize_header_simple(&value, None).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(v, "1,2,3");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_serialize_header_simple_rejects_control_chars() {
+        // CR/LF in a value would enable header injection — must be rejected.
+        let value = json!("a\r\nInjected: yes");
+        assert!(serialize_header_simple(&value, None).is_err());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_serialize_header_simple_rejects_control_chars_in_array() {
+        let value = json!(["ok", "bad\nvalue"]);
+        assert!(serialize_header_simple(&value, None).is_err());
+    }
+
+    // ── path-param style tests ───────────────────────────────────────────
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_serialize_path_param_default_simple_primitive() {
+        // No definition -> simple/primitive: just the encoded value.
+        assert_eq!(serialize_path_param("id", &json!("42"), None), "42");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_serialize_path_param_simple_array() {
+        let def = path_param("simple", Some(false));
+        assert_eq!(
+            serialize_path_param("ids", &json!(["a", "b"]), Some(&def)),
+            "a,b"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_serialize_path_param_simple_object() {
+        // serde_json sorts object keys -> k1,v1,k2,v2 for this input.
+        let def = path_param("simple", Some(false));
+        assert_eq!(
+            serialize_path_param("filter", &json!({"k1": "v1", "k2": "v2"}), Some(&def)),
+            "k1,v1,k2,v2"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_serialize_path_param_simple_object_explode() {
+        let def = path_param("simple", Some(true));
+        assert_eq!(
+            serialize_path_param("filter", &json!({"k1": "v1", "k2": "v2"}), Some(&def)),
+            "k1=v1,k2=v2"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_serialize_path_param_label_primitive() {
+        let def = path_param("label", None);
+        assert_eq!(serialize_path_param("id", &json!("42"), Some(&def)), ".42");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_serialize_path_param_label_array() {
+        // label/array/explode=false: members comma-joined after leading dot.
+        let def = path_param("label", Some(false));
+        assert_eq!(
+            serialize_path_param("ids", &json!(["a", "b"]), Some(&def)),
+            ".a,b"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_serialize_path_param_label_array_explode() {
+        // label/array/explode=true: members dot-joined after leading dot.
+        let def = path_param("label", Some(true));
+        assert_eq!(
+            serialize_path_param("ids", &json!(["a", "b"]), Some(&def)),
+            ".a.b"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_serialize_path_param_label_object_no_explode() {
+        // label/object/explode=false: flat k,v,k,v comma-joined after leading dot.
+        let def = path_param("label", Some(false));
+        assert_eq!(
+            serialize_path_param("color", &json!({"R": "100", "G": "200"}), Some(&def)),
+            ".G,200,R,100"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_serialize_path_param_label_object_explode() {
+        // label/object/explode=true: k=v pairs dot-joined after leading dot.
+        let def = path_param("label", Some(true));
+        assert_eq!(
+            serialize_path_param("color", &json!({"R": "100", "G": "200"}), Some(&def)),
+            ".G=200.R=100"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_serialize_path_param_matrix_primitive() {
+        let def = path_param("matrix", None);
+        assert_eq!(
+            serialize_path_param("id", &json!("42"), Some(&def)),
+            ";id=42"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_serialize_path_param_matrix_array_no_explode() {
+        let def = path_param("matrix", Some(false));
+        assert_eq!(
+            serialize_path_param("ids", &json!(["a", "b"]), Some(&def)),
+            ";ids=a,b"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_serialize_path_param_matrix_array_explode() {
+        let def = path_param("matrix", Some(true));
+        assert_eq!(
+            serialize_path_param("ids", &json!(["a", "b"]), Some(&def)),
+            ";ids=a;ids=b"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_serialize_path_param_matrix_object_explode() {
+        // matrix/object/explode=true: each k=v gets its own ;k=v prefix.
+        let def = path_param("matrix", Some(true));
+        assert_eq!(
+            serialize_path_param("color", &json!({"R": "100", "G": "200"}), Some(&def)),
+            ";G=200;R=100"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_serialize_path_param_encodes_values_not_separators() {
+        // The structural commas stay literal; only the user values are
+        // percent-encoded (a space -> %20, a comma inside a value -> %2C).
+        let def = path_param("simple", Some(false));
+        assert_eq!(
+            serialize_path_param("ids", &json!(["a b", "c,d"]), Some(&def)),
+            "a%20b,c%2Cd"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_serialize_path_param_matrix_encodes_value_not_prefix() {
+        let def = path_param("matrix", None);
+        assert_eq!(
+            serialize_path_param("id", &json!("a b"), Some(&def)),
+            ";id=a%20b"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_serialize_path_param_simple_array_with_null() {
+        // A null element serializes as an empty string.
+        let def = path_param("simple", Some(false));
+        assert_eq!(
+            serialize_path_param("ids", &json!(["a", null, "b"]), Some(&def)),
+            "a,,b"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_render_path_template_label_style() {
+        let mut defs: HashMap<String, MethodParameter> = HashMap::new();
+        defs.insert("id".to_string(), path_param("label", None));
+        let mut params = Map::new();
+        params.insert("id".to_string(), json!("42"));
+        let rendered =
+            render_path_template("/path/label/{id}", &params, Some(&defs)).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(rendered, "/path/label/.42");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_render_path_template_no_defs_falls_back_to_simple() {
+        // Base-path placeholders pass `None` for defs -> plain encoded value.
+        let mut params = Map::new();
+        params.insert("tenant".to_string(), json!("acme"));
+        let rendered =
+            render_path_template("/{tenant}/v1", &params, None).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(rendered, "/acme/v1");
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn test_get_nested_str_simple() {
         let val = json!({"nextPageToken": "tok123"});
@@ -6081,8 +7153,8 @@ mod tests {
     #[test]
     fn test_build_url_method_root_url_overrides_doc_root_url() {
         // Per-operation server override: method.root_url must win over doc.root_url.
-        // If this is broken, requests route to the wrong host (e.g. uploads
-        // go to api.example.com instead of upload.example.com).
+        // If this is broken, requests route to the wrong host (e.g. Box uploads
+        // go to api.box.com instead of upload.box.com).
         let doc = RestDescription {
             root_url: "https://api.example.com/".to_string(),
             service_path: "v1/".to_string(),
@@ -6180,6 +7252,7 @@ mod tests {
             0,
             &None,
             None,
+            &None,
             &PaginationConfig::default(),
         )
         .await
@@ -6214,6 +7287,7 @@ mod tests {
                 0,
                 &None,
                 None,
+                &None,
                 &PaginationConfig::default(),
             )
             .await;
@@ -6600,6 +7674,7 @@ async fn test_execute_method_dry_run() {
         None,
         None,
         None,
+        None, // multipart_parts
         true, // dry_run
         &pagination,
         &crate::formatter::OutputPipeline::default(),
@@ -6647,6 +7722,7 @@ async fn test_execute_method_missing_path_param() {
         None,
         None,
         None,
+        None, // multipart_parts
         true,
         &PaginationConfig::default(),
         &crate::formatter::OutputPipeline::default(),
@@ -6704,6 +7780,7 @@ async fn test_post_without_body_sets_content_length_zero() {
         0,
         &None,
         None,
+        &None,
         &PaginationConfig::default(),
     )
     .await
@@ -6746,6 +7823,7 @@ async fn test_post_with_body_does_not_add_content_length_zero() {
         0,
         &None,
         None,
+        &None,
         &PaginationConfig::default(),
     )
     .await
@@ -6786,6 +7864,7 @@ async fn test_get_does_not_set_content_length_zero() {
         0,
         &None,
         None,
+        &None,
         &PaginationConfig::default(),
     )
     .await
@@ -6836,6 +7915,7 @@ async fn test_bearer_header_sends_bearer_prefix() {
         0,
         &None,
         None,
+        &None,
         &PaginationConfig::default(),
     )
     .await
diff --git a/generators/cli/sdk/src/openapi/overlay.rs b/generators/cli/sdk/src/openapi/overlay.rs
index cfea79a0e77f..85659b5da950 100644
--- a/generators/cli/sdk/src/openapi/overlay.rs
+++ b/generators/cli/sdk/src/openapi/overlay.rs
@@ -1826,4 +1826,109 @@ actions:
         }
     }
 
+    // -----------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // Item 5: Integration test — apply overlay to fixture spec, verify result
+    // -----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_overlay_on_fixture_spec() {
+        let spec = include_str!("../../cli/openapi-fixture/openapi.yaml");
+        let overlay = r#"
+overlay: "1.0.0"
+info:
+  title: fixture-overlay
+  version: "1.0.0"
+actions:
+  - target: "$.info"
+    update:
+      description: "Modified by overlay"
+  - target: "$.paths['/users'].get"
+    update:
+      x-fern-sdk-method-name: listAllUsers
+  - target: "$.paths['/users'].get.parameters"
+    update:
+      name: offset
+      in: query
+      schema:
+        type: integer
+  - target: "$.paths['/files/{file_id}/thumbnail']"
+    remove: true
+"#;
+        let result =
+            apply_overlays_to_spec(spec, &[overlay.to_string()]).unwrap();
+        let doc: serde_json::Value = serde_yaml::from_str(&result).unwrap();
+
+        // Verify info.description was set
+        assert_eq!(doc["info"]["description"], "Modified by overlay");
+
+        // Verify method rename
+        assert_eq!(
+            doc["paths"]["/users"]["get"]["x-fern-sdk-method-name"],
+            "listAllUsers"
+        );
+
+        // Verify array append (new parameter added)
+        let params = doc["paths"]["/users"]["get"]["parameters"]
+            .as_array()
+            .unwrap();
+        let has_offset = params.iter().any(|p| p["name"] == "offset");
+        assert!(has_offset, "offset param should be appended: {params:?}");
+
+        // Verify remove
+        assert!(
+            doc["paths"]["/files/{file_id}/thumbnail"].is_null(),
+            "thumbnail path should be removed"
+        );
+
+        // Verify untouched paths still exist
+        assert!(
+            !doc["paths"]["/files/{file_id}"].is_null(),
+            "other file paths should remain"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_overlay_on_fixture_spec_builds_cli_app() {
+        use crate::openapi::CliApp;
+
+        let spec = include_str!("../../cli/openapi-fixture/openapi.yaml");
+        let overlay = r#"
+overlay: "1.0.0"
+info:
+  title: fixture-overlay
+  version: "1.0.0"
+actions:
+  - target: "$.paths['/files/{file_id}/thumbnail']"
+    remove: true
+"#;
+
+        let app = CliApp::new("overlay-fixture")
+            .spec(spec)
+            .overlay(overlay);
+        let doc = app.build_doc().unwrap();
+
+        // files and folders groups should still exist
+        assert!(doc.resources.contains_key("files"), "files group missing");
+        assert!(doc.resources.contains_key("folders"), "folders group missing");
+        assert!(doc.resources.contains_key("users"), "users group missing");
+
+        // getThumbnail should be gone from the files resource
+        let files = &doc.resources["files"];
+        assert!(
+            !files.methods.contains_key("getThumbnail"),
+            "getThumbnail should be removed: {:?}",
+            files.methods.keys().collect::<Vec<_>>()
+        );
+        // Other file operations should still exist
+        assert!(
+            files.methods.contains_key("get"),
+            "get should remain: {:?}",
+            files.methods.keys().collect::<Vec<_>>()
+        );
+        assert!(
+            files.methods.contains_key("update"),
+            "update should remain: {:?}",
+            files.methods.keys().collect::<Vec<_>>()
+        );
+    }
 }
diff --git a/generators/cli/sdk/src/openapi/parser.rs b/generators/cli/sdk/src/openapi/parser.rs
index 3cacb875f088..97bd10971431 100644
--- a/generators/cli/sdk/src/openapi/parser.rs
+++ b/generators/cli/sdk/src/openapi/parser.rs
@@ -10,14 +10,14 @@ use serde::{Deserialize, Deserializer};
 use crate::text::to_kebab_flag;
 use crate::openapi::discovery::{
     Availability, BinaryRequestBody, BodyEncoding, GlobalHeader, IdempotencyHeader, JsonSchema,
-    JsonSchemaProperty, MethodParameter, PaginationConfig, RestDescription, RestMethod,
-    RestResource, RetriesConfig, SchemaRef, SdkGroupInfo, SdkVariable, SecurityScheme,
-    StreamingConfig,
+    JsonSchemaProperty, MethodParameter, MultipartField, PaginationConfig, RestDescription,
+    RestMethod, RestResource, RetriesConfig, SchemaRef, SdkGroupInfo, SdkVariable,
+    SecurityScheme, StreamingConfig,
 };
 use crate::error::CliError;
 
 /// Deserialize `x-fern-sdk-group-name` as either a string scalar or a list of
-/// strings. The Fern extension allows both forms; some specs use
+/// strings. The Fern extension allows both forms; specs like AssemblyAI's use
 /// the scalar form while internal fixtures use the list form for nesting.
 fn deserialize_group_name<'de, D>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Option<Vec<String>>, D::Error>
 where
@@ -414,6 +414,11 @@ struct OpenApiOperation {
     /// headers.
     #[serde(rename = "x-fern-idempotent", default)]
     x_fern_idempotent: Option<bool>,
+    /// `x-fern-cli-idempotency: false` opt-out for auto Idempotency-Key.
+    /// When explicitly `false`, the executor does NOT inject the
+    /// auto-generated `Idempotency-Key` header on POST/PUT/PATCH.
+    #[serde(rename = "x-fern-cli-idempotency", default)]
+    x_fern_cli_idempotency: Option<bool>,
     /// Raw `x-fern-sdk-return-value` extension on the operation. Mirrors
     /// fern-api/fern's `FernOpenAPIExtension.RESPONSE_PROPERTY` — a
     /// dot-separated key path into the JSON response body identifying
@@ -579,6 +584,19 @@ struct OpenApiRequestBody {
 #[derive(Debug, Deserialize)]
 struct OpenApiMediaType {
     schema: Option<OpenApiSchemaObject>,
+    /// OpenAPI `encoding` object — per-property serialization overrides.
+    /// Only `contentType` is consumed (for multipart/form-data part
+    /// headers); `style` / `explode` / `headers` / `allowReserved` are not
+    /// yet acted upon.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    encoding: HashMap<String, OpenApiEncoding>,
+}
+
+/// A single entry in the OpenAPI `encoding` object.
+#[derive(Debug, Deserialize, Default)]
+struct OpenApiEncoding {
+    #[serde(rename = "contentType")]
+    content_type: Option<String>,
 }
 
 /// Captures the OpenAPI `type` field across the 3.0 string form
@@ -741,7 +759,7 @@ struct OpenApiSchemaObject {
     ///   - OpenAPI 3.1 array of values: `examples: [a, b]`
     ///   - OpenAPI 3.0 MediaType-style map: `examples: { name: { value: ... } }`
     ///     (technically out-of-spec at the schema level, but several
-    ///     real-world specs embed this form)
+    ///     real-world specs — e.g. BigCommerce — embed this form)
     ///   - Single value
     ///
     /// Downstream code is free to interpret the value based on its shape.
@@ -2527,7 +2545,8 @@ pub fn load_openapi_spec_from_value(
 
             // Handle request body — also harvests body-located parameters so
             // the command builder can render per-field flags alongside `--json`.
-            let (request, binary_request_body, body_encoding, body_params) = extract_request_body(
+            let (request, binary_request_body, body_encoding, body_params, multipart_fields) =
+                extract_request_body(
                 &operation.request_body,
                 operation.operation_id.as_deref().unwrap_or("unknown"),
                 &mut doc.schemas,
@@ -2593,6 +2612,13 @@ pub fn load_openapi_spec_from_value(
 
             let idempotent = operation.x_fern_idempotent.unwrap_or(false);
 
+            // `x-fern-cli-idempotency: false` explicitly disables the
+            // auto-generated Idempotency-Key header on this operation.
+            let no_auto_idempotency_key = operation
+                .x_fern_cli_idempotency
+                .map(|v| !v)
+                .unwrap_or(false);
+
             // `x-fern-audiences` is an array of strings; missing means
             // `[]`. Stored verbatim so the command-tree filter can
             // mirror fern's `some(...)` membership check exactly. See
@@ -2653,11 +2679,13 @@ pub fn load_openapi_spec_from_value(
                 root_url: method_root_url,
                 servers: method_servers,
                 binary_request_body,
+                multipart_fields,
                 body_encoding,
                 security_requirements,
                 pagination,
                 availability,
                 idempotent,
+                no_auto_idempotency_key,
                 return_value,
                 streaming,
                 retries,
@@ -2721,7 +2749,18 @@ fn insert_method_into_resources(
 /// the only way to supply them.
 const MAX_BODY_DEPTH: u8 = 3;
 
-/// Returns `(json_schema, binary_body, body_encoding, body_params)`:
+/// Result of [`extract_request_body`], as
+/// `(json_schema, binary_body, body_encoding, body_params, multipart_fields)`.
+/// See the function docs for per-field semantics.
+type ExtractedRequestBody = (
+    Option<SchemaRef>,
+    Option<BinaryRequestBody>,
+    BodyEncoding,
+    HashMap<String, MethodParameter>,
+    Vec<MultipartField>,
+);
+
+/// Returns `(json_schema, binary_body, body_encoding, body_params, multipart_fields)`:
 /// - `json_schema`: a SchemaRef for the JSON request body (if `application/json` is declared).
 /// - `binary_body`: metadata when the operation expects a raw binary body
 ///   (any non-JSON / non-form media type).
@@ -2730,24 +2769,24 @@ const MAX_BODY_DEPTH: u8 = 3;
 ///   each property up to MAX_BODY_DEPTH is exposed as a body-located [`MethodParameter`]
 ///   with dotted keys for nested fields. `$ref` bodies are resolved from
 ///   `component_schemas` and their properties flattened with the same depth rules.
+/// - `multipart_fields`: per-field metadata for `multipart/form-data` bodies.
 fn extract_request_body(
     request_body: &Option<OpenApiRequestBody>,
     operation_id: &str,
     schemas: &mut HashMap<String, JsonSchema>,
     component_schemas: &HashMap<String, OpenApiSchemaObject>,
-) -> (Option<SchemaRef>, Option<BinaryRequestBody>, BodyEncoding, HashMap<String, MethodParameter>) {
+) -> ExtractedRequestBody {
     let Some(body) = request_body.as_ref() else {
-        return (None, None, BodyEncoding::Json, HashMap::new());
+        return (None, None, BodyEncoding::Json, HashMap::new(), Vec::new());
     };
     let Some(content) = body.content.as_ref() else {
-        return (None, None, BodyEncoding::Json, HashMap::new());
+        return (None, None, BodyEncoding::Json, HashMap::new(), Vec::new());
     };
 
     if let Some(media) = content.get("application/json") {
         if let Some(schema_obj) = media.schema.as_ref() {
             if let Some(ref_path) = &schema_obj.schema_ref {
                 let name = strip_ref_prefix(ref_path);
-                // Resolve the $ref from components/schemas and flatten its properties.
                 let body_params = component_schemas
                     .get(&name)
                     .map(|resolved| flatten_body_params(resolved, component_schemas, 0))
@@ -2760,6 +2799,7 @@ fn extract_request_body(
                     None,
                     BodyEncoding::Json,
                     body_params,
+                    Vec::new(),
                 );
             }
 
@@ -2777,11 +2817,27 @@ fn extract_request_body(
                 None,
                 BodyEncoding::Json,
                 body_params,
+                Vec::new(),
             );
         }
     }
 
-    // No JSON body declared — check for form-urlencoded body next.
+    // Handle multipart/form-data bodies. Each property in the schema
+    // becomes a CLI flag; file-typed fields accept a path and are streamed
+    // as binary parts.
+    if let Some(media) = content.get("multipart/form-data") {
+        let multipart_fields = extract_multipart_fields(
+            media.schema.as_ref(),
+            &media.encoding,
+            component_schemas,
+            operation_id,
+        );
+        if !multipart_fields.is_empty() {
+            return (None, None, BodyEncoding::Json, HashMap::new(), multipart_fields);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // No JSON or multipart body declared — check for form-urlencoded body next.
     if let Some(media) = content.get("application/x-www-form-urlencoded") {
         if let Some(schema_obj) = media.schema.as_ref() {
             if let Some(ref_path) = &schema_obj.schema_ref {
@@ -2798,6 +2854,7 @@ fn extract_request_body(
                     None,
                     BodyEncoding::FormUrlEncoded,
                     body_params,
+                    Vec::new(),
                 );
             }
 
@@ -2815,17 +2872,19 @@ fn extract_request_body(
                 None,
                 BodyEncoding::FormUrlEncoded,
                 body_params,
+                Vec::new(),
             );
         }
     }
 
-    // No JSON or form body — look for a binary content type. `multipart/form-data`
-    // is explicitly excluded (separate future work).
+    // No JSON, multipart, or form body — look for a binary content type.
+    // `multipart/form-data` and `application/x-www-form-urlencoded` are
+    // explicitly excluded (handled above).
     let Some((content_type, media)) = content.iter().find(|(ct, _)| {
         let ct = ct.as_str();
         ct != "application/x-www-form-urlencoded" && ct != "multipart/form-data"
     }) else {
-        return (None, None, BodyEncoding::Json, HashMap::new());
+        return (None, None, BodyEncoding::Json, HashMap::new(), Vec::new());
     };
 
     let is_binary_format = media
@@ -2855,9 +2914,124 @@ fn extract_request_body(
         }),
         BodyEncoding::Json,
         HashMap::new(),
+        Vec::new(),
     )
 }
 
+/// Walk a `multipart/form-data` schema and emit one [`MultipartField`] per
+/// property. Resolves `$ref` to `components/schemas` for the root schema
+/// and for individual properties. File fields are identified by
+/// `type: string, format: binary` (or legacy `type: file`).
+///
+/// `encoding` is the media type's OpenAPI `encoding` object; a per-property
+/// `contentType` there overrides the content type inferred from the schema
+/// (the default being `application/octet-stream` for file parts and
+/// `text/plain` for text parts). This is the OAS 3.x mechanism for, e.g.,
+/// declaring that a string field carries `application/json`.
+fn extract_multipart_fields(
+    schema: Option<&OpenApiSchemaObject>,
+    encoding: &HashMap<String, OpenApiEncoding>,
+    component_schemas: &HashMap<String, OpenApiSchemaObject>,
+    operation_id: &str,
+) -> Vec<MultipartField> {
+    let Some(schema) = schema else {
+        tracing::warn!(
+            operation = operation_id,
+            "multipart/form-data body has no schema; skipping",
+        );
+        return Vec::new();
+    };
+
+    // Resolve top-level $ref.
+    let resolved = if let Some(ref_path) = &schema.schema_ref {
+        let name = strip_ref_prefix(ref_path);
+        match component_schemas.get(&name) {
+            Some(r) => r,
+            None => {
+                tracing::warn!(
+                    operation = operation_id,
+                    schema_ref = name,
+                    "unresolvable $ref for multipart body; skipping",
+                );
+                return Vec::new();
+            }
+        }
+    } else {
+        schema
+    };
+
+    if resolved.schema_type() != Some("object") {
+        tracing::warn!(
+            operation = operation_id,
+            "multipart/form-data schema is not an object; skipping",
+        );
+        return Vec::new();
+    }
+
+    let required_set: std::collections::HashSet<&str> =
+        resolved.required.iter().map(String::as_str).collect();
+
+    let mut fields: Vec<MultipartField> = resolved
+        .properties
+        .iter()
+        .map(|(name, prop)| {
+            let (is_file, inferred_ct) = classify_multipart_property(prop, component_schemas);
+            // A `contentType` in the `encoding` object wins over the
+            // schema-inferred default for this part.
+            let content_type = encoding
+                .get(name)
+                .and_then(|e| e.content_type.clone())
+                .or(inferred_ct);
+            MultipartField {
+                wire_name: name.clone(),
+                is_file,
+                description: prop.description.clone(),
+                required: required_set.contains(name.as_str()),
+                content_type,
+            }
+        })
+        .collect();
+    fields.sort_by(|a, b| a.wire_name.cmp(&b.wire_name));
+    fields
+}
+
+/// Determine whether a multipart property is a file upload and its content type.
+fn classify_multipart_property(
+    prop: &OpenApiSchemaObject,
+    component_schemas: &HashMap<String, OpenApiSchemaObject>,
+) -> (bool, Option<String>) {
+    // Resolve $ref if present.
+    let resolved = if let Some(ref_path) = &prop.schema_ref {
+        let name = strip_ref_prefix(ref_path);
+        component_schemas.get(&name).unwrap_or(prop)
+    } else {
+        prop
+    };
+
+    let ty = resolved.schema_type();
+    let fmt = resolved.format.as_deref();
+
+    // `type: string, format: binary` or legacy `type: file`
+    if (ty == Some("string") && fmt == Some("binary")) || ty == Some("file") {
+        let ct = Some("application/octet-stream".to_string());
+        return (true, ct);
+    }
+
+    // Array of binary files (e.g. `type: array, items: { type: string, format: binary }`)
+    if ty == Some("array") {
+        if let Some(items) = &resolved.items {
+            if (items.schema_type() == Some("string")
+                && items.format.as_deref() == Some("binary"))
+                || items.schema_type() == Some("file")
+            {
+                return (true, Some("application/octet-stream".to_string()));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    (false, None)
+}
+
 /// Recursively walk an object schema and emit one body-located [`MethodParameter`]
 /// per property, up to `MAX_BODY_DEPTH` levels deep. Nested object properties
 /// use dotted keys (e.g. `"name.first"`). Array properties set `repeated: true`
@@ -2871,6 +3045,21 @@ fn flatten_body_params(
     flatten_body_params_prefix(schema, component_schemas, depth, "")
 }
 
+/// True when the schema admits JSON `null` *and* its base type is a scalar
+/// the CLI lowers to a single flag (`string` / `integer` / `number` /
+/// `boolean`). Composite types (`array`, `object`) stay false even when the
+/// schema marks them nullable — see ADR-0003 for why the null-sentinel
+/// surface is scalar-only.
+fn is_scalar_nullable(obj: &OpenApiSchemaObject) -> bool {
+    if !obj.is_nullable() {
+        return false;
+    }
+    matches!(
+        obj.schema_type(),
+        Some("string") | Some("integer") | Some("number") | Some("boolean"),
+    )
+}
+
 fn flatten_body_params_prefix(
     schema: &OpenApiSchemaObject,
     component_schemas: &HashMap<String, OpenApiSchemaObject>,
@@ -2926,6 +3115,7 @@ fn flatten_body_params_prefix(
                         enum_values: effective_enum_values(resolved),
                         default_value: const_default,
                         repeated: is_array,
+                        nullable: is_scalar_nullable(resolved),
                         ..Default::default()
                     },
                 );
@@ -2963,6 +3153,7 @@ fn flatten_body_params_prefix(
                 enum_values: effective_enum_values(prop),
                 default_value: const_default,
                 repeated: is_array,
+                nullable: is_scalar_nullable(prop),
                 ..Default::default()
             },
         );
@@ -3070,7 +3261,7 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn test_strip_tag_prefix_no_strip_when_no_overlap() {
-        // When op `getCustomers` doesn't start with tag tokens.
+        // BigCommerce-style: op `getCustomers` doesn't start with tag tokens.
         assert_eq!(strip_tag_prefix("getCustomers", "Customers"), "getCustomers");
     }
 
@@ -3095,7 +3286,7 @@ paths:
 
     #[test]
     fn test_method_name_keeps_operation_id_when_no_tag_overlap() {
-        // When operationId doesn't start with tag → method
+        // BigCommerce-shape: operationId doesn't start with tag → method
         // stays as full kebab'd operationId. Matches Fern's behavior.
         let yaml = r#"
 openapi: "3.0.0"
@@ -3194,9 +3385,264 @@ paths:
         assert_eq!(binary.flag_name, "body");
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn test_multipart_form_data_fields_parsed() {
+        let yaml = r#"
+openapi: "3.0.0"
+info: { title: T, version: "1.0" }
+servers: [{ url: "https://x.com" }]
+paths:
+  /uploads:
+    post:
+      x-fern-sdk-group-name: uploads
+      x-fern-sdk-method-name: create
+      operationId: uploadsCreate
+      requestBody:
+        content:
+          multipart/form-data:
+            schema:
+              type: object
+              required: [file]
+              properties:
+                file:
+                  type: string
+                  format: binary
+                  description: The file to upload
+                purpose:
+                  type: string
+                  description: Purpose of the upload
+      responses: { "201": { description: ok } }
+"#;
+        let doc = load_openapi_spec(yaml, "t").unwrap();
+        let create = &doc.resources["uploads"].methods["create"];
+        assert_eq!(create.multipart_fields.len(), 2);
+
+        let file_field = create
+            .multipart_fields
+            .iter()
+            .find(|f| f.wire_name == "file")
+            .expect("file field missing");
+        assert!(file_field.is_file);
+        assert!(file_field.required);
+        assert_eq!(
+            file_field.description.as_deref(),
+            Some("The file to upload")
+        );
+
+        let purpose_field = create
+            .multipart_fields
+            .iter()
+            .find(|f| f.wire_name == "purpose")
+            .expect("purpose field missing");
+        assert!(!purpose_field.is_file);
+        assert!(!purpose_field.required);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_multipart_form_data_with_ref_schema() {
+        let yaml = r#"
+openapi: "3.0.0"
+info: { title: T, version: "1.0" }
+servers: [{ url: "https://x.com" }]
+paths:
+  /files:
+    post:
+      x-fern-sdk-group-name: files
+      x-fern-sdk-method-name: upload
+      operationId: filesUpload
+      requestBody:
+        content:
+          multipart/form-data:
+            schema:
+              $ref: '#/components/schemas/FileUpload'
+      responses: { "200": { description: ok } }
+components:
+  schemas:
+    FileUpload:
+      type: object
+      required: [content]
+      properties:
+        content:
+          type: string
+          format: binary
+        label:
+          type: string
+"#;
+        let doc = load_openapi_spec(yaml, "t").unwrap();
+        let upload = &doc.resources["files"].methods["upload"];
+        assert_eq!(upload.multipart_fields.len(), 2);
+
+        let content = upload
+            .multipart_fields
+            .iter()
+            .find(|f| f.wire_name == "content")
+            .expect("content field missing");
+        assert!(content.is_file);
+        assert!(content.required);
+
+        let label = upload
+            .multipart_fields
+            .iter()
+            .find(|f| f.wire_name == "label")
+            .expect("label field missing");
+        assert!(!label.is_file);
+        assert!(!label.required);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_multipart_encoding_content_type_overrides_inferred() {
+        // The OpenAPI `encoding` object pins a per-part Content-Type that
+        // wins over the schema-inferred default: here `metadata` is a plain
+        // string (would default to a text part) but is declared
+        // `application/json`, and the file part's octet-stream default is
+        // overridden to `image/png`.
+        let yaml = r#"
+openapi: "3.0.0"
+info: { title: T, version: "1.0" }
+servers: [{ url: "https://x.com" }]
+paths:
+  /uploads:
+    post:
+      x-fern-sdk-group-name: uploads
+      x-fern-sdk-method-name: create
+      operationId: uploadsCreate
+      requestBody:
+        content:
+          multipart/form-data:
+            schema:
+              type: object
+              properties:
+                file:
+                  type: string
+                  format: binary
+                metadata:
+                  type: string
+            encoding:
+              file:
+                contentType: image/png
+              metadata:
+                contentType: application/json
+      responses: { "201": { description: ok } }
+"#;
+        let doc = load_openapi_spec(yaml, "t").unwrap();
+        let create = &doc.resources["uploads"].methods["create"];
+
+        let file_field = create
+            .multipart_fields
+            .iter()
+            .find(|f| f.wire_name == "file")
+            .expect("file field missing");
+        assert!(file_field.is_file);
+        assert_eq!(
+            file_field.content_type.as_deref(),
+            Some("image/png"),
+            "encoding.contentType should override the octet-stream default",
+        );
+
+        let metadata_field = create
+            .multipart_fields
+            .iter()
+            .find(|f| f.wire_name == "metadata")
+            .expect("metadata field missing");
+        assert!(!metadata_field.is_file);
+        assert_eq!(
+            metadata_field.content_type.as_deref(),
+            Some("application/json"),
+            "a text part can carry a per-part Content-Type via encoding",
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_multipart_file_part_defaults_to_octet_stream_without_encoding() {
+        // Absent an `encoding` entry, a binary part keeps the OpenAPI
+        // default content type and a text part stays untyped (None →
+        // reqwest's text/plain at send time).
+        let yaml = r#"
+openapi: "3.0.0"
+info: { title: T, version: "1.0" }
+servers: [{ url: "https://x.com" }]
+paths:
+  /uploads:
+    post:
+      x-fern-sdk-group-name: uploads
+      x-fern-sdk-method-name: create
+      operationId: uploadsCreate
+      requestBody:
+        content:
+          multipart/form-data:
+            schema:
+              type: object
+              properties:
+                file:
+                  type: string
+                  format: binary
+                note:
+                  type: string
+      responses: { "201": { description: ok } }
+"#;
+        let doc = load_openapi_spec(yaml, "t").unwrap();
+        let create = &doc.resources["uploads"].methods["create"];
+
+        let file_field = create
+            .multipart_fields
+            .iter()
+            .find(|f| f.wire_name == "file")
+            .unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(
+            file_field.content_type.as_deref(),
+            Some("application/octet-stream"),
+        );
+
+        let note_field = create
+            .multipart_fields
+            .iter()
+            .find(|f| f.wire_name == "note")
+            .unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(note_field.content_type, None);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_multipart_does_not_produce_json_body() {
+        let yaml = r#"
+openapi: "3.0.0"
+info: { title: T, version: "1.0" }
+servers: [{ url: "https://x.com" }]
+paths:
+  /uploads:
+    post:
+      x-fern-sdk-group-name: uploads
+      x-fern-sdk-method-name: create
+      operationId: uploadsCreate
+      requestBody:
+        content:
+          multipart/form-data:
+            schema:
+              type: object
+              properties:
+                file:
+                  type: string
+                  format: binary
+      responses: { "200": { description: ok } }
+"#;
+        let doc = load_openapi_spec(yaml, "t").unwrap();
+        let create = &doc.resources["uploads"].methods["create"];
+        assert!(
+            create.request.is_none(),
+            "multipart ops should not have a JSON request schema"
+        );
+        assert!(
+            create.binary_request_body.is_none(),
+            "multipart ops should not have a binary_request_body"
+        );
+        assert!(
+            !create.multipart_fields.is_empty(),
+            "multipart ops should have multipart_fields"
+        );
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn test_group_name_accepts_scalar_string() {
-        // Some Fern specs write `x-fern-sdk-group-name: transcripts`
+        // AssemblyAI and other Fern specs write `x-fern-sdk-group-name: transcripts`
         // as a bare string; the parser should accept it as a single-element list.
         let yaml = r#"
 openapi: "3.0.0"
@@ -4370,6 +4816,69 @@ paths:
         assert_eq!(users.root_url, "https://api.example.com");
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn test_box_upload_operations_use_upload_server() {
+        let yaml = include_str!("../../cli/box/openapi.yaml");
+        let doc = load_openapi_spec(yaml, "box").unwrap();
+        // At least one resource must have methods that route to upload.box.com
+        let upload_methods: Vec<_> = doc.resources.values()
+            .flat_map(|r| r.methods.values())
+            .filter(|m| m.root_url.contains("upload.box.com"))
+            .collect();
+        assert!(
+            !upload_methods.is_empty(),
+            "expected at least one method routing to upload.box.com, found none"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_load_box_spec() {
+        let yaml = include_str!("../../cli/box/openapi.yaml");
+        let doc = load_openapi_spec(yaml, "box").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(doc.name, "box");
+        assert_eq!(doc.root_url, "https://api.box.com/2.0");
+
+        // Box spec has 73 top-level resource groups: 72 with x-fern-sdk-group-name,
+        // plus one ("metadata taxonomies") surfaced by the tag-based fallback.
+        assert_eq!(doc.resources.len(), 73);
+
+        // Check specific groups exist
+        assert!(doc.resources.contains_key("files"));
+        assert!(doc.resources.contains_key("folders"));
+        assert!(doc.resources.contains_key("users"));
+        assert!(doc.resources.contains_key("collaborations"));
+
+        // Check users has 6 methods
+        let users = &doc.resources["users"];
+        assert_eq!(users.methods.len(), 6);
+        assert!(users.methods.contains_key("get"));
+        assert!(users.methods.contains_key("list"));
+        assert!(users.methods.contains_key("create"));
+        assert!(users.methods.contains_key("getCurrent"));
+
+        // Check a method's HTTP method and path
+        let get_user = &users.methods["get"];
+        assert_eq!(get_user.http_method, "GET");
+        assert_eq!(get_user.path, "/users/{user_id}");
+
+        // Check parameters
+        assert!(get_user.parameters.contains_key("user_id"));
+        let user_id_param = &get_user.parameters["user_id"];
+        assert_eq!(user_id_param.location.as_deref(), Some("path"));
+        assert!(user_id_param.required);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_load_bigcommerce_spec() {
+        // BigCommerce ships per-domain specs (vendored from docs-v2). Pick a
+        // representative one to verify the parser handles them — the CLI binary
+        // wires up all 36 of them via `spec_under` namespaces.
+        let yaml = include_str!("../../cli/bigcommerce/specs/management/customers.v3.yml");
+        let doc = load_openapi_spec(yaml, "bigcommerce").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(doc.name, "bigcommerce");
+        assert!(doc.root_url.contains("api.bigcommerce.com"));
+    }
+
     // ------------------------------------------------------------------
     // x-fern-idempotent + x-fern-idempotency-headers (FER-9864 P1).
     // ------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -6086,6 +6595,56 @@ paths:
         assert!(!map.contains_key("remove"), "null inside object array element should be removed");
     }
 
+    // -- Verification: from_str vs from_value round-trip --------------------
+
+    /// Compare `load_openapi_spec` (from_str → Value → from_value) against
+    /// each real spec to ensure the round-trip path doesn't lose or corrupt
+    /// any operations, resources, or schemas.
+    #[test]
+    fn test_roundtrip_bigcommerce_customers_v3() {
+        let yaml = include_str!("../../cli/bigcommerce/specs/management/customers.v3.yml");
+        let doc = load_openapi_spec(yaml, "bigcommerce").unwrap();
+        assert!(!doc.resources.is_empty(), "customers.v3 should have resources");
+        assert!(!doc.schemas.is_empty(), "customers.v3 should have schemas");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_roundtrip_bigcommerce_orders_v2() {
+        let yaml = include_str!("../../cli/bigcommerce/specs/management/orders.v2.yml");
+        let doc = load_openapi_spec(yaml, "bigcommerce").unwrap();
+        assert!(!doc.resources.is_empty(), "orders.v2 should have resources");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_roundtrip_box_spec() {
+        let yaml = include_str!("../../cli/box/openapi.yaml");
+        let doc = load_openapi_spec(yaml, "box").unwrap();
+        assert!(!doc.resources.is_empty(), "box should have resources");
+        assert!(!doc.schemas.is_empty(), "box should have schemas");
+    }
+
+    /// Verify the from_str → from_value path produces identical results to
+    /// what the old direct from_str path would have produced. We compare
+    /// resource keys and method counts to ensure no operations are lost.
+    #[test]
+    fn test_roundtrip_consistency_all_bigcommerce_specs() {
+        let specs: &[(&str, &str)] = &[
+            ("customers.v3", include_str!("../../cli/bigcommerce/specs/management/customers.v3.yml")),
+            ("orders.v3", include_str!("../../cli/bigcommerce/specs/management/orders.v3.yml")),
+            ("orders.v2", include_str!("../../cli/bigcommerce/specs/management/orders.v2.yml")),
+            ("checkouts.v3", include_str!("../../cli/bigcommerce/specs/management/checkouts.v3.yml")),
+            ("channels.v3", include_str!("../../cli/bigcommerce/specs/management/channels.v3.yml")),
+            ("carts.v3", include_str!("../../cli/bigcommerce/specs/management/carts.v3.yml")),
+            ("shipping.v3", include_str!("../../cli/bigcommerce/specs/management/shipping.v3.yml")),
+        ];
+        for (name, yaml) in specs {
+            let doc = load_openapi_spec(yaml, "bigcommerce");
+            assert!(doc.is_ok(), "spec {name} should parse without error: {:?}", doc.err());
+            let doc = doc.unwrap();
+            assert!(!doc.resources.is_empty(), "spec {name} should have resources");
+        }
+    }
+
     // -- Verification: allowNullKeys covers all Fern CLI keys ---------------
 
     #[test]
@@ -6136,6 +6695,39 @@ paths:
         assert!(item["source"].is_null(), "null under x-code-samples should be preserved");
     }
 
+    // -- Verification: real overrides e2e -----------------------------------
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_real_overrides_e2e_bigcommerce_customers_v3() {
+        let base_yaml = include_str!("../../cli/bigcommerce/specs/management/customers.v3.yml");
+        let overrides_yaml = r#"
+paths:
+  /customers:
+    get:
+      x-fern-sdk-group-name: [customers]
+      x-fern-sdk-method-name: list
+    post:
+      x-fern-sdk-group-name: [customers]
+      x-fern-sdk-method-name: create
+  /customers/{customerId}:
+    put:
+      x-fern-sdk-group-name: [customers]
+      x-fern-sdk-method-name: update
+    delete:
+      x-fern-sdk-group-name: [customers]
+      x-fern-sdk-method-name: delete
+"#;
+        let base: serde_yaml::Value = serde_yaml::from_str(base_yaml).unwrap();
+        let ovr: serde_yaml::Value = serde_yaml::from_str(overrides_yaml).unwrap();
+        let merged = deep_merge_yaml(base, ovr);
+        let doc = load_openapi_spec_from_value(merged, "bigcommerce").unwrap();
+        let customers = &doc.resources["customers"];
+        assert!(customers.methods.contains_key("list"), "override should create 'list' method");
+        assert!(customers.methods.contains_key("create"), "override should create 'create' method");
+        assert!(customers.methods.contains_key("update"), "override should create 'update' method");
+        assert!(customers.methods.contains_key("delete"), "override should create 'delete' method");
+    }
+
     // -- Verification: all_objects heuristic --------------------------------
 
     #[test]
@@ -8046,6 +8638,31 @@ paths:
             vec!["public".to_string(), "public".to_string()],
         );
     }
+    // -- Real-world OpenAPI 3.1 specs (parse sweep) ----------------------
+    //
+    // These fixtures are real customer/prospect specs that declare
+    // `openapi: 3.1.0`. They sweep the new 3.1 surface area (type arrays,
+    // numeric exclusive bounds, const, composition, webhooks, schema-level
+    // examples) against actual wire shapes rather than synthetic snippets.
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_real_31_devin_spec_parses() {
+        let yaml = include_str!("../../cli/devin/openapi.yaml");
+        load_openapi_spec(yaml, "devin").expect("devin 3.1 spec should parse");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_real_31_paid_spec_parses() {
+        let yaml = include_str!("../../cli/paid/specs/openapi.yml");
+        load_openapi_spec(yaml, "paid").expect("paid 3.1 spec should parse");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_real_31_assemblyai_spec_parses() {
+        let yaml = include_str!("../../cli/assemblyai/specs/openapi.yml");
+        load_openapi_spec(yaml, "assemblyai").expect("assemblyai 3.1 spec should parse");
+    }
+
     // -- JSON Schema composition (oneOf / anyOf / allOf) -----------------
 
     #[test]
@@ -8164,7 +8781,7 @@ paths:
 
     #[test]
     fn test_examples_lax_30_map_form() {
-        // Schema-level `examples` map (out-of-spec for
+        // BigCommerce-style schema-level `examples` map (out-of-spec for
         // OpenAPI 3.0 at the schema level, but real-world specs use it).
         // The parser must round-trip without erroring.
         let obj: OpenApiSchemaObject = serde_yaml::from_str(
@@ -8553,6 +9170,126 @@ components:
         assert_eq!(s_31.schema_type.as_deref(), Some("object"));
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn test_flatten_body_params_marks_scalar_nullable_30() {
+        let schema: OpenApiSchemaObject = serde_yaml::from_str(
+            r#"
+            type: object
+            properties:
+              userId:
+                type: string
+                nullable: true
+            "#,
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        let params = flatten_body_params(&schema, &HashMap::new(), 0);
+        let user_id = params.get("userId").expect("userId flag should be emitted");
+        assert!(user_id.nullable, "scalar nullable (3.0) must propagate to MethodParameter");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_flatten_body_params_marks_scalar_nullable_31() {
+        let schema: OpenApiSchemaObject = serde_yaml::from_str(
+            r#"
+            type: object
+            properties:
+              userId:
+                type: ["string", "null"]
+            "#,
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        let params = flatten_body_params(&schema, &HashMap::new(), 0);
+        let user_id = params.get("userId").expect("userId flag should be emitted");
+        assert!(user_id.nullable, "scalar nullable (3.1) must propagate to MethodParameter");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_flatten_body_params_non_nullable_scalar_stays_false() {
+        let schema: OpenApiSchemaObject = serde_yaml::from_str(
+            r#"
+            type: object
+            properties:
+              userId:
+                type: string
+            "#,
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        let params = flatten_body_params(&schema, &HashMap::new(), 0);
+        let user_id = params.get("userId").unwrap();
+        assert!(!user_id.nullable);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_flatten_body_params_nullable_integer_and_boolean_and_number() {
+        // Three scalar variants beyond string: all must propagate nullable.
+        let schema: OpenApiSchemaObject = serde_yaml::from_str(
+            r#"
+            type: object
+            properties:
+              count:
+                type: ["integer", "null"]
+              active:
+                type: ["boolean", "null"]
+              ratio:
+                type: ["number", "null"]
+            "#,
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        let params = flatten_body_params(&schema, &HashMap::new(), 0);
+        assert!(params["count"].nullable);
+        assert!(params["active"].nullable);
+        assert!(params["ratio"].nullable);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_flatten_body_params_non_scalar_nullable_not_propagated() {
+        // type: [array, null] and type: [object, null] must NOT set
+        // param.nullable=true. Arrays + nullable would collide with
+        // ArgAction::Append; object-nullable has no parent flag to attach to.
+        let schema: OpenApiSchemaObject = serde_yaml::from_str(
+            r#"
+            type: object
+            properties:
+              tags:
+                type: ["array", "null"]
+                items:
+                  type: string
+              metadata:
+                type: ["object", "null"]
+                properties:
+                  code:
+                    type: string
+            "#,
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        let params = flatten_body_params(&schema, &HashMap::new(), 0);
+        // tags is an array → repeated, single flag, nullable must be false.
+        assert!(!params["tags"].nullable, "nullable array must not set param.nullable");
+        // metadata is flattened to metadata.code; the only emitted flag is
+        // the inner scalar, which is non-nullable.
+        assert!(!params["metadata.code"].nullable);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_flatten_body_params_nested_nullable_via_dot_notation() {
+        // metadata.code where code is nullable: dot-notation should preserve
+        // the nullable flag on the leaf.
+        let schema: OpenApiSchemaObject = serde_yaml::from_str(
+            r#"
+            type: object
+            properties:
+              metadata:
+                type: object
+                properties:
+                  code:
+                    type: ["string", "null"]
+            "#,
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        let params = flatten_body_params(&schema, &HashMap::new(), 0);
+        assert!(params["metadata.code"].nullable);
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn test_nullable_schema_object_lowering() {
         let obj_30: OpenApiSchemaObject = serde_yaml::from_str(
diff --git a/generators/cli/sdk/src/openapi/skill_emitter.rs b/generators/cli/sdk/src/openapi/skill_emitter.rs
index aecee7c01b96..327b0e8b5066 100644
--- a/generators/cli/sdk/src/openapi/skill_emitter.rs
+++ b/generators/cli/sdk/src/openapi/skill_emitter.rs
@@ -248,7 +248,8 @@ fn describe_credential_source(src: &AuthCredentialSource) -> String {
         AuthCredentialSource::Cli(arg) => format!("`--{arg}` flag"),
         AuthCredentialSource::File(path) => format!("`{}` file", path.display()),
         AuthCredentialSource::Literal(_) => "built-in literal".to_string(),
-        AuthCredentialSource::Closure(_) => "custom resolver".to_string(),
+        AuthCredentialSource::Closure(_, Some(hint)) => hint.clone(),
+        AuthCredentialSource::Closure(_, None) => "custom resolver".to_string(),
         AuthCredentialSource::Chain(sources) => sources
             .iter()
             .map(describe_credential_source)
diff --git a/generators/cli/sdk/src/text.rs b/generators/cli/sdk/src/text.rs
index b66cb4446ae2..9b4df3bb05ec 100644
--- a/generators/cli/sdk/src/text.rs
+++ b/generators/cli/sdk/src/text.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 
+use unicode_normalization::UnicodeNormalization;
+
 /// Max chars for CLI `--help` method descriptions (terminal-width friendly).
 pub const CLI_DESCRIPTION_LIMIT: usize = 200;
 
@@ -41,6 +43,145 @@ pub fn to_screaming_snake(s: &str) -> String {
     to_kebab_flag(s).to_ascii_uppercase().replace('-', "_")
 }
 
+/// Sanitize an OpenAPI parameter wire name into a valid CLI flag name.
+///
+/// Pipeline (applied in order):
+///
+/// 1. **Reject** names containing ASCII control characters (`\x00`–`\x1f`,
+///    `\x7f`) or whitespace (space, tab, newline, carriage return).
+/// 2. **NFKD transliterate**: decompose Unicode, strip combining marks, and
+///    drop zero-width / bidi-control codepoints. Reject names that still
+///    contain non-ASCII characters after decomposition (CJK, RTL, etc.).
+/// 3. **Kebab-case normalize**: apply camelCase / snake_case / PascalCase →
+///    kebab-case conversion, and replace any remaining character outside
+///    `[A-Za-z0-9]` with `-`.
+/// 4. **Tidy**: collapse repeated `-` to one, trim leading/trailing `-`.
+///
+/// Returns `Ok(flag_name)` or `Err(message)` describing why the name is
+/// invalid. The caller is responsible for reserved-name and collision
+/// checks (those require cross-parameter context).
+pub fn sanitize_flag_name(wire_name: &str) -> Result<String, String> {
+    if wire_name.is_empty() {
+        return Err("Parameter name is empty".to_string());
+    }
+
+    // Step 1: reject control characters and whitespace.
+    for ch in wire_name.chars() {
+        if ch.is_ascii_control() {
+            return Err(format!(
+                "Parameter '{wire_name}' contains control character U+{:04X}",
+                ch as u32,
+            ));
+        }
+        if ch.is_whitespace() {
+            return Err(format!(
+                "Parameter '{wire_name}' contains whitespace character U+{:04X}",
+                ch as u32,
+            ));
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Step 2: NFKD decompose → strip combining marks and zero-width/bidi
+    // codepoints → reject remaining non-ASCII.
+    let decomposed: String = wire_name
+        .nfkd()
+        .filter(|ch| {
+            // Drop combining marks (Unicode category M).
+            if is_combining_mark(*ch) {
+                return false;
+            }
+            // Drop zero-width and bidi-control codepoints.
+            if is_zero_width_or_bidi(*ch) {
+                return false;
+            }
+            true
+        })
+        .collect();
+
+    for ch in decomposed.chars() {
+        if !ch.is_ascii() {
+            return Err(format!(
+                "Parameter '{wire_name}' contains non-transliterable character '{ch}' (U+{:04X})",
+                ch as u32,
+            ));
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Steps 3 + 4: kebab-case normalize with extended sanitization, then tidy.
+    let sanitized = to_kebab_flag_sanitized(&decomposed);
+
+    if sanitized.is_empty() {
+        return Err(format!(
+            "Parameter '{wire_name}' sanitizes to an empty string",
+        ));
+    }
+
+    Ok(sanitized)
+}
+
+/// Like [`to_kebab_flag`] but treats *any* non-alphanumeric character as a
+/// word separator (not just `_` and `-`). This catches `:`, `.`, `[`, `]`,
+/// `{`, `}`, `+`, `,`, `=`, etc. — all the shell-special and
+/// POSIX-flag-name-violating characters listed in the sanitization spec.
+fn to_kebab_flag_sanitized(s: &str) -> String {
+    let mut result = String::with_capacity(s.len() + 4);
+    for (i, ch) in s.chars().enumerate() {
+        if ch.is_ascii_alphanumeric() {
+            if ch.is_ascii_uppercase() {
+                // camelCase word boundary: insert dash before uppercase
+                // unless we're at the start or already have a dash.
+                if i > 0 && !result.is_empty() && !result.ends_with('-') {
+                    result.push('-');
+                }
+                result.push(ch.to_ascii_lowercase());
+            } else {
+                result.push(ch);
+            }
+        } else {
+            // Any non-alphanumeric → separator dash (collapsed later).
+            if !result.is_empty() && !result.ends_with('-') {
+                result.push('-');
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    // Trim trailing dashes.
+    while result.ends_with('-') {
+        result.pop();
+    }
+    result
+}
+
+/// Returns `true` for Unicode combining marks (category M: Mn, Mc, Me).
+fn is_combining_mark(ch: char) -> bool {
+    // Combining Diacritical Marks: U+0300–U+036F
+    // Combining Diacritical Marks Extended: U+1AB0–U+1AFF
+    // Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement: U+1DC0–U+1DFF
+    // Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols: U+20D0–U+20FF
+    // Combining Half Marks: U+FE20–U+FE2F
+    matches!(ch,
+        '\u{0300}'..='\u{036F}'
+        | '\u{1AB0}'..='\u{1AFF}'
+        | '\u{1DC0}'..='\u{1DFF}'
+        | '\u{20D0}'..='\u{20FF}'
+        | '\u{FE20}'..='\u{FE2F}'
+    )
+}
+
+/// Returns `true` for zero-width and bidi-control codepoints that should
+/// be silently stripped from parameter names.
+fn is_zero_width_or_bidi(ch: char) -> bool {
+    matches!(ch,
+        '\u{200B}' // ZERO WIDTH SPACE
+        | '\u{200C}' // ZERO WIDTH NON-JOINER
+        | '\u{200D}' // ZERO WIDTH JOINER
+        | '\u{FEFF}' // ZERO WIDTH NO-BREAK SPACE (BOM)
+        | '\u{200E}' // LEFT-TO-RIGHT MARK
+        | '\u{200F}' // RIGHT-TO-LEFT MARK
+        | '\u{202A}'..='\u{202E}' // LRE, RLE, PDF, LRO, RLO
+        | '\u{2066}'..='\u{2069}' // LRI, RLI, FSI, PDI
+    )
+}
+
 /// Truncates a description string to `max_chars` using smart boundaries.
 ///
 /// When `strip_links` is true, markdown links `[text](url)` are replaced with
@@ -324,4 +465,84 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(to_screaming_snake("uuid"), "UUID");
         assert_eq!(to_screaming_snake(""), "");
     }
+
+    // ------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // sanitize_flag_name — FER-10430 parametrized table
+    // ------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_sanitize_flag_name_table() {
+        let cases: &[(&str, &str)] = &[
+            ("id:in",                   "id-in"),
+            ("customer_group_id:in",    "customer-group-id-in"),
+            ("date_created:min",        "date-created-min"),
+            ("email:like",              "email-like"),
+            ("customer_id",             "customer-id"),
+            ("customerId",              "customer-id"),
+            ("address.street",          "address-street"),
+            ("tag[0]",                  "tag-0"),
+            ("customer{id}",            "customer-id"),
+            ("q+filter",               "q-filter"),
+            ("category,subcategory",    "category-subcategory"),
+            ("na\u{00ef}ve",            "naive"),      // naïve → NFKD
+            ("from-date",              "from-date"),   // already valid
+            ("__proto__",              "proto"),        // leading/trailing trimmed
+        ];
+        for (wire, expected) in cases {
+            let result = sanitize_flag_name(wire).unwrap_or_else(|e| {
+                panic!("sanitize_flag_name({wire:?}) returned Err: {e}")
+            });
+            assert_eq!(
+                result, *expected,
+                "sanitize_flag_name({wire:?}): got {result:?}, expected {expected:?}",
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_sanitize_flag_name_rejects_control_chars() {
+        let result = sanitize_flag_name("id\x00in");
+        assert!(result.is_err(), "control char should be rejected");
+        assert!(result.unwrap_err().contains("control character"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_sanitize_flag_name_rejects_whitespace() {
+        let result = sanitize_flag_name("id in");
+        assert!(result.is_err(), "whitespace should be rejected");
+        assert!(result.unwrap_err().contains("whitespace"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_sanitize_flag_name_rejects_cjk() {
+        let result = sanitize_flag_name("\u{5DF2}\u{8BFB}");
+        assert!(result.is_err(), "CJK should be rejected");
+        assert!(result.unwrap_err().contains("non-transliterable"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_sanitize_flag_name_idempotence() {
+        let cases = &["id:in", "customer_group_id:in", "address.street", "na\u{00ef}ve"];
+        for wire in cases {
+            let first = sanitize_flag_name(wire).unwrap();
+            let second = sanitize_flag_name(&first).unwrap();
+            assert_eq!(
+                first, second,
+                "sanitize_flag_name should be idempotent for {wire:?}: first={first:?}, second={second:?}",
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_sanitize_flag_name_empty_rejected() {
+        assert!(sanitize_flag_name("").is_err());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_sanitize_flag_name_strips_zero_width() {
+        // Zero-width space inside a name is silently stripped (invisible,
+        // so the adjacent letters merge).
+        let result = sanitize_flag_name("foo\u{200B}bar").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(result, "foobar");
+    }
 }
diff --git a/generators/cli/sdk/src/websocket/auth.rs b/generators/cli/sdk/src/websocket/auth.rs
index 4b74abfd54d2..9d448a637c29 100644
--- a/generators/cli/sdk/src/websocket/auth.rs
+++ b/generators/cli/sdk/src/websocket/auth.rs
@@ -57,15 +57,15 @@ const QUERY_VALUE: &AsciiSet = &CONTROLS
 /// not silent.
 pub enum WsAuth {
     /// Append the credential as a query parameter on the connect URL.
-    /// Example: `wss://api.example.com/stream?authorization=<bearer>`.
+    /// Example: ElevenLabs `tts/stream-input?authorization=<bearer>`.
     QueryParam(String, AuthCredentialSource),
     /// Send the credential as an HTTP header on the WS upgrade request.
-    /// Example: a standard `X-Api-Key: <key>` header.
+    /// Example: standard `xi-api-key: <key>` on ElevenLabs convai.
     ///
     /// # Header-value prefixes (footgun)
     ///
     /// The source's resolved value becomes the *entire* header value.
-    /// Some APIs require `Authorization: Token <key>` — the literal word
+    /// Deepgram requires `Authorization: Token <key>` — the literal word
     /// `Token` is part of the value, NOT a scheme the library prepends.
     /// **Prefer the convenience constructors [`WsAuth::bearer`] /
     /// [`WsAuth::token`]** rather than baking the prefix into a literal
@@ -73,34 +73,35 @@ pub enum WsAuth {
     /// to misspell.
     Header(String, AuthCredentialSource),
     /// Send multiple HTTP headers on the WS upgrade request. Use when the
-    /// API requires more than one header on the handshake (e.g. an auth
-    /// header plus an API-version header). Each pair is validated
-    /// against the WS-protocol reserved-header deny-list and each source
-    /// must resolve to a non-empty value.
+    /// API requires more than one header on the handshake — for example,
+    /// OpenAI Realtime needs both `Authorization: Bearer <key>` AND
+    /// `OpenAI-Beta: realtime=v1`. Each pair is validated against the
+    /// WS-protocol reserved-header deny-list and each source must
+    /// resolve to a non-empty value.
     Headers(Vec<(String, AuthCredentialSource)>),
     /// Merge the credential into the *first* outbound JSON frame as the
-    /// named field. Useful for APIs that authenticate via a "configure
-    /// session" message on the first text frame.
+    /// named field. Example: ElevenLabs TTS `stream-input` requires
+    /// `{"xi_api_key": "<key>", ...}` as the first text frame.
     FirstMessage(String, AuthCredentialSource),
-    /// No auth (anonymous connection, or auth handled by the caller
+    /// No auth (anonymous connection, or auth handled by the customer
     /// outside this module).
     None,
 }
 
 impl WsAuth {
     /// `Authorization: Bearer <value>` convenience. Prepends the literal
-    /// `Bearer ` to the resolved credential so callers cannot
-    /// accidentally double-prefix or omit it. Use for any RFC-6750
-    /// bearer-token API.
+    /// `Bearer ` to the resolved credential, so customers cannot
+    /// accidentally double-prefix or omit it. Use for OpenAI Realtime
+    /// and any RFC-6750 bearer-token API.
     pub fn bearer(source: AuthCredentialSource) -> Self {
         WsAuth::Header("Authorization".into(), prefix_source(source, "Bearer "))
     }
 
     /// `Authorization: Token <value>` convenience. Prepends the literal
-    /// `Token ` to the resolved credential. Use for APIs that treat the
-    /// word `Token` as part of the value (not a scheme tungstenite
-    /// prepends) — callers that miss this footgun get a confusing 401
-    /// from the upgrade.
+    /// `Token ` to the resolved credential. Use for Deepgram realtime —
+    /// Deepgram treats the word `Token` as part of the value, not a
+    /// scheme tungstenite prepends, so customers that miss this footgun
+    /// get a confusing 401 from the upgrade.
     pub fn token(source: AuthCredentialSource) -> Self {
         WsAuth::Header("Authorization".into(), prefix_source(source, "Token "))
     }
@@ -406,16 +407,16 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn headers_variant_emits_all_pairs_in_order() {
-        let mut url = "wss://api.example.com/v1/realtime?model=test".to_string();
+        let mut url = "wss://api.openai.com/v1/realtime?model=gpt-4o".to_string();
         let mut headers = Vec::new();
         WsAuth::Headers(vec![
             (
                 "Authorization".into(),
-                literal("Bearer sk-test"),
+                literal("Bearer sk-openai-test"),
             ),
             (
-                "X-Api-Version".into(),
-                literal("v1"),
+                "OpenAI-Beta".into(),
+                literal("realtime=v1"),
             ),
         ])
         .apply_to_url_and_headers(&mut url, &mut headers)
@@ -423,12 +424,12 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(
             headers,
             vec![
-                ("Authorization".to_string(), "Bearer sk-test".to_string()),
-                ("X-Api-Version".to_string(), "v1".to_string()),
+                ("Authorization".to_string(), "Bearer sk-openai-test".to_string()),
+                ("OpenAI-Beta".to_string(), "realtime=v1".to_string()),
             ]
         );
         // URL is unchanged.
-        assert_eq!(url, "wss://api.example.com/v1/realtime?model=test");
+        assert_eq!(url, "wss://api.openai.com/v1/realtime?model=gpt-4o");
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -450,31 +451,31 @@ mod tests {
         let mut headers = Vec::new();
         let err = WsAuth::Headers(vec![
             ("Authorization".into(), literal("Bearer xyz")),
-            ("X-Api-Version".into(), literal("")),
+            ("OpenAI-Beta".into(), literal("")),
         ])
         .apply_to_url_and_headers(&mut url, &mut headers)
         .expect_err("missing cred should error");
         assert!(matches!(err, CliError::Auth(_)));
         // Auth-error message names the missing header.
-        assert!(err.to_string().contains("X-Api-Version"));
+        assert!(err.to_string().contains("OpenAI-Beta"));
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn bearer_helper_prepends_literal_bearer_space() {
-        let mut url = "wss://api.example.com/v1/realtime".to_string();
+        let mut url = "wss://api.openai.com/v1/realtime".to_string();
         let mut headers = Vec::new();
-        WsAuth::bearer(literal("sk-test"))
+        WsAuth::bearer(literal("sk-openai-test"))
             .apply_to_url_and_headers(&mut url, &mut headers)
             .unwrap();
         assert_eq!(
             headers,
-            vec![("Authorization".to_string(), "Bearer sk-test".to_string())]
+            vec![("Authorization".to_string(), "Bearer sk-openai-test".to_string())]
         );
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn token_helper_prepends_literal_token_space() {
-        let mut url = "wss://api.example.com/v1/listen".to_string();
+        let mut url = "wss://api.deepgram.com/v1/listen".to_string();
         let mut headers = Vec::new();
         WsAuth::token(literal("dg_secret"))
             .apply_to_url_and_headers(&mut url, &mut headers)
diff --git a/generators/cli/sdk/src/websocket/client.rs b/generators/cli/sdk/src/websocket/client.rs
index 0823a541ae36..fa6a97088554 100644
--- a/generators/cli/sdk/src/websocket/client.rs
+++ b/generators/cli/sdk/src/websocket/client.rs
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ use std::sync::Arc;
 use std::time::Duration;
 
 use futures_util::{SinkExt, StreamExt};
+use secrecy::ExposeSecret;
 use serde_json::Value;
 use tokio::io::{AsyncBufReadExt, BufReader};
 use tokio::sync::mpsc;
@@ -15,6 +16,7 @@ use tokio_tungstenite::tungstenite::client::IntoClientRequest;
 use tokio_tungstenite::tungstenite::http::HeaderValue;
 use tokio_tungstenite::tungstenite::protocol::{frame::coding::CloseCode, CloseFrame, Message};
 
+use crate::auth::AuthCredentialSource;
 use crate::error::CliError;
 use crate::formatter::OutputPipeline;
 use crate::http::HttpConfig;
@@ -31,8 +33,8 @@ use super::error::{classify_close_frame, map_handshake_error, map_stream_error};
 /// Returning `None` lets the inbound flow through to
 /// [`OutputPipeline::emit`].
 ///
-/// Write your own closure for app-level ping/pong or any other
-/// inbound-frame responder pattern your API requires.
+/// Ship via [`elevenlabs_convai_ping_pong`] for the canonical ElevenLabs
+/// shape; write your own closure for Deepgram / AssemblyAI / OpenAI.
 ///
 /// # Stateful autoresponders
 ///
@@ -78,13 +80,14 @@ pub struct WsConfig {
     /// is non-JSON.
     pub stdin_validate_json: bool,
     /// JSON keys to recursively elide from each inbound frame before
-    /// emitting. Use to strip base64 audio blobs that would otherwise
-    /// flood a terminal.
+    /// emitting. Use `vec!["audio_base_64".into()]` for ElevenLabs to
+    /// strip the base64 audio blobs that would otherwise flood a terminal.
     pub strip_audio_keys: Vec<String>,
     /// Hint string woven into mid-stream / abnormal-close error messages.
-    /// Defaults to a generic "check auth, network, keepalive/timeout"
-    /// nudge; override when wiring an API with a more specific common
-    /// failure mode.
+    /// The default points at the ElevenLabs missed-pong pattern; override
+    /// when wiring an API with a different common failure mode (e.g.
+    /// Deepgram: "check KeepAlive cadence and audio format/encoding";
+    /// OpenAI Realtime: "session may have hit the 30-minute cap").
     pub abnormal_close_hint: String,
 }
 
@@ -105,6 +108,122 @@ impl WsConfig {
         }
     }
 
+    // -------- Per-API constructors -----------------------------------------
+    //
+    // These bake in the right auth shape, autoresponder, audio-strip keys,
+    // and abnormal-close hint for each supported API. They're plain
+    // convenience — every field stays `pub`, so power users can
+    // post-mutate. Adding a constructor for a new API costs ~10 lines.
+
+    /// Config preset for ElevenLabs conversational AI
+    /// (`wss://api.elevenlabs.io/v1/convai/conversation?agent_id=...`).
+    ///
+    /// Bakes in:
+    /// - `xi-api-key: <api_key>` header auth
+    /// - the canonical app-level ping/pong [`elevenlabs_convai_ping_pong`]
+    ///   autoresponder
+    /// - `strip_audio_keys = ["audio_base_64"]` (terminal-friendly)
+    /// - the ElevenLabs-flavoured `abnormal_close_hint`
+    pub fn elevenlabs_convai(
+        url: impl Into<String>,
+        api_key: AuthCredentialSource,
+    ) -> Self {
+        let mut cfg = WsConfig::new(url);
+        cfg.auth = WsAuth::Header("xi-api-key".into(), api_key);
+        cfg.auto_responder = Some(elevenlabs_convai_ping_pong());
+        cfg.strip_audio_keys = vec!["audio_base_64".into()];
+        cfg.abnormal_close_hint = super::error::ELEVENLABS_CLOSE_HINT.to_string();
+        cfg
+    }
+
+    /// Config preset for ElevenLabs TTS stream-input
+    /// (`wss://api.elevenlabs.io/v1/text-to-speech/{voice_id}/stream-input?...`).
+    ///
+    /// Bakes in:
+    /// - `WsAuth::FirstMessage("xi_api_key", ...)` — merged into the BOS frame
+    /// - `strip_audio_keys = ["audio"]` (TTS-shaped audio field)
+    /// - the ElevenLabs-flavoured `abnormal_close_hint`
+    pub fn elevenlabs_tts(url: impl Into<String>, api_key: AuthCredentialSource) -> Self {
+        let mut cfg = WsConfig::new(url);
+        cfg.auth = WsAuth::FirstMessage("xi_api_key".into(), api_key);
+        cfg.strip_audio_keys = vec!["audio".into()];
+        cfg.abnormal_close_hint = super::error::ELEVENLABS_CLOSE_HINT.to_string();
+        cfg
+    }
+
+    /// Config preset for OpenAI Realtime
+    /// (`wss://api.openai.com/v1/realtime?model=...`).
+    ///
+    /// Bakes in:
+    /// - both required headers: `Authorization: Bearer <api_key>` AND
+    ///   `OpenAI-Beta: realtime=v1` (via [`WsAuth::Headers`])
+    /// - `strip_audio_keys = ["delta"]` — base64 audio lives under
+    ///   `response.audio.delta` and `response.audio.done`
+    /// - the OpenAI-Realtime-flavoured `abnormal_close_hint` (calls out
+    ///   the 30-minute session cap as the most common abnormal close)
+    pub fn openai_realtime(
+        url: impl Into<String>,
+        api_key: AuthCredentialSource,
+    ) -> Self {
+        let mut cfg = WsConfig::new(url);
+        cfg.auth = WsAuth::Headers(vec![
+            (
+                "Authorization".into(),
+                // Prefix-prepending closure: WsAuth::bearer's helper
+                // lives in auth.rs but we recreate the moral equivalent
+                // here so the constructor is a single-call surface.
+                AuthCredentialSource::closure(move || {
+                    api_key.resolve().map(|s| {
+                        format!("Bearer {}", s.expose_secret())
+                    })
+                }),
+            ),
+            (
+                "OpenAI-Beta".into(),
+                AuthCredentialSource::literal("realtime=v1"),
+            ),
+        ]);
+        cfg.strip_audio_keys = vec!["delta".into()];
+        cfg.abnormal_close_hint = super::error::OPENAI_REALTIME_CLOSE_HINT.to_string();
+        cfg
+    }
+
+    /// Config preset for Deepgram realtime listen
+    /// (`wss://api.deepgram.com/v1/listen?encoding=...&sample_rate=...`).
+    ///
+    /// Bakes in:
+    /// - `Authorization: Token <api_key>` (via [`WsAuth::token`])
+    /// - the Deepgram-flavoured `abnormal_close_hint`
+    ///
+    /// Customers using this preset typically drive `send_binary(...)`
+    /// from their own audio-capture loop (cpal mic, file reader) and
+    /// send `{"type":"KeepAlive"}` text frames on a 3-8s timer.
+    pub fn deepgram_listen(
+        url: impl Into<String>,
+        api_key: AuthCredentialSource,
+    ) -> Self {
+        let mut cfg = WsConfig::new(url);
+        cfg.auth = WsAuth::token(api_key);
+        cfg.abnormal_close_hint = super::error::DEEPGRAM_CLOSE_HINT.to_string();
+        cfg
+    }
+
+    /// Config preset for AssemblyAI v3 Universal-Streaming
+    /// (`wss://streaming.assemblyai.com/v3/ws?sample_rate=...&format_turns=...`).
+    ///
+    /// Bakes in:
+    /// - `Authorization: <api_key>` (raw — NO `Bearer ` / `Token ` prefix,
+    ///   per AssemblyAI's v3 spec)
+    /// - the AssemblyAI-flavoured `abnormal_close_hint`
+    pub fn assemblyai_v3(
+        url: impl Into<String>,
+        api_key: AuthCredentialSource,
+    ) -> Self {
+        let mut cfg = WsConfig::new(url);
+        cfg.auth = WsAuth::Header("Authorization".into(), api_key);
+        cfg.abnormal_close_hint = super::error::ASSEMBLYAI_CLOSE_HINT.to_string();
+        cfg
+    }
 }
 
 /// A connected WS client ready to send and receive frames.
@@ -226,11 +345,11 @@ impl WebSocketClient {
 
     /// Send raw bytes as a WS binary frame.
     ///
-    /// Required by APIs that ship PCM audio (or any other binary payload)
-    /// on the wire. Callers typically drive this from their own
-    /// audio-capture loop (`cpal` mic, file reader, etc.) rather than from
-    /// the stdin path — stdin forwarding stays JSON-text only in v1
-    /// (see ADR-0002 follow-ups).
+    /// Required by APIs that ship PCM audio on the wire (Deepgram realtime,
+    /// AssemblyAI v3 Universal-Streaming). Customers typically call this
+    /// from their own audio-capture loop (`cpal` mic, file reader, etc.)
+    /// rather than from the stdin path — stdin forwarding stays JSON-text
+    /// only in v1 (see ADR-0002 follow-ups).
     ///
     /// # `WsAuth::FirstMessage` interaction
     ///
@@ -283,9 +402,9 @@ impl WebSocketClient {
         let abnormal_hint = config.abnormal_close_hint.clone();
         // Keep the first-send bookkeeping live across the loop so the
         // stdin branch can honor `WsAuth::FirstMessage` — without this,
-        // a caller combining `stdin_input = true` with `FirstMessage`
+        // a customer combining `stdin_input = true` with `FirstMessage`
         // auth would have the auth field silently dropped from the first
-        // outbound frame.
+        // outbound frame. (Bug surfaced by Devin Review on PR #53.)
         let mut first_send_done = first_send_done;
 
         // Bounded channel: stdin reader → recv loop. Bound is 64; when
@@ -494,10 +613,12 @@ async fn handle_inbound(
             FrameDisposition::Continue
         }
         Some(Ok(Message::Binary(b))) => {
-            // v1: inbound binary frames are not emitted to stdout (most
-            // streaming APIs send JSON inbound and only accept binary
-            // outbound). Warn visibly so callers hitting an API that
-            // *does* stream binary back know their stream produced
+            // v1: inbound binary frames are not emitted to stdout
+            // (ElevenLabs / OpenAI use JSON text; Deepgram / AssemblyAI
+            // send JSON inbound and only accept binary outbound). Warn
+            // visibly so a customer hitting an API that *does* stream
+            // binary back (some Deepgram protobuf configs, some OpenAI
+            // tool-call audio paths) knows their stream produced
             // unprintable bytes — silence would look like a hung pipe.
             eprintln!(
                 "warning: dropped {}-byte inbound WebSocket binary frame \
@@ -630,10 +751,75 @@ fn truncate(s: &str, max: usize) -> String {
     }
 }
 
+/// Canonical ElevenLabs convai/TTS ping/pong autoresponder.
+///
+/// Matches inbound frames of the shape
+/// `{"type":"ping","ping_event":{"event_id":<int>}}` and replies with
+/// `{"type":"pong","event_id":<same int>}`. Other inbound frames are
+/// passed through to the output pipeline.
+///
+/// Spec'd at `fern/apis/convai/asyncapi.yml:162-175`. Required: missing
+/// pong replies trip a 20-second inactivity timeout server-side.
+pub fn elevenlabs_convai_ping_pong() -> AutoResponder {
+    Arc::new(|frame: &Value| -> Option<Value> {
+        if frame.get("type").and_then(|v| v.as_str()) != Some("ping") {
+            return None;
+        }
+        // ElevenLabs spec: `/ping_event/event_id` is an integer. If we
+        // see a ping without it, *warn loudly* — falling through to
+        // emit-and-no-pong would silently let the 20-second server
+        // inactivity timeout fire, producing a misleading "missed
+        // ping/pong" abnormal-close error whose root cause is a parser
+        // miss, not a missing reply.
+        match frame.pointer("/ping_event/event_id").and_then(|v| v.as_i64()) {
+            Some(event_id) => Some(serde_json::json!({
+                "type": "pong",
+                "event_id": event_id,
+            })),
+            None => {
+                eprintln!(
+                    "warning: ElevenLabs ping frame has no integer \
+                     `ping_event.event_id` — cannot construct a valid \
+                     pong; frame will be emitted instead. If the API \
+                     changed the ping shape, write a custom AutoResponder."
+                );
+                None
+            }
+        }
+    })
+}
+
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
 
+    #[test]
+    fn elevenlabs_preset_matches_canonical_ping() {
+        let responder = elevenlabs_convai_ping_pong();
+        let ping = serde_json::json!({
+            "type": "ping",
+            "ping_event": {"event_id": 12345, "ping_ms": 50},
+        });
+        let pong = responder(&ping).expect("ping should be matched");
+        assert_eq!(pong, serde_json::json!({"type": "pong", "event_id": 12345}));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn elevenlabs_preset_ignores_non_ping() {
+        let responder = elevenlabs_convai_ping_pong();
+        let other = serde_json::json!({"type": "agent_response", "text": "hello"});
+        assert!(responder(&other).is_none());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn elevenlabs_preset_returns_none_when_event_id_missing() {
+        let responder = elevenlabs_convai_ping_pong();
+        let malformed = serde_json::json!({"type": "ping"});
+        // Without an event_id we can't construct a meaningful pong; fall
+        // through to the emit path rather than send garbage.
+        assert!(responder(&malformed).is_none());
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn strip_keys_removes_top_level_and_nested() {
         let mut value = serde_json::json!({
diff --git a/generators/cli/sdk/src/websocket/error.rs b/generators/cli/sdk/src/websocket/error.rs
index 8e6d5a317252..ee5232671daf 100644
--- a/generators/cli/sdk/src/websocket/error.rs
+++ b/generators/cli/sdk/src/websocket/error.rs
@@ -18,19 +18,41 @@
 //! | local | unparseable JSON from server | `Other` | 5 |
 //!
 //! The abnormal-close hint nudges users toward the most common failure
-//! mode: auth / network / app-level keepalive misses.
+//! mode: missed pings under ElevenLabs' 20-second inactivity timeout.
 
 use tokio_tungstenite::tungstenite;
 
 use crate::error::CliError;
 
 /// Default hint appended to abnormal-close errors. API-neutral by
-/// design — it's the message a user of *any* WS-using CLI should
-/// understand. Override per-CLI by setting
-/// [`super::WsConfig::abnormal_close_hint`] with API-specific guidance.
+/// design — it's the message a customer of *any* WS-using CLI should
+/// understand. Per-API constructors on [`super::WsConfig`] (e.g.
+/// [`super::WsConfig::elevenlabs_convai`], [`super::WsConfig::deepgram_listen`])
+/// override this with API-specific guidance.
 pub const ABNORMAL_CLOSE_HINT: &str =
     "connection ended abnormally; check auth, network, and the API's keepalive/timeout requirements";
 
+/// ElevenLabs-flavoured hint: the most common ElevenLabs failure mode
+/// is a missed app-level pong inside the 20-second inactivity window.
+/// Used by [`super::WsConfig::elevenlabs_convai`] /
+/// [`super::WsConfig::elevenlabs_tts`].
+pub const ELEVENLABS_CLOSE_HINT: &str =
+    "likely missed ping/pong reply; check your auto_responder config";
+
+/// Deepgram-flavoured hint.
+pub const DEEPGRAM_CLOSE_HINT: &str =
+    "check KeepAlive cadence (every 3-8s) and audio encoding/sample_rate";
+
+/// OpenAI Realtime-flavoured hint.
+pub const OPENAI_REALTIME_CLOSE_HINT: &str =
+    "session may have hit the 30-minute cap or the model rejected the config; \
+     see OpenAI Realtime docs";
+
+/// AssemblyAI-flavoured hint.
+pub const ASSEMBLYAI_CLOSE_HINT: &str =
+    "check audio encoding (PCM16 expected) and that the session hasn't \
+     exceeded its idle/max duration";
+
 /// Map a `tungstenite::Error` raised during the handshake phase to a
 /// [`CliError`] following the matrix above. Public so an external caller
 /// implementing its own handshake wrapper (e.g. for unit-testing the
@@ -106,16 +128,16 @@ pub(crate) fn map_stream_error(err: tungstenite::Error, hint: &str) -> CliError
 /// Returns `Ok(())` for **success-shaped** closures:
 /// - `1000 Normal Closure` — protocol-correct end-of-session.
 /// - `1001 Going Away` — peer is leaving (page navigation, server
-///   shutdown, *or* session-cap expiry like a long-running session
-///   hitting a server-side hard limit). For long-running sessions this
-///   is the polite way to say "we're done"; treating it as an error
-///   would cause shell pipelines to spuriously fail on a clean
-///   end-of-session.
+///   shutdown, *or* session-cap expiry like OpenAI Realtime's 30-minute
+///   hard limit). For long-running sessions this is the polite way to
+///   say "we're done"; treating it as an error would cause shell
+///   pipelines to spuriously fail on a clean end-of-session.
 ///
 /// Returns `Err` for everything else, with `hint` woven into the message
 /// when supplied. `hint` is what the user should investigate; pass
-/// [`ABNORMAL_CLOSE_HINT`] for the generic default, or supply an
-/// API-specific string (see [`super::WsConfig::abnormal_close_hint`]).
+/// [`ABNORMAL_CLOSE_HINT`] for the canonical ElevenLabs missed-pong
+/// nudge, or supply an API-specific string (see
+/// [`super::WsConfig::abnormal_close_hint`]).
 pub(crate) fn classify_close_frame(
     frame: Option<&tungstenite::protocol::CloseFrame<'_>>,
     hint: &str,
@@ -193,9 +215,8 @@ mod tests {
     #[test]
     fn close_1001_going_away_is_ok() {
         // 1001 = peer is leaving (page nav, server shutdown, session-cap
-        // expiry). Treated as a clean end-of-session for long-running
-        // sessions that hit a server-side hard limit and similar
-        // "polite hangup" patterns.
+        // expiry). Treated as a clean end-of-session per OpenAI Realtime
+        // 30-minute hard limit and similar "polite hangup" patterns.
         assert!(classify_close_frame(Some(&frame(1001, "session cap")), ABNORMAL_CLOSE_HINT).is_ok());
     }
 
@@ -221,7 +242,7 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn custom_hint_replaces_default_in_message() {
-        let custom = "custom hint: check KeepAlive cadence + audio format";
+        let custom = "Deepgram check: KeepAlive cadence + audio format";
         let err = classify_close_frame(Some(&frame(1006, "")), custom).unwrap_err();
         assert!(err.to_string().contains(custom));
         assert!(!err.to_string().contains(ABNORMAL_CLOSE_HINT),
diff --git a/generators/cli/sdk/src/websocket/mod.rs b/generators/cli/sdk/src/websocket/mod.rs
index 090000eef2ac..93cbadf328a4 100644
--- a/generators/cli/sdk/src/websocket/mod.rs
+++ b/generators/cli/sdk/src/websocket/mod.rs
@@ -3,10 +3,10 @@
 //! WebSocket bidirectional client.
 //!
 //! Used by custom commands that need to graft a long-lived bidirectional
-//! connection onto the CLI (realtime streaming, conversational APIs,
-//! etc.). The recv loop emits each inbound JSON frame through
-//! [`crate::formatter::OutputPipeline`] so format / color / future
-//! jq/fields/template flags compose for free.
+//! connection onto the CLI (ElevenLabs convai/TTS, Deepgram realtime,
+//! AssemblyAI realtime, OpenAI Realtime). The recv loop emits each inbound
+//! JSON frame through [`crate::formatter::OutputPipeline`] so format /
+//! color / future jq/fields/template flags compose for free.
 //!
 //! # Composition with [`AppContext`](crate::openapi::AppContext)
 //!
@@ -44,5 +44,7 @@ mod client;
 mod error;
 
 pub use auth::WsAuth;
-pub use client::{AutoResponder, WebSocketClient, WsConfig};
+pub use client::{
+    elevenlabs_convai_ping_pong, AutoResponder, WebSocketClient, WsConfig,
+};
 pub use error::map_handshake_error;
diff --git a/generators/cli/sdk/tests/auth_routing_wire.rs b/generators/cli/sdk/tests/auth_routing_wire.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index f7d2f0be6b58..000000000000
--- a/generators/cli/sdk/tests/auth_routing_wire.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,728 +0,0 @@
-/// Wire test for the spec-aware auth provider architecture.
-///
-/// Two security schemes (HTTP bearer + apiKey-in-header) registered on a
-/// hand-built `RestDescription`, with three methods exercising distinct
-/// requirement shapes:
-///
-///   - `things.list` requires only `bearerAuth` → `Authorization: Bearer ...`.
-///   - `things.update` requires only `apiKey` → `X-Api-Key: ...`.
-///   - `things.ping` declares no `security_requirements` → falls back to the
-///     `AnyAuthProvider` default, which tries the bindings in registration
-///     order; the bearer binding wins.
-///
-/// Each test mounts an `expect(1)` mock that *only* matches the expected
-/// header. A wrong header on the wire would miss the mock, get a 404 from
-/// the catch-all, and surface as a test failure — wiremock panics at drop
-/// time on unfulfilled `expect(1)` mocks.
-use std::collections::HashMap;
-
-use fern_cli_sdk::auth::{
-    build_provider_from_bindings, build_provider_from_doc, build_provider_with_strategy,
-    finalize_bindings, AuthCredentialSource, AuthStrategy, DynAuthProvider, EndpointAuthMetadata,
-    SchemeBinding,
-};
-use std::sync::Arc;
-use fern_cli_sdk::formatter::OutputPipeline;
-use fern_cli_sdk::http::HttpConfig;
-use fern_cli_sdk::openapi::discovery::{
-    RestDescription, RestMethod, RestResource, SecurityScheme,
-};
-use fern_cli_sdk::openapi::executor::{self, PaginationConfig};
-use serde_json::json;
-use wiremock::matchers::{header, method, path};
-use wiremock::{Mock, MockServer, ResponseTemplate};
-
-const BEARER_TOKEN: &str = "bearer-secret";
-const API_KEY: &str = "apikey-secret";
-
-/// Build a `RestDescription` with two declared security schemes and three
-/// methods that exercise routing, anonymous, and fallback paths.
-fn build_doc(server_url: &str) -> RestDescription {
-    let mut doc = RestDescription {
-        name: "auth-routing-fixture".to_string(),
-        version: "1.0".to_string(),
-        root_url: server_url.to_string(),
-        ..Default::default()
-    };
-    doc.security_schemes
-        .insert("bearerAuth".to_string(), SecurityScheme::HttpBearer);
-    doc.security_schemes.insert(
-        "apiKey".to_string(),
-        SecurityScheme::ApiKeyHeader {
-            name: "X-Api-Key".to_string(),
-        },
-    );
-
-    let mut things = RestResource::default();
-
-    // list — requires bearerAuth
-    let mut list_req = HashMap::new();
-    list_req.insert("bearerAuth".to_string(), Vec::<String>::new());
-    things.methods.insert(
-        "list".to_string(),
-        RestMethod {
-            id: Some("things.list".to_string()),
-            http_method: "GET".to_string(),
-            path: "/things".to_string(),
-            root_url: server_url.to_string(),
-            security_requirements: Some(vec![list_req]),
-            ..Default::default()
-        },
-    );
-
-    // update — requires apiKey only
-    let mut update_req = HashMap::new();
-    update_req.insert("apiKey".to_string(), Vec::<String>::new());
-    things.methods.insert(
-        "update".to_string(),
-        RestMethod {
-            id: Some("things.update".to_string()),
-            http_method: "PUT".to_string(),
-            path: "/things".to_string(),
-            root_url: server_url.to_string(),
-            security_requirements: Some(vec![update_req]),
-            ..Default::default()
-        },
-    );
-
-    // ping — no security requirements declared
-    things.methods.insert(
-        "ping".to_string(),
-        RestMethod {
-            id: Some("things.ping".to_string()),
-            http_method: "GET".to_string(),
-            path: "/ping".to_string(),
-            root_url: server_url.to_string(),
-            security_requirements: None,
-            ..Default::default()
-        },
-    );
-
-    // health — explicit anonymous (`security: []`). Distinct from `ping`
-    // (which simply omits the security block): the empty array opts the
-    // endpoint *out* of every scheme, even when a default is bound.
-    things.methods.insert(
-        "health".to_string(),
-        RestMethod {
-            id: Some("things.health".to_string()),
-            http_method: "GET".to_string(),
-            path: "/health".to_string(),
-            root_url: server_url.to_string(),
-            security_requirements: Some(Vec::new()),
-            ..Default::default()
-        },
-    );
-
-    doc.resources.insert("things".to_string(), things);
-    doc
-}
-
-/// Bind both schemes, ordered bearer-first so the AnyAuth fallback prefers it.
-fn bindings() -> Vec<(String, SchemeBinding)> {
-    vec![
-        (
-            "bearerAuth".to_string(),
-            SchemeBinding::Token(AuthCredentialSource::literal(BEARER_TOKEN)),
-        ),
-        (
-            "apiKey".to_string(),
-            SchemeBinding::Token(AuthCredentialSource::literal(API_KEY)),
-        ),
-    ]
-}
-
-fn http_config() -> HttpConfig {
-    HttpConfig::new("auth-routing-fixture").unwrap()
-}
-
-fn pagination() -> PaginationConfig {
-    PaginationConfig::default()
-}
-
-async fn run(
-    doc: &RestDescription,
-    method_name: &str,
-    provider: &DynAuthProvider,
-) -> Result<Option<serde_json::Value>, fern_cli_sdk::error::CliError> {
-    let m = doc.resources["things"].methods[method_name].clone();
-    executor::execute_method(
-        doc,
-        &m,
-        None,
-        None,
-        provider,
-        None,
-        None,
-        None,
-        false,
-        &pagination(),
-        &OutputPipeline::default(),
-        true, // capture_output (don't print to stdout)
-        None,
-        &http_config(),
-        false, // no_extract
-        false, // no_retry
-        false, // no_stream
-        &[],
-    )
-    .await
-}
-
-#[tokio::test]
-async fn test_routing_endpoint_requires_bearer_only() {
-    let server = MockServer::start().await;
-    let doc = build_doc(&server.uri());
-    let provider = build_provider_from_doc(&doc, &bindings());
-
-    Mock::given(method("GET"))
-        .and(path("/things"))
-        .and(header("Authorization", format!("Bearer {BEARER_TOKEN}")))
-        .respond_with(ResponseTemplate::new(200).set_body_json(json!({"ok": true})))
-        .expect(1)
-        .mount(&server)
-        .await;
-
-    let result = run(&doc, "list", &provider).await;
-    assert!(
-        result.is_ok(),
-        "list call failed: {:?}",
-        result.err()
-    );
-}
-
-#[tokio::test]
-async fn test_routing_endpoint_requires_apikey_only() {
-    let server = MockServer::start().await;
-    let doc = build_doc(&server.uri());
-    let provider = build_provider_from_doc(&doc, &bindings());
-
-    Mock::given(method("PUT"))
-        .and(path("/things"))
-        .and(header("X-Api-Key", API_KEY))
-        .respond_with(ResponseTemplate::new(200).set_body_json(json!({"ok": true})))
-        .expect(1)
-        .mount(&server)
-        .await;
-
-    let result = run(&doc, "update", &provider).await;
-    assert!(result.is_ok(), "update call failed: {:?}", result.err());
-
-    // wiremock's header matchers only see headers that exist — they can't
-    // assert a header is *absent*. Inspect the actual recorded request to
-    // pin down that no Authorization leaked into the apiKey-only endpoint.
-    let recorded = server.received_requests().await.expect("requests recorded");
-    assert_eq!(recorded.len(), 1, "exactly one request expected");
-    let req = &recorded[0];
-    assert_eq!(
-        req.headers
-            .get("X-Api-Key")
-            .and_then(|v| v.to_str().ok()),
-        Some(API_KEY),
-        "apiKey header value should match",
-    );
-    assert!(
-        req.headers.get("Authorization").is_none(),
-        "Authorization header must NOT be present on apiKey-only endpoint, got: {:?}",
-        req.headers.get("Authorization"),
-    );
-}
-
-#[tokio::test]
-async fn test_routing_anonymous_endpoint_uses_any_auth_fallback() {
-    // `ping` has no security requirements. The RoutingAuthProvider should
-    // fall through to its `default` (AnyAuthProvider), which tries the
-    // bindings in registration order — bearer first → Authorization wins.
-    let server = MockServer::start().await;
-    let doc = build_doc(&server.uri());
-    let provider = build_provider_from_doc(&doc, &bindings());
-
-    Mock::given(method("GET"))
-        .and(path("/ping"))
-        .and(header("Authorization", format!("Bearer {BEARER_TOKEN}")))
-        .respond_with(ResponseTemplate::new(200).set_body_json(json!({"pong": true})))
-        .expect(1)
-        .mount(&server)
-        .await;
-
-    let result = run(&doc, "ping", &provider).await;
-    assert!(result.is_ok(), "ping failed: {:?}", result.err());
-}
-
-#[tokio::test]
-async fn test_routing_explicit_anonymous_endpoint_sends_no_auth_headers() {
-    // `health` declares `security: []` — the operation explicitly opts out
-    // of every scheme. Both bindings are present and have credentials, but
-    // neither header may land on the wire. The unit test at
-    // `compose.rs:399` pins the same behavior in isolation; this is the
-    // end-to-end version covering the executor + RoutingAuthProvider path.
-    let server = MockServer::start().await;
-    let doc = build_doc(&server.uri());
-    let provider = build_provider_from_doc(&doc, &bindings());
-
-    Mock::given(method("GET"))
-        .and(path("/health"))
-        .respond_with(ResponseTemplate::new(200).set_body_json(json!({"ok": true})))
-        .expect(1)
-        .mount(&server)
-        .await;
-
-    let result = run(&doc, "health", &provider).await;
-    assert!(result.is_ok(), "health call failed: {:?}", result.err());
-
-    let recorded = server.received_requests().await.expect("requests recorded");
-    assert_eq!(recorded.len(), 1);
-    let req = &recorded[0];
-    assert!(
-        req.headers.get("Authorization").is_none(),
-        "Authorization header must NOT leak onto explicit-anonymous endpoint, got: {:?}",
-        req.headers.get("Authorization"),
-    );
-    assert!(
-        req.headers.get("X-Api-Key").is_none(),
-        "X-Api-Key must NOT leak onto explicit-anonymous endpoint, got: {:?}",
-        req.headers.get("X-Api-Key"),
-    );
-}
-
-#[tokio::test]
-async fn test_bearer_required_endpoint_unauthorized_when_no_bearer_binding() {
-    // Only the apiKey scheme is bound. The bearer-required `list` endpoint
-    // can't satisfy any requirement → request goes out unauthed → server
-    // returns 401 → executor surfaces the friendly "no creds" Auth error,
-    // because `RoutingAuthProvider::has_credentials_for(endpoint)`
-    // recognizes that this specific endpoint's bearer requirement isn't
-    // satisfied (even though apiKey *is* bound elsewhere).
-    let server = MockServer::start().await;
-    let doc = build_doc(&server.uri());
-    let only_apikey = vec![(
-        "apiKey".to_string(),
-        SchemeBinding::Token(AuthCredentialSource::literal(API_KEY)),
-    )];
-    let provider = build_provider_from_doc(&doc, &only_apikey);
-
-    Mock::given(method("GET"))
-        .and(path("/things"))
-        .respond_with(ResponseTemplate::new(401).set_body_string("Unauthorized"))
-        .expect(1)
-        .mount(&server)
-        .await;
-
-    let err = run(&doc, "list", &provider).await.unwrap_err();
-    match err {
-        fern_cli_sdk::error::CliError::Auth(msg) => {
-            assert!(
-                msg.contains("Access denied"),
-                "expected friendly 'Access denied' message, got: {msg}",
-            );
-        }
-        other => panic!("expected friendly CliError::Auth, got: {other:?}"),
-    }
-
-    // Critical security guard: even though no requirement was satisfiable,
-    // the apiKey we have must NOT have been opportunistically attached.
-    let recorded = server.received_requests().await.expect("requests recorded");
-    assert_eq!(recorded.len(), 1);
-    let req = &recorded[0];
-    assert!(req.headers.get("Authorization").is_none());
-    assert!(req.headers.get("X-Api-Key").is_none());
-}
-
-// -------- AuthStrategy::All (Phase 9) --------
-
-#[tokio::test]
-async fn test_strategy_all_attaches_every_scheme_to_every_request() {
-    // Generator-driven scenario: API requires bearer + apiKey on every
-    // request, regardless of what the spec says about per-endpoint
-    // security. `auth_strategy(All)` is how the generator expresses this.
-    let server = MockServer::start().await;
-    let doc = build_doc(&server.uri());
-    let bindings = vec![
-        (
-            "bearerAuth".to_string(),
-            SchemeBinding::Token(AuthCredentialSource::literal(BEARER_TOKEN)),
-        ),
-        (
-            "apiKey".to_string(),
-            SchemeBinding::Token(AuthCredentialSource::literal(API_KEY)),
-        ),
-    ];
-    let provider = build_provider_with_strategy(
-        &bindings,
-        &doc.security_schemes,
-        AuthStrategy::All,
-        true, // doc has per-endpoint security; All overrides anyway
-    );
-    assert_eq!(provider.name(), "all");
-
-    // Even though `things.list` declares only bearerAuth in its
-    // security_requirements, the All strategy ignores that and attaches
-    // both schemes — that's the whole point.
-    Mock::given(method("GET"))
-        .and(path("/things"))
-        .and(header("Authorization", &format!("Bearer {BEARER_TOKEN}")[..]))
-        .and(header("X-Api-Key", API_KEY))
-        .respond_with(ResponseTemplate::new(200).set_body_json(json!({"ok": true})))
-        .expect(1)
-        .mount(&server)
-        .await;
-
-    let result = run(&doc, "list", &provider).await;
-    assert!(result.is_ok(), "list call failed: {:?}", result.err());
-}
-
-#[tokio::test]
-async fn test_strategy_all_friendly_error_when_any_scheme_missing() {
-    // All-auth means one missing scheme = no auth attempted. The friendly
-    // error should fire because we couldn't fully satisfy the requirement.
-    let server = MockServer::start().await;
-    let doc = build_doc(&server.uri());
-    let bindings = vec![
-        (
-            "bearerAuth".to_string(),
-            SchemeBinding::Token(AuthCredentialSource::literal(BEARER_TOKEN)),
-        ),
-        (
-            "apiKey".to_string(),
-            // Missing — so all-auth can't be satisfied.
-            SchemeBinding::Token(AuthCredentialSource::Missing),
-        ),
-    ];
-    let provider = build_provider_with_strategy(
-        &bindings,
-        &doc.security_schemes,
-        AuthStrategy::All,
-        true,
-    );
-    assert!(!provider.has_credentials());
-
-    Mock::given(method("GET"))
-        .and(path("/things"))
-        .respond_with(ResponseTemplate::new(401).set_body_string("Unauthorized"))
-        .expect(1)
-        .mount(&server)
-        .await;
-
-    let err = run(&doc, "list", &provider).await.unwrap_err();
-    match err {
-        fern_cli_sdk::error::CliError::Auth(msg) => {
-            assert!(msg.contains("Access denied"), "got: {msg}");
-        }
-        other => panic!("expected friendly Auth error, got: {other:?}"),
-    }
-
-    // No auth must have been attached — partial all-auth would leak
-    // whichever scheme *is* bound (here the bearer token) without
-    // satisfying the API's actual requirement. `AllAuthProvider::apply`
-    // short-circuits when `has_credentials_for(endpoint)` is false so
-    // nothing reaches the wire.
-    let recorded = server.received_requests().await.expect("requests recorded");
-    assert_eq!(recorded.len(), 1);
-    let req = &recorded[0];
-    assert!(
-        req.headers.get("Authorization").is_none(),
-        "bearer token must NOT leak when all-auth can't be fully satisfied, got: {:?}",
-        req.headers.get("Authorization"),
-    );
-    assert!(
-        req.headers.get("X-Api-Key").is_none(),
-        "X-Api-Key must NOT be present (apiKey binding is missing), got: {:?}",
-        req.headers.get("X-Api-Key"),
-    );
-}
-
-// -------- Compositional credential sources (Phase 7) --------
-
-/// Simulate `clap` parsing `--api-token <value>` and produce the matches
-/// the SDK would normally hand to `finalize_bindings`. Test-only helper.
-fn matches_with_arg(arg_name: &'static str, value: Option<&str>) -> Arc<clap::ArgMatches> {
-    let cmd = clap::Command::new("auth-routing-test").arg(
-        clap::Arg::new(arg_name)
-            .long(arg_name)
-            .num_args(1),
-    );
-    let argv: Vec<String> = match value {
-        Some(v) => vec![
-            "auth-routing-test".to_string(),
-            format!("--{arg_name}"),
-            v.to_string(),
-        ],
-        None => vec!["auth-routing-test".to_string()],
-    };
-    Arc::new(cmd.try_get_matches_from(argv).unwrap())
-}
-
-#[tokio::test]
-async fn test_credential_source_cli_finalizes_and_routes() {
-    // Bind bearer to a CLI flag, simulate the user passing
-    // `--api-token cli-supplied`, and confirm the value lands on the wire.
-    let server = MockServer::start().await;
-    let doc = build_doc(&server.uri());
-    let bindings = vec![(
-        "bearerAuth".to_string(),
-        SchemeBinding::Token(AuthCredentialSource::cli("api-token")),
-    )];
-    let matches = matches_with_arg("api-token", Some("cli-supplied"));
-    let finalized = finalize_bindings(bindings, &matches);
-    let provider = build_provider_from_doc(&doc, &finalized);
-
-    Mock::given(method("GET"))
-        .and(path("/things"))
-        .and(header("Authorization", "Bearer cli-supplied"))
-        .respond_with(ResponseTemplate::new(200).set_body_json(json!({"ok": true})))
-        .expect(1)
-        .mount(&server)
-        .await;
-
-    let result = run(&doc, "list", &provider).await;
-    assert!(result.is_ok(), "list call failed: {:?}", result.err());
-}
-
-#[tokio::test]
-async fn test_credential_source_chain_falls_back_through_sources() {
-    // Chain: --api-token (not supplied) → env var (set). The env var should
-    // win because the CLI source resolves to None when the flag wasn't
-    // passed, and Chain takes the first non-empty.
-    let server = MockServer::start().await;
-    let doc = build_doc(&server.uri());
-    let env_key = "FERN_CLI_AUTH_WIRE_TEST_FALLBACK";
-    std::env::set_var(env_key, "from-env-fallback");
-    let bindings = vec![(
-        "bearerAuth".to_string(),
-        SchemeBinding::Token(AuthCredentialSource::any([
-            AuthCredentialSource::cli("api-token"),
-            AuthCredentialSource::from_env(env_key),
-        ])),
-    )];
-    let matches = matches_with_arg("api-token", None);
-    let finalized = finalize_bindings(bindings, &matches);
-    let provider = build_provider_from_doc(&doc, &finalized);
-
-    Mock::given(method("GET"))
-        .and(path("/things"))
-        .and(header("Authorization", "Bearer from-env-fallback"))
-        .respond_with(ResponseTemplate::new(200).set_body_json(json!({"ok": true})))
-        .expect(1)
-        .mount(&server)
-        .await;
-
-    let result = run(&doc, "list", &provider).await;
-    std::env::remove_var(env_key);
-    assert!(result.is_ok(), "list call failed: {:?}", result.err());
-}
-
-#[tokio::test]
-async fn test_credential_source_chain_cli_wins_over_env() {
-    // Both CLI and env are set. CLI is registered first in the chain → CLI
-    // value wins. The standard "command-line overrides environment"
-    // precedence pattern.
-    let server = MockServer::start().await;
-    let doc = build_doc(&server.uri());
-    let env_key = "FERN_CLI_AUTH_WIRE_TEST_PRECEDENCE";
-    std::env::set_var(env_key, "loser-from-env");
-    let bindings = vec![(
-        "bearerAuth".to_string(),
-        SchemeBinding::Token(AuthCredentialSource::any([
-            AuthCredentialSource::cli("api-token"),
-            AuthCredentialSource::from_env(env_key),
-        ])),
-    )];
-    let matches = matches_with_arg("api-token", Some("winner-from-cli"));
-    let finalized = finalize_bindings(bindings, &matches);
-    let provider = build_provider_from_doc(&doc, &finalized);
-
-    Mock::given(method("GET"))
-        .and(path("/things"))
-        .and(header("Authorization", "Bearer winner-from-cli"))
-        .respond_with(ResponseTemplate::new(200).set_body_json(json!({"ok": true})))
-        .expect(1)
-        .mount(&server)
-        .await;
-
-    let result = run(&doc, "list", &provider).await;
-    std::env::remove_var(env_key);
-    assert!(result.is_ok(), "list call failed: {:?}", result.err());
-}
-
-#[tokio::test]
-async fn test_credential_source_file_reads_from_disk() {
-    // Write a credential to a temp file, bind the bearer scheme to it,
-    // confirm the trimmed file contents land on the wire.
-    let server = MockServer::start().await;
-    let doc = build_doc(&server.uri());
-    let dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
-    let token_path = dir.path().join("api-token");
-    std::fs::write(&token_path, "  file-secret  \n").unwrap();
-    let bindings = vec![(
-        "bearerAuth".to_string(),
-        SchemeBinding::Token(AuthCredentialSource::file(&token_path)),
-    )];
-    // No CLI args needed; finalize is a no-op for File.
-    let matches = matches_with_arg("ignored", None);
-    let finalized = finalize_bindings(bindings, &matches);
-    let provider = build_provider_from_doc(&doc, &finalized);
-
-    Mock::given(method("GET"))
-        .and(path("/things"))
-        .and(header("Authorization", "Bearer file-secret"))
-        .respond_with(ResponseTemplate::new(200).set_body_json(json!({"ok": true})))
-        .expect(1)
-        .mount(&server)
-        .await;
-
-    let result = run(&doc, "list", &provider).await;
-    assert!(result.is_ok(), "list call failed: {:?}", result.err());
-}
-
-#[tokio::test]
-async fn test_credential_source_full_chain_cli_env_file() {
-    // Canonical "CLI > env > file" pattern. Only the file has a value,
-    // so the chain should resolve to the file's contents.
-    let server = MockServer::start().await;
-    let doc = build_doc(&server.uri());
-    let dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
-    let token_path = dir.path().join("token");
-    std::fs::write(&token_path, "deepest-fallback").unwrap();
-    let bindings = vec![(
-        "bearerAuth".to_string(),
-        SchemeBinding::Token(AuthCredentialSource::any([
-            AuthCredentialSource::cli("api-token"),
-            AuthCredentialSource::from_env("FERN_CLI_AUTH_WIRE_FULL_CHAIN_DEFINITELY_UNSET"),
-            AuthCredentialSource::file(&token_path),
-        ])),
-    )];
-    let matches = matches_with_arg("api-token", None);
-    let finalized = finalize_bindings(bindings, &matches);
-    let provider = build_provider_from_doc(&doc, &finalized);
-
-    Mock::given(method("GET"))
-        .and(path("/things"))
-        .and(header("Authorization", "Bearer deepest-fallback"))
-        .respond_with(ResponseTemplate::new(200).set_body_json(json!({"ok": true})))
-        .expect(1)
-        .mount(&server)
-        .await;
-
-    let result = run(&doc, "list", &provider).await;
-    assert!(result.is_ok(), "list call failed: {:?}", result.err());
-}
-
-#[tokio::test]
-async fn test_basic_auth_with_per_field_chains() {
-    // HTTP basic with chains on each field — username from CLI, password
-    // from a file. Closes the loop on the "decoupled sources" pitch.
-    let server = MockServer::start().await;
-    let mut doc = fern_cli_sdk::openapi::discovery::RestDescription::default();
-    doc.security_schemes.insert(
-        "basic".to_string(),
-        fern_cli_sdk::openapi::discovery::SecurityScheme::HttpBasic,
-    );
-    let mut things = fern_cli_sdk::openapi::discovery::RestResource::default();
-    let mut req_map = HashMap::new();
-    req_map.insert("basic".to_string(), Vec::<String>::new());
-    things.methods.insert(
-        "list".to_string(),
-        fern_cli_sdk::openapi::discovery::RestMethod {
-            http_method: "GET".to_string(),
-            path: "/things".to_string(),
-            root_url: server.uri(),
-            security_requirements: Some(vec![req_map]),
-            ..Default::default()
-        },
-    );
-    doc.resources.insert("things".to_string(), things);
-
-    let dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
-    let pass_path = dir.path().join("pw");
-    std::fs::write(&pass_path, "hunter2").unwrap();
-
-    let bindings = vec![(
-        "basic".to_string(),
-        SchemeBinding::Basic {
-            username: AuthCredentialSource::cli("user"),
-            password: AuthCredentialSource::file(&pass_path),
-        },
-    )];
-
-    let cmd = clap::Command::new("test").arg(
-        clap::Arg::new("user")
-            .long("user")
-            .num_args(1),
-    );
-    let matches = Arc::new(
-        cmd.try_get_matches_from(["test", "--user", "alice"])
-            .unwrap(),
-    );
-    let finalized = finalize_bindings(bindings, &matches);
-    // Doc has per-endpoint security so the wrapper is RoutingAuthProvider.
-    let provider = build_provider_from_bindings(
-        &finalized,
-        &doc.security_schemes,
-        true,
-    );
-
-    // base64("alice:hunter2") = YWxpY2U6aHVudGVyMg==
-    Mock::given(method("GET"))
-        .and(path("/things"))
-        .and(header("Authorization", "Basic YWxpY2U6aHVudGVyMg=="))
-        .respond_with(ResponseTemplate::new(200).set_body_json(json!({"ok": true})))
-        .expect(1)
-        .mount(&server)
-        .await;
-
-    let m = doc.resources["things"].methods["list"].clone();
-    let result = executor::execute_method(
-        &doc,
-        &m,
-        None,
-        None,
-        &provider,
-        None,
-        None,
-        None,
-        false,
-        &PaginationConfig::default(),
-        &fern_cli_sdk::formatter::OutputPipeline::default(),
-        true,
-        None,
-        &fern_cli_sdk::http::HttpConfig::new("auth-routing-fixture").unwrap(),
-        false, // no_extract
-        false, // no_retry
-        false, // no_stream
-        &[],
-    )
-    .await;
-    assert!(result.is_ok(), "basic auth call failed: {:?}", result.err());
-
-    // Pin that the unused EndpointAuthMetadata import compiles.
-    let _ = EndpointAuthMetadata::unspecified();
-}
-
-#[tokio::test]
-async fn test_bearer_only_endpoint_does_not_leak_apikey_header() {
-    // Symmetric guard for the bearer-only endpoint: even though the apiKey
-    // scheme is bound and has credentials, the operation's
-    // `security_requirements` pin bearer alone — X-Api-Key must not appear.
-    let server = MockServer::start().await;
-    let doc = build_doc(&server.uri());
-    let provider = build_provider_from_doc(&doc, &bindings());
-
-    Mock::given(method("GET"))
-        .and(path("/things"))
-        .and(header("Authorization", format!("Bearer {BEARER_TOKEN}")))
-        .respond_with(ResponseTemplate::new(200).set_body_json(json!({"ok": true})))
-        .expect(1)
-        .mount(&server)
-        .await;
-
-    let result = run(&doc, "list", &provider).await;
-    assert!(result.is_ok(), "list call failed: {:?}", result.err());
-
-    let recorded = server.received_requests().await.expect("requests recorded");
-    assert_eq!(recorded.len(), 1);
-    let req = &recorded[0];
-    assert!(
-        req.headers.get("X-Api-Key").is_none(),
-        "X-Api-Key must NOT be present on bearer-only endpoint, got: {:?}",
-        req.headers.get("X-Api-Key"),
-    );
-}
diff --git a/generators/cli/sdk/tests/common/mod.rs b/generators/cli/sdk/tests/common/mod.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index b269c5dfab9c..000000000000
--- a/generators/cli/sdk/tests/common/mod.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,260 +0,0 @@
-// This module is shared across multiple `tests/*.rs` integration binaries
-// via `mod common`. Each binary uses a different subset of these helpers,
-// so per-binary dead-code lints fire on the unused leftovers. Suppress
-// at the module level rather than peppering every item with attributes.
-#![allow(dead_code)]
-
-use serde_json::Value;
-use wiremock::matchers::{header_regex, method, path_regex};
-use wiremock::{Match, Mock, MockServer, Request, ResponseTemplate};
-
-/// Canonical path-parameter values matching the openapi-fixture-mappings.json stubs.
-pub struct OpenApiFixtures;
-
-impl OpenApiFixtures {
-    pub const FILE_ID: &'static str = "file-1";
-    pub const FOLDER_ID: &'static str = "folder-1";
-    pub const USER_ID: &'static str = "user-1";
-    pub const TOKEN: &'static str = "test-token";
-}
-
-/// Canonical values for the graphql-fixture wire tests.
-pub struct GraphqlFixtures;
-
-impl GraphqlFixtures {
-    pub const NODE_ID: &'static str = "node-1";
-    pub const TOKEN: &'static str = "test-token";
-}
-
-/// Matches when the JSON body's `variables` object contains all specified key-value pairs
-/// (subset match — extra keys are allowed). Use in GraphQL tier-2 wire tests.
-pub struct BodyVariablesContain(pub Value);
-
-impl Match for BodyVariablesContain {
-    fn matches(&self, request: &Request) -> bool {
-        let Ok(body) = serde_json::from_slice::<Value>(&request.body) else {
-            return false;
-        };
-        let Some(vars) = body.get("variables") else {
-            return false;
-        };
-        let Some(expected) = self.0.as_object() else {
-            return false;
-        };
-        for (key, expected_val) in expected {
-            if vars.get(key) != Some(expected_val) {
-                return false;
-            }
-        }
-        true
-    }
-}
-
-/// Matches when none of the named keys appear in the JSON body's `variables` object.
-/// Use to assert that the CLI did not auto-emit a variable the user never supplied.
-pub struct BodyVariablesAbsent(pub &'static [&'static str]);
-
-impl Match for BodyVariablesAbsent {
-    fn matches(&self, request: &Request) -> bool {
-        let Ok(body) = serde_json::from_slice::<Value>(&request.body) else {
-            return false;
-        };
-        let Some(vars) = body.get("variables").and_then(|v| v.as_object()) else {
-            // No variables block at all — every key is trivially absent.
-            return true;
-        };
-        self.0.iter().all(|k| !vars.contains_key(*k))
-    }
-}
-
-/// Matches any request whose body contains a `"query"` key (minimal GraphQL check).
-pub struct IsGraphqlRequest;
-
-impl Match for IsGraphqlRequest {
-    fn matches(&self, request: &Request) -> bool {
-        serde_json::from_slice::<Value>(&request.body)
-            .ok()
-            .and_then(|v| v.get("query").cloned())
-            .is_some()
-    }
-}
-
-/// Load all stubs from a WireMock mappings JSON string into an in-process
-/// MockServer. This is the in-process equivalent of the Docker WireMock
-/// approach, but with no external dependencies and per-test isolation.
-///
-/// Loader rules:
-///   - Method and path are always matched.
-///   - `pathParameters` `equalTo` values are resolved into the path literal
-///     so `/files/{file_id}` + `{file_id: "12345"}` becomes `/files/12345`.
-///   - Remaining `{param}` placeholders become `[^/]+` wildcards.
-///   - `Authorization: Bearer .+` is enforced when present in the mapping,
-///     verifying the CLI sends auth on every real request.
-///   - `queryParameters` and `bodyPatterns` are stripped — individual tests
-///     that care about request shape add their own `expect(1)` mocks.
-pub async fn mount_mappings(server: &MockServer, mappings_json: &str) {
-    let doc: serde_json::Value =
-        serde_json::from_str(mappings_json).expect("mappings JSON must be valid");
-
-    for mapping in doc["mappings"].as_array().expect("mappings must be array") {
-        let req = &mapping["request"];
-        let resp = &mapping["response"];
-
-        let http_method = req["method"].as_str().unwrap_or("GET");
-        let template = req
-            .get("urlPathTemplate")
-            .or_else(|| req.get("url"))
-            .and_then(|v| v.as_str())
-            .unwrap_or("/");
-        let status = resp["status"].as_u64().unwrap_or(200) as u16;
-        let body = resp["body"].as_str().unwrap_or("");
-
-        let resolved = resolve_path(template, req.get("pathParameters"));
-        let regex = template_to_path_regex(&resolved);
-
-        let has_auth_check = req
-            .get("headers")
-            .and_then(|h| h.get("Authorization"))
-            .is_some();
-
-        // Propagate response headers so the CLI can correctly determine the
-        // response format. set_body_string() forces Content-Type: text/plain,
-        // so use set_body_json() for JSON responses — that way the CLI won't
-        // treat the body as a binary download.
-        let resp_content_type = resp
-            .get("headers")
-            .and_then(|h| h.get("Content-Type"))
-            .and_then(|v| v.as_str())
-            .unwrap_or("");
-        let mut response =
-            if resp_content_type.contains("application/json") {
-                if let Ok(json_body) = serde_json::from_str::<serde_json::Value>(body) {
-                    ResponseTemplate::new(status).set_body_json(json_body)
-                } else {
-                    ResponseTemplate::new(status).set_body_string(body)
-                }
-            } else {
-                ResponseTemplate::new(status).set_body_string(body)
-            };
-        if let Some(headers) = resp.get("headers").and_then(|h| h.as_object()) {
-            for (name, value) in headers {
-                if name.to_lowercase() == "content-type" {
-                    continue; // already handled by the body setter above
-                }
-                if let Some(v) = value.as_str() {
-                    response = response.insert_header(name.as_str(), v);
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        if has_auth_check {
-            Mock::given(method(http_method))
-                .and(path_regex(regex))
-                .and(header_regex("Authorization", "Bearer .+"))
-                .respond_with(response)
-                .mount(server)
-                .await;
-        } else {
-            Mock::given(method(http_method))
-                .and(path_regex(regex))
-                .respond_with(response)
-                .mount(server)
-                .await;
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-/// Substitute `{param}` placeholders with their `equalTo` canonical values
-/// from the mapping's `pathParameters` block.
-fn resolve_path(template: &str, path_params: Option<&serde_json::Value>) -> String {
-    let mut result = template.to_string();
-    if let Some(obj) = path_params.and_then(|v| v.as_object()) {
-        for (param, matcher) in obj {
-            if let Some(value) = matcher.get("equalTo").and_then(|v| v.as_str()) {
-                result = result.replace(&format!("{{{param}}}"), value);
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    result
-}
-
-/// Convert a path template (possibly still containing `{param}` placeholders)
-/// into a full anchored regex string suitable for `path_regex(...)`.
-fn template_to_path_regex(template: &str) -> String {
-    let mut result = String::from("^");
-    let mut chars = template.chars().peekable();
-    while let Some(ch) = chars.next() {
-        if ch == '{' {
-            // consume the placeholder name up to and including '}'
-            for c in chars.by_ref() {
-                if c == '}' {
-                    break;
-                }
-            }
-            result.push_str("[^/]+");
-        } else {
-            // escape regex metacharacters in literal path segments
-            match ch {
-                '.' | '+' | '*' | '?' | '(' | ')' | '[' | ']' | '^' | '$' | '|' | '\\' => {
-                    result.push('\\');
-                    result.push(ch);
-                }
-                _ => result.push(ch),
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    result.push('$');
-    result
-}
-
-#[cfg(test)]
-mod tests {
-    use super::*;
-
-    #[test]
-    fn resolve_path_substitutes_known_params() {
-        let params = serde_json::json!({"file_id": {"equalTo": "12345"}});
-        assert_eq!(
-            resolve_path("/files/{file_id}", Some(&params)),
-            "/files/12345"
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn resolve_path_leaves_unknown_params() {
-        let params = serde_json::json!({"file_id": {"matches": "\\d+"}});
-        assert_eq!(
-            resolve_path("/files/{file_id}", Some(&params)),
-            "/files/{file_id}"
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn template_to_path_regex_exact() {
-        assert_eq!(template_to_path_regex("/users/me"), "^/users/me$");
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn template_to_path_regex_single_param() {
-        assert_eq!(
-            template_to_path_regex("/files/{file_id}"),
-            "^/files/[^/]+$"
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn template_to_path_regex_multi_param() {
-        assert_eq!(
-            template_to_path_regex("/automations/{exec_id}/nodes/{node_id}"),
-            "^/automations/[^/]+/nodes/[^/]+$"
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn template_to_path_regex_escapes_dot() {
-        // e.g. /files/{file_id}/thumbnail.{extension}
-        let re = template_to_path_regex("/files/{file_id}/thumbnail.{extension}");
-        assert_eq!(re, "^/files/[^/]+/thumbnail\\.[^/]+$");
-        assert!(re.contains("\\."), "dot must be escaped so it only matches a literal dot");
-    }
-}
diff --git a/generators/cli/sdk/tests/extension_surface_behavior.rs b/generators/cli/sdk/tests/extension_surface_behavior.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index bcaea1188e5a..000000000000
--- a/generators/cli/sdk/tests/extension_surface_behavior.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,840 +0,0 @@
-//! Behavior tests for the extension surface (`app::CliApp` + `Binding`).
-//!
-//! Every test builds a `CliApp` with a mock binding, registers hooks or
-//! Tier 1 methods, invokes the CLI via `try_run_from_with_output(argv, &mut buf)`,
-//! and asserts on **observable output** (captured buffer, exit code). Tests that
-//! only check builder state do not belong here.
-//!
-//! See <https://github.com/fern-api/cli-sdk/pull/62#issuecomment-4484622766>
-//! for why the single-binding fast path was removed and these behavior
-//! tests are required.
-
-use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};
-
-use serde_json::{json, Value};
-
-use fern_cli_sdk::app::CliApp;
-use fern_cli_sdk::binding::{Binding, BoxFuture, DispatchResult};
-use fern_cli_sdk::error::CliError;
-
-// ── Mock Binding ────────────────────────────────────────────────────
-
-/// A minimal `Binding` impl that returns a controlled response.
-/// Used to test CliApp-scope hooks and Tier 1 methods in isolation
-/// without needing a real spec or wiremock server.
-struct MockBinding {
-    response: Value,
-    error: Option<CliError>,
-    dispatched: Arc<Mutex<Vec<Vec<String>>>>,
-}
-
-impl MockBinding {
-    fn new(response: Value) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            response,
-            error: None,
-            dispatched: Arc::new(Mutex::new(Vec::new())),
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn with_error(error: CliError) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            response: Value::Null,
-            error: Some(error),
-            dispatched: Arc::new(Mutex::new(Vec::new())),
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn dispatched_log(&self) -> Arc<Mutex<Vec<Vec<String>>>> {
-        Arc::clone(&self.dispatched)
-    }
-}
-
-impl Binding for MockBinding {
-    fn name(&self) -> &str {
-        "mock"
-    }
-
-    fn set_cli_name(&mut self, _name: &str) {}
-
-    fn build_command(&self) -> Result<clap::Command, CliError> {
-        Ok(clap::Command::new("mock")
-            .subcommand(
-                clap::Command::new("users")
-                    .subcommand(clap::Command::new("get"))
-                    .subcommand(clap::Command::new("list"))
-                    .subcommand(clap::Command::new("create")),
-            )
-            .subcommand(
-                clap::Command::new("files")
-                    .subcommand(clap::Command::new("get"))
-                    .subcommand(clap::Command::new("upload")),
-            ))
-    }
-
-    fn dispatch<'a>(
-        &'a self,
-        _root_matches: &'a clap::ArgMatches,
-        _sub_matches: &'a clap::ArgMatches,
-        op_path: &'a [String],
-    ) -> BoxFuture<'a, Result<DispatchResult, CliError>> {
-        let path = op_path.to_vec();
-        let log = Arc::clone(&self.dispatched);
-        let response = self.response.clone();
-        let error = self.error.as_ref().map(|e| e.duplicate());
-
-        Box::pin(async move {
-            log.lock().unwrap().push(path);
-            if let Some(err) = error {
-                return Err(err);
-            }
-            Ok(DispatchResult::Value(response))
-        })
-    }
-}
-
-/// Run a `CliApp` via `try_run_from_with_output` and return (captured stdout, exit code).
-fn run_app<I, T>(app: CliApp, args: I) -> (String, i32)
-where
-    I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
-    T: Into<std::ffi::OsString>,
-{
-    let mut buf = Vec::new();
-    let code = app.try_run_from_with_output(args, &mut buf);
-    let output = String::from_utf8(buf).expect("output should be valid UTF-8");
-    (output, code)
-}
-
-// ── Tier 2: transform_response ──────────────────────────────────────
-
-#[test]
-fn transform_response_strips_data_wrapper() {
-    let mock = MockBinding::new(json!({
-        "data": [{"id": 1, "name": "Alice"}, {"id": 2, "name": "Bob"}],
-        "meta": {"total": 2}
-    }));
-
-    let app = CliApp::new("test-cli")
-        .binding(mock)
-        .transform_response(&["**"], |value, _path| async move {
-            if let Some(data) = value.get("data").cloned() {
-                Ok(data)
-            } else {
-                Ok(value)
-            }
-        });
-
-    let (stdout, exit_code) = run_app(app, ["test-cli", "users", "list"]);
-
-    assert_eq!(exit_code, 0, "expected success, got exit code {exit_code}");
-    let parsed: Value = serde_json::from_str(stdout.trim()).expect("stdout should be valid JSON");
-    assert!(parsed.is_array(), "expected array, got: {parsed}");
-    assert_eq!(parsed.as_array().unwrap().len(), 2);
-    assert_eq!(parsed[0]["name"], "Alice");
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn transform_response_only_fires_for_matching_path() {
-    let mock = MockBinding::new(json!({"original": true}));
-
-    let app = CliApp::new("test-cli")
-        .binding(mock)
-        .transform_response(&["files", "**"], |_value, _path| async move {
-            Ok(json!({"transformed": true}))
-        });
-
-    let (stdout, exit_code) = run_app(app, ["test-cli", "users", "get"]);
-
-    assert_eq!(exit_code, 0);
-    let parsed: Value = serde_json::from_str(stdout.trim()).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(parsed["original"], true, "hook should not fire for users/get");
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn transform_response_chain_applies_in_order() {
-    let mock = MockBinding::new(json!({"count": 1}));
-
-    let app = CliApp::new("test-cli")
-        .binding(mock)
-        .transform_response(&["**"], |mut value, _path| async move {
-            if let Some(n) = value.get("count").and_then(|v| v.as_i64()) {
-                value["count"] = json!(n * 2);
-            }
-            Ok(value)
-        })
-        .transform_response(&["**"], |mut value, _path| async move {
-            if let Some(n) = value.get("count").and_then(|v| v.as_i64()) {
-                value["count"] = json!(n + 10);
-            }
-            Ok(value)
-        });
-
-    let (stdout, exit_code) = run_app(app, ["test-cli", "users", "get"]);
-
-    assert_eq!(exit_code, 0);
-    let parsed: Value = serde_json::from_str(stdout.trim()).unwrap();
-    // 1 * 2 = 2, then 2 + 10 = 12
-    assert_eq!(parsed["count"], 12, "hooks should chain: 1 → 2 → 12");
-}
-
-// ── Tier 2: recover_error ───────────────────────────────────────────
-
-#[test]
-fn recover_error_converts_404_to_success() {
-    let mock = MockBinding::with_error(CliError::Api {
-        code: 404,
-        message: "Not Found".to_string(),
-        reason: "not_found".to_string(),
-    });
-
-    let app = CliApp::new("test-cli")
-        .binding(mock)
-        .recover_error(&["**"], |_err, _path| async move {
-            Ok(Some(json!({"deleted": true, "status": "already_gone"})))
-        });
-
-    let (stdout, exit_code) = run_app(app, ["test-cli", "users", "get"]);
-
-    assert_eq!(exit_code, 0, "recover_error should produce exit code 0");
-    let parsed: Value = serde_json::from_str(stdout.trim()).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(parsed["deleted"], true);
-    assert_eq!(parsed["status"], "already_gone");
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn recover_error_none_lets_error_propagate() {
-    let mock = MockBinding::with_error(CliError::Api {
-        code: 500,
-        message: "Internal Server Error".to_string(),
-        reason: "server_error".to_string(),
-    });
-
-    let app = CliApp::new("test-cli")
-        .binding(mock)
-        .recover_error(&["**"], |_err, _path| async move {
-            Ok(None)
-        });
-
-    let (_stdout, exit_code) = run_app(app, ["test-cli", "users", "get"]);
-
-    assert_ne!(exit_code, 0, "error should propagate when hook returns None");
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn recover_error_only_fires_for_matching_path() {
-    let mock = MockBinding::with_error(CliError::Api {
-        code: 404,
-        message: "Not Found".to_string(),
-        reason: "not_found".to_string(),
-    });
-
-    let app = CliApp::new("test-cli")
-        .binding(mock)
-        .recover_error(&["files", "**"], |_err, _path| async move {
-            Ok(Some(json!({"recovered": true})))
-        });
-
-    let (_stdout, exit_code) = run_app(app, ["test-cli", "users", "get"]);
-
-    assert_ne!(exit_code, 0, "hook should not fire for users/get path");
-}
-
-// ── Tier 1: alias ───────────────────────────────────────────────────
-
-#[test]
-fn alias_produces_same_output_as_canonical_name() {
-    let response = json!({"id": 42, "name": "test-user"});
-
-    // Run with alias.
-    let mock1 = MockBinding::new(response.clone());
-    let app1 = CliApp::new("test-cli")
-        .binding(mock1)
-        .alias(&["users"], "u");
-
-    let (stdout_alias, code_alias) = run_app(app1, ["test-cli", "u", "get"]);
-
-    // Run with canonical name.
-    let mock2 = MockBinding::new(response);
-    let app2 = CliApp::new("test-cli")
-        .binding(mock2)
-        .alias(&["users"], "u");
-
-    let (stdout_canonical, code_canonical) = run_app(app2, ["test-cli", "users", "get"]);
-
-    assert_eq!(code_alias, 0, "alias should work: exit code {code_alias}");
-    assert_eq!(code_canonical, 0);
-    assert_eq!(
-        stdout_alias.trim(),
-        stdout_canonical.trim(),
-        "alias output should match canonical output"
-    );
-    let parsed: Value = serde_json::from_str(stdout_alias.trim()).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(parsed["name"], "test-user");
-}
-
-// ── Tier 1: hide ────────────────────────────────────────────────────
-
-#[test]
-fn hide_command_still_executes() {
-    let mock = MockBinding::new(json!({"hidden_result": true}));
-
-    let app = CliApp::new("test-cli")
-        .binding(mock)
-        .hide(&["files"]);
-
-    let (stdout, exit_code) = run_app(app, ["test-cli", "files", "get"]);
-    assert_eq!(exit_code, 0, "hidden command should still execute");
-    let parsed: Value = serde_json::from_str(stdout.trim()).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(parsed["hidden_result"], true);
-}
-
-// ── Tier 1: stability ───────────────────────────────────────────────
-
-#[test]
-fn stability_badge_appears_in_help() {
-    use fern_cli_sdk::stability::Stability;
-
-    let mock = MockBinding::new(json!({}));
-    let app = CliApp::new("test-cli")
-        .binding(mock)
-        .stability(&["users"], Stability::Beta);
-
-    let (help_stdout, exit_code) = run_app(app, ["test-cli", "--help"]);
-
-    assert_eq!(exit_code, 0, "help should produce exit code 0");
-    assert!(
-        help_stdout.contains("[beta]"),
-        "beta badge should appear in help: {help_stdout}"
-    );
-}
-
-// ── Tier 1: deprecate ───────────────────────────────────────────────
-
-#[test]
-fn deprecate_marks_command_in_help() {
-    let mock = MockBinding::new(json!({}));
-    let app = CliApp::new("test-cli")
-        .binding(mock)
-        .deprecate(&["files"], "Use 'documents' instead");
-
-    let (help_stdout, exit_code) = run_app(app, ["test-cli", "--help"]);
-
-    assert_eq!(exit_code, 0);
-    assert!(
-        help_stdout.contains("[deprecated]"),
-        "deprecated badge should appear: {help_stdout}"
-    );
-}
-
-// ── No single-binding fast path ─────────────────────────────────────
-
-#[test]
-fn single_binding_still_runs_full_pipeline() {
-    // This is the critical test: with only one binding, hooks MUST fire.
-    // PR #62's bug was that single-binding CLIs bypassed hooks.
-    let mock = MockBinding::new(json!({"raw": "untouched"}));
-    let log = mock.dispatched_log();
-
-    let app = CliApp::new("test-cli")
-        .binding(mock)
-        .transform_response(&["**"], |_value, _path| async move {
-            Ok(json!({"hook_fired": true}))
-        });
-
-    let (stdout, exit_code) = run_app(app, ["test-cli", "users", "get"]);
-
-    assert_eq!(exit_code, 0);
-    let parsed: Value = serde_json::from_str(stdout.trim()).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(
-        parsed["hook_fired"], true,
-        "transform_response MUST fire even with a single binding"
-    );
-    let dispatches = log.lock().unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(dispatches.len(), 1);
-    assert_eq!(dispatches[0], vec!["users", "get"]);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn single_binding_recover_error_fires() {
-    let mock = MockBinding::with_error(CliError::Api {
-        code: 503,
-        message: "Service Unavailable".to_string(),
-        reason: "unavailable".to_string(),
-    });
-
-    let app = CliApp::new("test-cli")
-        .binding(mock)
-        .recover_error(&["**"], |_err, _path| async move {
-            Ok(Some(json!({"fallback": true})))
-        });
-
-    let (stdout, exit_code) = run_app(app, ["test-cli", "users", "list"]);
-
-    assert_eq!(exit_code, 0, "recover_error must fire for single binding");
-    let parsed: Value = serde_json::from_str(stdout.trim()).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(parsed["fallback"], true);
-}
-
-// ── Dispatch recording ──────────────────────────────────────────────
-
-#[test]
-fn dispatch_records_correct_op_path() {
-    let mock = MockBinding::new(json!({}));
-    let log = mock.dispatched_log();
-
-    let app = CliApp::new("test-cli").binding(mock);
-
-    let (_stdout, exit_code) = run_app(app, ["test-cli", "users", "create"]);
-
-    assert_eq!(exit_code, 0);
-    let dispatches = log.lock().unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(dispatches.len(), 1);
-    assert_eq!(dispatches[0], vec!["users", "create"]);
-}
-
-// ── Multi-binding dispatch ───────────────────────────────────────────
-
-/// A second binding providing a distinct subtree (`orders`).
-struct OrdersBinding {
-    response: Value,
-}
-
-impl OrdersBinding {
-    fn new(response: Value) -> Self {
-        Self { response }
-    }
-}
-
-impl Binding for OrdersBinding {
-    fn name(&self) -> &str {
-        "orders"
-    }
-
-    fn set_cli_name(&mut self, _name: &str) {}
-
-    fn build_command(&self) -> Result<clap::Command, CliError> {
-        Ok(clap::Command::new("orders")
-            .subcommand(
-                clap::Command::new("orders")
-                    .subcommand(clap::Command::new("get"))
-                    .subcommand(clap::Command::new("list")),
-            ))
-    }
-
-    fn dispatch<'a>(
-        &'a self,
-        _root_matches: &'a clap::ArgMatches,
-        _sub_matches: &'a clap::ArgMatches,
-        _op_path: &'a [String],
-    ) -> BoxFuture<'a, Result<DispatchResult, CliError>> {
-        let response = self.response.clone();
-        Box::pin(async move { Ok(DispatchResult::Value(response)) })
-    }
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn multi_binding_routes_to_correct_binding() {
-    let mock_users = MockBinding::new(json!({"source": "users-binding"}));
-    let mock_orders = OrdersBinding::new(json!({"source": "orders-binding"}));
-    let user_log = mock_users.dispatched_log();
-
-    let app = CliApp::new("test-cli")
-        .binding(mock_users)
-        .binding(mock_orders);
-
-    // Route to users binding.
-    let (stdout, code) = run_app(app, ["test-cli", "users", "get"]);
-    assert_eq!(code, 0);
-    let parsed: Value = serde_json::from_str(stdout.trim()).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(parsed["source"], "users-binding");
-    let dispatches = user_log.lock().unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(dispatches.len(), 1);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn multi_binding_hooks_fire_for_both_bindings() {
-    let mock_users = MockBinding::new(json!({"raw": true}));
-    let mock_orders = OrdersBinding::new(json!({"raw": true}));
-
-    let app = CliApp::new("test-cli")
-        .binding(mock_users)
-        .binding(mock_orders)
-        .transform_response(&["**"], |_v, _p| async move {
-            Ok(json!({"hooked": true}))
-        });
-
-    let (stdout, code) = run_app(app, ["test-cli", "users", "get"]);
-    assert_eq!(code, 0);
-    let parsed: Value = serde_json::from_str(stdout.trim()).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(parsed["hooked"], true, "hook should fire for users binding");
-}
-
-// ── recover_error: decline preserves original error ─────────────────
-
-#[test]
-fn recover_error_decline_preserves_original_for_next_hook() {
-    let mock = MockBinding::with_error(CliError::Api {
-        code: 404,
-        message: "Not Found".to_string(),
-        reason: "not_found".to_string(),
-    });
-
-    let app = CliApp::new("test-cli")
-        .binding(mock)
-        // First hook declines.
-        .recover_error(&["**"], |_err, _path| async move { Ok(None) })
-        // Second hook recovers — should see the original 404 error,
-        // not a synthetic fallback.
-        .recover_error(&["**"], |err, _path| async move {
-            let msg = format!("{err}");
-            if msg.contains("Not Found") {
-                Ok(Some(json!({"recovered_from_original": true})))
-            } else {
-                Ok(None)
-            }
-        });
-
-    let (stdout, exit_code) = run_app(app, ["test-cli", "users", "get"]);
-
-    assert_eq!(exit_code, 0, "second hook should recover");
-    let parsed: Value = serde_json::from_str(stdout.trim()).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(
-        parsed["recovered_from_original"], true,
-        "second hook should see the original error, not a fallback"
-    );
-}
-
-// ── Tier 1 ops preserve parent settings ─────────────────────────────
-
-#[test]
-fn tier1_ops_preserve_arg_required_else_help() {
-    // Verify that applying a Tier 1 op (alias) via mut_subcommand
-    // doesn't lose the arg_required_else_help setting on the root.
-    let mock = MockBinding::new(json!({"ok": true}));
-
-    let app = CliApp::new("test-cli")
-        .binding(mock)
-        .alias(&["users"], "u");
-
-    // Invoke without a subcommand — should show help (exit 0) rather
-    // than silently succeeding or crashing.
-    let (stdout, exit_code) = run_app(app, ["test-cli"]);
-    assert_eq!(exit_code, 0, "should show help for missing subcommand");
-    assert!(
-        stdout.contains("Usage") || stdout.contains("usage"),
-        "output should contain usage text: {stdout}"
-    );
-}
-
-// ── Multi-binding context merging ────────────────────────────────────
-
-/// A mergeable context type for testing `merge_binding_context`.
-struct MergeableContext {
-    entries: Vec<String>,
-}
-
-/// A binding whose `merge_binding_context` merges entries from multiple
-/// bindings into a single `MergeableContext`, mirroring how
-/// `OpenApiBinding` merges `AppContext` entries.
-struct MergeableMockBinding {
-    name: &'static str,
-    entry: String,
-    commands: clap::Command,
-}
-
-impl MergeableMockBinding {
-    fn new(name: &'static str, entry: &str, commands: clap::Command) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            name,
-            entry: entry.to_string(),
-            commands,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl Binding for MergeableMockBinding {
-    fn name(&self) -> &str {
-        self.name
-    }
-    fn set_cli_name(&mut self, _name: &str) {}
-
-    fn build_command(&self) -> Result<clap::Command, CliError> {
-        Ok(self.commands.clone())
-    }
-
-    fn dispatch<'a>(
-        &'a self,
-        _root_matches: &'a clap::ArgMatches,
-        _sub_matches: &'a clap::ArgMatches,
-        _op_path: &'a [String],
-    ) -> BoxFuture<'a, Result<DispatchResult, CliError>> {
-        Box::pin(async { Ok(DispatchResult::Value(json!({}))) })
-    }
-
-    fn merge_binding_context(
-        &self,
-        _matches: &clap::ArgMatches,
-        existing: Option<Box<dyn std::any::Any + Send + Sync>>,
-    ) -> Result<Option<Box<dyn std::any::Any + Send + Sync>>, CliError> {
-        match existing {
-            Some(ctx_box) => match ctx_box.downcast::<MergeableContext>() {
-                Ok(mut ctx) => {
-                    ctx.entries.push(self.entry.clone());
-                    Ok(Some(ctx as Box<dyn std::any::Any + Send + Sync>))
-                }
-                Err(_) => Ok(Some(Box::new(MergeableContext {
-                    entries: vec![self.entry.clone()],
-                }))),
-            },
-            None => Ok(Some(Box::new(MergeableContext {
-                entries: vec![self.entry.clone()],
-            }))),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn multi_binding_custom_command_receives_merged_context() {
-    let binding_a = MergeableMockBinding::new(
-        "alpha",
-        "alpha-entry",
-        clap::Command::new("alpha")
-            .subcommand(clap::Command::new("users").subcommand(clap::Command::new("get"))),
-    );
-    let binding_b = MergeableMockBinding::new(
-        "beta",
-        "beta-entry",
-        clap::Command::new("beta")
-            .subcommand(clap::Command::new("orders").subcommand(clap::Command::new("list"))),
-    );
-
-    let captured: Arc<Mutex<Vec<String>>> = Arc::new(Mutex::new(Vec::new()));
-    let captured_clone = Arc::clone(&captured);
-
-    let app = CliApp::new("test-cli")
-        .binding(binding_a)
-        .binding(binding_b)
-        .command(
-            clap::Command::new("status"),
-            Box::new(move |_matches, ctx| {
-                let merged = ctx.downcast_ref::<MergeableContext>().ok_or_else(|| {
-                    CliError::Validation("expected MergeableContext".into())
-                })?;
-                *captured_clone.lock().unwrap() = merged.entries.clone();
-                Ok(())
-            }),
-        );
-
-    let (_stdout, exit_code) = run_app(app, ["test-cli", "status"]);
-    assert_eq!(exit_code, 0, "custom command should succeed");
-    let entries = captured.lock().unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(entries.len(), 2, "should have entries from both bindings: {entries:?}");
-    assert!(entries.contains(&"alpha-entry".to_string()), "missing alpha: {entries:?}");
-    assert!(entries.contains(&"beta-entry".to_string()), "missing beta: {entries:?}");
-}
-
-// ── Hook pattern validation ─────────────────────────────────────────
-
-#[test]
-fn hook_pattern_matching_no_operations_hard_fails() {
-    let mock = MockBinding::new(json!({"ok": true}));
-
-    // "user" is a typo — the real command is "users"
-    let app = CliApp::new("test-cli")
-        .binding(mock)
-        .transform_response(&["user", "get"], |v, _p| async move { Ok(v) });
-
-    let (_stdout, exit_code) = run_app(app, ["test-cli", "users", "get"]);
-    assert_ne!(exit_code, 0, "typo in hook pattern should hard fail");
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn hook_pattern_matching_valid_operations_succeeds() {
-    let mock = MockBinding::new(json!({"ok": true}));
-
-    let app = CliApp::new("test-cli")
-        .binding(mock)
-        .transform_response(&["users", "get"], |v, _p| async move { Ok(v) });
-
-    let (_stdout, exit_code) = run_app(app, ["test-cli", "users", "get"]);
-    assert_eq!(exit_code, 0, "valid hook pattern should pass validation");
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn hook_pattern_globstar_matches_existing_operations() {
-    let mock = MockBinding::new(json!({"ok": true}));
-
-    let app = CliApp::new("test-cli")
-        .binding(mock)
-        .transform_response(&["users", "**"], |v, _p| async move { Ok(v) });
-
-    let (_stdout, exit_code) = run_app(app, ["test-cli", "users", "get"]);
-    assert_eq!(exit_code, 0, "globstar matching real operations should pass");
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn recover_error_pattern_matching_no_operations_hard_fails() {
-    let mock = MockBinding::new(json!({"ok": true}));
-
-    let app = CliApp::new("test-cli")
-        .binding(mock)
-        .recover_error(&["nonexistent", "path"], |e, _p| async move { Err(e) });
-
-    let (_stdout, exit_code) = run_app(app, ["test-cli", "users", "get"]);
-    assert_ne!(exit_code, 0, "typo in recover_error pattern should hard fail");
-}
-
-// ── No bindings → error ─────────────────────────────────────────────
-
-#[test]
-fn no_bindings_returns_error() {
-    let app = CliApp::new("test-cli");
-
-    let (_stdout, exit_code) = run_app(app, ["test-cli", "users", "get"]);
-
-    assert_ne!(exit_code, 0, "no bindings should produce an error");
-}
-
-// ── --format validation ─────────────────────────────────────────────
-
-#[test]
-fn unknown_format_returns_validation_error() {
-    let app = CliApp::new("test-cli")
-        .binding(MockBinding::new(json!({"ok": true})));
-
-    let (stdout, exit_code) = run_app(app, ["test-cli", "--format", "xml", "users", "get"]);
-
-    assert_eq!(exit_code, 3, "unknown --format should exit with validation code: {stdout}");
-    assert!(
-        stdout.contains("unknown output format"),
-        "error should mention the unknown format, got: {stdout}",
-    );
-}
-
-// ── Root Auth ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────
-
-#[test]
-fn root_auth_propagates_to_binding() {
-    use fern_cli_sdk::auth::BearerAuth;
-
-    let app = CliApp::new("test-cli")
-        .auth(BearerAuth::new("bearerAuth").env("MY_TOKEN"))
-        .binding(MockBinding::new(json!({"ok": true})));
-
-    let (stdout, exit_code) = run_app(app, ["test-cli", "users", "get"]);
-
-    assert_eq!(exit_code, 0, "root auth + mock binding should succeed: {stdout}");
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn root_auth_multiple_schemes() {
-    use fern_cli_sdk::auth::{ApiKeyAuth, BearerAuth};
-
-    let app = CliApp::new("test-cli")
-        .auth(BearerAuth::new("bearerAuth").env("TOKEN"))
-        .auth(ApiKeyAuth::new("apiKey").env("KEY"))
-        .binding(MockBinding::new(json!({"ok": true})));
-
-    let (stdout, exit_code) = run_app(app, ["test-cli", "users", "get"]);
-
-    assert_eq!(exit_code, 0, "multiple root auth schemes should work: {stdout}");
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn root_auth_basic_scheme() {
-    use fern_cli_sdk::auth::BasicAuth;
-
-    let app = CliApp::new("test-cli")
-        .auth(BasicAuth::new("httpBasic").username_env("USER").password_env("PASS"))
-        .binding(MockBinding::new(json!({"ok": true})));
-
-    let (stdout, exit_code) = run_app(app, ["test-cli", "users", "get"]);
-
-    assert_eq!(exit_code, 0, "root basic auth should work: {stdout}");
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn root_auth_validation_warns_on_partial_binding() {
-    use fern_cli_sdk::auth::BearerAuth;
-    use fern_cli_sdk::openapi::OpenApiBinding;
-
-    // Minimal spec that declares `bearerAuth` in securitySchemes
-    let spec = r#"
-openapi: "3.0.0"
-info:
-  title: Test
-  version: "1.0"
-paths:
-  /users:
-    get:
-      x-fern-sdk-group-name: users
-      x-fern-sdk-method-name: list
-      security:
-        - bearerAuth: []
-      responses:
-        "200":
-          description: ok
-components:
-  securitySchemes:
-    bearerAuth:
-      type: http
-      scheme: bearer
-    apiKeyAuth:
-      type: apiKey
-      in: header
-      name: X-API-Key
-"#;
-
-    // Register only bearerAuth — apiKeyAuth is missing → should warn but
-    // still succeed (multi-spec binaries may intentionally bind only a
-    // subset of schemes).
-    let app = CliApp::new("test-cli")
-        .auth(BearerAuth::new("bearerAuth").env("TOKEN"))
-        .binding(OpenApiBinding::new().spec(spec));
-
-    let (_stdout, exit_code) = run_app(app, ["test-cli", "--help"]);
-
-    assert_eq!(exit_code, 0, "partial auth binding should succeed (unbound schemes get a warning)");
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn root_auth_validation_passes_when_all_schemes_registered() {
-    use fern_cli_sdk::auth::{ApiKeyAuth, BearerAuth};
-    use fern_cli_sdk::openapi::OpenApiBinding;
-
-    let spec = r#"
-openapi: "3.0.0"
-info:
-  title: Test
-  version: "1.0"
-paths:
-  /users:
-    get:
-      x-fern-sdk-group-name: users
-      x-fern-sdk-method-name: list
-      security:
-        - bearerAuth: []
-      responses:
-        "200":
-          description: ok
-components:
-  securitySchemes:
-    bearerAuth:
-      type: http
-      scheme: bearer
-    apiKeyAuth:
-      type: apiKey
-      in: header
-      name: X-API-Key
-"#;
-
-    // Register both schemes → validation passes
-    let app = CliApp::new("test-cli")
-        .auth(BearerAuth::new("bearerAuth").env("TOKEN"))
-        .auth(ApiKeyAuth::new("apiKeyAuth").env("KEY"))
-        .binding(OpenApiBinding::new().spec(spec));
-
-    let (stdout, exit_code) = run_app(app, ["test-cli", "--help"]);
-
-    assert_eq!(exit_code, 0, "all schemes registered should pass: {stdout}");
-}
diff --git a/generators/cli/sdk/tests/fixtures/openapi-fixture-mappings.json b/generators/cli/sdk/tests/fixtures/openapi-fixture-mappings.json
deleted file mode 100644
index eabf0b83d94e..000000000000
--- a/generators/cli/sdk/tests/fixtures/openapi-fixture-mappings.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,116 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "mappings": [
-    {
-      "request": {
-        "method": "GET",
-        "url": "/files/file-1",
-        "headers": {
-          "Authorization": {"matches": "Bearer .+"}
-        }
-      },
-      "response": {
-        "status": 200,
-        "headers": {"Content-Type": "application/json"},
-        "body": "{\"id\":\"file-1\",\"type\":\"file\",\"name\":\"sample.txt\"}"
-      }
-    },
-    {
-      "request": {
-        "method": "GET",
-        "url": "/folders/folder-1",
-        "headers": {
-          "Authorization": {"matches": "Bearer .+"}
-        }
-      },
-      "response": {
-        "status": 200,
-        "headers": {"Content-Type": "application/json"},
-        "body": "{\"id\":\"folder-1\",\"type\":\"folder\",\"name\":\"my-docs\"}"
-      }
-    },
-    {
-      "request": {
-        "method": "GET",
-        "url": "/users/me",
-        "headers": {
-          "Authorization": {"matches": "Bearer .+"}
-        }
-      },
-      "response": {
-        "status": 200,
-        "headers": {"Content-Type": "application/json"},
-        "body": "{\"id\":\"user-1\",\"type\":\"user\",\"name\":\"Test User\"}"
-      }
-    },
-    {
-      "request": {
-        "method": "GET",
-        "url": "/users/user-1",
-        "headers": {
-          "Authorization": {"matches": "Bearer .+"}
-        }
-      },
-      "response": {
-        "status": 200,
-        "headers": {"Content-Type": "application/json"},
-        "body": "{\"id\":\"user-1\",\"type\":\"user\",\"name\":\"Test User\"}"
-      }
-    },
-    {
-      "request": {
-        "method": "GET",
-        "url": "/users",
-        "headers": {
-          "Authorization": {"matches": "Bearer .+"}
-        }
-      },
-      "response": {
-        "status": 200,
-        "headers": {"Content-Type": "application/json"},
-        "body": "{\"total_count\":1,\"entries\":[{\"id\":\"user-1\",\"type\":\"user\",\"name\":\"Test User\"}]}"
-      }
-    },
-    {
-      "request": {
-        "method": "GET",
-        "url": "/folders/folder-1/items",
-        "headers": {
-          "Authorization": {"matches": "Bearer .+"}
-        }
-      },
-      "response": {
-        "status": 200,
-        "headers": {"Content-Type": "application/json"},
-        "body": "{\"total_count\":1,\"entries\":[{\"id\":\"file-1\",\"type\":\"file\",\"name\":\"sample.txt\"}]}"
-      }
-    },
-    {
-      "request": {
-        "method": "GET",
-        "url": "/reports",
-        "headers": {
-          "Authorization": {"matches": "Bearer .+"}
-        }
-      },
-      "response": {
-        "status": 200,
-        "headers": {"Content-Type": "application/json"},
-        "body": "{\"data\":[{\"id\":\"rpt-1\",\"name\":\"Q1\"},{\"id\":\"rpt-2\",\"name\":\"Q2\"}],\"meta\":{\"total\":2,\"page\":1}}"
-      }
-    },
-    {
-      "request": {
-        "method": "GET",
-        "url": "/reports/stats",
-        "headers": {
-          "Authorization": {"matches": "Bearer .+"}
-        }
-      },
-      "response": {
-        "status": 200,
-        "headers": {"Content-Type": "application/json"},
-        "body": "{\"result\":{\"payload\":{\"value\":42,\"unit\":\"reports\"}},\"meta\":{\"server_time\":\"2024-01-01\"}}"
-      }
-    }
-  ]
-}
diff --git a/generators/cli/sdk/tests/lib_api.rs b/generators/cli/sdk/tests/lib_api.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 18af0f15c680..000000000000
--- a/generators/cli/sdk/tests/lib_api.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,50 +0,0 @@
-//! Tests for the public library API surface.
-//!
-//! These verify that customers can use the library as documented.
-
-#[test]
-fn test_cli_app_builder_chain() {
-    fn custom_handler(
-        _args: &clap::ArgMatches,
-        _ctx: &fern_cli_sdk::openapi::AppContext,
-    ) -> Result<(), fern_cli_sdk::error::CliError> {
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    let app = fern_cli_sdk::app::CliApp::new("test")
-        .binding(
-            fern_cli_sdk::openapi::OpenApiBinding::new()
-                .spec(include_str!("../cli/openapi-fixture/openapi.yaml"))
-                .auth_scheme_env("bearer", "TEST_TOKEN"),
-        )
-        .command(
-            clap::Command::new("custom").about("A custom command"),
-            fern_cli_sdk::openapi::OpenApiBinding::handler(custom_handler),
-        );
-
-    // Builder chain completes without panic — the app is ready to run
-    // (We can't inspect private fields from integration tests, but the
-    // builder pattern itself is the test: if it compiles, the API works.)
-    drop(app);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn test_building_blocks_accessible() {
-    // Verify all public modules are importable and types are usable
-    let yaml = include_str!("../cli/openapi-fixture/openapi.yaml");
-    let doc = fern_cli_sdk::openapi::load_openapi_spec(yaml, "test").unwrap();
-    let cmd = fern_cli_sdk::openapi::commands::build_cli(&doc);
-
-    assert!(cmd.find_subcommand("users").is_some());
-    assert!(cmd.find_subcommand("files").is_some());
-
-    // Verify key types are accessible
-    let _format = fern_cli_sdk::formatter::OutputFormat::Json;
-    let _pagination = fern_cli_sdk::openapi::executor::PaginationConfig::default();
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn test_error_type_accessible() {
-    let err = fern_cli_sdk::error::CliError::Validation("test".to_string());
-    assert_eq!(err.exit_code(), 3);
-}
diff --git a/generators/cli/sdk/tests/overlay_fixture.rs b/generators/cli/sdk/tests/overlay_fixture.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 2a733be2604f..000000000000
--- a/generators/cli/sdk/tests/overlay_fixture.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,107 +0,0 @@
-//! Integration coverage for overlay application against the SDK template's
-//! own dev fixture (`cli/openapi-fixture/openapi.yaml`).
-//!
-//! These previously lived inline in `src/openapi/overlay.rs`. They are
-//! pure integration tests — they `include_str!` the dev fixture and exec
-//! the full overlay → discovery pipeline — so they don't belong in unit
-//! tests. They are filtered out of generated CLI output by `SDK_IGNORE`
-//! in `generators/cli/build.mjs` because the fixture path doesn't ship.
-
-use fern_cli_sdk::openapi::{apply_overlays_to_spec, load_openapi_spec};
-
-#[test]
-fn test_overlay_on_fixture_spec() {
-    let spec = include_str!("../cli/openapi-fixture/openapi.yaml");
-    let overlay = r#"
-overlay: "1.0.0"
-info:
-  title: fixture-overlay
-  version: "1.0.0"
-actions:
-  - target: "$.info"
-    update:
-      description: "Modified by overlay"
-  - target: "$.paths['/users'].get"
-    update:
-      x-fern-sdk-method-name: listAllUsers
-  - target: "$.paths['/users'].get.parameters"
-    update:
-      name: offset
-      in: query
-      schema:
-        type: integer
-  - target: "$.paths['/files/{file_id}/thumbnail']"
-    remove: true
-"#;
-    let result = apply_overlays_to_spec(spec, &[overlay.to_string()]).unwrap();
-    let doc: serde_json::Value = serde_yaml::from_str(&result).unwrap();
-
-    // Verify info.description was set
-    assert_eq!(doc["info"]["description"], "Modified by overlay");
-
-    // Verify method rename
-    assert_eq!(
-        doc["paths"]["/users"]["get"]["x-fern-sdk-method-name"],
-        "listAllUsers"
-    );
-
-    // Verify array append (new parameter added)
-    let params = doc["paths"]["/users"]["get"]["parameters"]
-        .as_array()
-        .unwrap();
-    let has_offset = params.iter().any(|p| p["name"] == "offset");
-    assert!(has_offset, "offset param should be appended: {params:?}");
-
-    // Verify remove
-    assert!(
-        doc["paths"]["/files/{file_id}/thumbnail"].is_null(),
-        "thumbnail path should be removed"
-    );
-
-    // Verify untouched paths still exist
-    assert!(
-        !doc["paths"]["/files/{file_id}"].is_null(),
-        "other file paths should remain"
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn test_overlay_then_load_openapi_spec_finds_resources() {
-    let spec = include_str!("../cli/openapi-fixture/openapi.yaml");
-    let overlay = r#"
-overlay: "1.0.0"
-info:
-  title: fixture-overlay
-  version: "1.0.0"
-actions:
-  - target: "$.paths['/files/{file_id}/thumbnail']"
-    remove: true
-"#;
-
-    let merged = apply_overlays_to_spec(spec, &[overlay.to_string()]).unwrap();
-    let doc = load_openapi_spec(&merged, "overlay-fixture").unwrap();
-
-    // files, folders, and users groups should still exist
-    assert!(doc.resources.contains_key("files"), "files group missing");
-    assert!(doc.resources.contains_key("folders"), "folders group missing");
-    assert!(doc.resources.contains_key("users"), "users group missing");
-
-    // getThumbnail should be gone from the files resource
-    let files = &doc.resources["files"];
-    assert!(
-        !files.methods.contains_key("getThumbnail"),
-        "getThumbnail should be removed: {:?}",
-        files.methods.keys().collect::<Vec<_>>()
-    );
-    // Other file operations should still exist
-    assert!(
-        files.methods.contains_key("get"),
-        "get should remain: {:?}",
-        files.methods.keys().collect::<Vec<_>>()
-    );
-    assert!(
-        files.methods.contains_key("update"),
-        "update should remain: {:?}",
-        files.methods.keys().collect::<Vec<_>>()
-    );
-}
diff --git a/generators/cli/sdk/tests/tls_env_vars.rs b/generators/cli/sdk/tests/tls_env_vars.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index a5de7ede19e5..000000000000
--- a/generators/cli/sdk/tests/tls_env_vars.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,339 +0,0 @@
-//! Integration test for the SDK's TLS env var contract.
-//!
-//! Verifies that `BIGCOMMERCE_CA_BUNDLE`, `BIGCOMMERCE_INSECURE`,
-//! `SSL_CERT_FILE`, etc. actually change the TLS trust outcome of the
-//! HTTP client built by [`fern_cli_sdk::http::HttpConfig::build_client`].
-//!
-//! Approach: spin up a local HTTPS server with a brand-new self-signed cert
-//! that is never trusted by the system, then exercise the client against it
-//! under different env-var configurations. This isolates the test from
-//! whatever's in the developer's keychain (the reason live tests against
-//! BigCommerce can't be trusted to verify env-var behavior in isolation).
-//!
-//! Requirements: `python3` and `openssl` on PATH (both standard on dev/CI
-//! machines). The test will skip itself with a printed warning if either is
-//! missing.
-
-use std::process::{Child, Command, Stdio};
-use std::time::Duration;
-
-use fern_cli_sdk::http::HttpConfig;
-
-const CLI_NAME: &str = "tls-test-cli";
-const ENV_PREFIX: &str = "TLS_TEST_CLI"; // CLI_NAME uppercased, `-` → `_`
-
-/// Server fixture: a self-signed HTTPS server on a random localhost port,
-/// with paths to the cert and a different (unsigned) "bogus" cert for negative
-/// tests. Drops the server process and tempdir on Drop.
-struct Fixture {
-    port: u16,
-    cert_path: std::path::PathBuf,
-    bogus_cert_path: std::path::PathBuf,
-    _tmp: tempfile::TempDir,
-    _child: ChildGuard,
-}
-
-struct ChildGuard(Child);
-impl Drop for ChildGuard {
-    fn drop(&mut self) {
-        let _ = self.0.kill();
-        let _ = self.0.wait();
-    }
-}
-
-fn deps_available() -> bool {
-    fn has(cmd: &str) -> bool {
-        Command::new(cmd)
-            .arg("--version")
-            .stdout(Stdio::null())
-            .stderr(Stdio::null())
-            .status()
-            .map(|s| s.success())
-            .unwrap_or(false)
-    }
-    has("python3") && has("openssl")
-}
-
-fn unused_port() -> u16 {
-    // Bind to :0, ask the kernel for a port, then immediately release it.
-    // There's a tiny race window before the test server binds, but in
-    // practice it's fine for an integration test.
-    let listener = std::net::TcpListener::bind("127.0.0.1:0").expect("bind");
-    listener.local_addr().expect("local_addr").port()
-}
-
-fn make_fixture() -> Fixture {
-    let tmp = tempfile::tempdir().expect("tmpdir");
-    let p = |name: &str| tmp.path().join(name).to_str().unwrap().to_string();
-
-    // We generate a proper CA → leaf chain rather than a single self-signed
-    // CA-as-leaf cert. rustls (correctly) rejects the latter with
-    // `CaUsedAsEndEntity`; native-tls / Secure Transport tolerates it. The
-    // proper structure is what real-world fixtures (e.g. Proxyman) produce.
-
-    // 1. Trust root (the "CA"). This is what we'll point _CA_BUNDLE at.
-    let ca_pem = p("ca.pem");
-    let ca_key = p("ca.key");
-    run_openssl(&[
-        "req", "-x509", "-newkey", "rsa:2048", "-nodes",
-        "-subj", "/CN=test-ca",
-        "-addext", "basicConstraints=critical,CA:TRUE",
-        "-addext", "keyUsage=critical,keyCertSign,cRLSign",
-        "-days", "1",
-        "-keyout", &ca_key,
-        "-out", &ca_pem,
-    ]);
-
-    // 2. Leaf cert for the test server, signed by the CA above.
-    let leaf_pem = p("leaf.pem");
-    let leaf_key = p("leaf.key");
-    let leaf_csr = p("leaf.csr");
-    let leaf_ext = p("leaf.ext");
-    std::fs::write(
-        &leaf_ext,
-        "subjectAltName=IP:127.0.0.1\nextendedKeyUsage=serverAuth\n",
-    )
-    .unwrap();
-    run_openssl(&[
-        "req", "-newkey", "rsa:2048", "-nodes",
-        "-subj", "/CN=127.0.0.1",
-        "-keyout", &leaf_key,
-        "-out", &leaf_csr,
-    ]);
-    run_openssl(&[
-        "x509", "-req", "-in", &leaf_csr,
-        "-CA", &ca_pem, "-CAkey", &ca_key, "-CAcreateserial",
-        "-out", &leaf_pem,
-        "-days", "1",
-        "-extfile", &leaf_ext,
-    ]);
-
-    // 3. Bogus CA — a different self-signed CA whose private key never signs
-    //    anything we'll encounter. Loading this in _CA_BUNDLE must NOT make
-    //    the leaf trusted (proves the bundle isn't a "trust everything" knob).
-    let bogus_pem = p("bogus.pem");
-    let bogus_key = p("bogus.key");
-    run_openssl(&[
-        "req", "-x509", "-newkey", "rsa:2048", "-nodes",
-        "-subj", "/CN=bogus-ca",
-        "-addext", "basicConstraints=critical,CA:TRUE",
-        "-addext", "keyUsage=critical,keyCertSign,cRLSign",
-        "-days", "1",
-        "-keyout", &bogus_key,
-        "-out", &bogus_pem,
-    ]);
-
-    let port = unused_port();
-
-    // The Python server needs the leaf cert + leaf key. Cert/key paths and
-    // port are passed as argv to avoid mixing Rust's format! braces with
-    // Python's literal dict braces.
-    let server_script = r#"
-import http.server, json, ssl, sys
-cert, key, port = sys.argv[1], sys.argv[2], int(sys.argv[3])
-class H(http.server.BaseHTTPRequestHandler):
-    def do_GET(self):
-        body = json.dumps({"ok": True}).encode()
-        self.send_response(200)
-        self.send_header("Content-Type", "application/json")
-        self.send_header("Content-Length", str(len(body)))
-        self.end_headers()
-        self.wfile.write(body)
-    def log_message(self, *a, **kw):
-        pass
-ctx = ssl.SSLContext(ssl.PROTOCOL_TLS_SERVER)
-ctx.load_cert_chain(certfile=cert, keyfile=key)
-srv = http.server.HTTPServer(("127.0.0.1", port), H)
-srv.socket = ctx.wrap_socket(srv.socket, server_side=True)
-srv.serve_forever()
-"#;
-
-    let child = Command::new("python3")
-        .arg("-c")
-        .arg(server_script)
-        .arg(&leaf_pem)
-        .arg(&leaf_key)
-        .arg(port.to_string())
-        .stdout(Stdio::null())
-        .stderr(Stdio::null())
-        .spawn()
-        .expect("python3 spawn");
-
-    // Give the server a moment to bind before the first request.
-    std::thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(400));
-
-    Fixture {
-        port,
-        cert_path: ca_pem.into(),
-        bogus_cert_path: bogus_pem.into(),
-        _tmp: tmp,
-        _child: ChildGuard(child),
-    }
-}
-
-/// Run `openssl <args>` and panic with stderr + the failing arg list if it
-/// exits non-zero. Capturing stderr makes test failures self-explanatory
-/// instead of "openssl exited with code 1, good luck."
-fn run_openssl(args: &[&str]) {
-    let output = Command::new("openssl")
-        .args(args)
-        .output()
-        .unwrap_or_else(|e| panic!("failed to spawn openssl ({args:?}): {e}"));
-    if !output.status.success() {
-        let stderr = String::from_utf8_lossy(&output.stderr);
-        panic!(
-            "openssl failed (exit={:?}) for args {args:?}\nstderr:\n{stderr}",
-            output.status.code()
-        );
-    }
-}
-
-/// Wipe every env var that could leak into the test from the developer's
-/// shell (Proxyman's auto-setup sets several of these). Must run *before*
-/// HttpConfig::build_client() reads the environment.
-fn clean_env() {
-    for k in [
-        "SSL_CERT_FILE",
-        "SSL_CERT_DIR",
-        "HTTPS_PROXY",
-        "HTTP_PROXY",
-        "https_proxy",
-        "http_proxy",
-        "NODE_EXTRA_CA_CERTS",
-        "CURL_CA_BUNDLE",
-        "REQUESTS_CA_BUNDLE",
-        "TLS_TEST_CLI_CA_BUNDLE",
-        "TLS_TEST_CLI_EXTRA_CA_CERTS",
-        "TLS_TEST_CLI_INSECURE",
-        "TLS_TEST_CLI_INSECURE_SKIP_VERIFY",
-        "TLS_TEST_CLI_PROXY",
-        "TLS_TEST_CLI_NO_PROXY",
-    ] {
-        std::env::remove_var(k);
-    }
-}
-
-async fn fetch(client: &reqwest::Client, port: u16) -> Result<reqwest::StatusCode, reqwest::Error> {
-    Ok(client
-        .get(format!("https://127.0.0.1:{port}/probe"))
-        .send()
-        .await?
-        .status())
-}
-
-/// Build a fresh client from the current env. Each test case mutates env
-/// and then constructs a client to capture the new state — every test calls
-/// this exactly once.
-fn build_client() -> reqwest::Client {
-    try_build_client().expect("client build")
-}
-
-/// Like [`build_client`] but doesn't unwrap the build error — useful for
-/// cases that expect a malformed env var to surface as an error at
-/// construction.
-fn try_build_client() -> Result<reqwest::Client, fern_cli_sdk::error::CliError> {
-    HttpConfig::new(CLI_NAME).unwrap().build_client()
-}
-
-/// Cases run sequentially in a single test. Reqwest constructs new clients
-/// fresh from the env each call, so we just mutate env between cases and
-/// verify each.
-///
-/// We use `serial_test::serial` so the env mutations don't race with other
-/// tests in the binary.
-#[tokio::test]
-#[serial_test::serial]
-async fn tls_env_vars_change_trust_outcome() {
-    if !deps_available() {
-        eprintln!("SKIP: tls_env_vars test needs python3 + openssl on PATH");
-        return;
-    }
-
-    let fx = make_fixture();
-    let port = fx.port;
-    let cert = fx.cert_path.to_str().unwrap().to_string();
-    let bogus = fx.bogus_cert_path.to_str().unwrap().to_string();
-
-    // ---- A: no env vars → must fail ---------------------------------------
-    clean_env();
-    let client = build_client();
-    let err = fetch(&client, port).await.expect_err("A: must fail TLS");
-    assert!(
-        err.is_connect() || err.to_string().to_lowercase().contains("certificate"),
-        "A: expected TLS / connect error, got: {err}"
-    );
-
-    // ---- B: <PREFIX>_CA_BUNDLE → must succeed -----------------------------
-    clean_env();
-    std::env::set_var(format!("{ENV_PREFIX}_CA_BUNDLE"), &cert);
-    let client = build_client();
-    let status = fetch(&client, port).await.expect("B: must succeed");
-    assert_eq!(status.as_u16(), 200, "B: expected 200");
-
-    // ---- C: <PREFIX>_INSECURE=1 → must succeed ----------------------------
-    clean_env();
-    std::env::set_var(format!("{ENV_PREFIX}_INSECURE"), "1");
-    let client = build_client();
-    let status = fetch(&client, port).await.expect("C: must succeed");
-    assert_eq!(status.as_u16(), 200, "C: expected 200");
-
-    // ---- D: bogus _CA_BUNDLE → must fail ----------------------------------
-    // Confirms the bundle isn't accidentally treated as "trust everything".
-    clean_env();
-    std::env::set_var(format!("{ENV_PREFIX}_CA_BUNDLE"), &bogus);
-    let client = build_client();
-    let err = fetch(&client, port).await.expect_err("D: must fail TLS");
-    assert!(
-        err.is_connect() || err.to_string().to_lowercase().contains("certificate"),
-        "D: expected TLS error, got: {err}"
-    );
-
-    // ---- E: SSL_CERT_FILE fallback → must succeed -------------------------
-    clean_env();
-    std::env::set_var("SSL_CERT_FILE", &cert);
-    let client = build_client();
-    let status = fetch(&client, port).await.expect("E: must succeed");
-    assert_eq!(status.as_u16(), 200, "E: expected 200 via SSL_CERT_FILE");
-
-    // ---- F: alias _INSECURE_SKIP_VERIFY → must succeed --------------------
-    clean_env();
-    std::env::set_var(format!("{ENV_PREFIX}_INSECURE_SKIP_VERIFY"), "true");
-    let client = build_client();
-    let status = fetch(&client, port).await.expect("F: must succeed");
-    assert_eq!(status.as_u16(), 200, "F: expected 200 via alias");
-
-    // ---- G: missing _CA_BUNDLE path → must error at client build ---------
-    clean_env();
-    std::env::set_var(format!("{ENV_PREFIX}_CA_BUNDLE"), "/no/such/path.pem");
-    let err = try_build_client().expect_err("G: must error");
-    let msg = err.to_string();
-    assert!(
-        msg.contains("/no/such/path.pem"),
-        "G: error should name the bad path; got: {msg}"
-    );
-
-    // ---- H: <PREFIX>_NO_PROXY must NOT mutate global NO_PROXY -------------
-    // Earlier the implementation called std::env::set_var("NO_PROXY", ...)
-    // as a side effect, leaking config to other code paths. Verify it doesn't.
-    clean_env();
-    let original_no_proxy = std::env::var("NO_PROXY").ok();
-    std::env::set_var(format!("{ENV_PREFIX}_NO_PROXY"), "internal.example.com");
-    let _ = build_client();
-    let after_no_proxy = std::env::var("NO_PROXY").ok();
-    assert_eq!(
-        original_no_proxy, after_no_proxy,
-        "H: <PREFIX>_NO_PROXY leaked into global NO_PROXY"
-    );
-
-    // ---- I: invalid <PREFIX>_PROXY URL → must error at client build ------
-    clean_env();
-    std::env::set_var(format!("{ENV_PREFIX}_PROXY"), "not a url");
-    let err = try_build_client().expect_err("I: must error");
-    let msg = err.to_string();
-    assert!(
-        msg.contains(&format!("{ENV_PREFIX}_PROXY")),
-        "I: error should name the env var; got: {msg}"
-    );
-
-    clean_env();
-}

From b6a6467a47e086dfac618ccf1861270d10a4e916 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "devin-ai-integration[bot]"
 <158243242+devin-ai-integration[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 2 Jun 2026 15:28:00 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 04/14] fix(parser): resolve nested $ref objects in allOf
 flattening during v3 OpenAPI parsing (#16162)
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit

* fix: resolve nested $ref objects in allOf flattening during v3 OpenAPI parsing

When a parent schema in an allOf composition itself uses allOf with $ref
elements (e.g., userPost → userBase → userStrict), the v3 parser's
flattenNestedAllOf was silently dropping those nested $ref objects. This
caused parent properties and required arrays to be lost in docs rendering.

The fix adds an optional resolveRef callback to mergeAllOfSchemas that
flattenNestedAllOf uses to resolve nested $ref objects instead of
filtering them out. Cycle detection via a visited set prevents infinite
recursion.

Co-Authored-By: will.kendall@buildwithfern.com <wpk235@gmail.com>

* fix: skip unresolved ref aliases in nested allOf resolver, update stale url-reference snapshots

Guard against ref chains (local alias → external URL ref) that resolve
to another ReferenceObject instead of a schema. The resolver now returns
undefined for these, preserving the existing filter-out behavior.

Also updates the pre-existing stale url-reference test snapshots (the
external spec changed upstream; identical output on main).

Co-Authored-By: will.kendall@buildwithfern.com <wpk235@gmail.com>

* test: add comprehensive testing for nested $ref resolution in allOf

- Add permanent v3-importer-tests fixture (allof-nested-ref) with 3 test cases:
  three-level chain, sibling properties + nested ref, multiple refs in single allOf
- Add 4 new unit test edge cases: required merging across ref boundaries,
  multiple refs in single allOf, sibling properties preservation, undefined resolver
- Extend existing allof seed test fixture with Cases 7-8 (nested $ref chain,
  multiple nested refs in parent allOf)
- Run seed tests through TS, Python, Java, Go generators - all pass
- Total: 26 unit tests, 286 v3-importer-tests, 4 seed generators verified

Co-Authored-By: will.kendall@buildwithfern.com <wpk235@gmail.com>

---------

Co-authored-by: Devin AI <158243242+devin-ai-integration[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: will.kendall@buildwithfern.com <wpk235@gmail.com>
---
 .../src/converters/schema/SchemaConverter.ts  |   12 +-
 .../schema/__test__/mergeAllOfSchemas.test.ts |  224 +-
 .../converters/schema/mergeAllOfSchemas.ts    |   40 +-
 .../baseline-sdks/allof-nested-ref.json       | 3450 +++++++++++++++
 .../baseline-sdks/url-reference.json          | 3009 ++-----------
 .../v3-sdks/allof-nested-ref.json             | 3194 ++++++++++++++
 .../__snapshots__/v3-sdks/url-reference.json  | 3707 +----------------
 .../allof-nested-ref/fern/fern.config.json    |    4 +
 .../allof-nested-ref/fern/generators.yml      |    4 +
 .../fixtures/allof-nested-ref/openapi.yml     |  221 +
 .../fix-allof-nested-ref-resolution.yml       |    6 +
 seed/go-sdk/allof/.fern/metadata.json         |    3 +-
 seed/go-sdk/allof/client/client.go            |   34 +
 seed/go-sdk/allof/client/raw_client.go        |   85 +
 .../dynamic-snippets/example10/snippet.go     |   27 +
 .../dynamic-snippets/example11/snippet.go     |   39 +
 .../dynamic-snippets/example12/snippet.go     |   24 +
 .../dynamic-snippets/example13/snippet.go     |   41 +
 seed/go-sdk/allof/reference.md                |  141 +
 seed/go-sdk/allof/snippet.json                |   22 +
 seed/go-sdk/allof/types.go                    |  921 ++++
 seed/go-sdk/allof/types_test.go               | 3066 ++++++++++++--
 seed/java-sdk/allof/.fern/metadata.json       |    3 +-
 seed/java-sdk/allof/reference.md              |  137 +
 seed/java-sdk/allof/snippet.json              |   26 +
 .../com/seed/api/AsyncRawSeedApiClient.java   |  135 +
 .../java/com/seed/api/AsyncSeedApiClient.java |   31 +
 .../java/com/seed/api/RawSeedApiClient.java   |  107 +
 .../main/java/com/seed/api/SeedApiClient.java |   31 +
 .../java/com/seed/api/requests/PlantPost.java |  422 ++
 .../java/com/seed/api/types/IPlantBase.java   |   12 +
 .../java/com/seed/api/types/IPlantStrict.java |   12 +
 .../java/com/seed/api/types/ITreeBase.java    |   12 +
 .../com/seed/api/types/ITreeDescribable.java  |   12 +
 .../com/seed/api/types/ITreeIdentifiable.java |    8 +
 .../java/com/seed/api/types/PlantBase.java    |  280 ++
 .../api/types/PlantBaseWateringFrequency.java |  105 +
 .../seed/api/types/PlantPostSunExposure.java  |   93 +
 .../java/com/seed/api/types/PlantStrict.java  |  198 +
 .../java/com/seed/api/types/TreeBase.java     |  310 ++
 .../com/seed/api/types/TreeDescribable.java   |  142 +
 .../com/seed/api/types/TreeIdentifiable.java  |  130 +
 .../java/com/seed/api/types/TreeRecord.java   |  355 ++
 .../src/main/java/com/snippets/Example10.java |   19 +
 .../src/main/java/com/snippets/Example11.java |   24 +
 .../src/main/java/com/snippets/Example12.java |   13 +
 .../src/main/java/com/snippets/Example13.java |   20 +
 .../no-custom-config/.fern/metadata.json      |    3 +-
 .../allof/no-custom-config/reference.md       |  203 +
 .../allof/no-custom-config/snippet.json       |   26 +
 .../no-custom-config/src/seed/__init__.py     |   24 +
 .../allof/no-custom-config/src/seed/client.py |  293 ++
 .../no-custom-config/src/seed/raw_client.py   |  329 ++
 .../src/seed/types/__init__.py                |   24 +
 .../src/seed/types/plant_base.py              |   32 +
 .../types/plant_base_watering_frequency.py    |    5 +
 .../src/seed/types/plant_post_sun_exposure.py |    5 +
 .../src/seed/types/plant_strict.py            |   32 +
 .../src/seed/types/tree_base.py               |   32 +
 .../src/seed/types/tree_describable.py        |   30 +
 .../src/seed/types/tree_identifiable.py       |   22 +
 .../src/seed/types/tree_record.py             |   27 +
 .../no-custom-config/tests/wire/test_.py      |   23 +
 .../wiremock/wiremock-mappings.json           |   54 +-
 seed/ts-sdk/allof/.fern/metadata.json         |    3 +-
 seed/ts-sdk/allof/reference.md                |  133 +
 seed/ts-sdk/allof/snippet.json                |   22 +
 seed/ts-sdk/allof/src/Client.ts               |  117 +
 .../src/api/client/requests/PlantPost.ts      |   31 +
 .../allof/src/api/client/requests/index.ts    |    1 +
 seed/ts-sdk/allof/src/api/types/PlantBase.ts  |   19 +
 .../ts-sdk/allof/src/api/types/PlantStrict.ts |   10 +
 seed/ts-sdk/allof/src/api/types/TreeBase.ts   |   10 +
 .../allof/src/api/types/TreeDescribable.ts    |    8 +
 .../allof/src/api/types/TreeIdentifiable.ts   |    6 +
 seed/ts-sdk/allof/src/api/types/TreeRecord.ts |    8 +
 seed/ts-sdk/allof/src/api/types/index.ts      |    6 +
 seed/ts-sdk/allof/tests/wire/main.test.ts     |   52 +
 test-definitions/fern/apis/allof/openapi.yml  |  167 +-
 79 files changed, 15982 insertions(+), 6686 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 packages/cli/api-importers/v3-importer-tests/src/__test__/__snapshots__/baseline-sdks/allof-nested-ref.json
 create mode 100644 packages/cli/api-importers/v3-importer-tests/src/__test__/__snapshots__/v3-sdks/allof-nested-ref.json
 create mode 100644 packages/cli/api-importers/v3-importer-tests/src/__test__/fixtures/allof-nested-ref/fern/fern.config.json
 create mode 100644 packages/cli/api-importers/v3-importer-tests/src/__test__/fixtures/allof-nested-ref/fern/generators.yml
 create mode 100644 packages/cli/api-importers/v3-importer-tests/src/__test__/fixtures/allof-nested-ref/openapi.yml
 create mode 100644 packages/cli/cli/changes/unreleased/fix-allof-nested-ref-resolution.yml
 create mode 100644 seed/go-sdk/allof/dynamic-snippets/example10/snippet.go
 create mode 100644 seed/go-sdk/allof/dynamic-snippets/example11/snippet.go
 create mode 100644 seed/go-sdk/allof/dynamic-snippets/example12/snippet.go
 create mode 100644 seed/go-sdk/allof/dynamic-snippets/example13/snippet.go
 create mode 100644 seed/java-sdk/allof/src/main/java/com/seed/api/requests/PlantPost.java
 create mode 100644 seed/java-sdk/allof/src/main/java/com/seed/api/types/IPlantBase.java
 create mode 100644 seed/java-sdk/allof/src/main/java/com/seed/api/types/IPlantStrict.java
 create mode 100644 seed/java-sdk/allof/src/main/java/com/seed/api/types/ITreeBase.java
 create mode 100644 seed/java-sdk/allof/src/main/java/com/seed/api/types/ITreeDescribable.java
 create mode 100644 seed/java-sdk/allof/src/main/java/com/seed/api/types/ITreeIdentifiable.java
 create mode 100644 seed/java-sdk/allof/src/main/java/com/seed/api/types/PlantBase.java
 create mode 100644 seed/java-sdk/allof/src/main/java/com/seed/api/types/PlantBaseWateringFrequency.java
 create mode 100644 seed/java-sdk/allof/src/main/java/com/seed/api/types/PlantPostSunExposure.java
 create mode 100644 seed/java-sdk/allof/src/main/java/com/seed/api/types/PlantStrict.java
 create mode 100644 seed/java-sdk/allof/src/main/java/com/seed/api/types/TreeBase.java
 create mode 100644 seed/java-sdk/allof/src/main/java/com/seed/api/types/TreeDescribable.java
 create mode 100644 seed/java-sdk/allof/src/main/java/com/seed/api/types/TreeIdentifiable.java
 create mode 100644 seed/java-sdk/allof/src/main/java/com/seed/api/types/TreeRecord.java
 create mode 100644 seed/java-sdk/allof/src/main/java/com/snippets/Example10.java
 create mode 100644 seed/java-sdk/allof/src/main/java/com/snippets/Example11.java
 create mode 100644 seed/java-sdk/allof/src/main/java/com/snippets/Example12.java
 create mode 100644 seed/java-sdk/allof/src/main/java/com/snippets/Example13.java
 create mode 100644 seed/python-sdk/allof/no-custom-config/src/seed/types/plant_base.py
 create mode 100644 seed/python-sdk/allof/no-custom-config/src/seed/types/plant_base_watering_frequency.py
 create mode 100644 seed/python-sdk/allof/no-custom-config/src/seed/types/plant_post_sun_exposure.py
 create mode 100644 seed/python-sdk/allof/no-custom-config/src/seed/types/plant_strict.py
 create mode 100644 seed/python-sdk/allof/no-custom-config/src/seed/types/tree_base.py
 create mode 100644 seed/python-sdk/allof/no-custom-config/src/seed/types/tree_describable.py
 create mode 100644 seed/python-sdk/allof/no-custom-config/src/seed/types/tree_identifiable.py
 create mode 100644 seed/python-sdk/allof/no-custom-config/src/seed/types/tree_record.py
 create mode 100644 seed/ts-sdk/allof/src/api/client/requests/PlantPost.ts
 create mode 100644 seed/ts-sdk/allof/src/api/types/PlantBase.ts
 create mode 100644 seed/ts-sdk/allof/src/api/types/PlantStrict.ts
 create mode 100644 seed/ts-sdk/allof/src/api/types/TreeBase.ts
 create mode 100644 seed/ts-sdk/allof/src/api/types/TreeDescribable.ts
 create mode 100644 seed/ts-sdk/allof/src/api/types/TreeIdentifiable.ts
 create mode 100644 seed/ts-sdk/allof/src/api/types/TreeRecord.ts

diff --git a/packages/cli/api-importers/v3-importer-commons/src/converters/schema/SchemaConverter.ts b/packages/cli/api-importers/v3-importer-commons/src/converters/schema/SchemaConverter.ts
index 3dae42f80521..0c440553c2a2 100644
--- a/packages/cli/api-importers/v3-importer-commons/src/converters/schema/SchemaConverter.ts
+++ b/packages/cli/api-importers/v3-importer-commons/src/converters/schema/SchemaConverter.ts
@@ -319,7 +319,17 @@ export class SchemaConverter extends AbstractConverter<AbstractConverterContext<
                 return undefined;
             }
 
-            const mergedSchema = mergeAllOfSchemas(this.schema, resolvedElements);
+            const mergedSchema = mergeAllOfSchemas(this.schema, resolvedElements, (ref) => {
+                const resolved = this.context.resolveMaybeReference<OpenAPIV3_1.SchemaObject>({
+                    schemaOrReference: ref,
+                    breadcrumbs: this.breadcrumbs
+                });
+                // Skip if result is still a reference (e.g. URL ref alias)
+                if (resolved != null && this.context.isReferenceObject(resolved)) {
+                    return undefined;
+                }
+                return resolved;
+            });
 
             const allResolvedRefs = new Set<string>([...this.visitedRefs, ...localResolvedRefs]);
             const mergedConverter = new SchemaConverter({
diff --git a/packages/cli/api-importers/v3-importer-commons/src/converters/schema/__test__/mergeAllOfSchemas.test.ts b/packages/cli/api-importers/v3-importer-commons/src/converters/schema/__test__/mergeAllOfSchemas.test.ts
index 6aa9f5ba0f48..028598873a0a 100644
--- a/packages/cli/api-importers/v3-importer-commons/src/converters/schema/__test__/mergeAllOfSchemas.test.ts
+++ b/packages/cli/api-importers/v3-importer-commons/src/converters/schema/__test__/mergeAllOfSchemas.test.ts
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ describe("mergeAllOfSchemas", () => {
             expect(result.allOf).toBeUndefined();
         });
 
-        it("filters out $ref objects from nested allOf arrays", () => {
+        it("filters out $ref objects from nested allOf arrays when no resolver provided", () => {
             const result = mergeAllOfSchemas({} as Schema, [
                 {
                     required: ["id"],
@@ -162,6 +162,228 @@ describe("mergeAllOfSchemas", () => {
             expect("$ref" in result).toBe(false);
         });
 
+        it("resolves $ref objects in nested allOf when resolver is provided", () => {
+            const resolver = (ref: { $ref: string }) => {
+                if (ref.$ref === "#/components/schemas/Base") {
+                    return {
+                        type: "object",
+                        required: ["baseField"],
+                        properties: {
+                            baseField: { type: "string" },
+                            baseOptional: { type: "number" }
+                        }
+                    } as Schema;
+                }
+                return undefined;
+            };
+            const result = mergeAllOfSchemas(
+                {} as Schema,
+                [
+                    {
+                        required: ["id"],
+                        properties: { id: { type: "string" } },
+                        allOf: [
+                            { $ref: "#/components/schemas/Base" } as unknown as Schema,
+                            { required: ["name"], properties: { name: { type: "string" } } }
+                        ]
+                    } as Schema
+                ],
+                resolver
+            );
+            expect(result.properties?.["id"]).toBeDefined();
+            expect(result.properties?.["name"]).toBeDefined();
+            expect(result.properties?.["baseField"]).toBeDefined();
+            expect(result.properties?.["baseOptional"]).toBeDefined();
+            expect(result.required).toEqual(expect.arrayContaining(["id", "name", "baseField"]));
+            expect("$ref" in result).toBe(false);
+        });
+
+        it("resolves deeply nested $ref chains with resolver", () => {
+            const resolver = (ref: { $ref: string }) => {
+                if (ref.$ref === "#/components/schemas/GrandParent") {
+                    return {
+                        properties: { ancestorProp: { type: "boolean" } },
+                        allOf: [{ $ref: "#/components/schemas/Root" } as unknown as Schema]
+                    } as Schema;
+                }
+                if (ref.$ref === "#/components/schemas/Root") {
+                    return {
+                        properties: { rootProp: { type: "integer" } }
+                    } as Schema;
+                }
+                return undefined;
+            };
+            const result = mergeAllOfSchemas(
+                {} as Schema,
+                [
+                    {
+                        properties: { childProp: { type: "string" } },
+                        allOf: [{ $ref: "#/components/schemas/GrandParent" } as unknown as Schema]
+                    } as Schema
+                ],
+                resolver
+            );
+            expect(result.properties?.["childProp"]).toBeDefined();
+            expect(result.properties?.["ancestorProp"]).toBeDefined();
+            expect(result.properties?.["rootProp"]).toBeDefined();
+        });
+
+        it("handles circular $ref in nested allOf with resolver", () => {
+            const resolver = (ref: { $ref: string }) => {
+                if (ref.$ref === "#/components/schemas/A") {
+                    return {
+                        properties: { aProp: { type: "string" } },
+                        allOf: [{ $ref: "#/components/schemas/B" } as unknown as Schema]
+                    } as Schema;
+                }
+                if (ref.$ref === "#/components/schemas/B") {
+                    return {
+                        properties: { bProp: { type: "number" } },
+                        allOf: [{ $ref: "#/components/schemas/A" } as unknown as Schema]
+                    } as Schema;
+                }
+                return undefined;
+            };
+            const result = mergeAllOfSchemas(
+                {} as Schema,
+                [
+                    {
+                        properties: { local: { type: "boolean" } },
+                        allOf: [{ $ref: "#/components/schemas/A" } as unknown as Schema]
+                    } as Schema
+                ],
+                resolver
+            );
+            expect(result.properties?.["local"]).toBeDefined();
+            expect(result.properties?.["aProp"]).toBeDefined();
+            expect(result.properties?.["bProp"]).toBeDefined();
+            expect("$ref" in result).toBe(false);
+        });
+
+        it("merges required arrays across resolved $ref boundaries", () => {
+            const resolver = (ref: { $ref: string }) => {
+                if (ref.$ref === "#/components/schemas/Parent") {
+                    return {
+                        type: "object",
+                        required: ["parentField"],
+                        properties: {
+                            parentField: { type: "string" },
+                            parentOptional: { type: "number" }
+                        }
+                    } as Schema;
+                }
+                return undefined;
+            };
+            const result = mergeAllOfSchemas(
+                {} as Schema,
+                [
+                    {
+                        required: ["childField", "parentField"],
+                        properties: { childField: { type: "boolean" } },
+                        allOf: [{ $ref: "#/components/schemas/Parent" } as unknown as Schema]
+                    } as Schema
+                ],
+                resolver
+            );
+            expect(result.required).toEqual(expect.arrayContaining(["parentField", "childField"]));
+            expect(result.required).toHaveLength(2);
+            expect(result.properties?.["parentField"]).toBeDefined();
+            expect(result.properties?.["parentOptional"]).toBeDefined();
+            expect(result.properties?.["childField"]).toBeDefined();
+        });
+
+        it("resolves multiple $ref entries in a single nested allOf", () => {
+            const resolver = (ref: { $ref: string }) => {
+                if (ref.$ref === "#/components/schemas/Identifiable") {
+                    return {
+                        type: "object",
+                        required: ["id"],
+                        properties: { id: { type: "string" } }
+                    } as Schema;
+                }
+                if (ref.$ref === "#/components/schemas/Describable") {
+                    return {
+                        type: "object",
+                        properties: {
+                            name: { type: "string" },
+                            description: { type: "string" }
+                        }
+                    } as Schema;
+                }
+                return undefined;
+            };
+            const result = mergeAllOfSchemas(
+                {} as Schema,
+                [
+                    {
+                        properties: { species: { type: "string" } },
+                        allOf: [
+                            { $ref: "#/components/schemas/Identifiable" } as unknown as Schema,
+                            { $ref: "#/components/schemas/Describable" } as unknown as Schema
+                        ]
+                    } as Schema
+                ],
+                resolver
+            );
+            expect(result.properties?.["id"]).toBeDefined();
+            expect(result.properties?.["name"]).toBeDefined();
+            expect(result.properties?.["description"]).toBeDefined();
+            expect(result.properties?.["species"]).toBeDefined();
+            expect(result.required).toEqual(["id"]);
+        });
+
+        it("preserves sibling properties when parent has both $ref and own properties", () => {
+            const resolver = (ref: { $ref: string }) => {
+                if (ref.$ref === "#/components/schemas/Address") {
+                    return {
+                        type: "object",
+                        required: ["country"],
+                        properties: {
+                            country: { type: "string" },
+                            city: { type: "string" }
+                        }
+                    } as Schema;
+                }
+                return undefined;
+            };
+            const result = mergeAllOfSchemas(
+                {} as Schema,
+                [
+                    {
+                        type: "object",
+                        properties: {
+                            companyName: { type: "string" },
+                            companyPhone: { type: "string" }
+                        },
+                        allOf: [{ $ref: "#/components/schemas/Address" } as unknown as Schema]
+                    } as Schema
+                ],
+                resolver
+            );
+            expect(result.properties?.["country"]).toBeDefined();
+            expect(result.properties?.["city"]).toBeDefined();
+            expect(result.properties?.["companyName"]).toBeDefined();
+            expect(result.properties?.["companyPhone"]).toBeDefined();
+            expect(result.required).toEqual(["country"]);
+        });
+
+        it("returns undefined resolver results gracefully", () => {
+            const resolver = () => undefined;
+            const result = mergeAllOfSchemas(
+                {} as Schema,
+                [
+                    {
+                        required: ["id"],
+                        properties: { id: { type: "string" } },
+                        allOf: [{ $ref: "#/components/schemas/Unknown" } as unknown as Schema]
+                    } as Schema
+                ],
+                resolver
+            );
+            expect(result.properties?.["id"]).toBeDefined();
+            expect(result.required).toEqual(["id"]);
+        });
+
         it("recursively flattens doubly-nested allOf", () => {
             const result = mergeAllOfSchemas({} as Schema, [
                 {
diff --git a/packages/cli/api-importers/v3-importer-commons/src/converters/schema/mergeAllOfSchemas.ts b/packages/cli/api-importers/v3-importer-commons/src/converters/schema/mergeAllOfSchemas.ts
index 50ca28fd40af..a38037d2071d 100644
--- a/packages/cli/api-importers/v3-importer-commons/src/converters/schema/mergeAllOfSchemas.ts
+++ b/packages/cli/api-importers/v3-importer-commons/src/converters/schema/mergeAllOfSchemas.ts
@@ -26,11 +26,14 @@ const MIN_OF_MAXS_KEYS = ["maximum", "exclusiveMaximum", "maxLength", "maxItems"
 
 const SKIP_FROM_CHILDREN = ["allOf", "oneOf", "anyOf"];
 
+export type RefResolver = (ref: OpenAPIV3_1.ReferenceObject) => OpenAPIV3_1.SchemaObject | undefined;
+
 export function mergeAllOfSchemas(
     outerSchema: OpenAPIV3_1.SchemaObject,
-    elements: OpenAPIV3_1.SchemaObject[]
+    elements: OpenAPIV3_1.SchemaObject[],
+    resolveRef?: RefResolver
 ): OpenAPIV3_1.SchemaObject {
-    const flatElements = flattenNestedAllOf(elements);
+    const flatElements = flattenNestedAllOf(elements, resolveRef);
 
     let result: Record<string, unknown> = {};
     for (const element of flatElements) {
@@ -42,17 +45,36 @@ export function mergeAllOfSchemas(
     return result as OpenAPIV3_1.SchemaObject;
 }
 
-function flattenNestedAllOf(elements: OpenAPIV3_1.SchemaObject[]): OpenAPIV3_1.SchemaObject[] {
+function flattenNestedAllOf(
+    elements: OpenAPIV3_1.SchemaObject[],
+    resolveRef?: RefResolver,
+    visitedRefs?: Set<string>
+): OpenAPIV3_1.SchemaObject[] {
+    const visited = visitedRefs ?? new Set<string>();
     const flat: OpenAPIV3_1.SchemaObject[] = [];
     for (const element of elements) {
         if (Array.isArray(element.allOf) && element.allOf.length > 0) {
             const { allOf, ...sibling } = element;
-            // Filter out ReferenceObjects — only include resolved SchemaObjects.
-            // Unresolved $ref entries would corrupt the merged result with a
-            // spurious top-level $ref key.
-            const schemaChildren = allOf.filter((child): child is OpenAPIV3_1.SchemaObject => !("$ref" in child));
-            // Recursively flatten in case extracted children also contain allOf
-            flat.push(...flattenNestedAllOf(schemaChildren));
+            const schemaChildren: OpenAPIV3_1.SchemaObject[] = [];
+            for (const child of allOf) {
+                if ("$ref" in child) {
+                    if (resolveRef == null) {
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                    const refPath = (child as OpenAPIV3_1.ReferenceObject).$ref;
+                    if (visited.has(refPath)) {
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                    visited.add(refPath);
+                    const resolved = resolveRef(child as OpenAPIV3_1.ReferenceObject);
+                    if (resolved != null) {
+                        schemaChildren.push(resolved);
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    schemaChildren.push(child as OpenAPIV3_1.SchemaObject);
+                }
+            }
+            flat.push(...flattenNestedAllOf(schemaChildren, resolveRef, visited));
             if (Object.keys(sibling).length > 0) {
                 flat.push(sibling as OpenAPIV3_1.SchemaObject);
             }
diff --git a/packages/cli/api-importers/v3-importer-tests/src/__test__/__snapshots__/baseline-sdks/allof-nested-ref.json b/packages/cli/api-importers/v3-importer-tests/src/__test__/__snapshots__/baseline-sdks/allof-nested-ref.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..d86fd230c8f9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/cli/api-importers/v3-importer-tests/src/__test__/__snapshots__/baseline-sdks/allof-nested-ref.json
@@ -0,0 +1,3450 @@
+{
+  "selfHosted": false,
+  "apiName": "api",
+  "apiDisplayName": "Nested allOf $ref Resolution",
+  "auth": {
+    "requirement": "ALL",
+    "schemes": []
+  },
+  "headers": [],
+  "idempotencyHeaders": [],
+  "types": {
+    "type_:UserStrict": {
+      "name": {
+        "name": "UserStrict",
+        "fernFilepath": {
+          "allParts": [],
+          "packagePath": []
+        },
+        "typeId": "type_:UserStrict"
+      },
+      "shape": {
+        "extends": [],
+        "properties": [
+          {
+            "name": "firstName",
+            "valueType": {
+              "primitive": {
+                "v1": "STRING",
+                "v2": {
+                  "type": "string"
+                }
+              },
+              "type": "primitive"
+            },
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {}
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "lastName",
+            "valueType": {
+              "primitive": {
+                "v1": "STRING",
+                "v2": {
+                  "type": "string"
+                }
+              },
+              "type": "primitive"
+            },
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {}
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "email",
+            "valueType": {
+              "primitive": {
+                "v1": "STRING",
+                "v2": {
+                  "validation": {
+                    "format": "email"
+                  },
+                  "type": "string"
+                }
+              },
+              "type": "primitive"
+            },
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {}
+            }
+          }
+        ],
+        "extraProperties": false,
+        "extendedProperties": [],
+        "type": "object"
+      },
+      "referencedTypes": {},
+      "encoding": {
+        "json": {}
+      },
+      "userProvidedExamples": [],
+      "autogeneratedExamples": []
+    },
+    "type_:UserBase": {
+      "name": {
+        "name": "UserBase",
+        "fernFilepath": {
+          "allParts": [],
+          "packagePath": []
+        },
+        "typeId": "type_:UserBase"
+      },
+      "shape": {
+        "extends": [
+          {
+            "name": "UserStrict",
+            "fernFilepath": {
+              "allParts": [],
+              "packagePath": []
+            },
+            "typeId": "type_:UserStrict"
+          }
+        ],
+        "properties": [
+          {
+            "docs": "The user's role",
+            "name": "role",
+            "valueType": {
+              "container": {
+                "optional": {
+                  "primitive": {
+                    "v1": "STRING",
+                    "v2": {
+                      "type": "string"
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "type": "primitive"
+                },
+                "type": "optional"
+              },
+              "type": "container"
+            },
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {}
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "docs": "Associated company ID",
+            "name": "companyId",
+            "valueType": {
+              "container": {
+                "optional": {
+                  "primitive": {
+                    "v1": "INTEGER",
+                    "v2": {
+                      "type": "integer"
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "type": "primitive"
+                },
+                "type": "optional"
+              },
+              "type": "container"
+            },
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {}
+            }
+          }
+        ],
+        "extraProperties": false,
+        "extendedProperties": [
+          {
+            "name": "firstName",
+            "valueType": {
+              "primitive": {
+                "v1": "STRING",
+                "v2": {
+                  "type": "string"
+                }
+              },
+              "type": "primitive"
+            },
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {}
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "lastName",
+            "valueType": {
+              "primitive": {
+                "v1": "STRING",
+                "v2": {
+                  "type": "string"
+                }
+              },
+              "type": "primitive"
+            },
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {}
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "email",
+            "valueType": {
+              "primitive": {
+                "v1": "STRING",
+                "v2": {
+                  "validation": {
+                    "format": "email"
+                  },
+                  "type": "string"
+                }
+              },
+              "type": "primitive"
+            },
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {}
+            }
+          }
+        ],
+        "type": "object"
+      },
+      "referencedTypes": {},
+      "encoding": {
+        "json": {}
+      },
+      "userProvidedExamples": [],
+      "autogeneratedExamples": []
+    },
+    "type_:AddressBase": {
+      "name": {
+        "name": "AddressBase",
+        "fernFilepath": {
+          "allParts": [],
+          "packagePath": []
+        },
+        "typeId": "type_:AddressBase"
+      },
+      "shape": {
+        "extends": [],
+        "properties": [
+          {
+            "name": "country",
+            "valueType": {
+              "primitive": {
+                "v1": "STRING",
+                "v2": {
+                  "type": "string"
+                }
+              },
+              "type": "primitive"
+            },
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {}
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "state",
+            "valueType": {
+              "container": {
+                "optional": {
+                  "primitive": {
+                    "v1": "STRING",
+                    "v2": {
+                      "type": "string"
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "type": "primitive"
+                },
+                "type": "optional"
+              },
+              "type": "container"
+            },
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {}
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "city",
+            "valueType": {
+              "container": {
+                "optional": {
+                  "primitive": {
+                    "v1": "STRING",
+                    "v2": {
+                      "type": "string"
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "type": "primitive"
+                },
+                "type": "optional"
+              },
+              "type": "container"
+            },
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {}
+            }
+          }
+        ],
+        "extraProperties": false,
+        "extendedProperties": [],
+        "type": "object"
+      },
+      "referencedTypes": {},
+      "encoding": {
+        "json": {}
+      },
+      "userProvidedExamples": [],
+      "autogeneratedExamples": []
+    },
+    "type_:CompanyBase": {
+      "name": {
+        "name": "CompanyBase",
+        "fernFilepath": {
+          "allParts": [],
+          "packagePath": []
+        },
+        "typeId": "type_:CompanyBase"
+      },
+      "shape": {
+        "extends": [
+          {
+            "name": "AddressBase",
+            "fernFilepath": {
+              "allParts": [],
+              "packagePath": []
+            },
+            "typeId": "type_:AddressBase"
+          }
+        ],
+        "properties": [
+          {
+            "name": "companyName",
+            "valueType": {
+              "container": {
+                "optional": {
+                  "primitive": {
+                    "v1": "STRING",
+                    "v2": {
+                      "type": "string"
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "type": "primitive"
+                },
+                "type": "optional"
+              },
+              "type": "container"
+            },
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {}
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "companyPhone",
+            "valueType": {
+              "container": {
+                "optional": {
+                  "primitive": {
+                    "v1": "STRING",
+                    "v2": {
+                      "type": "string"
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "type": "primitive"
+                },
+                "type": "optional"
+              },
+              "type": "container"
+            },
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {}
+            }
+          }
+        ],
+        "extraProperties": false,
+        "extendedProperties": [
+          {
+            "name": "country",
+            "valueType": {
+              "primitive": {
+                "v1": "STRING",
+                "v2": {
+                  "type": "string"
+                }
+              },
+              "type": "primitive"
+            },
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {}
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "state",
+            "valueType": {
+              "container": {
+                "optional": {
+                  "primitive": {
+                    "v1": "STRING",
+                    "v2": {
+                      "type": "string"
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "type": "primitive"
+                },
+                "type": "optional"
+              },
+              "type": "container"
+            },
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {}
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "city",
+            "valueType": {
+              "container": {
+                "optional": {
+                  "primitive": {
+                    "v1": "STRING",
+                    "v2": {
+                      "type": "string"
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "type": "primitive"
+                },
+                "type": "optional"
+              },
+              "type": "container"
+            },
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {}
+            }
+          }
+        ],
+        "type": "object"
+      },
+      "referencedTypes": {},
+      "encoding": {
+        "json": {}
+      },
+      "userProvidedExamples": [],
+      "autogeneratedExamples": []
+    },
+    "type_:Identifiable": {
+      "name": {
+        "name": "Identifiable",
+        "fernFilepath": {
+          "allParts": [],
+          "packagePath": []
+        },
+        "typeId": "type_:Identifiable"
+      },
+      "shape": {
+        "extends": [],
+        "properties": [
+          {
+            "name": "id",
+            "valueType": {
+              "primitive": {
+                "v1": "STRING",
+                "v2": {
+                  "validation": {
+                    "format": "uuid"
+                  },
+                  "type": "string"
+                }
+              },
+              "type": "primitive"
+            },
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {}
+            }
+          }
+        ],
+        "extraProperties": false,
+        "extendedProperties": [],
+        "type": "object"
+      },
+      "referencedTypes": {},
+      "encoding": {
+        "json": {}
+      },
+      "userProvidedExamples": [],
+      "autogeneratedExamples": []
+    },
+    "type_:Describable": {
+      "name": {
+        "name": "Describable",
+        "fernFilepath": {
+          "allParts": [],
+          "packagePath": []
+        },
+        "typeId": "type_:Describable"
+      },
+      "shape": {
+        "extends": [],
+        "properties": [
+          {
+            "name": "name",
+            "valueType": {
+              "container": {
+                "optional": {
+                  "primitive": {
+                    "v1": "STRING",
+                    "v2": {
+                      "type": "string"
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "type": "primitive"
+                },
+                "type": "optional"
+              },
+              "type": "container"
+            },
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {}
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "description",
+            "valueType": {
+              "container": {
+                "optional": {
+                  "primitive": {
+                    "v1": "STRING",
+                    "v2": {
+                      "type": "string"
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "type": "primitive"
+                },
+                "type": "optional"
+              },
+              "type": "container"
+            },
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {}
+            }
+          }
+        ],
+        "extraProperties": false,
+        "extendedProperties": [],
+        "type": "object"
+      },
+      "referencedTypes": {},
+      "encoding": {
+        "json": {}
+      },
+      "userProvidedExamples": [],
+      "autogeneratedExamples": []
+    },
+    "type_:PlantBaseWateringFrequency": {
+      "inline": true,
+      "name": {
+        "name": "PlantBaseWateringFrequency",
+        "fernFilepath": {
+          "allParts": [],
+          "packagePath": []
+        },
+        "typeId": "type_:PlantBaseWateringFrequency"
+      },
+      "shape": {
+        "values": [
+          {
+            "name": "daily"
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "weekly"
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "biweekly"
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "monthly"
+          }
+        ],
+        "type": "enum"
+      },
+      "referencedTypes": {},
+      "encoding": {
+        "json": {}
+      },
+      "userProvidedExamples": [],
+      "autogeneratedExamples": []
+    },
+    "type_:PlantBase": {
+      "name": {
+        "name": "PlantBase",
+        "fernFilepath": {
+          "allParts": [],
+          "packagePath": []
+        },
+        "typeId": "type_:PlantBase"
+      },
+      "shape": {
+        "extends": [
+          {
+            "name": "Identifiable",
+            "fernFilepath": {
+              "allParts": [],
+              "packagePath": []
+            },
+            "typeId": "type_:Identifiable"
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "Describable",
+            "fernFilepath": {
+              "allParts": [],
+              "packagePath": []
+            },
+            "typeId": "type_:Describable"
+          }
+        ],
+        "properties": [
+          {
+            "name": "species",
+            "valueType": {
+              "container": {
+                "optional": {
+                  "primitive": {
+                    "v1": "STRING",
+                    "v2": {
+                      "type": "string"
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "type": "primitive"
+                },
+                "type": "optional"
+              },
+              "type": "container"
+            },
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {}
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "wateringFrequency",
+            "valueType": {
+              "container": {
+                "optional": {
+                  "name": "PlantBaseWateringFrequency",
+                  "fernFilepath": {
+                    "allParts": [],
+                    "packagePath": []
+                  },
+                  "typeId": "type_:PlantBaseWateringFrequency",
+                  "type": "named"
+                },
+                "type": "optional"
+              },
+              "type": "container"
+            },
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {}
+            }
+          }
+        ],
+        "extraProperties": false,
+        "extendedProperties": [
+          {
+            "name": "id",
+            "valueType": {
+              "primitive": {
+                "v1": "STRING",
+                "v2": {
+                  "validation": {
+                    "format": "uuid"
+                  },
+                  "type": "string"
+                }
+              },
+              "type": "primitive"
+            },
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {}
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "name",
+            "valueType": {
+              "container": {
+                "optional": {
+                  "primitive": {
+                    "v1": "STRING",
+                    "v2": {
+                      "type": "string"
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "type": "primitive"
+                },
+                "type": "optional"
+              },
+              "type": "container"
+            },
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {}
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "description",
+            "valueType": {
+              "container": {
+                "optional": {
+                  "primitive": {
+                    "v1": "STRING",
+                    "v2": {
+                      "type": "string"
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "type": "primitive"
+                },
+                "type": "optional"
+              },
+              "type": "container"
+            },
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {}
+            }
+          }
+        ],
+        "type": "object"
+      },
+      "referencedTypes": {},
+      "encoding": {
+        "json": {}
+      },
+      "userProvidedExamples": [],
+      "autogeneratedExamples": []
+    },
+    "type_:PlantRecord": {
+      "name": {
+        "name": "PlantRecord",
+        "fernFilepath": {
+          "allParts": [],
+          "packagePath": []
+        },
+        "typeId": "type_:PlantRecord"
+      },
+      "shape": {
+        "extends": [
+          {
+            "name": "PlantBase",
+            "fernFilepath": {
+              "allParts": [],
+              "packagePath": []
+            },
+            "typeId": "type_:PlantBase"
+          }
+        ],
+        "properties": [
+          {
+            "docs": "Date the plant was planted",
+            "name": "plantedAt",
+            "valueType": {
+              "container": {
+                "optional": {
+                  "primitive": {
+                    "v1": "DATE"
+                  },
+                  "type": "primitive"
+                },
+                "type": "optional"
+              },
+              "type": "container"
+            },
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {}
+            }
+          }
+        ],
+        "extraProperties": false,
+        "extendedProperties": [
+          {
+            "name": "species",
+            "valueType": {
+              "container": {
+                "optional": {
+                  "primitive": {
+                    "v1": "STRING",
+                    "v2": {
+                      "type": "string"
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "type": "primitive"
+                },
+                "type": "optional"
+              },
+              "type": "container"
+            },
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {}
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "wateringFrequency",
+            "valueType": {
+              "container": {
+                "optional": {
+                  "name": "PlantBaseWateringFrequency",
+                  "fernFilepath": {
+                    "allParts": [],
+                    "packagePath": []
+                  },
+                  "typeId": "type_:PlantBaseWateringFrequency",
+                  "type": "named"
+                },
+                "type": "optional"
+              },
+              "type": "container"
+            },
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {}
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "id",
+            "valueType": {
+              "primitive": {
+                "v1": "STRING",
+                "v2": {
+                  "validation": {
+                    "format": "uuid"
+                  },
+                  "type": "string"
+                }
+              },
+              "type": "primitive"
+            },
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {}
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "name",
+            "valueType": {
+              "container": {
+                "optional": {
+                  "primitive": {
+                    "v1": "STRING",
+                    "v2": {
+                      "type": "string"
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "type": "primitive"
+                },
+                "type": "optional"
+              },
+              "type": "container"
+            },
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {}
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "description",
+            "valueType": {
+              "container": {
+                "optional": {
+                  "primitive": {
+                    "v1": "STRING",
+                    "v2": {
+                      "type": "string"
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "type": "primitive"
+                },
+                "type": "optional"
+              },
+              "type": "container"
+            },
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {}
+            }
+          }
+        ],
+        "type": "object"
+      },
+      "referencedTypes": {},
+      "encoding": {
+        "json": {}
+      },
+      "userProvidedExamples": [],
+      "autogeneratedExamples": []
+    }
+  },
+  "errors": {},
+  "services": {
+    "service_": {
+      "name": {
+        "fernFilepath": {
+          "allParts": [],
+          "packagePath": []
+        }
+      },
+      "basePath": {
+        "head": "",
+        "parts": []
+      },
+      "headers": [],
+      "pathParameters": [],
+      "encoding": {
+        "json": {}
+      },
+      "transport": {
+        "type": "http"
+      },
+      "endpoints": [
+        {
+          "docs": "Tests the core BigCommerce pattern: userPost -> userBase -> userStrict. The grandparent's properties must be resolved through the nested $ref.",
+          "id": "endpoint_.createUser",
+          "name": "createUser",
+          "displayName": "Create a user (three-level allOf chain)",
+          "auth": false,
+          "idempotent": false,
+          "method": "POST",
+          "path": {
+            "head": "/users",
+            "parts": []
+          },
+          "fullPath": {
+            "head": "users",
+            "parts": []
+          },
+          "pathParameters": [],
+          "allPathParameters": [],
+          "queryParameters": [],
+          "headers": [],
+          "requestBody": {
+            "name": "UserPost",
+            "extends": [
+              {
+                "name": "UserBase",
+                "fernFilepath": {
+                  "allParts": [],
+                  "packagePath": []
+                },
+                "typeId": "type_:UserBase"
+              }
+            ],
+            "contentType": "application/json",
+            "properties": [
+              {
+                "docs": "Whether to send a welcome email",
+                "name": "acceptWelcomeEmail",
+                "valueType": {
+                  "container": {
+                    "optional": {
+                      "primitive": {
+                        "v1": "BOOLEAN",
+                        "v2": {
+                          "type": "boolean"
+                        }
+                      },
+                      "type": "primitive"
+                    },
+                    "type": "optional"
+                  },
+                  "type": "container"
+                },
+                "v2Examples": {
+                  "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+                  "autogeneratedExamples": {}
+                }
+              },
+              {
+                "docs": "Origin channel ID",
+                "name": "originChannelId",
+                "valueType": {
+                  "container": {
+                    "optional": {
+                      "primitive": {
+                        "v1": "INTEGER",
+                        "v2": {
+                          "type": "integer"
+                        }
+                      },
+                      "type": "primitive"
+                    },
+                    "type": "optional"
+                  },
+                  "type": "container"
+                },
+                "v2Examples": {
+                  "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+                  "autogeneratedExamples": {}
+                }
+              },
+              {
+                "docs": "List of channel IDs",
+                "name": "channelIds",
+                "valueType": {
+                  "container": {
+                    "list": {
+                      "primitive": {
+                        "v1": "INTEGER",
+                        "v2": {
+                          "type": "integer"
+                        }
+                      },
+                      "type": "primitive"
+                    },
+                    "type": "list"
+                  },
+                  "type": "container"
+                },
+                "v2Examples": {
+                  "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+                  "autogeneratedExamples": {}
+                }
+              }
+            ],
+            "extraProperties": false,
+            "extendedProperties": [
+              {
+                "docs": "The user's role",
+                "name": "role",
+                "valueType": {
+                  "container": {
+                    "optional": {
+                      "primitive": {
+                        "v1": "STRING",
+                        "v2": {
+                          "type": "string"
+                        }
+                      },
+                      "type": "primitive"
+                    },
+                    "type": "optional"
+                  },
+                  "type": "container"
+                },
+                "v2Examples": {
+                  "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+                  "autogeneratedExamples": {}
+                }
+              },
+              {
+                "docs": "Associated company ID",
+                "name": "companyId",
+                "valueType": {
+                  "container": {
+                    "optional": {
+                      "primitive": {
+                        "v1": "INTEGER",
+                        "v2": {
+                          "type": "integer"
+                        }
+                      },
+                      "type": "primitive"
+                    },
+                    "type": "optional"
+                  },
+                  "type": "container"
+                },
+                "v2Examples": {
+                  "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+                  "autogeneratedExamples": {}
+                }
+              },
+              {
+                "name": "firstName",
+                "valueType": {
+                  "primitive": {
+                    "v1": "STRING",
+                    "v2": {
+                      "type": "string"
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "type": "primitive"
+                },
+                "v2Examples": {
+                  "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+                  "autogeneratedExamples": {}
+                }
+              },
+              {
+                "name": "lastName",
+                "valueType": {
+                  "primitive": {
+                    "v1": "STRING",
+                    "v2": {
+                      "type": "string"
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "type": "primitive"
+                },
+                "v2Examples": {
+                  "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+                  "autogeneratedExamples": {}
+                }
+              },
+              {
+                "name": "email",
+                "valueType": {
+                  "primitive": {
+                    "v1": "STRING",
+                    "v2": {
+                      "validation": {
+                        "format": "email"
+                      },
+                      "type": "string"
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "type": "primitive"
+                },
+                "v2Examples": {
+                  "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+                  "autogeneratedExamples": {}
+                }
+              }
+            ],
+            "type": "inlinedRequestBody"
+          },
+          "sdkRequest": {
+            "shape": {
+              "wrapperName": "UserPost",
+              "bodyKey": "body",
+              "includePathParameters": false,
+              "onlyPathParameters": false,
+              "type": "wrapper"
+            },
+            "requestParameterName": "request"
+          },
+          "response": {
+            "body": {
+              "value": {
+                "docs": "Created user",
+                "responseBodyType": {
+                  "name": "UserStrict",
+                  "fernFilepath": {
+                    "allParts": [],
+                    "packagePath": []
+                  },
+                  "typeId": "type_:UserStrict",
+                  "type": "named"
+                },
+                "type": "response"
+              },
+              "type": "json"
+            },
+            "statusCode": 200,
+            "docs": "Created user"
+          },
+          "errors": [],
+          "userSpecifiedExamples": [],
+          "autogeneratedExamples": [],
+          "responseHeaders": []
+        },
+        {
+          "docs": "Tests that sibling properties at the parent level (companyBase has its own properties in addition to $ref) are all preserved.",
+          "id": "endpoint_.createCompany",
+          "name": "createCompany",
+          "displayName": "Create a company (sibling properties alongside nested $ref)",
+          "auth": false,
+          "idempotent": false,
+          "method": "POST",
+          "path": {
+            "head": "/companies",
+            "parts": []
+          },
+          "fullPath": {
+            "head": "companies",
+            "parts": []
+          },
+          "pathParameters": [],
+          "allPathParameters": [],
+          "queryParameters": [],
+          "headers": [],
+          "requestBody": {
+            "name": "CompanyPost",
+            "extends": [
+              {
+                "name": "CompanyBase",
+                "fernFilepath": {
+                  "allParts": [],
+                  "packagePath": []
+                },
+                "typeId": "type_:CompanyBase"
+              }
+            ],
+            "contentType": "application/json",
+            "properties": [
+              {
+                "docs": "Tax identification number",
+                "name": "taxId",
+                "valueType": {
+                  "container": {
+                    "optional": {
+                      "primitive": {
+                        "v1": "STRING",
+                        "v2": {
+                          "type": "string"
+                        }
+                      },
+                      "type": "primitive"
+                    },
+                    "type": "optional"
+                  },
+                  "type": "container"
+                },
+                "v2Examples": {
+                  "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+                  "autogeneratedExamples": {}
+                }
+              }
+            ],
+            "extraProperties": false,
+            "extendedProperties": [
+              {
+                "name": "companyName",
+                "valueType": {
+                  "container": {
+                    "optional": {
+                      "primitive": {
+                        "v1": "STRING",
+                        "v2": {
+                          "type": "string"
+                        }
+                      },
+                      "type": "primitive"
+                    },
+                    "type": "optional"
+                  },
+                  "type": "container"
+                },
+                "v2Examples": {
+                  "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+                  "autogeneratedExamples": {}
+                }
+              },
+              {
+                "name": "companyPhone",
+                "valueType": {
+                  "container": {
+                    "optional": {
+                      "primitive": {
+                        "v1": "STRING",
+                        "v2": {
+                          "type": "string"
+                        }
+                      },
+                      "type": "primitive"
+                    },
+                    "type": "optional"
+                  },
+                  "type": "container"
+                },
+                "v2Examples": {
+                  "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+                  "autogeneratedExamples": {}
+                }
+              },
+              {
+                "name": "country",
+                "valueType": {
+                  "primitive": {
+                    "v1": "STRING",
+                    "v2": {
+                      "type": "string"
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "type": "primitive"
+                },
+                "v2Examples": {
+                  "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+                  "autogeneratedExamples": {}
+                }
+              },
+              {
+                "name": "state",
+                "valueType": {
+                  "container": {
+                    "optional": {
+                      "primitive": {
+                        "v1": "STRING",
+                        "v2": {
+                          "type": "string"
+                        }
+                      },
+                      "type": "primitive"
+                    },
+                    "type": "optional"
+                  },
+                  "type": "container"
+                },
+                "v2Examples": {
+                  "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+                  "autogeneratedExamples": {}
+                }
+              },
+              {
+                "name": "city",
+                "valueType": {
+                  "container": {
+                    "optional": {
+                      "primitive": {
+                        "v1": "STRING",
+                        "v2": {
+                          "type": "string"
+                        }
+                      },
+                      "type": "primitive"
+                    },
+                    "type": "optional"
+                  },
+                  "type": "container"
+                },
+                "v2Examples": {
+                  "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+                  "autogeneratedExamples": {}
+                }
+              }
+            ],
+            "type": "inlinedRequestBody"
+          },
+          "sdkRequest": {
+            "shape": {
+              "wrapperName": "CompanyPost",
+              "bodyKey": "body",
+              "includePathParameters": false,
+              "onlyPathParameters": false,
+              "type": "wrapper"
+            },
+            "requestParameterName": "request"
+          },
+          "response": {
+            "body": {
+              "value": {
+                "docs": "Created company",
+                "responseBodyType": {
+                  "name": "CompanyBase",
+                  "fernFilepath": {
+                    "allParts": [],
+                    "packagePath": []
+                  },
+                  "typeId": "type_:CompanyBase",
+                  "type": "named"
+                },
+                "type": "response"
+              },
+              "type": "json"
+            },
+            "statusCode": 200,
+            "docs": "Created company"
+          },
+          "errors": [],
+          "userSpecifiedExamples": [],
+          "autogeneratedExamples": [],
+          "responseHeaders": []
+        },
+        {
+          "docs": "Tests that when a parent's allOf contains multiple $ref entries, all of them are resolved and their properties merged.",
+          "id": "endpoint_.createPlant",
+          "name": "createPlant",
+          "displayName": "Create a plant (multiple $ref in single allOf)",
+          "auth": false,
+          "idempotent": false,
+          "method": "POST",
+          "path": {
+            "head": "/plants",
+            "parts": []
+          },
+          "fullPath": {
+            "head": "plants",
+            "parts": []
+          },
+          "pathParameters": [],
+          "allPathParameters": [],
+          "queryParameters": [],
+          "headers": [],
+          "requestBody": {
+            "requestBodyType": {
+              "name": "PlantRecord",
+              "fernFilepath": {
+                "allParts": [],
+                "packagePath": []
+              },
+              "typeId": "type_:PlantRecord",
+              "type": "named"
+            },
+            "type": "reference"
+          },
+          "sdkRequest": {
+            "shape": {
+              "value": {
+                "requestBodyType": {
+                  "name": "PlantRecord",
+                  "fernFilepath": {
+                    "allParts": [],
+                    "packagePath": []
+                  },
+                  "typeId": "type_:PlantRecord",
+                  "type": "named"
+                },
+                "type": "typeReference"
+              },
+              "type": "justRequestBody"
+            },
+            "requestParameterName": "request"
+          },
+          "response": {
+            "body": {
+              "value": {
+                "docs": "Created plant",
+                "responseBodyType": {
+                  "name": "PlantRecord",
+                  "fernFilepath": {
+                    "allParts": [],
+                    "packagePath": []
+                  },
+                  "typeId": "type_:PlantRecord",
+                  "type": "named"
+                },
+                "type": "response"
+              },
+              "type": "json"
+            },
+            "statusCode": 200,
+            "docs": "Created plant"
+          },
+          "errors": [],
+          "userSpecifiedExamples": [],
+          "autogeneratedExamples": [],
+          "responseHeaders": []
+        }
+      ]
+    }
+  },
+  "constants": {
+    "errorInstanceIdKey": "errorInstanceId"
+  },
+  "environments": {
+    "defaultEnvironment": "Default",
+    "environments": {
+      "environments": [
+        {
+          "id": "Default",
+          "name": "Default",
+          "url": "https://api.example.com"
+        }
+      ],
+      "type": "singleBaseUrl"
+    }
+  },
+  "errorDiscriminationStrategy": {
+    "type": "statusCode"
+  },
+  "pathParameters": [],
+  "variables": [],
+  "serviceTypeReferenceInfo": {
+    "typesReferencedOnlyByService": {
+      "service_": [
+        "type_:UserStrict",
+        "type_:UserBase",
+        "type_:AddressBase",
+        "type_:CompanyBase",
+        "type_:Identifiable",
+        "type_:Describable",
+        "type_:PlantBaseWateringFrequency",
+        "type_:PlantBase",
+        "type_:PlantRecord"
+      ]
+    },
+    "sharedTypes": []
+  },
+  "webhookGroups": {},
+  "websocketChannels": {},
+  "dynamic": {
+    "version": "1.0.0",
+    "types": {
+      "type_:UserStrict": {
+        "declaration": {
+          "name": {
+            "originalName": "UserStrict",
+            "camelCase": {
+              "unsafeName": "userStrict",
+              "safeName": "userStrict"
+            },
+            "snakeCase": {
+              "unsafeName": "user_strict",
+              "safeName": "user_strict"
+            },
+            "screamingSnakeCase": {
+              "unsafeName": "USER_STRICT",
+              "safeName": "USER_STRICT"
+            },
+            "pascalCase": {
+              "unsafeName": "UserStrict",
+              "safeName": "UserStrict"
+            }
+          },
+          "fernFilepath": {
+            "allParts": [],
+            "packagePath": []
+          }
+        },
+        "properties": [
+          {
+            "name": {
+              "wireValue": "firstName",
+              "name": {
+                "originalName": "firstName",
+                "camelCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "firstName",
+                  "safeName": "firstName"
+                },
+                "snakeCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "first_name",
+                  "safeName": "first_name"
+                },
+                "screamingSnakeCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "FIRST_NAME",
+                  "safeName": "FIRST_NAME"
+                },
+                "pascalCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "FirstName",
+                  "safeName": "FirstName"
+                }
+              }
+            },
+            "typeReference": {
+              "value": "STRING",
+              "type": "primitive"
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": {
+              "wireValue": "lastName",
+              "name": {
+                "originalName": "lastName",
+                "camelCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "lastName",
+                  "safeName": "lastName"
+                },
+                "snakeCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "last_name",
+                  "safeName": "last_name"
+                },
+                "screamingSnakeCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "LAST_NAME",
+                  "safeName": "LAST_NAME"
+                },
+                "pascalCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "LastName",
+                  "safeName": "LastName"
+                }
+              }
+            },
+            "typeReference": {
+              "value": "STRING",
+              "type": "primitive"
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": {
+              "wireValue": "email",
+              "name": {
+                "originalName": "email",
+                "camelCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "email",
+                  "safeName": "email"
+                },
+                "snakeCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "email",
+                  "safeName": "email"
+                },
+                "screamingSnakeCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "EMAIL",
+                  "safeName": "EMAIL"
+                },
+                "pascalCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "Email",
+                  "safeName": "Email"
+                }
+              }
+            },
+            "typeReference": {
+              "value": "STRING",
+              "type": "primitive"
+            }
+          }
+        ],
+        "additionalProperties": false,
+        "type": "object"
+      },
+      "type_:UserBase": {
+        "declaration": {
+          "name": {
+            "originalName": "UserBase",
+            "camelCase": {
+              "unsafeName": "userBase",
+              "safeName": "userBase"
+            },
+            "snakeCase": {
+              "unsafeName": "user_base",
+              "safeName": "user_base"
+            },
+            "screamingSnakeCase": {
+              "unsafeName": "USER_BASE",
+              "safeName": "USER_BASE"
+            },
+            "pascalCase": {
+              "unsafeName": "UserBase",
+              "safeName": "UserBase"
+            }
+          },
+          "fernFilepath": {
+            "allParts": [],
+            "packagePath": []
+          }
+        },
+        "properties": [
+          {
+            "name": {
+              "wireValue": "firstName",
+              "name": {
+                "originalName": "firstName",
+                "camelCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "firstName",
+                  "safeName": "firstName"
+                },
+                "snakeCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "first_name",
+                  "safeName": "first_name"
+                },
+                "screamingSnakeCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "FIRST_NAME",
+                  "safeName": "FIRST_NAME"
+                },
+                "pascalCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "FirstName",
+                  "safeName": "FirstName"
+                }
+              }
+            },
+            "typeReference": {
+              "value": "STRING",
+              "type": "primitive"
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": {
+              "wireValue": "lastName",
+              "name": {
+                "originalName": "lastName",
+                "camelCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "lastName",
+                  "safeName": "lastName"
+                },
+                "snakeCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "last_name",
+                  "safeName": "last_name"
+                },
+                "screamingSnakeCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "LAST_NAME",
+                  "safeName": "LAST_NAME"
+                },
+                "pascalCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "LastName",
+                  "safeName": "LastName"
+                }
+              }
+            },
+            "typeReference": {
+              "value": "STRING",
+              "type": "primitive"
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": {
+              "wireValue": "email",
+              "name": {
+                "originalName": "email",
+                "camelCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "email",
+                  "safeName": "email"
+                },
+                "snakeCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "email",
+                  "safeName": "email"
+                },
+                "screamingSnakeCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "EMAIL",
+                  "safeName": "EMAIL"
+                },
+                "pascalCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "Email",
+                  "safeName": "Email"
+                }
+              }
+            },
+            "typeReference": {
+              "value": "STRING",
+              "type": "primitive"
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": {
+              "wireValue": "role",
+              "name": {
+                "originalName": "role",
+                "camelCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "role",
+                  "safeName": "role"
+                },
+                "snakeCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "role",
+                  "safeName": "role"
+                },
+                "screamingSnakeCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "ROLE",
+                  "safeName": "ROLE"
+                },
+                "pascalCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "Role",
+                  "safeName": "Role"
+                }
+              }
+            },
+            "typeReference": {
+              "value": {
+                "value": "STRING",
+                "type": "primitive"
+              },
+              "type": "optional"
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": {
+              "wireValue": "companyId",
+              "name": {
+                "originalName": "companyId",
+                "camelCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "companyID",
+                  "safeName": "companyID"
+                },
+                "snakeCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "company_id",
+                  "safeName": "company_id"
+                },
+                "screamingSnakeCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "COMPANY_ID",
+                  "safeName": "COMPANY_ID"
+                },
+                "pascalCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "CompanyID",
+                  "safeName": "CompanyID"
+                }
+              }
+            },
+            "typeReference": {
+              "value": {
+                "value": "INTEGER",
+                "type": "primitive"
+              },
+              "type": "optional"
+            }
+          }
+        ],
+        "extends": [
+          "type_:UserStrict"
+        ],
+        "additionalProperties": false,
+        "type": "object"
+      },
+      "type_:AddressBase": {
+        "declaration": {
+          "name": {
+            "originalName": "AddressBase",
+            "camelCase": {
+              "unsafeName": "addressBase",
+              "safeName": "addressBase"
+            },
+            "snakeCase": {
+              "unsafeName": "address_base",
+              "safeName": "address_base"
+            },
+            "screamingSnakeCase": {
+              "unsafeName": "ADDRESS_BASE",
+              "safeName": "ADDRESS_BASE"
+            },
+            "pascalCase": {
+              "unsafeName": "AddressBase",
+              "safeName": "AddressBase"
+            }
+          },
+          "fernFilepath": {
+            "allParts": [],
+            "packagePath": []
+          }
+        },
+        "properties": [
+          {
+            "name": {
+              "wireValue": "country",
+              "name": {
+                "originalName": "country",
+                "camelCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "country",
+                  "safeName": "country"
+                },
+                "snakeCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "country",
+                  "safeName": "country"
+                },
+                "screamingSnakeCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "COUNTRY",
+                  "safeName": "COUNTRY"
+                },
+                "pascalCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "Country",
+                  "safeName": "Country"
+                }
+              }
+            },
+            "typeReference": {
+              "value": "STRING",
+              "type": "primitive"
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": {
+              "wireValue": "state",
+              "name": {
+                "originalName": "state",
+                "camelCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "state",
+                  "safeName": "state"
+                },
+                "snakeCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "state",
+                  "safeName": "state"
+                },
+                "screamingSnakeCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "STATE",
+                  "safeName": "STATE"
+                },
+                "pascalCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "State",
+                  "safeName": "State"
+                }
+              }
+            },
+            "typeReference": {
+              "value": {
+                "value": "STRING",
+                "type": "primitive"
+              },
+              "type": "optional"
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": {
+              "wireValue": "city",
+              "name": {
+                "originalName": "city",
+                "camelCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "city",
+                  "safeName": "city"
+                },
+                "snakeCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "city",
+                  "safeName": "city"
+                },
+                "screamingSnakeCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "CITY",
+                  "safeName": "CITY"
+                },
+                "pascalCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "City",
+                  "safeName": "City"
+                }
+              }
+            },
+            "typeReference": {
+              "value": {
+                "value": "STRING",
+                "type": "primitive"
+              },
+              "type": "optional"
+            }
+          }
+        ],
+        "additionalProperties": false,
+        "type": "object"
+      },
+      "type_:CompanyBase": {
+        "declaration": {
+          "name": {
+            "originalName": "CompanyBase",
+            "camelCase": {
+              "unsafeName": "companyBase",
+              "safeName": "companyBase"
+            },
+            "snakeCase": {
+              "unsafeName": "company_base",
+              "safeName": "company_base"
+            },
+            "screamingSnakeCase": {
+              "unsafeName": "COMPANY_BASE",
+              "safeName": "COMPANY_BASE"
+            },
+            "pascalCase": {
+              "unsafeName": "CompanyBase",
+              "safeName": "CompanyBase"
+            }
+          },
+          "fernFilepath": {
+            "allParts": [],
+            "packagePath": []
+          }
+        },
+        "properties": [
+          {
+            "name": {
+              "wireValue": "country",
+              "name": {
+                "originalName": "country",
+                "camelCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "country",
+                  "safeName": "country"
+                },
+                "snakeCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "country",
+                  "safeName": "country"
+                },
+                "screamingSnakeCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "COUNTRY",
+                  "safeName": "COUNTRY"
+                },
+                "pascalCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "Country",
+                  "safeName": "Country"
+                }
+              }
+            },
+            "typeReference": {
+              "value": "STRING",
+              "type": "primitive"
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": {
+              "wireValue": "state",
+              "name": {
+                "originalName": "state",
+                "camelCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "state",
+                  "safeName": "state"
+                },
+                "snakeCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "state",
+                  "safeName": "state"
+                },
+                "screamingSnakeCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "STATE",
+                  "safeName": "STATE"
+                },
+                "pascalCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "State",
+                  "safeName": "State"
+                }
+              }
+            },
+            "typeReference": {
+              "value": {
+                "value": "STRING",
+                "type": "primitive"
+              },
+              "type": "optional"
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": {
+              "wireValue": "city",
+              "name": {
+                "originalName": "city",
+                "camelCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "city",
+                  "safeName": "city"
+                },
+                "snakeCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "city",
+                  "safeName": "city"
+                },
+                "screamingSnakeCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "CITY",
+                  "safeName": "CITY"
+                },
+                "pascalCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "City",
+                  "safeName": "City"
+                }
+              }
+            },
+            "typeReference": {
+              "value": {
+                "value": "STRING",
+                "type": "primitive"
+              },
+              "type": "optional"
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": {
+              "wireValue": "companyName",
+              "name": {
+                "originalName": "companyName",
+                "camelCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "companyName",
+                  "safeName": "companyName"
+                },
+                "snakeCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "company_name",
+                  "safeName": "company_name"
+                },
+                "screamingSnakeCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "COMPANY_NAME",
+                  "safeName": "COMPANY_NAME"
+                },
+                "pascalCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "CompanyName",
+                  "safeName": "CompanyName"
+                }
+              }
+            },
+            "typeReference": {
+              "value": {
+                "value": "STRING",
+                "type": "primitive"
+              },
+              "type": "optional"
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": {
+              "wireValue": "companyPhone",
+              "name": {
+                "originalName": "companyPhone",
+                "camelCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "companyPhone",
+                  "safeName": "companyPhone"
+                },
+                "snakeCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "company_phone",
+                  "safeName": "company_phone"
+                },
+                "screamingSnakeCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "COMPANY_PHONE",
+                  "safeName": "COMPANY_PHONE"
+                },
+                "pascalCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "CompanyPhone",
+                  "safeName": "CompanyPhone"
+                }
+              }
+            },
+            "typeReference": {
+              "value": {
+                "value": "STRING",
+                "type": "primitive"
+              },
+              "type": "optional"
+            }
+          }
+        ],
+        "extends": [
+          "type_:AddressBase"
+        ],
+        "additionalProperties": false,
+        "type": "object"
+      },
+      "type_:Identifiable": {
+        "declaration": {
+          "name": {
+            "originalName": "Identifiable",
+            "camelCase": {
+              "unsafeName": "identifiable",
+              "safeName": "identifiable"
+            },
+            "snakeCase": {
+              "unsafeName": "identifiable",
+              "safeName": "identifiable"
+            },
+            "screamingSnakeCase": {
+              "unsafeName": "IDENTIFIABLE",
+              "safeName": "IDENTIFIABLE"
+            },
+            "pascalCase": {
+              "unsafeName": "Identifiable",
+              "safeName": "Identifiable"
+            }
+          },
+          "fernFilepath": {
+            "allParts": [],
+            "packagePath": []
+          }
+        },
+        "properties": [
+          {
+            "name": {
+              "wireValue": "id",
+              "name": {
+                "originalName": "id",
+                "camelCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "id",
+                  "safeName": "id"
+                },
+                "snakeCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "id",
+                  "safeName": "id"
+                },
+                "screamingSnakeCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "ID",
+                  "safeName": "ID"
+                },
+                "pascalCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "ID",
+                  "safeName": "ID"
+                }
+              }
+            },
+            "typeReference": {
+              "value": "STRING",
+              "type": "primitive"
+            }
+          }
+        ],
+        "additionalProperties": false,
+        "type": "object"
+      },
+      "type_:Describable": {
+        "declaration": {
+          "name": {
+            "originalName": "Describable",
+            "camelCase": {
+              "unsafeName": "describable",
+              "safeName": "describable"
+            },
+            "snakeCase": {
+              "unsafeName": "describable",
+              "safeName": "describable"
+            },
+            "screamingSnakeCase": {
+              "unsafeName": "DESCRIBABLE",
+              "safeName": "DESCRIBABLE"
+            },
+            "pascalCase": {
+              "unsafeName": "Describable",
+              "safeName": "Describable"
+            }
+          },
+          "fernFilepath": {
+            "allParts": [],
+            "packagePath": []
+          }
+        },
+        "properties": [
+          {
+            "name": {
+              "wireValue": "name",
+              "name": {
+                "originalName": "name",
+                "camelCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "name",
+                  "safeName": "name"
+                },
+                "snakeCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "name",
+                  "safeName": "name"
+                },
+                "screamingSnakeCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "NAME",
+                  "safeName": "NAME"
+                },
+                "pascalCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "Name",
+                  "safeName": "Name"
+                }
+              }
+            },
+            "typeReference": {
+              "value": {
+                "value": "STRING",
+                "type": "primitive"
+              },
+              "type": "optional"
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": {
+              "wireValue": "description",
+              "name": {
+                "originalName": "description",
+                "camelCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "description",
+                  "safeName": "description"
+                },
+                "snakeCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "description",
+                  "safeName": "description"
+                },
+                "screamingSnakeCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "DESCRIPTION",
+                  "safeName": "DESCRIPTION"
+                },
+                "pascalCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "Description",
+                  "safeName": "Description"
+                }
+              }
+            },
+            "typeReference": {
+              "value": {
+                "value": "STRING",
+                "type": "primitive"
+              },
+              "type": "optional"
+            }
+          }
+        ],
+        "additionalProperties": false,
+        "type": "object"
+      },
+      "type_:PlantBaseWateringFrequency": {
+        "declaration": {
+          "name": {
+            "originalName": "PlantBaseWateringFrequency",
+            "camelCase": {
+              "unsafeName": "plantBaseWateringFrequency",
+              "safeName": "plantBaseWateringFrequency"
+            },
+            "snakeCase": {
+              "unsafeName": "plant_base_watering_frequency",
+              "safeName": "plant_base_watering_frequency"
+            },
+            "screamingSnakeCase": {
+              "unsafeName": "PLANT_BASE_WATERING_FREQUENCY",
+              "safeName": "PLANT_BASE_WATERING_FREQUENCY"
+            },
+            "pascalCase": {
+              "unsafeName": "PlantBaseWateringFrequency",
+              "safeName": "PlantBaseWateringFrequency"
+            }
+          },
+          "fernFilepath": {
+            "allParts": [],
+            "packagePath": []
+          }
+        },
+        "values": [
+          {
+            "wireValue": "daily",
+            "name": {
+              "originalName": "daily",
+              "camelCase": {
+                "unsafeName": "daily",
+                "safeName": "daily"
+              },
+              "snakeCase": {
+                "unsafeName": "daily",
+                "safeName": "daily"
+              },
+              "screamingSnakeCase": {
+                "unsafeName": "DAILY",
+                "safeName": "DAILY"
+              },
+              "pascalCase": {
+                "unsafeName": "Daily",
+                "safeName": "Daily"
+              }
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "wireValue": "weekly",
+            "name": {
+              "originalName": "weekly",
+              "camelCase": {
+                "unsafeName": "weekly",
+                "safeName": "weekly"
+              },
+              "snakeCase": {
+                "unsafeName": "weekly",
+                "safeName": "weekly"
+              },
+              "screamingSnakeCase": {
+                "unsafeName": "WEEKLY",
+                "safeName": "WEEKLY"
+              },
+              "pascalCase": {
+                "unsafeName": "Weekly",
+                "safeName": "Weekly"
+              }
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "wireValue": "biweekly",
+            "name": {
+              "originalName": "biweekly",
+              "camelCase": {
+                "unsafeName": "biweekly",
+                "safeName": "biweekly"
+              },
+              "snakeCase": {
+                "unsafeName": "biweekly",
+                "safeName": "biweekly"
+              },
+              "screamingSnakeCase": {
+                "unsafeName": "BIWEEKLY",
+                "safeName": "BIWEEKLY"
+              },
+              "pascalCase": {
+                "unsafeName": "Biweekly",
+                "safeName": "Biweekly"
+              }
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "wireValue": "monthly",
+            "name": {
+              "originalName": "monthly",
+              "camelCase": {
+                "unsafeName": "monthly",
+                "safeName": "monthly"
+              },
+              "snakeCase": {
+                "unsafeName": "monthly",
+                "safeName": "monthly"
+              },
+              "screamingSnakeCase": {
+                "unsafeName": "MONTHLY",
+                "safeName": "MONTHLY"
+              },
+              "pascalCase": {
+                "unsafeName": "Monthly",
+                "safeName": "Monthly"
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        ],
+        "type": "enum"
+      },
+      "type_:PlantBase": {
+        "declaration": {
+          "name": {
+            "originalName": "PlantBase",
+            "camelCase": {
+              "unsafeName": "plantBase",
+              "safeName": "plantBase"
+            },
+            "snakeCase": {
+              "unsafeName": "plant_base",
+              "safeName": "plant_base"
+            },
+            "screamingSnakeCase": {
+              "unsafeName": "PLANT_BASE",
+              "safeName": "PLANT_BASE"
+            },
+            "pascalCase": {
+              "unsafeName": "PlantBase",
+              "safeName": "PlantBase"
+            }
+          },
+          "fernFilepath": {
+            "allParts": [],
+            "packagePath": []
+          }
+        },
+        "properties": [
+          {
+            "name": {
+              "wireValue": "species",
+              "name": {
+                "originalName": "species",
+                "camelCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "species",
+                  "safeName": "species"
+                },
+                "snakeCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "species",
+                  "safeName": "species"
+                },
+                "screamingSnakeCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "SPECIES",
+                  "safeName": "SPECIES"
+                },
+                "pascalCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "Species",
+                  "safeName": "Species"
+                }
+              }
+            },
+            "typeReference": {
+              "value": {
+                "value": "STRING",
+                "type": "primitive"
+              },
+              "type": "optional"
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": {
+              "wireValue": "wateringFrequency",
+              "name": {
+                "originalName": "wateringFrequency",
+                "camelCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "wateringFrequency",
+                  "safeName": "wateringFrequency"
+                },
+                "snakeCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "watering_frequency",
+                  "safeName": "watering_frequency"
+                },
+                "screamingSnakeCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "WATERING_FREQUENCY",
+                  "safeName": "WATERING_FREQUENCY"
+                },
+                "pascalCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "WateringFrequency",
+                  "safeName": "WateringFrequency"
+                }
+              }
+            },
+            "typeReference": {
+              "value": {
+                "value": "type_:PlantBaseWateringFrequency",
+                "type": "named"
+              },
+              "type": "optional"
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": {
+              "wireValue": "id",
+              "name": {
+                "originalName": "id",
+                "camelCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "id",
+                  "safeName": "id"
+                },
+                "snakeCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "id",
+                  "safeName": "id"
+                },
+                "screamingSnakeCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "ID",
+                  "safeName": "ID"
+                },
+                "pascalCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "ID",
+                  "safeName": "ID"
+                }
+              }
+            },
+            "typeReference": {
+              "value": "STRING",
+              "type": "primitive"
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": {
+              "wireValue": "name",
+              "name": {
+                "originalName": "name",
+                "camelCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "name",
+                  "safeName": "name"
+                },
+                "snakeCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "name",
+                  "safeName": "name"
+                },
+                "screamingSnakeCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "NAME",
+                  "safeName": "NAME"
+                },
+                "pascalCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "Name",
+                  "safeName": "Name"
+                }
+              }
+            },
+            "typeReference": {
+              "value": {
+                "value": "STRING",
+                "type": "primitive"
+              },
+              "type": "optional"
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": {
+              "wireValue": "description",
+              "name": {
+                "originalName": "description",
+                "camelCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "description",
+                  "safeName": "description"
+                },
+                "snakeCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "description",
+                  "safeName": "description"
+                },
+                "screamingSnakeCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "DESCRIPTION",
+                  "safeName": "DESCRIPTION"
+                },
+                "pascalCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "Description",
+                  "safeName": "Description"
+                }
+              }
+            },
+            "typeReference": {
+              "value": {
+                "value": "STRING",
+                "type": "primitive"
+              },
+              "type": "optional"
+            }
+          }
+        ],
+        "extends": [
+          "type_:Identifiable",
+          "type_:Describable"
+        ],
+        "additionalProperties": false,
+        "type": "object"
+      },
+      "type_:PlantRecord": {
+        "declaration": {
+          "name": {
+            "originalName": "PlantRecord",
+            "camelCase": {
+              "unsafeName": "plantRecord",
+              "safeName": "plantRecord"
+            },
+            "snakeCase": {
+              "unsafeName": "plant_record",
+              "safeName": "plant_record"
+            },
+            "screamingSnakeCase": {
+              "unsafeName": "PLANT_RECORD",
+              "safeName": "PLANT_RECORD"
+            },
+            "pascalCase": {
+              "unsafeName": "PlantRecord",
+              "safeName": "PlantRecord"
+            }
+          },
+          "fernFilepath": {
+            "allParts": [],
+            "packagePath": []
+          }
+        },
+        "properties": [
+          {
+            "name": {
+              "wireValue": "species",
+              "name": {
+                "originalName": "species",
+                "camelCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "species",
+                  "safeName": "species"
+                },
+                "snakeCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "species",
+                  "safeName": "species"
+                },
+                "screamingSnakeCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "SPECIES",
+                  "safeName": "SPECIES"
+                },
+                "pascalCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "Species",
+                  "safeName": "Species"
+                }
+              }
+            },
+            "typeReference": {
+              "value": {
+                "value": "STRING",
+                "type": "primitive"
+              },
+              "type": "optional"
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": {
+              "wireValue": "wateringFrequency",
+              "name": {
+                "originalName": "wateringFrequency",
+                "camelCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "wateringFrequency",
+                  "safeName": "wateringFrequency"
+                },
+                "snakeCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "watering_frequency",
+                  "safeName": "watering_frequency"
+                },
+                "screamingSnakeCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "WATERING_FREQUENCY",
+                  "safeName": "WATERING_FREQUENCY"
+                },
+                "pascalCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "WateringFrequency",
+                  "safeName": "WateringFrequency"
+                }
+              }
+            },
+            "typeReference": {
+              "value": {
+                "value": "type_:PlantBaseWateringFrequency",
+                "type": "named"
+              },
+              "type": "optional"
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": {
+              "wireValue": "id",
+              "name": {
+                "originalName": "id",
+                "camelCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "id",
+                  "safeName": "id"
+                },
+                "snakeCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "id",
+                  "safeName": "id"
+                },
+                "screamingSnakeCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "ID",
+                  "safeName": "ID"
+                },
+                "pascalCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "ID",
+                  "safeName": "ID"
+                }
+              }
+            },
+            "typeReference": {
+              "value": "STRING",
+              "type": "primitive"
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": {
+              "wireValue": "name",
+              "name": {
+                "originalName": "name",
+                "camelCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "name",
+                  "safeName": "name"
+                },
+                "snakeCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "name",
+                  "safeName": "name"
+                },
+                "screamingSnakeCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "NAME",
+                  "safeName": "NAME"
+                },
+                "pascalCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "Name",
+                  "safeName": "Name"
+                }
+              }
+            },
+            "typeReference": {
+              "value": {
+                "value": "STRING",
+                "type": "primitive"
+              },
+              "type": "optional"
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": {
+              "wireValue": "description",
+              "name": {
+                "originalName": "description",
+                "camelCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "description",
+                  "safeName": "description"
+                },
+                "snakeCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "description",
+                  "safeName": "description"
+                },
+                "screamingSnakeCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "DESCRIPTION",
+                  "safeName": "DESCRIPTION"
+                },
+                "pascalCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "Description",
+                  "safeName": "Description"
+                }
+              }
+            },
+            "typeReference": {
+              "value": {
+                "value": "STRING",
+                "type": "primitive"
+              },
+              "type": "optional"
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": {
+              "wireValue": "plantedAt",
+              "name": {
+                "originalName": "plantedAt",
+                "camelCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "plantedAt",
+                  "safeName": "plantedAt"
+                },
+                "snakeCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "planted_at",
+                  "safeName": "planted_at"
+                },
+                "screamingSnakeCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "PLANTED_AT",
+                  "safeName": "PLANTED_AT"
+                },
+                "pascalCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "PlantedAt",
+                  "safeName": "PlantedAt"
+                }
+              }
+            },
+            "typeReference": {
+              "value": {
+                "value": "DATE",
+                "type": "primitive"
+              },
+              "type": "optional"
+            }
+          }
+        ],
+        "extends": [
+          "type_:PlantBase"
+        ],
+        "additionalProperties": false,
+        "type": "object"
+      }
+    },
+    "headers": [],
+    "endpoints": {
+      "endpoint_.createUser": {
+        "declaration": {
+          "name": {
+            "originalName": "createUser",
+            "camelCase": {
+              "unsafeName": "createUser",
+              "safeName": "createUser"
+            },
+            "snakeCase": {
+              "unsafeName": "create_user",
+              "safeName": "create_user"
+            },
+            "screamingSnakeCase": {
+              "unsafeName": "CREATE_USER",
+              "safeName": "CREATE_USER"
+            },
+            "pascalCase": {
+              "unsafeName": "CreateUser",
+              "safeName": "CreateUser"
+            }
+          },
+          "fernFilepath": {
+            "allParts": [],
+            "packagePath": []
+          }
+        },
+        "location": {
+          "method": "POST",
+          "path": "/users"
+        },
+        "request": {
+          "declaration": {
+            "name": {
+              "originalName": "UserPost",
+              "camelCase": {
+                "unsafeName": "userPost",
+                "safeName": "userPost"
+              },
+              "snakeCase": {
+                "unsafeName": "user_post",
+                "safeName": "user_post"
+              },
+              "screamingSnakeCase": {
+                "unsafeName": "USER_POST",
+                "safeName": "USER_POST"
+              },
+              "pascalCase": {
+                "unsafeName": "UserPost",
+                "safeName": "UserPost"
+              }
+            },
+            "fernFilepath": {
+              "allParts": [],
+              "packagePath": []
+            }
+          },
+          "pathParameters": [],
+          "queryParameters": [],
+          "headers": [],
+          "body": {
+            "value": [
+              {
+                "name": {
+                  "wireValue": "role",
+                  "name": {
+                    "originalName": "role",
+                    "camelCase": {
+                      "unsafeName": "role",
+                      "safeName": "role"
+                    },
+                    "snakeCase": {
+                      "unsafeName": "role",
+                      "safeName": "role"
+                    },
+                    "screamingSnakeCase": {
+                      "unsafeName": "ROLE",
+                      "safeName": "ROLE"
+                    },
+                    "pascalCase": {
+                      "unsafeName": "Role",
+                      "safeName": "Role"
+                    }
+                  }
+                },
+                "typeReference": {
+                  "value": {
+                    "value": "STRING",
+                    "type": "primitive"
+                  },
+                  "type": "optional"
+                }
+              },
+              {
+                "name": {
+                  "wireValue": "companyId",
+                  "name": {
+                    "originalName": "companyId",
+                    "camelCase": {
+                      "unsafeName": "companyID",
+                      "safeName": "companyID"
+                    },
+                    "snakeCase": {
+                      "unsafeName": "company_id",
+                      "safeName": "company_id"
+                    },
+                    "screamingSnakeCase": {
+                      "unsafeName": "COMPANY_ID",
+                      "safeName": "COMPANY_ID"
+                    },
+                    "pascalCase": {
+                      "unsafeName": "CompanyID",
+                      "safeName": "CompanyID"
+                    }
+                  }
+                },
+                "typeReference": {
+                  "value": {
+                    "value": "INTEGER",
+                    "type": "primitive"
+                  },
+                  "type": "optional"
+                }
+              },
+              {
+                "name": {
+                  "wireValue": "firstName",
+                  "name": {
+                    "originalName": "firstName",
+                    "camelCase": {
+                      "unsafeName": "firstName",
+                      "safeName": "firstName"
+                    },
+                    "snakeCase": {
+                      "unsafeName": "first_name",
+                      "safeName": "first_name"
+                    },
+                    "screamingSnakeCase": {
+                      "unsafeName": "FIRST_NAME",
+                      "safeName": "FIRST_NAME"
+                    },
+                    "pascalCase": {
+                      "unsafeName": "FirstName",
+                      "safeName": "FirstName"
+                    }
+                  }
+                },
+                "typeReference": {
+                  "value": "STRING",
+                  "type": "primitive"
+                }
+              },
+              {
+                "name": {
+                  "wireValue": "lastName",
+                  "name": {
+                    "originalName": "lastName",
+                    "camelCase": {
+                      "unsafeName": "lastName",
+                      "safeName": "lastName"
+                    },
+                    "snakeCase": {
+                      "unsafeName": "last_name",
+                      "safeName": "last_name"
+                    },
+                    "screamingSnakeCase": {
+                      "unsafeName": "LAST_NAME",
+                      "safeName": "LAST_NAME"
+                    },
+                    "pascalCase": {
+                      "unsafeName": "LastName",
+                      "safeName": "LastName"
+                    }
+                  }
+                },
+                "typeReference": {
+                  "value": "STRING",
+                  "type": "primitive"
+                }
+              },
+              {
+                "name": {
+                  "wireValue": "email",
+                  "name": {
+                    "originalName": "email",
+                    "camelCase": {
+                      "unsafeName": "email",
+                      "safeName": "email"
+                    },
+                    "snakeCase": {
+                      "unsafeName": "email",
+                      "safeName": "email"
+                    },
+                    "screamingSnakeCase": {
+                      "unsafeName": "EMAIL",
+                      "safeName": "EMAIL"
+                    },
+                    "pascalCase": {
+                      "unsafeName": "Email",
+                      "safeName": "Email"
+                    }
+                  }
+                },
+                "typeReference": {
+                  "value": "STRING",
+                  "type": "primitive"
+                }
+              },
+              {
+                "name": {
+                  "wireValue": "acceptWelcomeEmail",
+                  "name": {
+                    "originalName": "acceptWelcomeEmail",
+                    "camelCase": {
+                      "unsafeName": "acceptWelcomeEmail",
+                      "safeName": "acceptWelcomeEmail"
+                    },
+                    "snakeCase": {
+                      "unsafeName": "accept_welcome_email",
+                      "safeName": "accept_welcome_email"
+                    },
+                    "screamingSnakeCase": {
+                      "unsafeName": "ACCEPT_WELCOME_EMAIL",
+                      "safeName": "ACCEPT_WELCOME_EMAIL"
+                    },
+                    "pascalCase": {
+                      "unsafeName": "AcceptWelcomeEmail",
+                      "safeName": "AcceptWelcomeEmail"
+                    }
+                  }
+                },
+                "typeReference": {
+                  "value": {
+                    "value": "BOOLEAN",
+                    "type": "primitive"
+                  },
+                  "type": "optional"
+                }
+              },
+              {
+                "name": {
+                  "wireValue": "originChannelId",
+                  "name": {
+                    "originalName": "originChannelId",
+                    "camelCase": {
+                      "unsafeName": "originChannelID",
+                      "safeName": "originChannelID"
+                    },
+                    "snakeCase": {
+                      "unsafeName": "origin_channel_id",
+                      "safeName": "origin_channel_id"
+                    },
+                    "screamingSnakeCase": {
+                      "unsafeName": "ORIGIN_CHANNEL_ID",
+                      "safeName": "ORIGIN_CHANNEL_ID"
+                    },
+                    "pascalCase": {
+                      "unsafeName": "OriginChannelID",
+                      "safeName": "OriginChannelID"
+                    }
+                  }
+                },
+                "typeReference": {
+                  "value": {
+                    "value": "INTEGER",
+                    "type": "primitive"
+                  },
+                  "type": "optional"
+                }
+              },
+              {
+                "name": {
+                  "wireValue": "channelIds",
+                  "name": {
+                    "originalName": "channelIds",
+                    "camelCase": {
+                      "unsafeName": "channelIDs",
+                      "safeName": "channelIDs"
+                    },
+                    "snakeCase": {
+                      "unsafeName": "channel_ids",
+                      "safeName": "channel_ids"
+                    },
+                    "screamingSnakeCase": {
+                      "unsafeName": "CHANNEL_IDS",
+                      "safeName": "CHANNEL_IDS"
+                    },
+                    "pascalCase": {
+                      "unsafeName": "ChannelIDs",
+                      "safeName": "ChannelIDs"
+                    }
+                  }
+                },
+                "typeReference": {
+                  "value": {
+                    "value": "INTEGER",
+                    "type": "primitive"
+                  },
+                  "type": "list"
+                }
+              }
+            ],
+            "type": "properties"
+          },
+          "metadata": {
+            "includePathParameters": false,
+            "onlyPathParameters": false
+          },
+          "type": "inlined"
+        },
+        "response": {
+          "type": "json"
+        },
+        "examples": []
+      },
+      "endpoint_.createCompany": {
+        "declaration": {
+          "name": {
+            "originalName": "createCompany",
+            "camelCase": {
+              "unsafeName": "createCompany",
+              "safeName": "createCompany"
+            },
+            "snakeCase": {
+              "unsafeName": "create_company",
+              "safeName": "create_company"
+            },
+            "screamingSnakeCase": {
+              "unsafeName": "CREATE_COMPANY",
+              "safeName": "CREATE_COMPANY"
+            },
+            "pascalCase": {
+              "unsafeName": "CreateCompany",
+              "safeName": "CreateCompany"
+            }
+          },
+          "fernFilepath": {
+            "allParts": [],
+            "packagePath": []
+          }
+        },
+        "location": {
+          "method": "POST",
+          "path": "/companies"
+        },
+        "request": {
+          "declaration": {
+            "name": {
+              "originalName": "CompanyPost",
+              "camelCase": {
+                "unsafeName": "companyPost",
+                "safeName": "companyPost"
+              },
+              "snakeCase": {
+                "unsafeName": "company_post",
+                "safeName": "company_post"
+              },
+              "screamingSnakeCase": {
+                "unsafeName": "COMPANY_POST",
+                "safeName": "COMPANY_POST"
+              },
+              "pascalCase": {
+                "unsafeName": "CompanyPost",
+                "safeName": "CompanyPost"
+              }
+            },
+            "fernFilepath": {
+              "allParts": [],
+              "packagePath": []
+            }
+          },
+          "pathParameters": [],
+          "queryParameters": [],
+          "headers": [],
+          "body": {
+            "value": [
+              {
+                "name": {
+                  "wireValue": "companyName",
+                  "name": {
+                    "originalName": "companyName",
+                    "camelCase": {
+                      "unsafeName": "companyName",
+                      "safeName": "companyName"
+                    },
+                    "snakeCase": {
+                      "unsafeName": "company_name",
+                      "safeName": "company_name"
+                    },
+                    "screamingSnakeCase": {
+                      "unsafeName": "COMPANY_NAME",
+                      "safeName": "COMPANY_NAME"
+                    },
+                    "pascalCase": {
+                      "unsafeName": "CompanyName",
+                      "safeName": "CompanyName"
+                    }
+                  }
+                },
+                "typeReference": {
+                  "value": {
+                    "value": "STRING",
+                    "type": "primitive"
+                  },
+                  "type": "optional"
+                }
+              },
+              {
+                "name": {
+                  "wireValue": "companyPhone",
+                  "name": {
+                    "originalName": "companyPhone",
+                    "camelCase": {
+                      "unsafeName": "companyPhone",
+                      "safeName": "companyPhone"
+                    },
+                    "snakeCase": {
+                      "unsafeName": "company_phone",
+                      "safeName": "company_phone"
+                    },
+                    "screamingSnakeCase": {
+                      "unsafeName": "COMPANY_PHONE",
+                      "safeName": "COMPANY_PHONE"
+                    },
+                    "pascalCase": {
+                      "unsafeName": "CompanyPhone",
+                      "safeName": "CompanyPhone"
+                    }
+                  }
+                },
+                "typeReference": {
+                  "value": {
+                    "value": "STRING",
+                    "type": "primitive"
+                  },
+                  "type": "optional"
+                }
+              },
+              {
+                "name": {
+                  "wireValue": "country",
+                  "name": {
+                    "originalName": "country",
+                    "camelCase": {
+                      "unsafeName": "country",
+                      "safeName": "country"
+                    },
+                    "snakeCase": {
+                      "unsafeName": "country",
+                      "safeName": "country"
+                    },
+                    "screamingSnakeCase": {
+                      "unsafeName": "COUNTRY",
+                      "safeName": "COUNTRY"
+                    },
+                    "pascalCase": {
+                      "unsafeName": "Country",
+                      "safeName": "Country"
+                    }
+                  }
+                },
+                "typeReference": {
+                  "value": "STRING",
+                  "type": "primitive"
+                }
+              },
+              {
+                "name": {
+                  "wireValue": "state",
+                  "name": {
+                    "originalName": "state",
+                    "camelCase": {
+                      "unsafeName": "state",
+                      "safeName": "state"
+                    },
+                    "snakeCase": {
+                      "unsafeName": "state",
+                      "safeName": "state"
+                    },
+                    "screamingSnakeCase": {
+                      "unsafeName": "STATE",
+                      "safeName": "STATE"
+                    },
+                    "pascalCase": {
+                      "unsafeName": "State",
+                      "safeName": "State"
+                    }
+                  }
+                },
+                "typeReference": {
+                  "value": {
+                    "value": "STRING",
+                    "type": "primitive"
+                  },
+                  "type": "optional"
+                }
+              },
+              {
+                "name": {
+                  "wireValue": "city",
+                  "name": {
+                    "originalName": "city",
+                    "camelCase": {
+                      "unsafeName": "city",
+                      "safeName": "city"
+                    },
+                    "snakeCase": {
+                      "unsafeName": "city",
+                      "safeName": "city"
+                    },
+                    "screamingSnakeCase": {
+                      "unsafeName": "CITY",
+                      "safeName": "CITY"
+                    },
+                    "pascalCase": {
+                      "unsafeName": "City",
+                      "safeName": "City"
+                    }
+                  }
+                },
+                "typeReference": {
+                  "value": {
+                    "value": "STRING",
+                    "type": "primitive"
+                  },
+                  "type": "optional"
+                }
+              },
+              {
+                "name": {
+                  "wireValue": "taxId",
+                  "name": {
+                    "originalName": "taxId",
+                    "camelCase": {
+                      "unsafeName": "taxID",
+                      "safeName": "taxID"
+                    },
+                    "snakeCase": {
+                      "unsafeName": "tax_id",
+                      "safeName": "tax_id"
+                    },
+                    "screamingSnakeCase": {
+                      "unsafeName": "TAX_ID",
+                      "safeName": "TAX_ID"
+                    },
+                    "pascalCase": {
+                      "unsafeName": "TaxID",
+                      "safeName": "TaxID"
+                    }
+                  }
+                },
+                "typeReference": {
+                  "value": {
+                    "value": "STRING",
+                    "type": "primitive"
+                  },
+                  "type": "optional"
+                }
+              }
+            ],
+            "type": "properties"
+          },
+          "metadata": {
+            "includePathParameters": false,
+            "onlyPathParameters": false
+          },
+          "type": "inlined"
+        },
+        "response": {
+          "type": "json"
+        },
+        "examples": []
+      },
+      "endpoint_.createPlant": {
+        "declaration": {
+          "name": {
+            "originalName": "createPlant",
+            "camelCase": {
+              "unsafeName": "createPlant",
+              "safeName": "createPlant"
+            },
+            "snakeCase": {
+              "unsafeName": "create_plant",
+              "safeName": "create_plant"
+            },
+            "screamingSnakeCase": {
+              "unsafeName": "CREATE_PLANT",
+              "safeName": "CREATE_PLANT"
+            },
+            "pascalCase": {
+              "unsafeName": "CreatePlant",
+              "safeName": "CreatePlant"
+            }
+          },
+          "fernFilepath": {
+            "allParts": [],
+            "packagePath": []
+          }
+        },
+        "location": {
+          "method": "POST",
+          "path": "/plants"
+        },
+        "request": {
+          "pathParameters": [],
+          "body": {
+            "value": {
+              "value": "type_:PlantRecord",
+              "type": "named"
+            },
+            "type": "typeReference"
+          },
+          "type": "body"
+        },
+        "response": {
+          "type": "json"
+        },
+        "examples": []
+      }
+    },
+    "pathParameters": [],
+    "environments": {
+      "defaultEnvironment": "Default",
+      "environments": {
+        "environments": [
+          {
+            "id": "Default",
+            "name": {
+              "originalName": "Default",
+              "camelCase": {
+                "unsafeName": "default",
+                "safeName": "default"
+              },
+              "snakeCase": {
+                "unsafeName": "default",
+                "safeName": "default"
+              },
+              "screamingSnakeCase": {
+                "unsafeName": "DEFAULT",
+                "safeName": "DEFAULT"
+              },
+              "pascalCase": {
+                "unsafeName": "Default",
+                "safeName": "Default"
+              }
+            },
+            "url": "https://api.example.com"
+          }
+        ],
+        "type": "singleBaseUrl"
+      }
+    }
+  },
+  "apiPlayground": true,
+  "casingsConfig": {
+    "smartCasing": true
+  },
+  "subpackages": {},
+  "rootPackage": {
+    "fernFilepath": {
+      "allParts": [],
+      "packagePath": []
+    },
+    "service": "service_",
+    "types": [
+      "type_:UserStrict",
+      "type_:UserBase",
+      "type_:AddressBase",
+      "type_:CompanyBase",
+      "type_:Identifiable",
+      "type_:Describable",
+      "type_:PlantBaseWateringFrequency",
+      "type_:PlantBase",
+      "type_:PlantRecord"
+    ],
+    "errors": [],
+    "subpackages": [],
+    "hasEndpointsInTree": true,
+    "hasWebSocketInTree": false
+  },
+  "sdkConfig": {
+    "isAuthMandatory": false,
+    "hasStreamingEndpoints": false,
+    "hasPaginatedEndpoints": false,
+    "hasFileDownloadEndpoints": false,
+    "platformHeaders": {
+      "language": "X-Fern-Language",
+      "sdkName": "X-Fern-SDK-Name",
+      "sdkVersion": "X-Fern-SDK-Version"
+    }
+  }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/packages/cli/api-importers/v3-importer-tests/src/__test__/__snapshots__/baseline-sdks/url-reference.json b/packages/cli/api-importers/v3-importer-tests/src/__test__/__snapshots__/baseline-sdks/url-reference.json
index d9591a802d3b..f4d26f1b94d4 100644
--- a/packages/cli/api-importers/v3-importer-tests/src/__test__/__snapshots__/baseline-sdks/url-reference.json
+++ b/packages/cli/api-importers/v3-importer-tests/src/__test__/__snapshots__/baseline-sdks/url-reference.json
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 {
   "selfHosted": false,
   "apiName": "api",
-  "apiDisplayName": "URL Reference API",
   "auth": {
     "requirement": "ALL",
     "schemes": []
@@ -211,241 +210,6 @@
       "userProvidedExamples": [],
       "autogeneratedExamples": []
     },
-    "type_:Mammal": {
-      "name": {
-        "name": "Mammal",
-        "fernFilepath": {
-          "allParts": [],
-          "packagePath": []
-        },
-        "typeId": "type_:Mammal"
-      },
-      "shape": {
-        "members": [
-          {
-            "type": {
-              "name": "Pet",
-              "fernFilepath": {
-                "allParts": [],
-                "packagePath": []
-              },
-              "displayName": "Pet",
-              "typeId": "type_:Pet",
-              "type": "named"
-            }
-          },
-          {
-            "type": {
-              "name": "User",
-              "fernFilepath": {
-                "allParts": [],
-                "packagePath": []
-              },
-              "displayName": "User",
-              "typeId": "type_:User",
-              "type": "named"
-            }
-          }
-        ],
-        "type": "undiscriminatedUnion"
-      },
-      "referencedTypes": {},
-      "encoding": {
-        "json": {}
-      },
-      "userProvidedExamples": [],
-      "autogeneratedExamples": []
-    },
-    "type_:PetStatus": {
-      "docs": "pet status in the store",
-      "inline": true,
-      "name": {
-        "name": "PetStatus",
-        "fernFilepath": {
-          "allParts": [],
-          "packagePath": []
-        },
-        "typeId": "type_:PetStatus"
-      },
-      "shape": {
-        "values": [
-          {
-            "name": "available"
-          },
-          {
-            "name": "pending"
-          },
-          {
-            "name": "sold"
-          }
-        ],
-        "type": "enum"
-      },
-      "referencedTypes": {},
-      "encoding": {
-        "json": {}
-      },
-      "userProvidedExamples": [],
-      "autogeneratedExamples": []
-    },
-    "type_:Pet": {
-      "docs": "A pet for sale in the pet store",
-      "name": {
-        "name": "Pet",
-        "fernFilepath": {
-          "allParts": [],
-          "packagePath": []
-        },
-        "typeId": "type_:Pet"
-      },
-      "shape": {
-        "extends": [],
-        "properties": [
-          {
-            "name": "id",
-            "valueType": {
-              "container": {
-                "optional": {
-                  "primitive": {
-                    "v1": "LONG",
-                    "v2": {
-                      "type": "long"
-                    }
-                  },
-                  "type": "primitive"
-                },
-                "type": "optional"
-              },
-              "type": "container"
-            },
-            "v2Examples": {
-              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
-              "autogeneratedExamples": {}
-            }
-          },
-          {
-            "name": "category",
-            "valueType": {
-              "container": {
-                "optional": {
-                  "name": "Category",
-                  "fernFilepath": {
-                    "allParts": [],
-                    "packagePath": []
-                  },
-                  "typeId": "type_:Category",
-                  "type": "named"
-                },
-                "type": "optional"
-              },
-              "type": "container"
-            },
-            "v2Examples": {
-              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
-              "autogeneratedExamples": {}
-            }
-          },
-          {
-            "name": "name",
-            "valueType": {
-              "primitive": {
-                "v1": "STRING",
-                "v2": {
-                  "type": "string"
-                }
-              },
-              "type": "primitive"
-            },
-            "v2Examples": {
-              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
-              "autogeneratedExamples": {}
-            }
-          },
-          {
-            "name": "photoUrls",
-            "valueType": {
-              "container": {
-                "list": {
-                  "primitive": {
-                    "v1": "STRING",
-                    "v2": {
-                      "type": "string"
-                    }
-                  },
-                  "type": "primitive"
-                },
-                "type": "list"
-              },
-              "type": "container"
-            },
-            "v2Examples": {
-              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
-              "autogeneratedExamples": {}
-            }
-          },
-          {
-            "name": "tags",
-            "valueType": {
-              "container": {
-                "optional": {
-                  "container": {
-                    "list": {
-                      "name": "Tag",
-                      "fernFilepath": {
-                        "allParts": [],
-                        "packagePath": []
-                      },
-                      "typeId": "type_:Tag",
-                      "type": "named"
-                    },
-                    "type": "list"
-                  },
-                  "type": "container"
-                },
-                "type": "optional"
-              },
-              "type": "container"
-            },
-            "v2Examples": {
-              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
-              "autogeneratedExamples": {}
-            }
-          },
-          {
-            "docs": "pet status in the store",
-            "name": "status",
-            "valueType": {
-              "container": {
-                "optional": {
-                  "name": "PetStatus",
-                  "fernFilepath": {
-                    "allParts": [],
-                    "packagePath": []
-                  },
-                  "typeId": "type_:PetStatus",
-                  "type": "named"
-                },
-                "type": "optional"
-              },
-              "type": "container"
-            },
-            "v2Examples": {
-              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
-              "autogeneratedExamples": {}
-            }
-          }
-        ],
-        "extraProperties": false,
-        "extendedProperties": [],
-        "type": "object"
-      },
-      "referencedTypes": {},
-      "encoding": {
-        "json": {}
-      },
-      "userProvidedExamples": [],
-      "autogeneratedExamples": []
-    },
     "type_:PetOwner": {
       "name": {
         "name": "PetOwner",
@@ -470,2392 +234,419 @@
       },
       "userProvidedExamples": [],
       "autogeneratedExamples": []
-    },
-    "type_:OrderStatus": {
-      "docs": "Order Status",
-      "inline": true,
-      "name": {
-        "name": "OrderStatus",
-        "fernFilepath": {
-          "allParts": [],
-          "packagePath": []
-        },
-        "typeId": "type_:OrderStatus"
-      },
-      "shape": {
-        "values": [
-          {
-            "name": "placed"
-          },
-          {
-            "name": "approved"
-          },
-          {
-            "name": "delivered"
-          }
-        ],
-        "type": "enum"
-      },
-      "referencedTypes": {},
-      "encoding": {
-        "json": {}
-      },
-      "userProvidedExamples": [],
-      "autogeneratedExamples": []
-    },
-    "type_:Order": {
-      "docs": "An order for a pets from the pet store",
-      "name": {
-        "name": "Order",
-        "fernFilepath": {
-          "allParts": [],
-          "packagePath": []
-        },
-        "typeId": "type_:Order"
+    }
+  },
+  "errors": {},
+  "services": {},
+  "constants": {
+    "errorInstanceIdKey": "errorInstanceId"
+  },
+  "errorDiscriminationStrategy": {
+    "type": "statusCode"
+  },
+  "pathParameters": [],
+  "variables": [],
+  "serviceTypeReferenceInfo": {
+    "typesReferencedOnlyByService": {},
+    "sharedTypes": [
+      "type_petowners:PetownersSubscribeParamsChannel",
+      "type_petowners:PetownersSubscribeParamsData",
+      "type_petowners:PetownersSubscribeParams",
+      "type_petowners:PetownersSubscribe",
+      "type_:PetOwner"
+    ]
+  },
+  "webhookGroups": {},
+  "websocketChannels": {
+    "channel_petowners": {
+      "path": {
+        "head": "/petowners",
+        "parts": []
       },
-      "shape": {
-        "extends": [],
-        "properties": [
-          {
-            "name": "id",
-            "valueType": {
-              "container": {
-                "optional": {
-                  "primitive": {
-                    "v1": "LONG",
-                    "v2": {
-                      "type": "long"
-                    }
-                  },
-                  "type": "primitive"
-                },
-                "type": "optional"
+      "auth": false,
+      "name": "petowners",
+      "headers": [],
+      "docs": "Private websocket channel for receiving updates about pet owners and their pets",
+      "pathParameters": [],
+      "queryParameters": [],
+      "messages": [
+        {
+          "type": "subscribe",
+          "origin": "server",
+          "body": {
+            "bodyType": {
+              "name": "PetownersSubscribe",
+              "fernFilepath": {
+                "allParts": [
+                  "petowners"
+                ],
+                "packagePath": [],
+                "file": "petowners"
               },
-              "type": "container"
+              "typeId": "type_petowners:PetownersSubscribe",
+              "type": "named"
             },
-            "v2Examples": {
-              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
-              "autogeneratedExamples": {}
-            }
-          },
-          {
-            "name": "petId",
-            "valueType": {
-              "container": {
-                "optional": {
-                  "primitive": {
-                    "v1": "LONG",
-                    "v2": {
-                      "type": "long"
-                    }
-                  },
-                  "type": "primitive"
-                },
-                "type": "optional"
-              },
-              "type": "container"
-            },
-            "v2Examples": {
-              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
-              "autogeneratedExamples": {}
-            }
-          },
-          {
-            "name": "quantity",
-            "valueType": {
-              "container": {
-                "optional": {
-                  "primitive": {
-                    "v1": "INTEGER",
-                    "v2": {
-                      "type": "integer"
-                    }
-                  },
-                  "type": "primitive"
-                },
-                "type": "optional"
-              },
-              "type": "container"
-            },
-            "v2Examples": {
-              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
-              "autogeneratedExamples": {}
-            }
-          },
-          {
-            "name": "shipDate",
-            "valueType": {
-              "container": {
-                "optional": {
-                  "primitive": {
-                    "v1": "DATE_TIME"
-                  },
-                  "type": "primitive"
-                },
-                "type": "optional"
-              },
-              "type": "container"
-            },
-            "v2Examples": {
-              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
-              "autogeneratedExamples": {}
-            }
-          },
-          {
-            "docs": "Order Status",
-            "name": "status",
-            "valueType": {
-              "container": {
-                "optional": {
-                  "name": "OrderStatus",
-                  "fernFilepath": {
-                    "allParts": [],
-                    "packagePath": []
-                  },
-                  "typeId": "type_:OrderStatus",
-                  "type": "named"
-                },
-                "type": "optional"
-              },
-              "type": "container"
-            },
-            "v2Examples": {
-              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
-              "autogeneratedExamples": {}
-            }
-          },
-          {
-            "name": "complete",
-            "valueType": {
-              "container": {
-                "optional": {
-                  "primitive": {
-                    "v1": "BOOLEAN",
-                    "v2": {
-                      "default": false,
-                      "type": "boolean"
-                    }
-                  },
-                  "type": "primitive"
-                },
-                "type": "optional"
-              },
-              "type": "container"
-            },
-            "defaultValue": false,
-            "v2Examples": {
-              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
-              "autogeneratedExamples": {}
-            }
-          }
-        ],
-        "extraProperties": false,
-        "extendedProperties": [],
-        "type": "object"
-      },
-      "referencedTypes": {},
-      "encoding": {
-        "json": {}
-      },
-      "userProvidedExamples": [],
-      "autogeneratedExamples": []
-    },
-    "type_:Category": {
-      "docs": "A category for a pet",
-      "name": {
-        "name": "Category",
-        "fernFilepath": {
-          "allParts": [],
-          "packagePath": []
-        },
-        "typeId": "type_:Category"
-      },
-      "shape": {
-        "extends": [],
-        "properties": [
-          {
-            "name": "id",
-            "valueType": {
-              "container": {
-                "optional": {
-                  "primitive": {
-                    "v1": "LONG",
-                    "v2": {
-                      "type": "long"
-                    }
-                  },
-                  "type": "primitive"
-                },
-                "type": "optional"
-              },
-              "type": "container"
-            },
-            "v2Examples": {
-              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
-              "autogeneratedExamples": {}
-            }
-          },
-          {
-            "name": "name",
-            "valueType": {
-              "container": {
-                "optional": {
-                  "primitive": {
-                    "v1": "STRING",
-                    "v2": {
-                      "type": "string"
-                    }
-                  },
-                  "type": "primitive"
-                },
-                "type": "optional"
-              },
-              "type": "container"
-            },
-            "v2Examples": {
-              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
-              "autogeneratedExamples": {}
-            }
-          }
-        ],
-        "extraProperties": false,
-        "extendedProperties": [],
-        "type": "object"
-      },
-      "referencedTypes": {},
-      "encoding": {
-        "json": {}
-      },
-      "userProvidedExamples": [],
-      "autogeneratedExamples": []
-    },
-    "type_:Tag": {
-      "docs": "A tag for a pet",
-      "name": {
-        "name": "Tag",
-        "fernFilepath": {
-          "allParts": [],
-          "packagePath": []
-        },
-        "typeId": "type_:Tag"
-      },
-      "shape": {
-        "extends": [],
-        "properties": [
-          {
-            "name": "id",
-            "valueType": {
-              "container": {
-                "optional": {
-                  "primitive": {
-                    "v1": "LONG",
-                    "v2": {
-                      "type": "long"
-                    }
-                  },
-                  "type": "primitive"
-                },
-                "type": "optional"
-              },
-              "type": "container"
-            },
-            "v2Examples": {
-              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
-              "autogeneratedExamples": {}
-            }
-          },
-          {
-            "name": "name",
-            "valueType": {
-              "container": {
-                "optional": {
-                  "primitive": {
-                    "v1": "STRING",
-                    "v2": {
-                      "type": "string"
-                    }
-                  },
-                  "type": "primitive"
-                },
-                "type": "optional"
-              },
-              "type": "container"
-            },
-            "v2Examples": {
-              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
-              "autogeneratedExamples": {}
-            }
+            "type": "reference"
           }
-        ],
-        "extraProperties": false,
-        "extendedProperties": [],
-        "type": "object"
-      },
-      "referencedTypes": {},
-      "encoding": {
-        "json": {}
-      },
-      "userProvidedExamples": [],
-      "autogeneratedExamples": []
-    },
-    "type_:User": {
-      "docs": "A User who is purchasing from the pet store",
-      "name": {
-        "name": "User",
-        "fernFilepath": {
-          "allParts": [],
-          "packagePath": []
-        },
-        "typeId": "type_:User"
-      },
-      "shape": {
-        "extends": [],
-        "properties": [
-          {
-            "name": "id",
-            "valueType": {
-              "container": {
-                "optional": {
-                  "primitive": {
-                    "v1": "LONG",
-                    "v2": {
-                      "type": "long"
-                    }
-                  },
-                  "type": "primitive"
-                },
-                "type": "optional"
-              },
-              "type": "container"
-            },
-            "v2Examples": {
-              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
-              "autogeneratedExamples": {}
-            }
-          },
-          {
-            "name": "username",
-            "valueType": {
-              "container": {
-                "optional": {
-                  "primitive": {
-                    "v1": "STRING",
-                    "v2": {
-                      "type": "string"
-                    }
-                  },
-                  "type": "primitive"
-                },
-                "type": "optional"
-              },
-              "type": "container"
-            },
-            "v2Examples": {
-              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
-              "autogeneratedExamples": {}
-            }
-          },
-          {
-            "name": "firstName",
-            "valueType": {
-              "container": {
-                "optional": {
-                  "primitive": {
-                    "v1": "STRING",
-                    "v2": {
-                      "type": "string"
-                    }
-                  },
-                  "type": "primitive"
-                },
-                "type": "optional"
-              },
-              "type": "container"
-            },
-            "v2Examples": {
-              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
-              "autogeneratedExamples": {}
-            }
-          },
-          {
-            "name": "lastName",
-            "valueType": {
-              "container": {
-                "optional": {
-                  "primitive": {
-                    "v1": "STRING",
-                    "v2": {
-                      "type": "string"
-                    }
-                  },
-                  "type": "primitive"
-                },
-                "type": "optional"
-              },
-              "type": "container"
-            },
-            "v2Examples": {
-              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
-              "autogeneratedExamples": {}
-            }
-          },
-          {
-            "name": "email",
-            "valueType": {
-              "container": {
-                "optional": {
-                  "primitive": {
-                    "v1": "STRING",
-                    "v2": {
-                      "type": "string"
-                    }
-                  },
-                  "type": "primitive"
-                },
-                "type": "optional"
-              },
-              "type": "container"
-            },
-            "v2Examples": {
-              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
-              "autogeneratedExamples": {}
-            }
-          },
-          {
-            "name": "password",
-            "valueType": {
-              "container": {
-                "optional": {
-                  "primitive": {
-                    "v1": "STRING",
-                    "v2": {
-                      "type": "string"
-                    }
-                  },
-                  "type": "primitive"
-                },
-                "type": "optional"
-              },
-              "type": "container"
-            },
-            "v2Examples": {
-              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
-              "autogeneratedExamples": {}
-            }
-          },
-          {
-            "name": "phone",
-            "valueType": {
-              "container": {
-                "optional": {
-                  "primitive": {
-                    "v1": "STRING",
-                    "v2": {
-                      "type": "string"
-                    }
-                  },
-                  "type": "primitive"
-                },
-                "type": "optional"
-              },
-              "type": "container"
-            },
-            "v2Examples": {
-              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
-              "autogeneratedExamples": {}
-            }
-          },
-          {
-            "docs": "User Status",
-            "name": "userStatus",
-            "valueType": {
-              "container": {
-                "optional": {
-                  "primitive": {
-                    "v1": "INTEGER",
-                    "v2": {
-                      "type": "integer"
-                    }
-                  },
-                  "type": "primitive"
-                },
-                "type": "optional"
-              },
-              "type": "container"
-            },
-            "v2Examples": {
-              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
-              "autogeneratedExamples": {}
-            }
-          }
-        ],
-        "extraProperties": false,
-        "extendedProperties": [],
-        "type": "object"
-      },
-      "referencedTypes": {},
-      "encoding": {
-        "json": {}
-      },
-      "userProvidedExamples": [],
-      "autogeneratedExamples": []
-    }
-  },
-  "errors": {},
-  "services": {
-    "service_pet": {
-      "name": {
-        "fernFilepath": {
-          "allParts": [
-            "pet"
-          ],
-          "packagePath": [],
-          "file": "pet"
-        }
-      },
-      "basePath": {
-        "head": "",
-        "parts": []
-      },
-      "headers": [],
-      "pathParameters": [],
-      "encoding": {
-        "json": {}
-      },
-      "transport": {
-        "type": "http"
-      },
-      "endpoints": [
-        {
-          "id": "endpoint_pet.updateAnExistingPet",
-          "name": "updateAnExistingPet",
-          "displayName": "Update an existing pet",
-          "auth": false,
-          "idempotent": false,
-          "method": "PUT",
-          "path": {
-            "head": "/pet",
-            "parts": []
-          },
-          "fullPath": {
-            "head": "pet",
-            "parts": []
-          },
-          "pathParameters": [],
-          "allPathParameters": [],
-          "queryParameters": [],
-          "headers": [],
-          "requestBody": {
-            "requestBodyType": {
-              "name": "Pet",
-              "fernFilepath": {
-                "allParts": [],
-                "packagePath": []
-              },
-              "typeId": "type_:Pet",
-              "type": "named"
-            },
-            "contentType": "application/json",
-            "type": "reference"
-          },
-          "sdkRequest": {
-            "shape": {
-              "value": {
-                "requestBodyType": {
-                  "name": "Pet",
-                  "fernFilepath": {
-                    "allParts": [],
-                    "packagePath": []
-                  },
-                  "typeId": "type_:Pet",
-                  "type": "named"
-                },
-                "type": "typeReference"
-              },
-              "type": "justRequestBody"
-            },
-            "requestParameterName": "request"
-          },
-          "response": {
-            "body": {
-              "value": {
-                "docs": "A list of pets",
-                "responseBodyType": {
-                  "name": "Pet",
-                  "fernFilepath": {
-                    "allParts": [],
-                    "packagePath": []
-                  },
-                  "typeId": "type_:Pet",
-                  "type": "named"
-                },
-                "type": "response"
-              },
-              "type": "json"
-            },
-            "statusCode": 200,
-            "docs": "A list of pets"
-          },
-          "errors": [],
-          "userSpecifiedExamples": [],
-          "autogeneratedExamples": [],
-          "responseHeaders": []
-        }
-      ]
-    },
-    "service_order": {
-      "name": {
-        "fernFilepath": {
-          "allParts": [
-            "order"
-          ],
-          "packagePath": [],
-          "file": "order"
-        }
-      },
-      "basePath": {
-        "head": "",
-        "parts": []
-      },
-      "headers": [],
-      "pathParameters": [],
-      "encoding": {
-        "json": {}
-      },
-      "transport": {
-        "type": "http"
-      },
-      "endpoints": [
-        {
-          "id": "endpoint_order.getAnOrder",
-          "name": "getAnOrder",
-          "displayName": "Get an order",
-          "auth": false,
-          "idempotent": false,
-          "method": "GET",
-          "path": {
-            "head": "/order",
-            "parts": []
-          },
-          "fullPath": {
-            "head": "order",
-            "parts": []
-          },
-          "pathParameters": [],
-          "allPathParameters": [],
-          "queryParameters": [],
-          "headers": [],
-          "response": {
-            "body": {
-              "value": {
-                "docs": "An order object",
-                "responseBodyType": {
-                  "name": "Order",
-                  "fernFilepath": {
-                    "allParts": [],
-                    "packagePath": []
-                  },
-                  "typeId": "type_:Order",
-                  "type": "named"
-                },
-                "type": "response"
-              },
-              "type": "json"
-            },
-            "statusCode": 200,
-            "docs": "An order object"
-          },
-          "errors": [],
-          "userSpecifiedExamples": [],
-          "autogeneratedExamples": [],
-          "responseHeaders": []
-        }
-      ]
-    }
-  },
-  "constants": {
-    "errorInstanceIdKey": "errorInstanceId"
-  },
-  "errorDiscriminationStrategy": {
-    "type": "statusCode"
-  },
-  "pathParameters": [],
-  "variables": [],
-  "serviceTypeReferenceInfo": {
-    "typesReferencedOnlyByService": {
-      "service_pet": [
-        "type_:PetStatus",
-        "type_:Pet",
-        "type_:Category",
-        "type_:Tag"
-      ],
-      "service_order": [
-        "type_:OrderStatus",
-        "type_:Order"
-      ]
-    },
-    "sharedTypes": [
-      "type_petowners:PetownersSubscribeParamsChannel",
-      "type_petowners:PetownersSubscribeParamsData",
-      "type_petowners:PetownersSubscribeParams",
-      "type_petowners:PetownersSubscribe",
-      "type_:Mammal",
-      "type_:PetOwner",
-      "type_:User"
-    ]
-  },
-  "webhookGroups": {},
-  "websocketChannels": {
-    "channel_petowners": {
-      "path": {
-        "head": "/petowners",
-        "parts": []
-      },
-      "auth": false,
-      "name": "petowners",
-      "headers": [],
-      "docs": "Private websocket channel for receiving updates about pet owners and their pets",
-      "pathParameters": [],
-      "queryParameters": [],
-      "messages": [
-        {
-          "type": "subscribe",
-          "origin": "server",
-          "body": {
-            "bodyType": {
-              "name": "PetownersSubscribe",
-              "fernFilepath": {
-                "allParts": [
-                  "petowners"
-                ],
-                "packagePath": [],
-                "file": "petowners"
-              },
-              "typeId": "type_petowners:PetownersSubscribe",
-              "type": "named"
-            },
-            "type": "reference"
-          }
-        }
-      ],
-      "examples": [
-        {
-          "url": "/petowners",
-          "pathParameters": [],
-          "headers": [],
-          "queryParameters": [],
-          "messages": [
-            {
-              "type": "subscribe",
-              "body": {
-                "shape": {
-                  "typeName": {
-                    "typeId": "type_petowners:PetownersSubscribe",
-                    "fernFilepath": {
-                      "allParts": [
-                        "petowners"
-                      ],
-                      "packagePath": [],
-                      "file": "petowners"
-                    },
-                    "name": "PetownersSubscribe"
+        }
+      ],
+      "examples": [
+        {
+          "url": "/petowners",
+          "pathParameters": [],
+          "headers": [],
+          "queryParameters": [],
+          "messages": [
+            {
+              "type": "subscribe",
+              "body": {
+                "shape": {
+                  "typeName": {
+                    "typeId": "type_petowners:PetownersSubscribe",
+                    "fernFilepath": {
+                      "allParts": [
+                        "petowners"
+                      ],
+                      "packagePath": [],
+                      "file": "petowners"
+                    },
+                    "name": "PetownersSubscribe"
                   },
                   "shape": {
                     "properties": [],
-                    "type": "object"
-                  },
-                  "type": "named"
-                },
-                "jsonExample": {},
-                "type": "reference"
-              }
-            }
-          ]
-        }
-      ],
-      "v2Examples": {
-        "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
-        "autogeneratedExamples": {}
-      }
-    }
-  },
-  "dynamic": {
-    "version": "1.0.0",
-    "types": {
-      "type_petowners:PetownersSubscribeParamsChannel": {
-        "declaration": {
-          "name": {
-            "originalName": "PetownersSubscribeParamsChannel",
-            "camelCase": {
-              "unsafeName": "petownersSubscribeParamsChannel",
-              "safeName": "petownersSubscribeParamsChannel"
-            },
-            "snakeCase": {
-              "unsafeName": "petowners_subscribe_params_channel",
-              "safeName": "petowners_subscribe_params_channel"
-            },
-            "screamingSnakeCase": {
-              "unsafeName": "PETOWNERS_SUBSCRIBE_PARAMS_CHANNEL",
-              "safeName": "PETOWNERS_SUBSCRIBE_PARAMS_CHANNEL"
-            },
-            "pascalCase": {
-              "unsafeName": "PetownersSubscribeParamsChannel",
-              "safeName": "PetownersSubscribeParamsChannel"
-            }
-          },
-          "fernFilepath": {
-            "allParts": [
-              {
-                "originalName": "petowners",
-                "camelCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "petowners",
-                  "safeName": "petowners"
-                },
-                "snakeCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "petowners",
-                  "safeName": "petowners"
-                },
-                "screamingSnakeCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "PETOWNERS",
-                  "safeName": "PETOWNERS"
-                },
-                "pascalCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "Petowners",
-                  "safeName": "Petowners"
-                }
-              }
-            ],
-            "packagePath": [],
-            "file": {
-              "originalName": "petowners",
-              "camelCase": {
-                "unsafeName": "petowners",
-                "safeName": "petowners"
-              },
-              "snakeCase": {
-                "unsafeName": "petowners",
-                "safeName": "petowners"
-              },
-              "screamingSnakeCase": {
-                "unsafeName": "PETOWNERS",
-                "safeName": "PETOWNERS"
-              },
-              "pascalCase": {
-                "unsafeName": "Petowners",
-                "safeName": "Petowners"
-              }
-            }
-          }
-        },
-        "values": [
-          {
-            "wireValue": "petowners",
-            "name": {
-              "originalName": "petowners",
-              "camelCase": {
-                "unsafeName": "petowners",
-                "safeName": "petowners"
-              },
-              "snakeCase": {
-                "unsafeName": "petowners",
-                "safeName": "petowners"
-              },
-              "screamingSnakeCase": {
-                "unsafeName": "PETOWNERS",
-                "safeName": "PETOWNERS"
-              },
-              "pascalCase": {
-                "unsafeName": "Petowners",
-                "safeName": "Petowners"
-              }
-            }
-          }
-        ],
-        "type": "enum"
-      },
-      "type_petowners:PetownersSubscribeParamsData": {
-        "declaration": {
-          "name": {
-            "originalName": "PetownersSubscribeParamsData",
-            "camelCase": {
-              "unsafeName": "petownersSubscribeParamsData",
-              "safeName": "petownersSubscribeParamsData"
-            },
-            "snakeCase": {
-              "unsafeName": "petowners_subscribe_params_data",
-              "safeName": "petowners_subscribe_params_data"
-            },
-            "screamingSnakeCase": {
-              "unsafeName": "PETOWNERS_SUBSCRIBE_PARAMS_DATA",
-              "safeName": "PETOWNERS_SUBSCRIBE_PARAMS_DATA"
-            },
-            "pascalCase": {
-              "unsafeName": "PetownersSubscribeParamsData",
-              "safeName": "PetownersSubscribeParamsData"
-            }
-          },
-          "fernFilepath": {
-            "allParts": [
-              {
-                "originalName": "petowners",
-                "camelCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "petowners",
-                  "safeName": "petowners"
-                },
-                "snakeCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "petowners",
-                  "safeName": "petowners"
-                },
-                "screamingSnakeCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "PETOWNERS",
-                  "safeName": "PETOWNERS"
-                },
-                "pascalCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "Petowners",
-                  "safeName": "Petowners"
-                }
-              }
-            ],
-            "packagePath": [],
-            "file": {
-              "originalName": "petowners",
-              "camelCase": {
-                "unsafeName": "petowners",
-                "safeName": "petowners"
-              },
-              "snakeCase": {
-                "unsafeName": "petowners",
-                "safeName": "petowners"
-              },
-              "screamingSnakeCase": {
-                "unsafeName": "PETOWNERS",
-                "safeName": "PETOWNERS"
-              },
-              "pascalCase": {
-                "unsafeName": "Petowners",
-                "safeName": "Petowners"
-              }
-            }
-          }
-        },
-        "properties": [
-          {
-            "name": {
-              "wireValue": "petOwner",
-              "name": {
-                "originalName": "petOwner",
-                "camelCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "petOwner",
-                  "safeName": "petOwner"
-                },
-                "snakeCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "pet_owner",
-                  "safeName": "pet_owner"
-                },
-                "screamingSnakeCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "PET_OWNER",
-                  "safeName": "PET_OWNER"
-                },
-                "pascalCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "PetOwner",
-                  "safeName": "PetOwner"
-                }
-              }
-            },
-            "typeReference": {
-              "value": "type_:PetOwner",
-              "type": "named"
-            }
-          }
-        ],
-        "additionalProperties": false,
-        "type": "object"
-      },
-      "type_petowners:PetownersSubscribeParams": {
-        "declaration": {
-          "name": {
-            "originalName": "PetownersSubscribeParams",
-            "camelCase": {
-              "unsafeName": "petownersSubscribeParams",
-              "safeName": "petownersSubscribeParams"
-            },
-            "snakeCase": {
-              "unsafeName": "petowners_subscribe_params",
-              "safeName": "petowners_subscribe_params"
-            },
-            "screamingSnakeCase": {
-              "unsafeName": "PETOWNERS_SUBSCRIBE_PARAMS",
-              "safeName": "PETOWNERS_SUBSCRIBE_PARAMS"
-            },
-            "pascalCase": {
-              "unsafeName": "PetownersSubscribeParams",
-              "safeName": "PetownersSubscribeParams"
-            }
-          },
-          "fernFilepath": {
-            "allParts": [
-              {
-                "originalName": "petowners",
-                "camelCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "petowners",
-                  "safeName": "petowners"
-                },
-                "snakeCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "petowners",
-                  "safeName": "petowners"
-                },
-                "screamingSnakeCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "PETOWNERS",
-                  "safeName": "PETOWNERS"
-                },
-                "pascalCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "Petowners",
-                  "safeName": "Petowners"
-                }
-              }
-            ],
-            "packagePath": [],
-            "file": {
-              "originalName": "petowners",
-              "camelCase": {
-                "unsafeName": "petowners",
-                "safeName": "petowners"
-              },
-              "snakeCase": {
-                "unsafeName": "petowners",
-                "safeName": "petowners"
-              },
-              "screamingSnakeCase": {
-                "unsafeName": "PETOWNERS",
-                "safeName": "PETOWNERS"
-              },
-              "pascalCase": {
-                "unsafeName": "Petowners",
-                "safeName": "Petowners"
-              }
-            }
-          }
-        },
-        "properties": [
-          {
-            "name": {
-              "wireValue": "channel",
-              "name": {
-                "originalName": "channel",
-                "camelCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "channel",
-                  "safeName": "channel"
-                },
-                "snakeCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "channel",
-                  "safeName": "channel"
-                },
-                "screamingSnakeCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "CHANNEL",
-                  "safeName": "CHANNEL"
-                },
-                "pascalCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "Channel",
-                  "safeName": "Channel"
-                }
-              }
-            },
-            "typeReference": {
-              "value": {
-                "value": "type_petowners:PetownersSubscribeParamsChannel",
-                "type": "named"
-              },
-              "type": "optional"
-            }
-          },
-          {
-            "name": {
-              "wireValue": "data",
-              "name": {
-                "originalName": "data",
-                "camelCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "data",
-                  "safeName": "data"
-                },
-                "snakeCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "data",
-                  "safeName": "data"
-                },
-                "screamingSnakeCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "DATA",
-                  "safeName": "DATA"
-                },
-                "pascalCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "Data",
-                  "safeName": "Data"
-                }
-              }
-            },
-            "typeReference": {
-              "value": {
-                "value": "type_petowners:PetownersSubscribeParamsData",
-                "type": "named"
-              },
-              "type": "optional"
-            }
-          }
-        ],
-        "additionalProperties": false,
-        "type": "object"
-      },
-      "type_petowners:PetownersSubscribe": {
-        "declaration": {
-          "name": {
-            "originalName": "PetownersSubscribe",
-            "camelCase": {
-              "unsafeName": "petownersSubscribe",
-              "safeName": "petownersSubscribe"
-            },
-            "snakeCase": {
-              "unsafeName": "petowners_subscribe",
-              "safeName": "petowners_subscribe"
-            },
-            "screamingSnakeCase": {
-              "unsafeName": "PETOWNERS_SUBSCRIBE",
-              "safeName": "PETOWNERS_SUBSCRIBE"
-            },
-            "pascalCase": {
-              "unsafeName": "PetownersSubscribe",
-              "safeName": "PetownersSubscribe"
-            }
-          },
-          "fernFilepath": {
-            "allParts": [
-              {
-                "originalName": "petowners",
-                "camelCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "petowners",
-                  "safeName": "petowners"
-                },
-                "snakeCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "petowners",
-                  "safeName": "petowners"
-                },
-                "screamingSnakeCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "PETOWNERS",
-                  "safeName": "PETOWNERS"
-                },
-                "pascalCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "Petowners",
-                  "safeName": "Petowners"
-                }
-              }
-            ],
-            "packagePath": [],
-            "file": {
-              "originalName": "petowners",
-              "camelCase": {
-                "unsafeName": "petowners",
-                "safeName": "petowners"
-              },
-              "snakeCase": {
-                "unsafeName": "petowners",
-                "safeName": "petowners"
-              },
-              "screamingSnakeCase": {
-                "unsafeName": "PETOWNERS",
-                "safeName": "PETOWNERS"
-              },
-              "pascalCase": {
-                "unsafeName": "Petowners",
-                "safeName": "Petowners"
-              }
-            }
-          }
-        },
-        "properties": [
-          {
-            "name": {
-              "wireValue": "params",
-              "name": {
-                "originalName": "params",
-                "camelCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "params",
-                  "safeName": "params"
-                },
-                "snakeCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "params",
-                  "safeName": "params"
-                },
-                "screamingSnakeCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "PARAMS",
-                  "safeName": "PARAMS"
-                },
-                "pascalCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "Params",
-                  "safeName": "Params"
-                }
-              }
-            },
-            "typeReference": {
-              "value": {
-                "value": "type_petowners:PetownersSubscribeParams",
-                "type": "named"
-              },
-              "type": "optional"
-            }
-          }
-        ],
-        "additionalProperties": false,
-        "type": "object"
-      },
-      "type_:Mammal": {
-        "declaration": {
-          "name": {
-            "originalName": "Mammal",
-            "camelCase": {
-              "unsafeName": "mammal",
-              "safeName": "mammal"
-            },
-            "snakeCase": {
-              "unsafeName": "mammal",
-              "safeName": "mammal"
-            },
-            "screamingSnakeCase": {
-              "unsafeName": "MAMMAL",
-              "safeName": "MAMMAL"
-            },
-            "pascalCase": {
-              "unsafeName": "Mammal",
-              "safeName": "Mammal"
-            }
-          },
-          "fernFilepath": {
-            "allParts": [],
-            "packagePath": []
-          }
-        },
-        "types": [
-          {
-            "value": "type_:Pet",
-            "type": "named"
-          },
-          {
-            "value": "type_:User",
-            "type": "named"
-          }
-        ],
-        "type": "undiscriminatedUnion"
-      },
-      "type_:PetStatus": {
-        "declaration": {
-          "name": {
-            "originalName": "PetStatus",
-            "camelCase": {
-              "unsafeName": "petStatus",
-              "safeName": "petStatus"
-            },
-            "snakeCase": {
-              "unsafeName": "pet_status",
-              "safeName": "pet_status"
-            },
-            "screamingSnakeCase": {
-              "unsafeName": "PET_STATUS",
-              "safeName": "PET_STATUS"
-            },
-            "pascalCase": {
-              "unsafeName": "PetStatus",
-              "safeName": "PetStatus"
-            }
-          },
-          "fernFilepath": {
-            "allParts": [],
-            "packagePath": []
-          }
-        },
-        "values": [
-          {
-            "wireValue": "available",
-            "name": {
-              "originalName": "available",
-              "camelCase": {
-                "unsafeName": "available",
-                "safeName": "available"
-              },
-              "snakeCase": {
-                "unsafeName": "available",
-                "safeName": "available"
-              },
-              "screamingSnakeCase": {
-                "unsafeName": "AVAILABLE",
-                "safeName": "AVAILABLE"
-              },
-              "pascalCase": {
-                "unsafeName": "Available",
-                "safeName": "Available"
-              }
-            }
-          },
-          {
-            "wireValue": "pending",
-            "name": {
-              "originalName": "pending",
-              "camelCase": {
-                "unsafeName": "pending",
-                "safeName": "pending"
-              },
-              "snakeCase": {
-                "unsafeName": "pending",
-                "safeName": "pending"
-              },
-              "screamingSnakeCase": {
-                "unsafeName": "PENDING",
-                "safeName": "PENDING"
-              },
-              "pascalCase": {
-                "unsafeName": "Pending",
-                "safeName": "Pending"
-              }
-            }
-          },
-          {
-            "wireValue": "sold",
-            "name": {
-              "originalName": "sold",
-              "camelCase": {
-                "unsafeName": "sold",
-                "safeName": "sold"
-              },
-              "snakeCase": {
-                "unsafeName": "sold",
-                "safeName": "sold"
-              },
-              "screamingSnakeCase": {
-                "unsafeName": "SOLD",
-                "safeName": "SOLD"
-              },
-              "pascalCase": {
-                "unsafeName": "Sold",
-                "safeName": "Sold"
-              }
-            }
-          }
-        ],
-        "type": "enum"
-      },
-      "type_:Pet": {
-        "declaration": {
-          "name": {
-            "originalName": "Pet",
-            "camelCase": {
-              "unsafeName": "pet",
-              "safeName": "pet"
-            },
-            "snakeCase": {
-              "unsafeName": "pet",
-              "safeName": "pet"
-            },
-            "screamingSnakeCase": {
-              "unsafeName": "PET",
-              "safeName": "PET"
-            },
-            "pascalCase": {
-              "unsafeName": "Pet",
-              "safeName": "Pet"
-            }
-          },
-          "fernFilepath": {
-            "allParts": [],
-            "packagePath": []
-          }
-        },
-        "properties": [
-          {
-            "name": {
-              "wireValue": "id",
-              "name": {
-                "originalName": "id",
-                "camelCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "id",
-                  "safeName": "id"
-                },
-                "snakeCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "id",
-                  "safeName": "id"
-                },
-                "screamingSnakeCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "ID",
-                  "safeName": "ID"
-                },
-                "pascalCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "ID",
-                  "safeName": "ID"
-                }
-              }
-            },
-            "typeReference": {
-              "value": {
-                "value": "LONG",
-                "type": "primitive"
-              },
-              "type": "optional"
-            }
-          },
-          {
-            "name": {
-              "wireValue": "category",
-              "name": {
-                "originalName": "category",
-                "camelCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "category",
-                  "safeName": "category"
-                },
-                "snakeCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "category",
-                  "safeName": "category"
-                },
-                "screamingSnakeCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "CATEGORY",
-                  "safeName": "CATEGORY"
-                },
-                "pascalCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "Category",
-                  "safeName": "Category"
-                }
-              }
-            },
-            "typeReference": {
-              "value": {
-                "value": "type_:Category",
-                "type": "named"
-              },
-              "type": "optional"
-            }
-          },
-          {
-            "name": {
-              "wireValue": "name",
-              "name": {
-                "originalName": "name",
-                "camelCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "name",
-                  "safeName": "name"
-                },
-                "snakeCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "name",
-                  "safeName": "name"
-                },
-                "screamingSnakeCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "NAME",
-                  "safeName": "NAME"
-                },
-                "pascalCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "Name",
-                  "safeName": "Name"
-                }
-              }
-            },
-            "typeReference": {
-              "value": "STRING",
-              "type": "primitive"
-            }
-          },
-          {
-            "name": {
-              "wireValue": "photoUrls",
-              "name": {
-                "originalName": "photoUrls",
-                "camelCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "photoURLs",
-                  "safeName": "photoURLs"
-                },
-                "snakeCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "photo_urls",
-                  "safeName": "photo_urls"
-                },
-                "screamingSnakeCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "PHOTO_URLS",
-                  "safeName": "PHOTO_URLS"
-                },
-                "pascalCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "PhotoURLs",
-                  "safeName": "PhotoURLs"
-                }
-              }
-            },
-            "typeReference": {
-              "value": {
-                "value": "STRING",
-                "type": "primitive"
-              },
-              "type": "list"
-            }
-          },
-          {
-            "name": {
-              "wireValue": "tags",
-              "name": {
-                "originalName": "tags",
-                "camelCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "tags",
-                  "safeName": "tags"
-                },
-                "snakeCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "tags",
-                  "safeName": "tags"
-                },
-                "screamingSnakeCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "TAGS",
-                  "safeName": "TAGS"
-                },
-                "pascalCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "Tags",
-                  "safeName": "Tags"
-                }
-              }
-            },
-            "typeReference": {
-              "value": {
-                "value": {
-                  "value": "type_:Tag",
-                  "type": "named"
-                },
-                "type": "list"
-              },
-              "type": "optional"
-            }
-          },
-          {
-            "name": {
-              "wireValue": "status",
-              "name": {
-                "originalName": "status",
-                "camelCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "status",
-                  "safeName": "status"
-                },
-                "snakeCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "status",
-                  "safeName": "status"
-                },
-                "screamingSnakeCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "STATUS",
-                  "safeName": "STATUS"
-                },
-                "pascalCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "Status",
-                  "safeName": "Status"
-                }
-              }
-            },
-            "typeReference": {
-              "value": {
-                "value": "type_:PetStatus",
-                "type": "named"
-              },
-              "type": "optional"
-            }
-          }
-        ],
-        "additionalProperties": false,
-        "type": "object"
-      },
-      "type_:PetOwner": {
-        "declaration": {
-          "name": {
-            "originalName": "PetOwner",
-            "camelCase": {
-              "unsafeName": "petOwner",
-              "safeName": "petOwner"
-            },
-            "snakeCase": {
-              "unsafeName": "pet_owner",
-              "safeName": "pet_owner"
-            },
-            "screamingSnakeCase": {
-              "unsafeName": "PET_OWNER",
-              "safeName": "PET_OWNER"
-            },
-            "pascalCase": {
-              "unsafeName": "PetOwner",
-              "safeName": "PetOwner"
-            }
-          },
-          "fernFilepath": {
-            "allParts": [],
-            "packagePath": []
-          }
-        },
-        "typeReference": {
-          "type": "unknown"
-        },
-        "type": "alias"
-      },
-      "type_:OrderStatus": {
-        "declaration": {
-          "name": {
-            "originalName": "OrderStatus",
-            "camelCase": {
-              "unsafeName": "orderStatus",
-              "safeName": "orderStatus"
-            },
-            "snakeCase": {
-              "unsafeName": "order_status",
-              "safeName": "order_status"
-            },
-            "screamingSnakeCase": {
-              "unsafeName": "ORDER_STATUS",
-              "safeName": "ORDER_STATUS"
-            },
-            "pascalCase": {
-              "unsafeName": "OrderStatus",
-              "safeName": "OrderStatus"
-            }
-          },
-          "fernFilepath": {
-            "allParts": [],
-            "packagePath": []
-          }
-        },
-        "values": [
-          {
-            "wireValue": "placed",
-            "name": {
-              "originalName": "placed",
-              "camelCase": {
-                "unsafeName": "placed",
-                "safeName": "placed"
-              },
-              "snakeCase": {
-                "unsafeName": "placed",
-                "safeName": "placed"
-              },
-              "screamingSnakeCase": {
-                "unsafeName": "PLACED",
-                "safeName": "PLACED"
-              },
-              "pascalCase": {
-                "unsafeName": "Placed",
-                "safeName": "Placed"
-              }
-            }
-          },
-          {
-            "wireValue": "approved",
-            "name": {
-              "originalName": "approved",
-              "camelCase": {
-                "unsafeName": "approved",
-                "safeName": "approved"
-              },
-              "snakeCase": {
-                "unsafeName": "approved",
-                "safeName": "approved"
-              },
-              "screamingSnakeCase": {
-                "unsafeName": "APPROVED",
-                "safeName": "APPROVED"
-              },
-              "pascalCase": {
-                "unsafeName": "Approved",
-                "safeName": "Approved"
-              }
-            }
-          },
-          {
-            "wireValue": "delivered",
-            "name": {
-              "originalName": "delivered",
-              "camelCase": {
-                "unsafeName": "delivered",
-                "safeName": "delivered"
-              },
-              "snakeCase": {
-                "unsafeName": "delivered",
-                "safeName": "delivered"
-              },
-              "screamingSnakeCase": {
-                "unsafeName": "DELIVERED",
-                "safeName": "DELIVERED"
-              },
-              "pascalCase": {
-                "unsafeName": "Delivered",
-                "safeName": "Delivered"
-              }
-            }
-          }
-        ],
-        "type": "enum"
-      },
-      "type_:Order": {
-        "declaration": {
-          "name": {
-            "originalName": "Order",
-            "camelCase": {
-              "unsafeName": "order",
-              "safeName": "order"
-            },
-            "snakeCase": {
-              "unsafeName": "order",
-              "safeName": "order"
-            },
-            "screamingSnakeCase": {
-              "unsafeName": "ORDER",
-              "safeName": "ORDER"
-            },
-            "pascalCase": {
-              "unsafeName": "Order",
-              "safeName": "Order"
-            }
-          },
-          "fernFilepath": {
-            "allParts": [],
-            "packagePath": []
-          }
-        },
-        "properties": [
-          {
-            "name": {
-              "wireValue": "id",
-              "name": {
-                "originalName": "id",
-                "camelCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "id",
-                  "safeName": "id"
-                },
-                "snakeCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "id",
-                  "safeName": "id"
-                },
-                "screamingSnakeCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "ID",
-                  "safeName": "ID"
-                },
-                "pascalCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "ID",
-                  "safeName": "ID"
-                }
-              }
-            },
-            "typeReference": {
-              "value": {
-                "value": "LONG",
-                "type": "primitive"
-              },
-              "type": "optional"
-            }
-          },
-          {
-            "name": {
-              "wireValue": "petId",
-              "name": {
-                "originalName": "petId",
-                "camelCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "petID",
-                  "safeName": "petID"
-                },
-                "snakeCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "pet_id",
-                  "safeName": "pet_id"
-                },
-                "screamingSnakeCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "PET_ID",
-                  "safeName": "PET_ID"
-                },
-                "pascalCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "PetID",
-                  "safeName": "PetID"
-                }
-              }
-            },
-            "typeReference": {
-              "value": {
-                "value": "LONG",
-                "type": "primitive"
-              },
-              "type": "optional"
-            }
-          },
-          {
-            "name": {
-              "wireValue": "quantity",
-              "name": {
-                "originalName": "quantity",
-                "camelCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "quantity",
-                  "safeName": "quantity"
-                },
-                "snakeCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "quantity",
-                  "safeName": "quantity"
-                },
-                "screamingSnakeCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "QUANTITY",
-                  "safeName": "QUANTITY"
-                },
-                "pascalCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "Quantity",
-                  "safeName": "Quantity"
-                }
-              }
-            },
-            "typeReference": {
-              "value": {
-                "value": "INTEGER",
-                "type": "primitive"
-              },
-              "type": "optional"
-            }
-          },
-          {
-            "name": {
-              "wireValue": "shipDate",
-              "name": {
-                "originalName": "shipDate",
-                "camelCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "shipDate",
-                  "safeName": "shipDate"
-                },
-                "snakeCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "ship_date",
-                  "safeName": "ship_date"
-                },
-                "screamingSnakeCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "SHIP_DATE",
-                  "safeName": "SHIP_DATE"
-                },
-                "pascalCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "ShipDate",
-                  "safeName": "ShipDate"
-                }
-              }
-            },
-            "typeReference": {
-              "value": {
-                "value": "DATE_TIME",
-                "type": "primitive"
-              },
-              "type": "optional"
-            }
-          },
-          {
-            "name": {
-              "wireValue": "status",
-              "name": {
-                "originalName": "status",
-                "camelCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "status",
-                  "safeName": "status"
-                },
-                "snakeCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "status",
-                  "safeName": "status"
-                },
-                "screamingSnakeCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "STATUS",
-                  "safeName": "STATUS"
-                },
-                "pascalCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "Status",
-                  "safeName": "Status"
-                }
-              }
-            },
-            "typeReference": {
-              "value": {
-                "value": "type_:OrderStatus",
-                "type": "named"
-              },
-              "type": "optional"
-            }
-          },
-          {
-            "name": {
-              "wireValue": "complete",
-              "name": {
-                "originalName": "complete",
-                "camelCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "complete",
-                  "safeName": "complete"
-                },
-                "snakeCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "complete",
-                  "safeName": "complete"
-                },
-                "screamingSnakeCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "COMPLETE",
-                  "safeName": "COMPLETE"
+                    "type": "object"
+                  },
+                  "type": "named"
                 },
-                "pascalCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "Complete",
-                  "safeName": "Complete"
-                }
+                "jsonExample": {},
+                "type": "reference"
               }
-            },
-            "typeReference": {
-              "value": {
-                "value": "BOOLEAN",
-                "type": "primitive"
-              },
-              "type": "optional"
             }
-          }
-        ],
-        "additionalProperties": false,
-        "type": "object"
-      },
-      "type_:Category": {
+          ]
+        }
+      ],
+      "v2Examples": {
+        "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+        "autogeneratedExamples": {}
+      }
+    }
+  },
+  "dynamic": {
+    "version": "1.0.0",
+    "types": {
+      "type_petowners:PetownersSubscribeParamsChannel": {
         "declaration": {
           "name": {
-            "originalName": "Category",
+            "originalName": "PetownersSubscribeParamsChannel",
             "camelCase": {
-              "unsafeName": "category",
-              "safeName": "category"
+              "unsafeName": "petownersSubscribeParamsChannel",
+              "safeName": "petownersSubscribeParamsChannel"
             },
             "snakeCase": {
-              "unsafeName": "category",
-              "safeName": "category"
+              "unsafeName": "petowners_subscribe_params_channel",
+              "safeName": "petowners_subscribe_params_channel"
             },
             "screamingSnakeCase": {
-              "unsafeName": "CATEGORY",
-              "safeName": "CATEGORY"
+              "unsafeName": "PETOWNERS_SUBSCRIBE_PARAMS_CHANNEL",
+              "safeName": "PETOWNERS_SUBSCRIBE_PARAMS_CHANNEL"
             },
             "pascalCase": {
-              "unsafeName": "Category",
-              "safeName": "Category"
+              "unsafeName": "PetownersSubscribeParamsChannel",
+              "safeName": "PetownersSubscribeParamsChannel"
             }
           },
           "fernFilepath": {
-            "allParts": [],
-            "packagePath": []
-          }
-        },
-        "properties": [
-          {
-            "name": {
-              "wireValue": "id",
-              "name": {
-                "originalName": "id",
+            "allParts": [
+              {
+                "originalName": "petowners",
                 "camelCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "id",
-                  "safeName": "id"
+                  "unsafeName": "petowners",
+                  "safeName": "petowners"
                 },
                 "snakeCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "id",
-                  "safeName": "id"
+                  "unsafeName": "petowners",
+                  "safeName": "petowners"
                 },
                 "screamingSnakeCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "ID",
-                  "safeName": "ID"
+                  "unsafeName": "PETOWNERS",
+                  "safeName": "PETOWNERS"
                 },
                 "pascalCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "ID",
-                  "safeName": "ID"
+                  "unsafeName": "Petowners",
+                  "safeName": "Petowners"
                 }
               }
-            },
-            "typeReference": {
-              "value": {
-                "value": "LONG",
-                "type": "primitive"
+            ],
+            "packagePath": [],
+            "file": {
+              "originalName": "petowners",
+              "camelCase": {
+                "unsafeName": "petowners",
+                "safeName": "petowners"
               },
-              "type": "optional"
-            }
-          },
-          {
-            "name": {
-              "wireValue": "name",
-              "name": {
-                "originalName": "name",
-                "camelCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "name",
-                  "safeName": "name"
-                },
-                "snakeCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "name",
-                  "safeName": "name"
-                },
-                "screamingSnakeCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "NAME",
-                  "safeName": "NAME"
-                },
-                "pascalCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "Name",
-                  "safeName": "Name"
-                }
-              }
-            },
-            "typeReference": {
-              "value": {
-                "value": "STRING",
-                "type": "primitive"
+              "snakeCase": {
+                "unsafeName": "petowners",
+                "safeName": "petowners"
               },
-              "type": "optional"
-            }
-          }
-        ],
-        "additionalProperties": false,
-        "type": "object"
-      },
-      "type_:Tag": {
-        "declaration": {
-          "name": {
-            "originalName": "Tag",
-            "camelCase": {
-              "unsafeName": "tag",
-              "safeName": "tag"
-            },
-            "snakeCase": {
-              "unsafeName": "tag",
-              "safeName": "tag"
-            },
-            "screamingSnakeCase": {
-              "unsafeName": "TAG",
-              "safeName": "TAG"
-            },
-            "pascalCase": {
-              "unsafeName": "Tag",
-              "safeName": "Tag"
+              "screamingSnakeCase": {
+                "unsafeName": "PETOWNERS",
+                "safeName": "PETOWNERS"
+              },
+              "pascalCase": {
+                "unsafeName": "Petowners",
+                "safeName": "Petowners"
+              }
             }
-          },
-          "fernFilepath": {
-            "allParts": [],
-            "packagePath": []
           }
         },
-        "properties": [
+        "values": [
           {
+            "wireValue": "petowners",
             "name": {
-              "wireValue": "id",
-              "name": {
-                "originalName": "id",
-                "camelCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "id",
-                  "safeName": "id"
-                },
-                "snakeCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "id",
-                  "safeName": "id"
-                },
-                "screamingSnakeCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "ID",
-                  "safeName": "ID"
-                },
-                "pascalCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "ID",
-                  "safeName": "ID"
-                }
-              }
-            },
-            "typeReference": {
-              "value": {
-                "value": "LONG",
-                "type": "primitive"
+              "originalName": "petowners",
+              "camelCase": {
+                "unsafeName": "petowners",
+                "safeName": "petowners"
               },
-              "type": "optional"
-            }
-          },
-          {
-            "name": {
-              "wireValue": "name",
-              "name": {
-                "originalName": "name",
-                "camelCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "name",
-                  "safeName": "name"
-                },
-                "snakeCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "name",
-                  "safeName": "name"
-                },
-                "screamingSnakeCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "NAME",
-                  "safeName": "NAME"
-                },
-                "pascalCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "Name",
-                  "safeName": "Name"
-                }
-              }
-            },
-            "typeReference": {
-              "value": {
-                "value": "STRING",
-                "type": "primitive"
+              "snakeCase": {
+                "unsafeName": "petowners",
+                "safeName": "petowners"
               },
-              "type": "optional"
+              "screamingSnakeCase": {
+                "unsafeName": "PETOWNERS",
+                "safeName": "PETOWNERS"
+              },
+              "pascalCase": {
+                "unsafeName": "Petowners",
+                "safeName": "Petowners"
+              }
             }
           }
         ],
-        "additionalProperties": false,
-        "type": "object"
+        "type": "enum"
       },
-      "type_:User": {
+      "type_petowners:PetownersSubscribeParamsData": {
         "declaration": {
           "name": {
-            "originalName": "User",
+            "originalName": "PetownersSubscribeParamsData",
             "camelCase": {
-              "unsafeName": "user",
-              "safeName": "user"
+              "unsafeName": "petownersSubscribeParamsData",
+              "safeName": "petownersSubscribeParamsData"
             },
             "snakeCase": {
-              "unsafeName": "user",
-              "safeName": "user"
+              "unsafeName": "petowners_subscribe_params_data",
+              "safeName": "petowners_subscribe_params_data"
             },
             "screamingSnakeCase": {
-              "unsafeName": "USER",
-              "safeName": "USER"
+              "unsafeName": "PETOWNERS_SUBSCRIBE_PARAMS_DATA",
+              "safeName": "PETOWNERS_SUBSCRIBE_PARAMS_DATA"
             },
             "pascalCase": {
-              "unsafeName": "User",
-              "safeName": "User"
+              "unsafeName": "PetownersSubscribeParamsData",
+              "safeName": "PetownersSubscribeParamsData"
             }
           },
           "fernFilepath": {
-            "allParts": [],
-            "packagePath": []
-          }
-        },
-        "properties": [
-          {
-            "name": {
-              "wireValue": "id",
-              "name": {
-                "originalName": "id",
+            "allParts": [
+              {
+                "originalName": "petowners",
                 "camelCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "id",
-                  "safeName": "id"
+                  "unsafeName": "petowners",
+                  "safeName": "petowners"
                 },
                 "snakeCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "id",
-                  "safeName": "id"
+                  "unsafeName": "petowners",
+                  "safeName": "petowners"
                 },
                 "screamingSnakeCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "ID",
-                  "safeName": "ID"
+                  "unsafeName": "PETOWNERS",
+                  "safeName": "PETOWNERS"
                 },
                 "pascalCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "ID",
-                  "safeName": "ID"
+                  "unsafeName": "Petowners",
+                  "safeName": "Petowners"
                 }
               }
-            },
-            "typeReference": {
-              "value": {
-                "value": "LONG",
-                "type": "primitive"
+            ],
+            "packagePath": [],
+            "file": {
+              "originalName": "petowners",
+              "camelCase": {
+                "unsafeName": "petowners",
+                "safeName": "petowners"
               },
-              "type": "optional"
-            }
-          },
-          {
-            "name": {
-              "wireValue": "username",
-              "name": {
-                "originalName": "username",
-                "camelCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "username",
-                  "safeName": "username"
-                },
-                "snakeCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "username",
-                  "safeName": "username"
-                },
-                "screamingSnakeCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "USERNAME",
-                  "safeName": "USERNAME"
-                },
-                "pascalCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "Username",
-                  "safeName": "Username"
-                }
-              }
-            },
-            "typeReference": {
-              "value": {
-                "value": "STRING",
-                "type": "primitive"
+              "snakeCase": {
+                "unsafeName": "petowners",
+                "safeName": "petowners"
               },
-              "type": "optional"
-            }
-          },
-          {
-            "name": {
-              "wireValue": "firstName",
-              "name": {
-                "originalName": "firstName",
-                "camelCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "firstName",
-                  "safeName": "firstName"
-                },
-                "snakeCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "first_name",
-                  "safeName": "first_name"
-                },
-                "screamingSnakeCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "FIRST_NAME",
-                  "safeName": "FIRST_NAME"
-                },
-                "pascalCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "FirstName",
-                  "safeName": "FirstName"
-                }
-              }
-            },
-            "typeReference": {
-              "value": {
-                "value": "STRING",
-                "type": "primitive"
+              "screamingSnakeCase": {
+                "unsafeName": "PETOWNERS",
+                "safeName": "PETOWNERS"
               },
-              "type": "optional"
+              "pascalCase": {
+                "unsafeName": "Petowners",
+                "safeName": "Petowners"
+              }
             }
-          },
+          }
+        },
+        "properties": [
           {
             "name": {
-              "wireValue": "lastName",
+              "wireValue": "petOwner",
               "name": {
-                "originalName": "lastName",
+                "originalName": "petOwner",
                 "camelCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "lastName",
-                  "safeName": "lastName"
+                  "unsafeName": "petOwner",
+                  "safeName": "petOwner"
                 },
                 "snakeCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "last_name",
-                  "safeName": "last_name"
+                  "unsafeName": "pet_owner",
+                  "safeName": "pet_owner"
                 },
                 "screamingSnakeCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "LAST_NAME",
-                  "safeName": "LAST_NAME"
+                  "unsafeName": "PET_OWNER",
+                  "safeName": "PET_OWNER"
                 },
                 "pascalCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "LastName",
-                  "safeName": "LastName"
+                  "unsafeName": "PetOwner",
+                  "safeName": "PetOwner"
                 }
               }
             },
             "typeReference": {
-              "value": {
-                "value": "STRING",
-                "type": "primitive"
-              },
-              "type": "optional"
+              "value": "type_:PetOwner",
+              "type": "named"
             }
-          },
-          {
-            "name": {
-              "wireValue": "email",
-              "name": {
-                "originalName": "email",
-                "camelCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "email",
-                  "safeName": "email"
-                },
-                "snakeCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "email",
-                  "safeName": "email"
-                },
-                "screamingSnakeCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "EMAIL",
-                  "safeName": "EMAIL"
-                },
-                "pascalCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "Email",
-                  "safeName": "Email"
-                }
-              }
+          }
+        ],
+        "additionalProperties": false,
+        "type": "object"
+      },
+      "type_petowners:PetownersSubscribeParams": {
+        "declaration": {
+          "name": {
+            "originalName": "PetownersSubscribeParams",
+            "camelCase": {
+              "unsafeName": "petownersSubscribeParams",
+              "safeName": "petownersSubscribeParams"
             },
-            "typeReference": {
-              "value": {
-                "value": "STRING",
-                "type": "primitive"
-              },
-              "type": "optional"
+            "snakeCase": {
+              "unsafeName": "petowners_subscribe_params",
+              "safeName": "petowners_subscribe_params"
+            },
+            "screamingSnakeCase": {
+              "unsafeName": "PETOWNERS_SUBSCRIBE_PARAMS",
+              "safeName": "PETOWNERS_SUBSCRIBE_PARAMS"
+            },
+            "pascalCase": {
+              "unsafeName": "PetownersSubscribeParams",
+              "safeName": "PetownersSubscribeParams"
             }
           },
-          {
-            "name": {
-              "wireValue": "password",
-              "name": {
-                "originalName": "password",
+          "fernFilepath": {
+            "allParts": [
+              {
+                "originalName": "petowners",
                 "camelCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "password",
-                  "safeName": "password"
+                  "unsafeName": "petowners",
+                  "safeName": "petowners"
                 },
                 "snakeCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "password",
-                  "safeName": "password"
+                  "unsafeName": "petowners",
+                  "safeName": "petowners"
                 },
                 "screamingSnakeCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "PASSWORD",
-                  "safeName": "PASSWORD"
+                  "unsafeName": "PETOWNERS",
+                  "safeName": "PETOWNERS"
                 },
                 "pascalCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "Password",
-                  "safeName": "Password"
+                  "unsafeName": "Petowners",
+                  "safeName": "Petowners"
                 }
               }
-            },
-            "typeReference": {
-              "value": {
-                "value": "STRING",
-                "type": "primitive"
+            ],
+            "packagePath": [],
+            "file": {
+              "originalName": "petowners",
+              "camelCase": {
+                "unsafeName": "petowners",
+                "safeName": "petowners"
               },
-              "type": "optional"
+              "snakeCase": {
+                "unsafeName": "petowners",
+                "safeName": "petowners"
+              },
+              "screamingSnakeCase": {
+                "unsafeName": "PETOWNERS",
+                "safeName": "PETOWNERS"
+              },
+              "pascalCase": {
+                "unsafeName": "Petowners",
+                "safeName": "Petowners"
+              }
             }
-          },
+          }
+        },
+        "properties": [
           {
             "name": {
-              "wireValue": "phone",
+              "wireValue": "channel",
               "name": {
-                "originalName": "phone",
+                "originalName": "channel",
                 "camelCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "phone",
-                  "safeName": "phone"
+                  "unsafeName": "channel",
+                  "safeName": "channel"
                 },
                 "snakeCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "phone",
-                  "safeName": "phone"
+                  "unsafeName": "channel",
+                  "safeName": "channel"
                 },
                 "screamingSnakeCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "PHONE",
-                  "safeName": "PHONE"
+                  "unsafeName": "CHANNEL",
+                  "safeName": "CHANNEL"
                 },
                 "pascalCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "Phone",
-                  "safeName": "Phone"
+                  "unsafeName": "Channel",
+                  "safeName": "Channel"
                 }
               }
             },
             "typeReference": {
               "value": {
-                "value": "STRING",
-                "type": "primitive"
+                "value": "type_petowners:PetownersSubscribeParamsChannel",
+                "type": "named"
               },
               "type": "optional"
             }
           },
           {
             "name": {
-              "wireValue": "userStatus",
+              "wireValue": "data",
               "name": {
-                "originalName": "userStatus",
+                "originalName": "data",
                 "camelCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "userStatus",
-                  "safeName": "userStatus"
+                  "unsafeName": "data",
+                  "safeName": "data"
                 },
                 "snakeCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "user_status",
-                  "safeName": "user_status"
+                  "unsafeName": "data",
+                  "safeName": "data"
                 },
                 "screamingSnakeCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "USER_STATUS",
-                  "safeName": "USER_STATUS"
+                  "unsafeName": "DATA",
+                  "safeName": "DATA"
                 },
                 "pascalCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "UserStatus",
-                  "safeName": "UserStatus"
+                  "unsafeName": "Data",
+                  "safeName": "Data"
                 }
               }
             },
             "typeReference": {
               "value": {
-                "value": "INTEGER",
-                "type": "primitive"
+                "value": "type_petowners:PetownersSubscribeParamsData",
+                "type": "named"
               },
               "type": "optional"
             }
@@ -2863,174 +654,142 @@
         ],
         "additionalProperties": false,
         "type": "object"
-      }
-    },
-    "headers": [],
-    "endpoints": {
-      "endpoint_pet.updateAnExistingPet": {
+      },
+      "type_petowners:PetownersSubscribe": {
         "declaration": {
           "name": {
-            "originalName": "updateAnExistingPet",
+            "originalName": "PetownersSubscribe",
             "camelCase": {
-              "unsafeName": "updateAnExistingPet",
-              "safeName": "updateAnExistingPet"
+              "unsafeName": "petownersSubscribe",
+              "safeName": "petownersSubscribe"
             },
             "snakeCase": {
-              "unsafeName": "update_an_existing_pet",
-              "safeName": "update_an_existing_pet"
+              "unsafeName": "petowners_subscribe",
+              "safeName": "petowners_subscribe"
             },
             "screamingSnakeCase": {
-              "unsafeName": "UPDATE_AN_EXISTING_PET",
-              "safeName": "UPDATE_AN_EXISTING_PET"
+              "unsafeName": "PETOWNERS_SUBSCRIBE",
+              "safeName": "PETOWNERS_SUBSCRIBE"
             },
             "pascalCase": {
-              "unsafeName": "UpdateAnExistingPet",
-              "safeName": "UpdateAnExistingPet"
+              "unsafeName": "PetownersSubscribe",
+              "safeName": "PetownersSubscribe"
             }
           },
           "fernFilepath": {
             "allParts": [
               {
-                "originalName": "pet",
+                "originalName": "petowners",
                 "camelCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "pet",
-                  "safeName": "pet"
+                  "unsafeName": "petowners",
+                  "safeName": "petowners"
                 },
                 "snakeCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "pet",
-                  "safeName": "pet"
+                  "unsafeName": "petowners",
+                  "safeName": "petowners"
                 },
                 "screamingSnakeCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "PET",
-                  "safeName": "PET"
+                  "unsafeName": "PETOWNERS",
+                  "safeName": "PETOWNERS"
                 },
                 "pascalCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "Pet",
-                  "safeName": "Pet"
+                  "unsafeName": "Petowners",
+                  "safeName": "Petowners"
                 }
               }
             ],
             "packagePath": [],
             "file": {
-              "originalName": "pet",
+              "originalName": "petowners",
               "camelCase": {
-                "unsafeName": "pet",
-                "safeName": "pet"
+                "unsafeName": "petowners",
+                "safeName": "petowners"
               },
               "snakeCase": {
-                "unsafeName": "pet",
-                "safeName": "pet"
+                "unsafeName": "petowners",
+                "safeName": "petowners"
               },
               "screamingSnakeCase": {
-                "unsafeName": "PET",
-                "safeName": "PET"
+                "unsafeName": "PETOWNERS",
+                "safeName": "PETOWNERS"
               },
               "pascalCase": {
-                "unsafeName": "Pet",
-                "safeName": "Pet"
+                "unsafeName": "Petowners",
+                "safeName": "Petowners"
               }
             }
           }
         },
-        "location": {
-          "method": "PUT",
-          "path": "/pet"
-        },
-        "request": {
-          "pathParameters": [],
-          "body": {
-            "value": {
-              "value": "type_:Pet",
-              "type": "named"
+        "properties": [
+          {
+            "name": {
+              "wireValue": "params",
+              "name": {
+                "originalName": "params",
+                "camelCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "params",
+                  "safeName": "params"
+                },
+                "snakeCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "params",
+                  "safeName": "params"
+                },
+                "screamingSnakeCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "PARAMS",
+                  "safeName": "PARAMS"
+                },
+                "pascalCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "Params",
+                  "safeName": "Params"
+                }
+              }
             },
-            "type": "typeReference"
-          },
-          "type": "body"
-        },
-        "response": {
-          "type": "json"
-        },
-        "examples": []
+            "typeReference": {
+              "value": {
+                "value": "type_petowners:PetownersSubscribeParams",
+                "type": "named"
+              },
+              "type": "optional"
+            }
+          }
+        ],
+        "additionalProperties": false,
+        "type": "object"
       },
-      "endpoint_order.getAnOrder": {
+      "type_:PetOwner": {
         "declaration": {
           "name": {
-            "originalName": "getAnOrder",
+            "originalName": "PetOwner",
             "camelCase": {
-              "unsafeName": "getAnOrder",
-              "safeName": "getAnOrder"
+              "unsafeName": "petOwner",
+              "safeName": "petOwner"
             },
             "snakeCase": {
-              "unsafeName": "get_an_order",
-              "safeName": "get_an_order"
+              "unsafeName": "pet_owner",
+              "safeName": "pet_owner"
             },
             "screamingSnakeCase": {
-              "unsafeName": "GET_AN_ORDER",
-              "safeName": "GET_AN_ORDER"
+              "unsafeName": "PET_OWNER",
+              "safeName": "PET_OWNER"
             },
             "pascalCase": {
-              "unsafeName": "GetAnOrder",
-              "safeName": "GetAnOrder"
+              "unsafeName": "PetOwner",
+              "safeName": "PetOwner"
             }
           },
           "fernFilepath": {
-            "allParts": [
-              {
-                "originalName": "order",
-                "camelCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "order",
-                  "safeName": "order"
-                },
-                "snakeCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "order",
-                  "safeName": "order"
-                },
-                "screamingSnakeCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "ORDER",
-                  "safeName": "ORDER"
-                },
-                "pascalCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "Order",
-                  "safeName": "Order"
-                }
-              }
-            ],
-            "packagePath": [],
-            "file": {
-              "originalName": "order",
-              "camelCase": {
-                "unsafeName": "order",
-                "safeName": "order"
-              },
-              "snakeCase": {
-                "unsafeName": "order",
-                "safeName": "order"
-              },
-              "screamingSnakeCase": {
-                "unsafeName": "ORDER",
-                "safeName": "ORDER"
-              },
-              "pascalCase": {
-                "unsafeName": "Order",
-                "safeName": "Order"
-              }
-            }
+            "allParts": [],
+            "packagePath": []
           }
         },
-        "location": {
-          "method": "GET",
-          "path": "/order"
-        },
-        "request": {
-          "pathParameters": [],
-          "type": "body"
-        },
-        "response": {
-          "type": "json"
+        "typeReference": {
+          "type": "unknown"
         },
-        "examples": []
+        "type": "alias"
       }
     },
+    "headers": [],
+    "endpoints": {},
     "pathParameters": []
   },
   "apiPlayground": true,
@@ -3038,38 +797,6 @@
     "smartCasing": true
   },
   "subpackages": {
-    "subpackage_pet": {
-      "fernFilepath": {
-        "allParts": [
-          "pet"
-        ],
-        "packagePath": [],
-        "file": "pet"
-      },
-      "name": "pet",
-      "service": "service_pet",
-      "types": [],
-      "errors": [],
-      "subpackages": [],
-      "hasEndpointsInTree": true,
-      "hasWebSocketInTree": false
-    },
-    "subpackage_order": {
-      "fernFilepath": {
-        "allParts": [
-          "order"
-        ],
-        "packagePath": [],
-        "file": "order"
-      },
-      "name": "order",
-      "service": "service_order",
-      "types": [],
-      "errors": [],
-      "subpackages": [],
-      "hasEndpointsInTree": true,
-      "hasWebSocketInTree": false
-    },
     "subpackage_petowners": {
       "fernFilepath": {
         "allParts": [
@@ -3098,23 +825,13 @@
       "packagePath": []
     },
     "types": [
-      "type_:Mammal",
-      "type_:PetStatus",
-      "type_:Pet",
-      "type_:PetOwner",
-      "type_:OrderStatus",
-      "type_:Order",
-      "type_:Category",
-      "type_:Tag",
-      "type_:User"
+      "type_:PetOwner"
     ],
     "errors": [],
     "subpackages": [
-      "subpackage_pet",
-      "subpackage_order",
       "subpackage_petowners"
     ],
-    "hasEndpointsInTree": true,
+    "hasEndpointsInTree": false,
     "hasWebSocketInTree": true
   },
   "sdkConfig": {
diff --git a/packages/cli/api-importers/v3-importer-tests/src/__test__/__snapshots__/v3-sdks/allof-nested-ref.json b/packages/cli/api-importers/v3-importer-tests/src/__test__/__snapshots__/v3-sdks/allof-nested-ref.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..c25ea7f0db98
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/cli/api-importers/v3-importer-tests/src/__test__/__snapshots__/v3-sdks/allof-nested-ref.json
@@ -0,0 +1,3194 @@
+{
+  "auth": {
+    "requirement": "ALL",
+    "schemes": []
+  },
+  "selfHosted": false,
+  "types": {
+    "UserStrict": {
+      "name": {
+        "typeId": "UserStrict",
+        "fernFilepath": {
+          "allParts": [],
+          "packagePath": []
+        },
+        "name": "UserStrict"
+      },
+      "shape": {
+        "properties": [
+          {
+            "name": "firstName",
+            "valueType": {
+              "primitive": {
+                "v1": "STRING",
+                "v2": {
+                  "validation": {},
+                  "type": "string"
+                }
+              },
+              "type": "primitive"
+            },
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {
+                "UserStrictFirstName_example_autogenerated": "string"
+              }
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "lastName",
+            "valueType": {
+              "primitive": {
+                "v1": "STRING",
+                "v2": {
+                  "validation": {},
+                  "type": "string"
+                }
+              },
+              "type": "primitive"
+            },
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {
+                "UserStrictLastName_example_autogenerated": "string"
+              }
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "email",
+            "valueType": {
+              "primitive": {
+                "v1": "STRING",
+                "v2": {
+                  "validation": {
+                    "format": "email"
+                  },
+                  "type": "string"
+                }
+              },
+              "type": "primitive"
+            },
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {
+                "UserStrictEmail_example_autogenerated": "string"
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        ],
+        "extends": [],
+        "extendedProperties": [],
+        "extraProperties": false,
+        "type": "object"
+      },
+      "autogeneratedExamples": [],
+      "userProvidedExamples": [],
+      "referencedTypes": {},
+      "inline": false,
+      "v2Examples": {
+        "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+        "autogeneratedExamples": {
+          "UserStrict_example_autogenerated": {
+            "firstName": "string",
+            "lastName": "string",
+            "email": "string"
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    },
+    "UserBase": {
+      "name": {
+        "typeId": "UserBase",
+        "fernFilepath": {
+          "allParts": [],
+          "packagePath": []
+        },
+        "name": "UserBase"
+      },
+      "shape": {
+        "properties": [
+          {
+            "name": "firstName",
+            "valueType": {
+              "primitive": {
+                "v1": "STRING",
+                "v2": {
+                  "validation": {},
+                  "type": "string"
+                }
+              },
+              "type": "primitive"
+            },
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {
+                "UserBaseFirstName_example_autogenerated": "string"
+              }
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "lastName",
+            "valueType": {
+              "primitive": {
+                "v1": "STRING",
+                "v2": {
+                  "validation": {},
+                  "type": "string"
+                }
+              },
+              "type": "primitive"
+            },
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {
+                "UserBaseLastName_example_autogenerated": "string"
+              }
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "email",
+            "valueType": {
+              "primitive": {
+                "v1": "STRING",
+                "v2": {
+                  "validation": {
+                    "format": "email"
+                  },
+                  "type": "string"
+                }
+              },
+              "type": "primitive"
+            },
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {
+                "UserBaseEmail_example_autogenerated": "string"
+              }
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "role",
+            "valueType": {
+              "container": {
+                "optional": {
+                  "primitive": {
+                    "v1": "STRING",
+                    "v2": {
+                      "validation": {},
+                      "type": "string"
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "type": "primitive"
+                },
+                "type": "optional"
+              },
+              "type": "container"
+            },
+            "docs": "The user's role",
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {
+                "UserBaseRole_example_autogenerated": "string"
+              }
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "companyId",
+            "valueType": {
+              "container": {
+                "optional": {
+                  "primitive": {
+                    "v1": "INTEGER",
+                    "v2": {
+                      "validation": {},
+                      "type": "integer"
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "type": "primitive"
+                },
+                "type": "optional"
+              },
+              "type": "container"
+            },
+            "docs": "Associated company ID",
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {
+                "UserBaseCompanyId_example_autogenerated": 1
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        ],
+        "extends": [],
+        "extendedProperties": [],
+        "extraProperties": false,
+        "type": "object"
+      },
+      "autogeneratedExamples": [],
+      "userProvidedExamples": [],
+      "referencedTypes": {},
+      "inline": false,
+      "v2Examples": {
+        "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+        "autogeneratedExamples": {
+          "UserBase_example_autogenerated": {
+            "firstName": "string",
+            "lastName": "string",
+            "email": "string"
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    },
+    "UserPost": {
+      "name": {
+        "typeId": "UserPost",
+        "fernFilepath": {
+          "allParts": [],
+          "packagePath": []
+        },
+        "name": "UserPost"
+      },
+      "shape": {
+        "properties": [
+          {
+            "name": "firstName",
+            "valueType": {
+              "primitive": {
+                "v1": "STRING",
+                "v2": {
+                  "validation": {},
+                  "type": "string"
+                }
+              },
+              "type": "primitive"
+            },
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {
+                "UserPostFirstName_example_autogenerated": "string"
+              }
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "lastName",
+            "valueType": {
+              "primitive": {
+                "v1": "STRING",
+                "v2": {
+                  "validation": {},
+                  "type": "string"
+                }
+              },
+              "type": "primitive"
+            },
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {
+                "UserPostLastName_example_autogenerated": "string"
+              }
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "email",
+            "valueType": {
+              "primitive": {
+                "v1": "STRING",
+                "v2": {
+                  "validation": {
+                    "format": "email"
+                  },
+                  "type": "string"
+                }
+              },
+              "type": "primitive"
+            },
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {
+                "UserPostEmail_example_autogenerated": "string"
+              }
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "role",
+            "valueType": {
+              "primitive": {
+                "v1": "STRING",
+                "v2": {
+                  "validation": {},
+                  "type": "string"
+                }
+              },
+              "type": "primitive"
+            },
+            "docs": "The user's role",
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {
+                "UserPostRole_example_autogenerated": "string"
+              }
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "companyId",
+            "valueType": {
+              "primitive": {
+                "v1": "INTEGER",
+                "v2": {
+                  "validation": {},
+                  "type": "integer"
+                }
+              },
+              "type": "primitive"
+            },
+            "docs": "Associated company ID",
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {
+                "UserPostCompanyId_example_autogenerated": 1
+              }
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "acceptWelcomeEmail",
+            "valueType": {
+              "container": {
+                "optional": {
+                  "primitive": {
+                    "v1": "BOOLEAN",
+                    "v2": {
+                      "type": "boolean"
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "type": "primitive"
+                },
+                "type": "optional"
+              },
+              "type": "container"
+            },
+            "docs": "Whether to send a welcome email",
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {
+                "UserPostAcceptWelcomeEmail_example_autogenerated": true
+              }
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "originChannelId",
+            "valueType": {
+              "container": {
+                "optional": {
+                  "primitive": {
+                    "v1": "INTEGER",
+                    "v2": {
+                      "validation": {},
+                      "type": "integer"
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "type": "primitive"
+                },
+                "type": "optional"
+              },
+              "type": "container"
+            },
+            "docs": "Origin channel ID",
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {
+                "UserPostOriginChannelId_example_autogenerated": 1
+              }
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "channelIds",
+            "valueType": {
+              "container": {
+                "list": {
+                  "primitive": {
+                    "v1": "INTEGER",
+                    "v2": {
+                      "validation": {},
+                      "type": "integer"
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "type": "primitive"
+                },
+                "type": "list"
+              },
+              "type": "container"
+            },
+            "docs": "List of channel IDs",
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {
+                "UserPostChannelIds_example_autogenerated": [
+                  1
+                ]
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        ],
+        "extends": [],
+        "extendedProperties": [],
+        "extraProperties": false,
+        "type": "object"
+      },
+      "autogeneratedExamples": [],
+      "userProvidedExamples": [],
+      "referencedTypes": {},
+      "inline": false,
+      "v2Examples": {
+        "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+        "autogeneratedExamples": {
+          "UserPost_example_autogenerated": {
+            "firstName": "string",
+            "lastName": "string",
+            "email": "string",
+            "role": "string",
+            "companyId": 1,
+            "channelIds": [
+              1
+            ]
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    },
+    "AddressBase": {
+      "name": {
+        "typeId": "AddressBase",
+        "fernFilepath": {
+          "allParts": [],
+          "packagePath": []
+        },
+        "name": "AddressBase"
+      },
+      "shape": {
+        "properties": [
+          {
+            "name": "country",
+            "valueType": {
+              "primitive": {
+                "v1": "STRING",
+                "v2": {
+                  "validation": {},
+                  "type": "string"
+                }
+              },
+              "type": "primitive"
+            },
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {
+                "AddressBaseCountry_example_autogenerated": "string"
+              }
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "state",
+            "valueType": {
+              "container": {
+                "optional": {
+                  "primitive": {
+                    "v1": "STRING",
+                    "v2": {
+                      "validation": {},
+                      "type": "string"
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "type": "primitive"
+                },
+                "type": "optional"
+              },
+              "type": "container"
+            },
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {
+                "AddressBaseState_example_autogenerated": "string"
+              }
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "city",
+            "valueType": {
+              "container": {
+                "optional": {
+                  "primitive": {
+                    "v1": "STRING",
+                    "v2": {
+                      "validation": {},
+                      "type": "string"
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "type": "primitive"
+                },
+                "type": "optional"
+              },
+              "type": "container"
+            },
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {
+                "AddressBaseCity_example_autogenerated": "string"
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        ],
+        "extends": [],
+        "extendedProperties": [],
+        "extraProperties": false,
+        "type": "object"
+      },
+      "autogeneratedExamples": [],
+      "userProvidedExamples": [],
+      "referencedTypes": {},
+      "inline": false,
+      "v2Examples": {
+        "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+        "autogeneratedExamples": {
+          "AddressBase_example_autogenerated": {
+            "country": "string"
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    },
+    "CompanyBase": {
+      "name": {
+        "typeId": "CompanyBase",
+        "fernFilepath": {
+          "allParts": [],
+          "packagePath": []
+        },
+        "name": "CompanyBase"
+      },
+      "shape": {
+        "properties": [
+          {
+            "name": "companyName",
+            "valueType": {
+              "container": {
+                "optional": {
+                  "primitive": {
+                    "v1": "STRING",
+                    "v2": {
+                      "validation": {},
+                      "type": "string"
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "type": "primitive"
+                },
+                "type": "optional"
+              },
+              "type": "container"
+            },
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {
+                "CompanyBaseCompanyName_example_autogenerated": "string"
+              }
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "companyPhone",
+            "valueType": {
+              "container": {
+                "optional": {
+                  "primitive": {
+                    "v1": "STRING",
+                    "v2": {
+                      "validation": {},
+                      "type": "string"
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "type": "primitive"
+                },
+                "type": "optional"
+              },
+              "type": "container"
+            },
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {
+                "CompanyBaseCompanyPhone_example_autogenerated": "string"
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        ],
+        "extends": [
+          {
+            "typeId": "AddressBase",
+            "fernFilepath": {
+              "allParts": [],
+              "packagePath": []
+            },
+            "name": "AddressBase",
+            "displayName": "AddressBase"
+          }
+        ],
+        "extendedProperties": [],
+        "extraProperties": false,
+        "type": "object"
+      },
+      "autogeneratedExamples": [],
+      "userProvidedExamples": [],
+      "referencedTypes": {},
+      "inline": false,
+      "v2Examples": {
+        "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+        "autogeneratedExamples": {
+          "CompanyBase_example_autogenerated": {
+            "country": "string"
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    },
+    "CompanyPost": {
+      "name": {
+        "typeId": "CompanyPost",
+        "fernFilepath": {
+          "allParts": [],
+          "packagePath": []
+        },
+        "name": "CompanyPost"
+      },
+      "shape": {
+        "properties": [
+          {
+            "name": "country",
+            "valueType": {
+              "primitive": {
+                "v1": "STRING",
+                "v2": {
+                  "validation": {},
+                  "type": "string"
+                }
+              },
+              "type": "primitive"
+            },
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {
+                "CompanyPostCountry_example_autogenerated": "string"
+              }
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "state",
+            "valueType": {
+              "container": {
+                "optional": {
+                  "primitive": {
+                    "v1": "STRING",
+                    "v2": {
+                      "validation": {},
+                      "type": "string"
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "type": "primitive"
+                },
+                "type": "optional"
+              },
+              "type": "container"
+            },
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {
+                "CompanyPostState_example_autogenerated": "string"
+              }
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "city",
+            "valueType": {
+              "container": {
+                "optional": {
+                  "primitive": {
+                    "v1": "STRING",
+                    "v2": {
+                      "validation": {},
+                      "type": "string"
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "type": "primitive"
+                },
+                "type": "optional"
+              },
+              "type": "container"
+            },
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {
+                "CompanyPostCity_example_autogenerated": "string"
+              }
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "companyName",
+            "valueType": {
+              "primitive": {
+                "v1": "STRING",
+                "v2": {
+                  "validation": {},
+                  "type": "string"
+                }
+              },
+              "type": "primitive"
+            },
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {
+                "CompanyPostCompanyName_example_autogenerated": "string"
+              }
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "companyPhone",
+            "valueType": {
+              "primitive": {
+                "v1": "STRING",
+                "v2": {
+                  "validation": {},
+                  "type": "string"
+                }
+              },
+              "type": "primitive"
+            },
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {
+                "CompanyPostCompanyPhone_example_autogenerated": "string"
+              }
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "taxId",
+            "valueType": {
+              "container": {
+                "optional": {
+                  "primitive": {
+                    "v1": "STRING",
+                    "v2": {
+                      "validation": {},
+                      "type": "string"
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "type": "primitive"
+                },
+                "type": "optional"
+              },
+              "type": "container"
+            },
+            "docs": "Tax identification number",
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {
+                "CompanyPostTaxId_example_autogenerated": "string"
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        ],
+        "extends": [],
+        "extendedProperties": [],
+        "extraProperties": false,
+        "type": "object"
+      },
+      "autogeneratedExamples": [],
+      "userProvidedExamples": [],
+      "referencedTypes": {},
+      "inline": false,
+      "v2Examples": {
+        "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+        "autogeneratedExamples": {
+          "CompanyPost_example_autogenerated": {
+            "country": "string",
+            "companyName": "string",
+            "companyPhone": "string"
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    },
+    "Identifiable": {
+      "name": {
+        "typeId": "Identifiable",
+        "fernFilepath": {
+          "allParts": [],
+          "packagePath": []
+        },
+        "name": "Identifiable"
+      },
+      "shape": {
+        "properties": [
+          {
+            "name": "id",
+            "valueType": {
+              "primitive": {
+                "v1": "STRING",
+                "v2": {
+                  "validation": {
+                    "format": "uuid"
+                  },
+                  "type": "string"
+                }
+              },
+              "type": "primitive"
+            },
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {
+                "IdentifiableId_example_autogenerated": "string"
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        ],
+        "extends": [],
+        "extendedProperties": [],
+        "extraProperties": false,
+        "type": "object"
+      },
+      "autogeneratedExamples": [],
+      "userProvidedExamples": [],
+      "referencedTypes": {},
+      "inline": false,
+      "v2Examples": {
+        "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+        "autogeneratedExamples": {
+          "Identifiable_example_autogenerated": {
+            "id": "string"
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    },
+    "Describable": {
+      "name": {
+        "typeId": "Describable",
+        "fernFilepath": {
+          "allParts": [],
+          "packagePath": []
+        },
+        "name": "Describable"
+      },
+      "shape": {
+        "properties": [
+          {
+            "name": "name",
+            "valueType": {
+              "container": {
+                "optional": {
+                  "primitive": {
+                    "v1": "STRING",
+                    "v2": {
+                      "validation": {},
+                      "type": "string"
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "type": "primitive"
+                },
+                "type": "optional"
+              },
+              "type": "container"
+            },
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {
+                "DescribableName_example_autogenerated": "string"
+              }
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "description",
+            "valueType": {
+              "container": {
+                "optional": {
+                  "primitive": {
+                    "v1": "STRING",
+                    "v2": {
+                      "validation": {},
+                      "type": "string"
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "type": "primitive"
+                },
+                "type": "optional"
+              },
+              "type": "container"
+            },
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {
+                "DescribableDescription_example_autogenerated": "string"
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        ],
+        "extends": [],
+        "extendedProperties": [],
+        "extraProperties": false,
+        "type": "object"
+      },
+      "autogeneratedExamples": [],
+      "userProvidedExamples": [],
+      "referencedTypes": {},
+      "inline": false,
+      "v2Examples": {
+        "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+        "autogeneratedExamples": {
+          "Describable_example_autogenerated": {}
+        }
+      }
+    },
+    "PlantBaseWateringFrequency": {
+      "name": {
+        "typeId": "PlantBaseWateringFrequency",
+        "fernFilepath": {
+          "allParts": [],
+          "packagePath": []
+        },
+        "name": "PlantBaseWateringFrequency"
+      },
+      "shape": {
+        "values": [
+          {
+            "name": "daily"
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "weekly"
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "biweekly"
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "monthly"
+          }
+        ],
+        "type": "enum"
+      },
+      "autogeneratedExamples": [],
+      "userProvidedExamples": [],
+      "referencedTypes": {},
+      "inline": false,
+      "v2Examples": {
+        "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+        "autogeneratedExamples": {
+          "PlantBaseWateringFrequency_example_autogenerated": "daily"
+        }
+      }
+    },
+    "PlantBase": {
+      "name": {
+        "typeId": "PlantBase",
+        "fernFilepath": {
+          "allParts": [],
+          "packagePath": []
+        },
+        "name": "PlantBase"
+      },
+      "shape": {
+        "properties": [
+          {
+            "name": "id",
+            "valueType": {
+              "primitive": {
+                "v1": "STRING",
+                "v2": {
+                  "validation": {
+                    "format": "uuid"
+                  },
+                  "type": "string"
+                }
+              },
+              "type": "primitive"
+            },
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {
+                "PlantBaseId_example_autogenerated": "string"
+              }
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "name",
+            "valueType": {
+              "container": {
+                "optional": {
+                  "primitive": {
+                    "v1": "STRING",
+                    "v2": {
+                      "validation": {},
+                      "type": "string"
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "type": "primitive"
+                },
+                "type": "optional"
+              },
+              "type": "container"
+            },
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {
+                "PlantBaseName_example_autogenerated": "string"
+              }
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "description",
+            "valueType": {
+              "container": {
+                "optional": {
+                  "primitive": {
+                    "v1": "STRING",
+                    "v2": {
+                      "validation": {},
+                      "type": "string"
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "type": "primitive"
+                },
+                "type": "optional"
+              },
+              "type": "container"
+            },
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {
+                "PlantBaseDescription_example_autogenerated": "string"
+              }
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "species",
+            "valueType": {
+              "container": {
+                "optional": {
+                  "primitive": {
+                    "v1": "STRING",
+                    "v2": {
+                      "validation": {},
+                      "type": "string"
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "type": "primitive"
+                },
+                "type": "optional"
+              },
+              "type": "container"
+            },
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {
+                "PlantBaseSpecies_example_autogenerated": "string"
+              }
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "wateringFrequency",
+            "valueType": {
+              "container": {
+                "optional": {
+                  "fernFilepath": {
+                    "allParts": [],
+                    "packagePath": []
+                  },
+                  "name": "PlantBaseWateringFrequency",
+                  "typeId": "PlantBaseWateringFrequency",
+                  "inline": false,
+                  "type": "named"
+                },
+                "type": "optional"
+              },
+              "type": "container"
+            },
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {
+                "PlantBaseWateringFrequency_example_autogenerated": "daily"
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        ],
+        "extends": [],
+        "extendedProperties": [],
+        "extraProperties": false,
+        "type": "object"
+      },
+      "autogeneratedExamples": [],
+      "userProvidedExamples": [],
+      "referencedTypes": {},
+      "inline": false,
+      "v2Examples": {
+        "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+        "autogeneratedExamples": {
+          "PlantBase_example_autogenerated": {
+            "id": "string"
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    },
+    "PlantRecordWateringFrequency": {
+      "name": {
+        "typeId": "PlantRecordWateringFrequency",
+        "fernFilepath": {
+          "allParts": [],
+          "packagePath": []
+        },
+        "name": "PlantRecordWateringFrequency"
+      },
+      "shape": {
+        "values": [
+          {
+            "name": "daily"
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "weekly"
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "biweekly"
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "monthly"
+          }
+        ],
+        "type": "enum"
+      },
+      "autogeneratedExamples": [],
+      "userProvidedExamples": [],
+      "referencedTypes": {},
+      "inline": false,
+      "v2Examples": {
+        "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+        "autogeneratedExamples": {
+          "PlantRecordWateringFrequency_example_autogenerated": "daily"
+        }
+      }
+    },
+    "PlantRecord": {
+      "name": {
+        "typeId": "PlantRecord",
+        "fernFilepath": {
+          "allParts": [],
+          "packagePath": []
+        },
+        "name": "PlantRecord"
+      },
+      "shape": {
+        "properties": [
+          {
+            "name": "id",
+            "valueType": {
+              "primitive": {
+                "v1": "STRING",
+                "v2": {
+                  "validation": {
+                    "format": "uuid"
+                  },
+                  "type": "string"
+                }
+              },
+              "type": "primitive"
+            },
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {
+                "PlantRecordId_example_autogenerated": "string"
+              }
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "name",
+            "valueType": {
+              "primitive": {
+                "v1": "STRING",
+                "v2": {
+                  "validation": {},
+                  "type": "string"
+                }
+              },
+              "type": "primitive"
+            },
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {
+                "PlantRecordName_example_autogenerated": "string"
+              }
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "description",
+            "valueType": {
+              "container": {
+                "optional": {
+                  "primitive": {
+                    "v1": "STRING",
+                    "v2": {
+                      "validation": {},
+                      "type": "string"
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "type": "primitive"
+                },
+                "type": "optional"
+              },
+              "type": "container"
+            },
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {
+                "PlantRecordDescription_example_autogenerated": "string"
+              }
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "species",
+            "valueType": {
+              "primitive": {
+                "v1": "STRING",
+                "v2": {
+                  "validation": {},
+                  "type": "string"
+                }
+              },
+              "type": "primitive"
+            },
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {
+                "PlantRecordSpecies_example_autogenerated": "string"
+              }
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "wateringFrequency",
+            "valueType": {
+              "container": {
+                "optional": {
+                  "fernFilepath": {
+                    "allParts": [],
+                    "packagePath": []
+                  },
+                  "name": "PlantRecordWateringFrequency",
+                  "typeId": "PlantRecordWateringFrequency",
+                  "inline": false,
+                  "type": "named"
+                },
+                "type": "optional"
+              },
+              "type": "container"
+            },
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {
+                "PlantRecordWateringFrequency_example_autogenerated": "daily"
+              }
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "plantedAt",
+            "valueType": {
+              "container": {
+                "optional": {
+                  "primitive": {
+                    "v1": "DATE",
+                    "v2": {
+                      "type": "date"
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "type": "primitive"
+                },
+                "type": "optional"
+              },
+              "type": "container"
+            },
+            "docs": "Date the plant was planted",
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {
+                "PlantRecordPlantedAt_example_autogenerated": "2023-01-15"
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        ],
+        "extends": [],
+        "extendedProperties": [],
+        "extraProperties": false,
+        "type": "object"
+      },
+      "autogeneratedExamples": [],
+      "userProvidedExamples": [],
+      "referencedTypes": {},
+      "inline": false,
+      "v2Examples": {
+        "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+        "autogeneratedExamples": {
+          "PlantRecord_example_autogenerated": {
+            "id": "string",
+            "name": "string",
+            "species": "string"
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  },
+  "services": {
+    "service_": {
+      "name": {
+        "fernFilepath": {
+          "allParts": [],
+          "packagePath": []
+        }
+      },
+      "basePath": {
+        "head": "",
+        "parts": []
+      },
+      "headers": [],
+      "pathParameters": [],
+      "endpoints": [
+        {
+          "displayName": "Create a user (three-level allOf chain)",
+          "method": "POST",
+          "baseUrl": "https://api.example.com",
+          "path": {
+            "head": "/users",
+            "parts": []
+          },
+          "pathParameters": [],
+          "queryParameters": [],
+          "headers": [],
+          "responseHeaders": [],
+          "errors": [],
+          "auth": false,
+          "userSpecifiedExamples": [],
+          "autogeneratedExamples": [
+            {
+              "example": {
+                "id": "335e3049",
+                "url": "/users",
+                "endpointHeaders": [],
+                "endpointPathParameters": [],
+                "queryParameters": [],
+                "servicePathParameters": [],
+                "serviceHeaders": [],
+                "rootPathParameters": [],
+                "request": {
+                  "jsonExample": {
+                    "firstName": "firstName",
+                    "lastName": "lastName",
+                    "email": "email",
+                    "role": "role",
+                    "companyId": 1,
+                    "channelIds": [
+                      1,
+                      1
+                    ]
+                  },
+                  "shape": {
+                    "shape": {
+                      "properties": [
+                        {
+                          "name": "firstName",
+                          "originalTypeDeclaration": {
+                            "typeId": "UserPost",
+                            "fernFilepath": {
+                              "allParts": [],
+                              "packagePath": []
+                            },
+                            "name": "UserPost"
+                          },
+                          "value": {
+                            "jsonExample": "firstName",
+                            "shape": {
+                              "primitive": {
+                                "string": {
+                                  "original": "firstName"
+                                },
+                                "type": "string"
+                              },
+                              "type": "primitive"
+                            }
+                          }
+                        },
+                        {
+                          "name": "lastName",
+                          "originalTypeDeclaration": {
+                            "typeId": "UserPost",
+                            "fernFilepath": {
+                              "allParts": [],
+                              "packagePath": []
+                            },
+                            "name": "UserPost"
+                          },
+                          "value": {
+                            "jsonExample": "lastName",
+                            "shape": {
+                              "primitive": {
+                                "string": {
+                                  "original": "lastName"
+                                },
+                                "type": "string"
+                              },
+                              "type": "primitive"
+                            }
+                          }
+                        },
+                        {
+                          "name": "email",
+                          "originalTypeDeclaration": {
+                            "typeId": "UserPost",
+                            "fernFilepath": {
+                              "allParts": [],
+                              "packagePath": []
+                            },
+                            "name": "UserPost"
+                          },
+                          "value": {
+                            "jsonExample": "email",
+                            "shape": {
+                              "primitive": {
+                                "string": {
+                                  "original": "email"
+                                },
+                                "type": "string"
+                              },
+                              "type": "primitive"
+                            }
+                          }
+                        },
+                        {
+                          "name": "role",
+                          "originalTypeDeclaration": {
+                            "typeId": "UserPost",
+                            "fernFilepath": {
+                              "allParts": [],
+                              "packagePath": []
+                            },
+                            "name": "UserPost"
+                          },
+                          "value": {
+                            "jsonExample": "role",
+                            "shape": {
+                              "primitive": {
+                                "string": {
+                                  "original": "role"
+                                },
+                                "type": "string"
+                              },
+                              "type": "primitive"
+                            }
+                          }
+                        },
+                        {
+                          "name": "companyId",
+                          "originalTypeDeclaration": {
+                            "typeId": "UserPost",
+                            "fernFilepath": {
+                              "allParts": [],
+                              "packagePath": []
+                            },
+                            "name": "UserPost"
+                          },
+                          "value": {
+                            "jsonExample": 1,
+                            "shape": {
+                              "primitive": {
+                                "integer": 1,
+                                "type": "integer"
+                              },
+                              "type": "primitive"
+                            }
+                          }
+                        },
+                        {
+                          "name": "acceptWelcomeEmail",
+                          "originalTypeDeclaration": {
+                            "typeId": "UserPost",
+                            "fernFilepath": {
+                              "allParts": [],
+                              "packagePath": []
+                            },
+                            "name": "UserPost"
+                          },
+                          "value": {
+                            "shape": {
+                              "container": {
+                                "valueType": {
+                                  "primitive": {
+                                    "v1": "BOOLEAN",
+                                    "v2": {
+                                      "type": "boolean"
+                                    }
+                                  },
+                                  "type": "primitive"
+                                },
+                                "type": "optional"
+                              },
+                              "type": "container"
+                            }
+                          }
+                        },
+                        {
+                          "name": "originChannelId",
+                          "originalTypeDeclaration": {
+                            "typeId": "UserPost",
+                            "fernFilepath": {
+                              "allParts": [],
+                              "packagePath": []
+                            },
+                            "name": "UserPost"
+                          },
+                          "value": {
+                            "shape": {
+                              "container": {
+                                "valueType": {
+                                  "primitive": {
+                                    "v1": "INTEGER",
+                                    "v2": {
+                                      "validation": {},
+                                      "type": "integer"
+                                    }
+                                  },
+                                  "type": "primitive"
+                                },
+                                "type": "optional"
+                              },
+                              "type": "container"
+                            }
+                          }
+                        },
+                        {
+                          "name": "channelIds",
+                          "originalTypeDeclaration": {
+                            "typeId": "UserPost",
+                            "fernFilepath": {
+                              "allParts": [],
+                              "packagePath": []
+                            },
+                            "name": "UserPost"
+                          },
+                          "value": {
+                            "jsonExample": [
+                              1,
+                              1
+                            ],
+                            "shape": {
+                              "container": {
+                                "list": [
+                                  {
+                                    "jsonExample": 1,
+                                    "shape": {
+                                      "primitive": {
+                                        "integer": 1,
+                                        "type": "integer"
+                                      },
+                                      "type": "primitive"
+                                    }
+                                  },
+                                  {
+                                    "jsonExample": 1,
+                                    "shape": {
+                                      "primitive": {
+                                        "integer": 1,
+                                        "type": "integer"
+                                      },
+                                      "type": "primitive"
+                                    }
+                                  }
+                                ],
+                                "itemType": {
+                                  "primitive": {
+                                    "v1": "INTEGER",
+                                    "v2": {
+                                      "validation": {},
+                                      "type": "integer"
+                                    }
+                                  },
+                                  "type": "primitive"
+                                },
+                                "type": "list"
+                              },
+                              "type": "container"
+                            }
+                          }
+                        }
+                      ],
+                      "type": "object"
+                    },
+                    "typeName": {
+                      "typeId": "UserPost",
+                      "fernFilepath": {
+                        "allParts": [],
+                        "packagePath": []
+                      },
+                      "name": "UserPost"
+                    },
+                    "type": "named"
+                  },
+                  "type": "reference"
+                },
+                "response": {
+                  "value": {
+                    "value": {
+                      "jsonExample": {
+                        "firstName": "firstName",
+                        "lastName": "lastName",
+                        "email": "email"
+                      },
+                      "shape": {
+                        "shape": {
+                          "properties": [
+                            {
+                              "name": "firstName",
+                              "originalTypeDeclaration": {
+                                "typeId": "UserStrict",
+                                "fernFilepath": {
+                                  "allParts": [],
+                                  "packagePath": []
+                                },
+                                "name": "UserStrict"
+                              },
+                              "value": {
+                                "jsonExample": "firstName",
+                                "shape": {
+                                  "primitive": {
+                                    "string": {
+                                      "original": "firstName"
+                                    },
+                                    "type": "string"
+                                  },
+                                  "type": "primitive"
+                                }
+                              }
+                            },
+                            {
+                              "name": "lastName",
+                              "originalTypeDeclaration": {
+                                "typeId": "UserStrict",
+                                "fernFilepath": {
+                                  "allParts": [],
+                                  "packagePath": []
+                                },
+                                "name": "UserStrict"
+                              },
+                              "value": {
+                                "jsonExample": "lastName",
+                                "shape": {
+                                  "primitive": {
+                                    "string": {
+                                      "original": "lastName"
+                                    },
+                                    "type": "string"
+                                  },
+                                  "type": "primitive"
+                                }
+                              }
+                            },
+                            {
+                              "name": "email",
+                              "originalTypeDeclaration": {
+                                "typeId": "UserStrict",
+                                "fernFilepath": {
+                                  "allParts": [],
+                                  "packagePath": []
+                                },
+                                "name": "UserStrict"
+                              },
+                              "value": {
+                                "jsonExample": "email",
+                                "shape": {
+                                  "primitive": {
+                                    "string": {
+                                      "original": "email"
+                                    },
+                                    "type": "string"
+                                  },
+                                  "type": "primitive"
+                                }
+                              }
+                            }
+                          ],
+                          "type": "object"
+                        },
+                        "typeName": {
+                          "typeId": "UserStrict",
+                          "fernFilepath": {
+                            "allParts": [],
+                            "packagePath": []
+                          },
+                          "name": "UserStrict"
+                        },
+                        "type": "named"
+                      }
+                    },
+                    "type": "body"
+                  },
+                  "type": "ok"
+                }
+              }
+            }
+          ],
+          "idempotent": false,
+          "fullPath": {
+            "head": "/users",
+            "parts": []
+          },
+          "allPathParameters": [],
+          "source": {
+            "type": "openapi"
+          },
+          "audiences": [],
+          "id": "endpoint_.createUser",
+          "name": "createUser",
+          "requestBody": {
+            "contentType": "application/json",
+            "requestBodyType": {
+              "fernFilepath": {
+                "allParts": [],
+                "packagePath": []
+              },
+              "name": "UserPost",
+              "typeId": "UserPost",
+              "inline": false,
+              "displayName": "UserPost",
+              "type": "named"
+            },
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {
+                "createUserExample": {
+                  "channelIds": [
+                    1
+                  ],
+                  "firstName": "string",
+                  "lastName": "string",
+                  "email": "string"
+                }
+              }
+            },
+            "type": "reference"
+          },
+          "v2RequestBodies": {
+            "requestBodies": [
+              {
+                "contentType": "application/json",
+                "requestBodyType": {
+                  "fernFilepath": {
+                    "allParts": [],
+                    "packagePath": []
+                  },
+                  "name": "UserPost",
+                  "typeId": "UserPost",
+                  "inline": false,
+                  "displayName": "UserPost",
+                  "type": "named"
+                },
+                "v2Examples": {
+                  "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+                  "autogeneratedExamples": {
+                    "createUserExample": {
+                      "channelIds": [
+                        1
+                      ],
+                      "firstName": "string",
+                      "lastName": "string",
+                      "email": "string"
+                    }
+                  }
+                },
+                "type": "reference"
+              }
+            ]
+          },
+          "response": {
+            "statusCode": 200,
+            "body": {
+              "value": {
+                "responseBodyType": {
+                  "fernFilepath": {
+                    "allParts": [],
+                    "packagePath": []
+                  },
+                  "name": "UserStrict",
+                  "typeId": "UserStrict",
+                  "inline": false,
+                  "displayName": "UserStrict",
+                  "type": "named"
+                },
+                "docs": "Created user",
+                "v2Examples": {
+                  "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+                  "autogeneratedExamples": {
+                    "createUserExample": {
+                      "firstName": "string",
+                      "lastName": "string",
+                      "email": "string"
+                    }
+                  }
+                },
+                "type": "response"
+              },
+              "type": "json"
+            },
+            "docs": "Created user"
+          },
+          "docs": "Tests the core BigCommerce pattern: userPost -> userBase -> userStrict. The grandparent's properties must be resolved through the nested $ref.\n",
+          "v2Examples": {
+            "autogeneratedExamples": {
+              "createUserExample_200": {
+                "displayName": "createUserExample",
+                "request": {
+                  "endpoint": {
+                    "method": "POST",
+                    "path": "/users"
+                  },
+                  "environment": "https://api.example.com",
+                  "pathParameters": {},
+                  "queryParameters": {},
+                  "headers": {},
+                  "requestBody": {
+                    "channelIds": [
+                      1
+                    ],
+                    "firstName": "string",
+                    "lastName": "string",
+                    "email": "string"
+                  }
+                },
+                "response": {
+                  "statusCode": 200,
+                  "body": {
+                    "value": {
+                      "firstName": "string",
+                      "lastName": "string",
+                      "email": "string"
+                    },
+                    "type": "json"
+                  }
+                }
+              }
+            },
+            "userSpecifiedExamples": {}
+          },
+          "v2Responses": {
+            "responses": [
+              {
+                "statusCode": 200,
+                "body": {
+                  "value": {
+                    "responseBodyType": {
+                      "fernFilepath": {
+                        "allParts": [],
+                        "packagePath": []
+                      },
+                      "name": "UserStrict",
+                      "typeId": "UserStrict",
+                      "inline": false,
+                      "displayName": "UserStrict",
+                      "type": "named"
+                    },
+                    "docs": "Created user",
+                    "v2Examples": {
+                      "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+                      "autogeneratedExamples": {
+                        "createUserExample": {
+                          "firstName": "string",
+                          "lastName": "string",
+                          "email": "string"
+                        }
+                      }
+                    },
+                    "type": "response"
+                  },
+                  "type": "json"
+                },
+                "docs": "Created user"
+              }
+            ]
+          }
+        },
+        {
+          "displayName": "Create a company (sibling properties alongside nested $ref)",
+          "method": "POST",
+          "baseUrl": "https://api.example.com",
+          "path": {
+            "head": "/companies",
+            "parts": []
+          },
+          "pathParameters": [],
+          "queryParameters": [],
+          "headers": [],
+          "responseHeaders": [],
+          "errors": [],
+          "auth": false,
+          "userSpecifiedExamples": [],
+          "autogeneratedExamples": [
+            {
+              "example": {
+                "id": "920b43b0",
+                "url": "/companies",
+                "endpointHeaders": [],
+                "endpointPathParameters": [],
+                "queryParameters": [],
+                "servicePathParameters": [],
+                "serviceHeaders": [],
+                "rootPathParameters": [],
+                "request": {
+                  "jsonExample": {
+                    "country": "country",
+                    "companyName": "companyName",
+                    "companyPhone": "companyPhone"
+                  },
+                  "shape": {
+                    "shape": {
+                      "properties": [
+                        {
+                          "name": "country",
+                          "originalTypeDeclaration": {
+                            "typeId": "CompanyPost",
+                            "fernFilepath": {
+                              "allParts": [],
+                              "packagePath": []
+                            },
+                            "name": "CompanyPost"
+                          },
+                          "value": {
+                            "jsonExample": "country",
+                            "shape": {
+                              "primitive": {
+                                "string": {
+                                  "original": "country"
+                                },
+                                "type": "string"
+                              },
+                              "type": "primitive"
+                            }
+                          }
+                        },
+                        {
+                          "name": "state",
+                          "originalTypeDeclaration": {
+                            "typeId": "CompanyPost",
+                            "fernFilepath": {
+                              "allParts": [],
+                              "packagePath": []
+                            },
+                            "name": "CompanyPost"
+                          },
+                          "value": {
+                            "shape": {
+                              "container": {
+                                "valueType": {
+                                  "primitive": {
+                                    "v1": "STRING",
+                                    "v2": {
+                                      "validation": {},
+                                      "type": "string"
+                                    }
+                                  },
+                                  "type": "primitive"
+                                },
+                                "type": "optional"
+                              },
+                              "type": "container"
+                            }
+                          }
+                        },
+                        {
+                          "name": "city",
+                          "originalTypeDeclaration": {
+                            "typeId": "CompanyPost",
+                            "fernFilepath": {
+                              "allParts": [],
+                              "packagePath": []
+                            },
+                            "name": "CompanyPost"
+                          },
+                          "value": {
+                            "shape": {
+                              "container": {
+                                "valueType": {
+                                  "primitive": {
+                                    "v1": "STRING",
+                                    "v2": {
+                                      "validation": {},
+                                      "type": "string"
+                                    }
+                                  },
+                                  "type": "primitive"
+                                },
+                                "type": "optional"
+                              },
+                              "type": "container"
+                            }
+                          }
+                        },
+                        {
+                          "name": "companyName",
+                          "originalTypeDeclaration": {
+                            "typeId": "CompanyPost",
+                            "fernFilepath": {
+                              "allParts": [],
+                              "packagePath": []
+                            },
+                            "name": "CompanyPost"
+                          },
+                          "value": {
+                            "jsonExample": "companyName",
+                            "shape": {
+                              "primitive": {
+                                "string": {
+                                  "original": "companyName"
+                                },
+                                "type": "string"
+                              },
+                              "type": "primitive"
+                            }
+                          }
+                        },
+                        {
+                          "name": "companyPhone",
+                          "originalTypeDeclaration": {
+                            "typeId": "CompanyPost",
+                            "fernFilepath": {
+                              "allParts": [],
+                              "packagePath": []
+                            },
+                            "name": "CompanyPost"
+                          },
+                          "value": {
+                            "jsonExample": "companyPhone",
+                            "shape": {
+                              "primitive": {
+                                "string": {
+                                  "original": "companyPhone"
+                                },
+                                "type": "string"
+                              },
+                              "type": "primitive"
+                            }
+                          }
+                        },
+                        {
+                          "name": "taxId",
+                          "originalTypeDeclaration": {
+                            "typeId": "CompanyPost",
+                            "fernFilepath": {
+                              "allParts": [],
+                              "packagePath": []
+                            },
+                            "name": "CompanyPost"
+                          },
+                          "value": {
+                            "shape": {
+                              "container": {
+                                "valueType": {
+                                  "primitive": {
+                                    "v1": "STRING",
+                                    "v2": {
+                                      "validation": {},
+                                      "type": "string"
+                                    }
+                                  },
+                                  "type": "primitive"
+                                },
+                                "type": "optional"
+                              },
+                              "type": "container"
+                            }
+                          }
+                        }
+                      ],
+                      "type": "object"
+                    },
+                    "typeName": {
+                      "typeId": "CompanyPost",
+                      "fernFilepath": {
+                        "allParts": [],
+                        "packagePath": []
+                      },
+                      "name": "CompanyPost"
+                    },
+                    "type": "named"
+                  },
+                  "type": "reference"
+                },
+                "response": {
+                  "value": {
+                    "value": {
+                      "jsonExample": {
+                        "country": "country",
+                        "state": "state",
+                        "city": "city",
+                        "companyName": "companyName",
+                        "companyPhone": "companyPhone"
+                      },
+                      "shape": {
+                        "shape": {
+                          "properties": [
+                            {
+                              "name": "country",
+                              "originalTypeDeclaration": {
+                                "typeId": "AddressBase",
+                                "fernFilepath": {
+                                  "allParts": [],
+                                  "packagePath": []
+                                },
+                                "name": "AddressBase"
+                              },
+                              "value": {
+                                "jsonExample": "country",
+                                "shape": {
+                                  "primitive": {
+                                    "string": {
+                                      "original": "country"
+                                    },
+                                    "type": "string"
+                                  },
+                                  "type": "primitive"
+                                }
+                              }
+                            },
+                            {
+                              "name": "state",
+                              "originalTypeDeclaration": {
+                                "typeId": "AddressBase",
+                                "fernFilepath": {
+                                  "allParts": [],
+                                  "packagePath": []
+                                },
+                                "name": "AddressBase"
+                              },
+                              "value": {
+                                "jsonExample": "state",
+                                "shape": {
+                                  "container": {
+                                    "optional": {
+                                      "jsonExample": "state",
+                                      "shape": {
+                                        "primitive": {
+                                          "string": {
+                                            "original": "state"
+                                          },
+                                          "type": "string"
+                                        },
+                                        "type": "primitive"
+                                      }
+                                    },
+                                    "valueType": {
+                                      "primitive": {
+                                        "v1": "STRING",
+                                        "v2": {
+                                          "validation": {},
+                                          "type": "string"
+                                        }
+                                      },
+                                      "type": "primitive"
+                                    },
+                                    "type": "optional"
+                                  },
+                                  "type": "container"
+                                }
+                              }
+                            },
+                            {
+                              "name": "city",
+                              "originalTypeDeclaration": {
+                                "typeId": "AddressBase",
+                                "fernFilepath": {
+                                  "allParts": [],
+                                  "packagePath": []
+                                },
+                                "name": "AddressBase"
+                              },
+                              "value": {
+                                "jsonExample": "city",
+                                "shape": {
+                                  "container": {
+                                    "optional": {
+                                      "jsonExample": "city",
+                                      "shape": {
+                                        "primitive": {
+                                          "string": {
+                                            "original": "city"
+                                          },
+                                          "type": "string"
+                                        },
+                                        "type": "primitive"
+                                      }
+                                    },
+                                    "valueType": {
+                                      "primitive": {
+                                        "v1": "STRING",
+                                        "v2": {
+                                          "validation": {},
+                                          "type": "string"
+                                        }
+                                      },
+                                      "type": "primitive"
+                                    },
+                                    "type": "optional"
+                                  },
+                                  "type": "container"
+                                }
+                              }
+                            },
+                            {
+                              "name": "companyName",
+                              "originalTypeDeclaration": {
+                                "typeId": "CompanyBase",
+                                "fernFilepath": {
+                                  "allParts": [],
+                                  "packagePath": []
+                                },
+                                "name": "CompanyBase"
+                              },
+                              "value": {
+                                "jsonExample": "companyName",
+                                "shape": {
+                                  "container": {
+                                    "optional": {
+                                      "jsonExample": "companyName",
+                                      "shape": {
+                                        "primitive": {
+                                          "string": {
+                                            "original": "companyName"
+                                          },
+                                          "type": "string"
+                                        },
+                                        "type": "primitive"
+                                      }
+                                    },
+                                    "valueType": {
+                                      "primitive": {
+                                        "v1": "STRING",
+                                        "v2": {
+                                          "validation": {},
+                                          "type": "string"
+                                        }
+                                      },
+                                      "type": "primitive"
+                                    },
+                                    "type": "optional"
+                                  },
+                                  "type": "container"
+                                }
+                              }
+                            },
+                            {
+                              "name": "companyPhone",
+                              "originalTypeDeclaration": {
+                                "typeId": "CompanyBase",
+                                "fernFilepath": {
+                                  "allParts": [],
+                                  "packagePath": []
+                                },
+                                "name": "CompanyBase"
+                              },
+                              "value": {
+                                "jsonExample": "companyPhone",
+                                "shape": {
+                                  "container": {
+                                    "optional": {
+                                      "jsonExample": "companyPhone",
+                                      "shape": {
+                                        "primitive": {
+                                          "string": {
+                                            "original": "companyPhone"
+                                          },
+                                          "type": "string"
+                                        },
+                                        "type": "primitive"
+                                      }
+                                    },
+                                    "valueType": {
+                                      "primitive": {
+                                        "v1": "STRING",
+                                        "v2": {
+                                          "validation": {},
+                                          "type": "string"
+                                        }
+                                      },
+                                      "type": "primitive"
+                                    },
+                                    "type": "optional"
+                                  },
+                                  "type": "container"
+                                }
+                              }
+                            }
+                          ],
+                          "type": "object"
+                        },
+                        "typeName": {
+                          "typeId": "CompanyBase",
+                          "fernFilepath": {
+                            "allParts": [],
+                            "packagePath": []
+                          },
+                          "name": "CompanyBase"
+                        },
+                        "type": "named"
+                      }
+                    },
+                    "type": "body"
+                  },
+                  "type": "ok"
+                }
+              }
+            }
+          ],
+          "idempotent": false,
+          "fullPath": {
+            "head": "/companies",
+            "parts": []
+          },
+          "allPathParameters": [],
+          "source": {
+            "type": "openapi"
+          },
+          "audiences": [],
+          "id": "endpoint_.createCompany",
+          "name": "createCompany",
+          "requestBody": {
+            "contentType": "application/json",
+            "requestBodyType": {
+              "fernFilepath": {
+                "allParts": [],
+                "packagePath": []
+              },
+              "name": "CompanyPost",
+              "typeId": "CompanyPost",
+              "inline": false,
+              "displayName": "CompanyPost",
+              "type": "named"
+            },
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {
+                "createCompanyExample": {
+                  "companyName": "string",
+                  "companyPhone": "string",
+                  "country": "string"
+                }
+              }
+            },
+            "type": "reference"
+          },
+          "v2RequestBodies": {
+            "requestBodies": [
+              {
+                "contentType": "application/json",
+                "requestBodyType": {
+                  "fernFilepath": {
+                    "allParts": [],
+                    "packagePath": []
+                  },
+                  "name": "CompanyPost",
+                  "typeId": "CompanyPost",
+                  "inline": false,
+                  "displayName": "CompanyPost",
+                  "type": "named"
+                },
+                "v2Examples": {
+                  "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+                  "autogeneratedExamples": {
+                    "createCompanyExample": {
+                      "companyName": "string",
+                      "companyPhone": "string",
+                      "country": "string"
+                    }
+                  }
+                },
+                "type": "reference"
+              }
+            ]
+          },
+          "response": {
+            "statusCode": 200,
+            "body": {
+              "value": {
+                "responseBodyType": {
+                  "fernFilepath": {
+                    "allParts": [],
+                    "packagePath": []
+                  },
+                  "name": "CompanyBase",
+                  "typeId": "CompanyBase",
+                  "inline": false,
+                  "displayName": "CompanyBase",
+                  "type": "named"
+                },
+                "docs": "Created company",
+                "v2Examples": {
+                  "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+                  "autogeneratedExamples": {
+                    "createCompanyExample": {
+                      "companyName": "string",
+                      "companyPhone": "string",
+                      "country": "string",
+                      "state": "string",
+                      "city": "string"
+                    }
+                  }
+                },
+                "type": "response"
+              },
+              "type": "json"
+            },
+            "docs": "Created company"
+          },
+          "docs": "Tests that sibling properties at the parent level (companyBase has its own properties in addition to $ref) are all preserved.\n",
+          "v2Examples": {
+            "autogeneratedExamples": {
+              "createCompanyExample_200": {
+                "displayName": "createCompanyExample",
+                "request": {
+                  "endpoint": {
+                    "method": "POST",
+                    "path": "/companies"
+                  },
+                  "environment": "https://api.example.com",
+                  "pathParameters": {},
+                  "queryParameters": {},
+                  "headers": {},
+                  "requestBody": {
+                    "companyName": "string",
+                    "companyPhone": "string",
+                    "country": "string"
+                  }
+                },
+                "response": {
+                  "statusCode": 200,
+                  "body": {
+                    "value": {
+                      "companyName": "string",
+                      "companyPhone": "string",
+                      "country": "string",
+                      "state": "string",
+                      "city": "string"
+                    },
+                    "type": "json"
+                  }
+                }
+              }
+            },
+            "userSpecifiedExamples": {}
+          },
+          "v2Responses": {
+            "responses": [
+              {
+                "statusCode": 200,
+                "body": {
+                  "value": {
+                    "responseBodyType": {
+                      "fernFilepath": {
+                        "allParts": [],
+                        "packagePath": []
+                      },
+                      "name": "CompanyBase",
+                      "typeId": "CompanyBase",
+                      "inline": false,
+                      "displayName": "CompanyBase",
+                      "type": "named"
+                    },
+                    "docs": "Created company",
+                    "v2Examples": {
+                      "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+                      "autogeneratedExamples": {
+                        "createCompanyExample": {
+                          "companyName": "string",
+                          "companyPhone": "string",
+                          "country": "string",
+                          "state": "string",
+                          "city": "string"
+                        }
+                      }
+                    },
+                    "type": "response"
+                  },
+                  "type": "json"
+                },
+                "docs": "Created company"
+              }
+            ]
+          }
+        },
+        {
+          "displayName": "Create a plant (multiple $ref in single allOf)",
+          "method": "POST",
+          "baseUrl": "https://api.example.com",
+          "path": {
+            "head": "/plants",
+            "parts": []
+          },
+          "pathParameters": [],
+          "queryParameters": [],
+          "headers": [],
+          "responseHeaders": [],
+          "errors": [],
+          "auth": false,
+          "userSpecifiedExamples": [],
+          "autogeneratedExamples": [
+            {
+              "example": {
+                "id": "45058f3c",
+                "url": "/plants",
+                "endpointHeaders": [],
+                "endpointPathParameters": [],
+                "queryParameters": [],
+                "servicePathParameters": [],
+                "serviceHeaders": [],
+                "rootPathParameters": [],
+                "request": {
+                  "jsonExample": {
+                    "id": "id",
+                    "name": "name",
+                    "species": "species"
+                  },
+                  "shape": {
+                    "shape": {
+                      "properties": [
+                        {
+                          "name": "id",
+                          "originalTypeDeclaration": {
+                            "typeId": "PlantRecord",
+                            "fernFilepath": {
+                              "allParts": [],
+                              "packagePath": []
+                            },
+                            "name": "PlantRecord"
+                          },
+                          "value": {
+                            "jsonExample": "id",
+                            "shape": {
+                              "primitive": {
+                                "string": {
+                                  "original": "id"
+                                },
+                                "type": "string"
+                              },
+                              "type": "primitive"
+                            }
+                          }
+                        },
+                        {
+                          "name": "name",
+                          "originalTypeDeclaration": {
+                            "typeId": "PlantRecord",
+                            "fernFilepath": {
+                              "allParts": [],
+                              "packagePath": []
+                            },
+                            "name": "PlantRecord"
+                          },
+                          "value": {
+                            "jsonExample": "name",
+                            "shape": {
+                              "primitive": {
+                                "string": {
+                                  "original": "name"
+                                },
+                                "type": "string"
+                              },
+                              "type": "primitive"
+                            }
+                          }
+                        },
+                        {
+                          "name": "description",
+                          "originalTypeDeclaration": {
+                            "typeId": "PlantRecord",
+                            "fernFilepath": {
+                              "allParts": [],
+                              "packagePath": []
+                            },
+                            "name": "PlantRecord"
+                          },
+                          "value": {
+                            "shape": {
+                              "container": {
+                                "valueType": {
+                                  "primitive": {
+                                    "v1": "STRING",
+                                    "v2": {
+                                      "validation": {},
+                                      "type": "string"
+                                    }
+                                  },
+                                  "type": "primitive"
+                                },
+                                "type": "optional"
+                              },
+                              "type": "container"
+                            }
+                          }
+                        },
+                        {
+                          "name": "species",
+                          "originalTypeDeclaration": {
+                            "typeId": "PlantRecord",
+                            "fernFilepath": {
+                              "allParts": [],
+                              "packagePath": []
+                            },
+                            "name": "PlantRecord"
+                          },
+                          "value": {
+                            "jsonExample": "species",
+                            "shape": {
+                              "primitive": {
+                                "string": {
+                                  "original": "species"
+                                },
+                                "type": "string"
+                              },
+                              "type": "primitive"
+                            }
+                          }
+                        },
+                        {
+                          "name": "wateringFrequency",
+                          "originalTypeDeclaration": {
+                            "typeId": "PlantRecord",
+                            "fernFilepath": {
+                              "allParts": [],
+                              "packagePath": []
+                            },
+                            "name": "PlantRecord"
+                          },
+                          "value": {
+                            "shape": {
+                              "container": {
+                                "valueType": {
+                                  "fernFilepath": {
+                                    "allParts": [],
+                                    "packagePath": []
+                                  },
+                                  "name": "PlantRecordWateringFrequency",
+                                  "typeId": "PlantRecordWateringFrequency",
+                                  "inline": false,
+                                  "type": "named"
+                                },
+                                "type": "optional"
+                              },
+                              "type": "container"
+                            }
+                          }
+                        },
+                        {
+                          "name": "plantedAt",
+                          "originalTypeDeclaration": {
+                            "typeId": "PlantRecord",
+                            "fernFilepath": {
+                              "allParts": [],
+                              "packagePath": []
+                            },
+                            "name": "PlantRecord"
+                          },
+                          "value": {
+                            "shape": {
+                              "container": {
+                                "valueType": {
+                                  "primitive": {
+                                    "v1": "DATE",
+                                    "v2": {
+                                      "type": "date"
+                                    }
+                                  },
+                                  "type": "primitive"
+                                },
+                                "type": "optional"
+                              },
+                              "type": "container"
+                            }
+                          }
+                        }
+                      ],
+                      "type": "object"
+                    },
+                    "typeName": {
+                      "typeId": "PlantRecord",
+                      "fernFilepath": {
+                        "allParts": [],
+                        "packagePath": []
+                      },
+                      "name": "PlantRecord"
+                    },
+                    "type": "named"
+                  },
+                  "type": "reference"
+                },
+                "response": {
+                  "value": {
+                    "value": {
+                      "jsonExample": {
+                        "id": "id",
+                        "name": "name",
+                        "description": "description",
+                        "species": "species",
+                        "wateringFrequency": "daily",
+                        "plantedAt": "2023-01-15"
+                      },
+                      "shape": {
+                        "shape": {
+                          "properties": [
+                            {
+                              "name": "id",
+                              "originalTypeDeclaration": {
+                                "typeId": "PlantRecord",
+                                "fernFilepath": {
+                                  "allParts": [],
+                                  "packagePath": []
+                                },
+                                "name": "PlantRecord"
+                              },
+                              "value": {
+                                "jsonExample": "id",
+                                "shape": {
+                                  "primitive": {
+                                    "string": {
+                                      "original": "id"
+                                    },
+                                    "type": "string"
+                                  },
+                                  "type": "primitive"
+                                }
+                              }
+                            },
+                            {
+                              "name": "name",
+                              "originalTypeDeclaration": {
+                                "typeId": "PlantRecord",
+                                "fernFilepath": {
+                                  "allParts": [],
+                                  "packagePath": []
+                                },
+                                "name": "PlantRecord"
+                              },
+                              "value": {
+                                "jsonExample": "name",
+                                "shape": {
+                                  "primitive": {
+                                    "string": {
+                                      "original": "name"
+                                    },
+                                    "type": "string"
+                                  },
+                                  "type": "primitive"
+                                }
+                              }
+                            },
+                            {
+                              "name": "description",
+                              "originalTypeDeclaration": {
+                                "typeId": "PlantRecord",
+                                "fernFilepath": {
+                                  "allParts": [],
+                                  "packagePath": []
+                                },
+                                "name": "PlantRecord"
+                              },
+                              "value": {
+                                "jsonExample": "description",
+                                "shape": {
+                                  "container": {
+                                    "optional": {
+                                      "jsonExample": "description",
+                                      "shape": {
+                                        "primitive": {
+                                          "string": {
+                                            "original": "description"
+                                          },
+                                          "type": "string"
+                                        },
+                                        "type": "primitive"
+                                      }
+                                    },
+                                    "valueType": {
+                                      "primitive": {
+                                        "v1": "STRING",
+                                        "v2": {
+                                          "validation": {},
+                                          "type": "string"
+                                        }
+                                      },
+                                      "type": "primitive"
+                                    },
+                                    "type": "optional"
+                                  },
+                                  "type": "container"
+                                }
+                              }
+                            },
+                            {
+                              "name": "species",
+                              "originalTypeDeclaration": {
+                                "typeId": "PlantRecord",
+                                "fernFilepath": {
+                                  "allParts": [],
+                                  "packagePath": []
+                                },
+                                "name": "PlantRecord"
+                              },
+                              "value": {
+                                "jsonExample": "species",
+                                "shape": {
+                                  "primitive": {
+                                    "string": {
+                                      "original": "species"
+                                    },
+                                    "type": "string"
+                                  },
+                                  "type": "primitive"
+                                }
+                              }
+                            },
+                            {
+                              "name": "wateringFrequency",
+                              "originalTypeDeclaration": {
+                                "typeId": "PlantRecord",
+                                "fernFilepath": {
+                                  "allParts": [],
+                                  "packagePath": []
+                                },
+                                "name": "PlantRecord"
+                              },
+                              "value": {
+                                "jsonExample": "daily",
+                                "shape": {
+                                  "container": {
+                                    "optional": {
+                                      "jsonExample": "daily",
+                                      "shape": {
+                                        "shape": {
+                                          "value": "daily",
+                                          "type": "enum"
+                                        },
+                                        "typeName": {
+                                          "typeId": "PlantRecordWateringFrequency",
+                                          "fernFilepath": {
+                                            "allParts": [],
+                                            "packagePath": []
+                                          },
+                                          "name": "PlantRecordWateringFrequency"
+                                        },
+                                        "type": "named"
+                                      }
+                                    },
+                                    "valueType": {
+                                      "fernFilepath": {
+                                        "allParts": [],
+                                        "packagePath": []
+                                      },
+                                      "name": "PlantRecordWateringFrequency",
+                                      "typeId": "PlantRecordWateringFrequency",
+                                      "inline": false,
+                                      "type": "named"
+                                    },
+                                    "type": "optional"
+                                  },
+                                  "type": "container"
+                                }
+                              }
+                            },
+                            {
+                              "name": "plantedAt",
+                              "originalTypeDeclaration": {
+                                "typeId": "PlantRecord",
+                                "fernFilepath": {
+                                  "allParts": [],
+                                  "packagePath": []
+                                },
+                                "name": "PlantRecord"
+                              },
+                              "value": {
+                                "jsonExample": "2023-01-15",
+                                "shape": {
+                                  "container": {
+                                    "optional": {
+                                      "jsonExample": "2023-01-15",
+                                      "shape": {
+                                        "primitive": {
+                                          "date": "2023-01-15",
+                                          "type": "date"
+                                        },
+                                        "type": "primitive"
+                                      }
+                                    },
+                                    "valueType": {
+                                      "primitive": {
+                                        "v1": "DATE",
+                                        "v2": {
+                                          "type": "date"
+                                        }
+                                      },
+                                      "type": "primitive"
+                                    },
+                                    "type": "optional"
+                                  },
+                                  "type": "container"
+                                }
+                              }
+                            }
+                          ],
+                          "type": "object"
+                        },
+                        "typeName": {
+                          "typeId": "PlantRecord",
+                          "fernFilepath": {
+                            "allParts": [],
+                            "packagePath": []
+                          },
+                          "name": "PlantRecord"
+                        },
+                        "type": "named"
+                      }
+                    },
+                    "type": "body"
+                  },
+                  "type": "ok"
+                }
+              }
+            }
+          ],
+          "idempotent": false,
+          "fullPath": {
+            "head": "/plants",
+            "parts": []
+          },
+          "allPathParameters": [],
+          "source": {
+            "type": "openapi"
+          },
+          "audiences": [],
+          "id": "endpoint_.createPlant",
+          "name": "createPlant",
+          "requestBody": {
+            "contentType": "application/json",
+            "requestBodyType": {
+              "fernFilepath": {
+                "allParts": [],
+                "packagePath": []
+              },
+              "name": "PlantRecord",
+              "typeId": "PlantRecord",
+              "inline": false,
+              "displayName": "PlantRecord",
+              "type": "named"
+            },
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {
+                "createPlantExample": {
+                  "id": "string"
+                }
+              }
+            },
+            "type": "reference"
+          },
+          "v2RequestBodies": {
+            "requestBodies": [
+              {
+                "contentType": "application/json",
+                "requestBodyType": {
+                  "fernFilepath": {
+                    "allParts": [],
+                    "packagePath": []
+                  },
+                  "name": "PlantRecord",
+                  "typeId": "PlantRecord",
+                  "inline": false,
+                  "displayName": "PlantRecord",
+                  "type": "named"
+                },
+                "v2Examples": {
+                  "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+                  "autogeneratedExamples": {
+                    "createPlantExample": {
+                      "id": "string"
+                    }
+                  }
+                },
+                "type": "reference"
+              }
+            ]
+          },
+          "response": {
+            "statusCode": 200,
+            "body": {
+              "value": {
+                "responseBodyType": {
+                  "fernFilepath": {
+                    "allParts": [],
+                    "packagePath": []
+                  },
+                  "name": "PlantRecord",
+                  "typeId": "PlantRecord",
+                  "inline": false,
+                  "displayName": "PlantRecord",
+                  "type": "named"
+                },
+                "docs": "Created plant",
+                "v2Examples": {
+                  "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+                  "autogeneratedExamples": {
+                    "createPlantExample": {
+                      "plantedAt": "2023-01-15",
+                      "id": "string",
+                      "name": "string",
+                      "description": "string",
+                      "species": "string",
+                      "wateringFrequency": "daily"
+                    }
+                  }
+                },
+                "type": "response"
+              },
+              "type": "json"
+            },
+            "docs": "Created plant"
+          },
+          "docs": "Tests that when a parent's allOf contains multiple $ref entries, all of them are resolved and their properties merged.\n",
+          "v2Examples": {
+            "autogeneratedExamples": {
+              "createPlantExample_200": {
+                "displayName": "createPlantExample",
+                "request": {
+                  "endpoint": {
+                    "method": "POST",
+                    "path": "/plants"
+                  },
+                  "environment": "https://api.example.com",
+                  "pathParameters": {},
+                  "queryParameters": {},
+                  "headers": {},
+                  "requestBody": {
+                    "id": "string"
+                  }
+                },
+                "response": {
+                  "statusCode": 200,
+                  "body": {
+                    "value": {
+                      "plantedAt": "2023-01-15",
+                      "id": "string",
+                      "name": "string",
+                      "description": "string",
+                      "species": "string",
+                      "wateringFrequency": "daily"
+                    },
+                    "type": "json"
+                  }
+                }
+              }
+            },
+            "userSpecifiedExamples": {}
+          },
+          "v2Responses": {
+            "responses": [
+              {
+                "statusCode": 200,
+                "body": {
+                  "value": {
+                    "responseBodyType": {
+                      "fernFilepath": {
+                        "allParts": [],
+                        "packagePath": []
+                      },
+                      "name": "PlantRecord",
+                      "typeId": "PlantRecord",
+                      "inline": false,
+                      "displayName": "PlantRecord",
+                      "type": "named"
+                    },
+                    "docs": "Created plant",
+                    "v2Examples": {
+                      "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+                      "autogeneratedExamples": {
+                        "createPlantExample": {
+                          "plantedAt": "2023-01-15",
+                          "id": "string",
+                          "name": "string",
+                          "description": "string",
+                          "species": "string",
+                          "wateringFrequency": "daily"
+                        }
+                      }
+                    },
+                    "type": "response"
+                  },
+                  "type": "json"
+                },
+                "docs": "Created plant"
+              }
+            ]
+          }
+        }
+      ]
+    }
+  },
+  "errors": {},
+  "webhookGroups": {},
+  "headers": [],
+  "idempotencyHeaders": [],
+  "apiDisplayName": "Nested allOf $ref Resolution",
+  "pathParameters": [],
+  "errorDiscriminationStrategy": {
+    "type": "statusCode"
+  },
+  "variables": [],
+  "serviceTypeReferenceInfo": {
+    "sharedTypes": [],
+    "typesReferencedOnlyByService": {}
+  },
+  "environments": {
+    "defaultEnvironment": "https://api.example.com",
+    "environments": {
+      "environments": [
+        {
+          "id": "https://api.example.com",
+          "name": "https://api.example.com",
+          "url": "https://api.example.com"
+        }
+      ],
+      "type": "singleBaseUrl"
+    }
+  },
+  "rootPackage": {
+    "fernFilepath": {
+      "allParts": [],
+      "packagePath": []
+    },
+    "service": "service_",
+    "types": [
+      "UserStrict",
+      "UserBase",
+      "UserPost",
+      "AddressBase",
+      "CompanyBase",
+      "CompanyPost",
+      "Identifiable",
+      "Describable",
+      "PlantBase",
+      "PlantRecord"
+    ],
+    "errors": [],
+    "subpackages": [],
+    "hasEndpointsInTree": false
+  },
+  "subpackages": {},
+  "sdkConfig": {
+    "hasFileDownloadEndpoints": false,
+    "hasPaginatedEndpoints": false,
+    "hasStreamingEndpoints": false,
+    "isAuthMandatory": true,
+    "platformHeaders": {
+      "language": "",
+      "sdkName": "",
+      "sdkVersion": ""
+    }
+  },
+  "apiName": "Nested allOf $ref Resolution",
+  "constants": {
+    "errorInstanceIdKey": "errorInstanceId"
+  }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/packages/cli/api-importers/v3-importer-tests/src/__test__/__snapshots__/v3-sdks/url-reference.json b/packages/cli/api-importers/v3-importer-tests/src/__test__/__snapshots__/v3-sdks/url-reference.json
index b5d325b4f34e..f2941416e284 100644
--- a/packages/cli/api-importers/v3-importer-tests/src/__test__/__snapshots__/v3-sdks/url-reference.json
+++ b/packages/cli/api-importers/v3-importer-tests/src/__test__/__snapshots__/v3-sdks/url-reference.json
@@ -36,36 +36,7 @@
         "name": "Mammal"
       },
       "shape": {
-        "members": [
-          {
-            "type": {
-              "fernFilepath": {
-                "allParts": [],
-                "packagePath": []
-              },
-              "name": "Pet",
-              "typeId": "Pet",
-              "inline": false,
-              "displayName": "a Pet",
-              "type": "named"
-            },
-            "docs": "A pet for sale in the pet store"
-          },
-          {
-            "type": {
-              "fernFilepath": {
-                "allParts": [],
-                "packagePath": []
-              },
-              "name": "User",
-              "typeId": "User",
-              "inline": false,
-              "displayName": "a User",
-              "type": "named"
-            },
-            "docs": "A User who is purchasing from the pet store"
-          }
-        ],
+        "members": [],
         "type": "undiscriminatedUnion"
       },
       "autogeneratedExamples": [],
@@ -75,64 +46,7 @@
       "v2Examples": {
         "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
         "autogeneratedExamples": {
-          "Mammal_example_autogenerated": {
-            "id": 0,
-            "category": {
-              "id": 6,
-              "name": "name"
-            },
-            "name": "doggie",
-            "photoUrls": [
-              "photoUrls",
-              "photoUrls"
-            ],
-            "tags": [
-              {
-                "id": 1,
-                "name": "name"
-              },
-              {
-                "id": 1,
-                "name": "name"
-              }
-            ],
-            "status": "available"
-          }
-        }
-      }
-    },
-    "PetStatus": {
-      "name": {
-        "typeId": "PetStatus",
-        "fernFilepath": {
-          "allParts": [],
-          "packagePath": []
-        },
-        "name": "PetStatus"
-      },
-      "shape": {
-        "values": [
-          {
-            "name": "available"
-          },
-          {
-            "name": "pending"
-          },
-          {
-            "name": "sold"
-          }
-        ],
-        "type": "enum"
-      },
-      "autogeneratedExamples": [],
-      "userProvidedExamples": [],
-      "docs": "pet status in the store",
-      "referencedTypes": {},
-      "inline": false,
-      "v2Examples": {
-        "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
-        "autogeneratedExamples": {
-          "PetStatus_example_autogenerated": "available"
+          "Mammal_example_autogenerated": null
         }
       }
     },
@@ -146,239 +60,22 @@
         "name": "Pet"
       },
       "shape": {
-        "properties": [
-          {
-            "name": "id",
-            "valueType": {
-              "container": {
-                "optional": {
-                  "primitive": {
-                    "v1": "LONG",
-                    "v2": {
-                      "validation": {},
-                      "type": "long"
-                    }
-                  },
-                  "type": "primitive"
-                },
-                "type": "optional"
-              },
-              "type": "container"
-            },
-            "v2Examples": {
-              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
-              "autogeneratedExamples": {
-                "PetId_example_autogenerated": 1
-              }
-            }
-          },
-          {
-            "name": "category",
-            "valueType": {
-              "container": {
-                "optional": {
-                  "fernFilepath": {
-                    "allParts": [],
-                    "packagePath": []
-                  },
-                  "name": "Category",
-                  "typeId": "Category",
-                  "inline": false,
-                  "displayName": "Pet category",
-                  "type": "named"
-                },
-                "type": "optional"
-              },
-              "type": "container"
-            },
-            "v2Examples": {
-              "userSpecifiedExamples": {
-                "PetCategory_example_0": {
-                  "id": 6,
-                  "name": "name"
-                }
-              },
-              "autogeneratedExamples": {}
-            }
-          },
-          {
-            "name": "name",
-            "valueType": {
-              "primitive": {
-                "v1": "STRING",
-                "v2": {
-                  "validation": {},
-                  "type": "string"
-                }
-              },
-              "type": "primitive"
-            },
-            "v2Examples": {
-              "userSpecifiedExamples": {
-                "PetName_example_0": "doggie"
-              },
-              "autogeneratedExamples": {}
-            }
-          },
-          {
-            "name": "photoUrls",
-            "valueType": {
-              "container": {
-                "list": {
-                  "primitive": {
-                    "v1": "STRING",
-                    "v2": {
-                      "validation": {},
-                      "type": "string"
-                    }
-                  },
-                  "type": "primitive"
-                },
-                "type": "list"
-              },
-              "type": "container"
-            },
-            "v2Examples": {
-              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
-              "autogeneratedExamples": {
-                "PetPhotoUrls_example_autogenerated": [
-                  "string"
-                ]
-              }
-            }
-          },
-          {
-            "name": "tags",
-            "valueType": {
-              "container": {
-                "optional": {
-                  "container": {
-                    "list": {
-                      "fernFilepath": {
-                        "allParts": [],
-                        "packagePath": []
-                      },
-                      "name": "Tag",
-                      "typeId": "Tag",
-                      "inline": false,
-                      "displayName": "Pet Tag",
-                      "type": "named"
-                    },
-                    "type": "list"
-                  },
-                  "type": "container"
-                },
-                "type": "optional"
-              },
-              "type": "container"
-            },
-            "v2Examples": {
-              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
-              "autogeneratedExamples": {
-                "PetTags_example_autogenerated": [
-                  {}
-                ]
-              }
-            }
-          },
-          {
-            "name": "status",
-            "valueType": {
-              "container": {
-                "optional": {
-                  "fernFilepath": {
-                    "allParts": [],
-                    "packagePath": []
-                  },
-                  "name": "PetStatus",
-                  "typeId": "PetStatus",
-                  "inline": false,
-                  "type": "named"
-                },
-                "type": "optional"
-              },
-              "type": "container"
-            },
-            "docs": "pet status in the store",
-            "v2Examples": {
-              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
-              "autogeneratedExamples": {
-                "PetStatus_example_autogenerated": "available"
-              }
-            }
-          }
-        ],
-        "extends": [],
-        "extendedProperties": [],
-        "extraProperties": false,
-        "type": "object"
-      },
-      "autogeneratedExamples": [],
-      "userProvidedExamples": [],
-      "docs": "A pet for sale in the pet store",
-      "referencedTypes": {},
-      "inline": false,
-      "v2Examples": {
-        "userSpecifiedExamples": {
-          "Pet_example_0": {
-            "id": 0,
-            "category": {
-              "id": 6,
-              "name": "name"
-            },
-            "name": "doggie",
-            "photoUrls": [
-              "photoUrls",
-              "photoUrls"
-            ],
-            "tags": [
-              {
-                "id": 1,
-                "name": "name"
-              },
-              {
-                "id": 1,
-                "name": "name"
-              }
-            ],
-            "status": "available"
-          }
+        "aliasOf": {
+          "type": "unknown"
         },
-        "autogeneratedExamples": {}
-      }
-    },
-    "PetOwnerStatus": {
-      "name": {
-        "typeId": "PetOwnerStatus",
-        "fernFilepath": {
-          "allParts": [],
-          "packagePath": []
+        "resolvedType": {
+          "type": "unknown"
         },
-        "name": "PetOwnerStatus"
-      },
-      "shape": {
-        "values": [
-          {
-            "name": "available"
-          },
-          {
-            "name": "pending"
-          },
-          {
-            "name": "sold"
-          }
-        ],
-        "type": "enum"
+        "type": "alias"
       },
       "autogeneratedExamples": [],
       "userProvidedExamples": [],
-      "docs": "pet status in the store",
       "referencedTypes": {},
       "inline": false,
       "v2Examples": {
         "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
         "autogeneratedExamples": {
-          "PetOwnerStatus_example_autogenerated": "available"
+          "Pet_example_autogenerated": null
         }
       }
     },
@@ -389,1588 +86,10 @@
           "allParts": [],
           "packagePath": []
         },
-        "name": "PetOwner"
-      },
-      "shape": {
-        "properties": [
-          {
-            "name": "id",
-            "valueType": {
-              "container": {
-                "optional": {
-                  "primitive": {
-                    "v1": "LONG",
-                    "v2": {
-                      "validation": {},
-                      "type": "long"
-                    }
-                  },
-                  "type": "primitive"
-                },
-                "type": "optional"
-              },
-              "type": "container"
-            },
-            "v2Examples": {
-              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
-              "autogeneratedExamples": {
-                "PetOwnerId_example_autogenerated": 1
-              }
-            }
-          },
-          {
-            "name": "username",
-            "valueType": {
-              "container": {
-                "optional": {
-                  "primitive": {
-                    "v1": "STRING",
-                    "v2": {
-                      "validation": {},
-                      "type": "string"
-                    }
-                  },
-                  "type": "primitive"
-                },
-                "type": "optional"
-              },
-              "type": "container"
-            },
-            "v2Examples": {
-              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
-              "autogeneratedExamples": {
-                "PetOwnerUsername_example_autogenerated": "string"
-              }
-            }
-          },
-          {
-            "name": "firstName",
-            "valueType": {
-              "container": {
-                "optional": {
-                  "primitive": {
-                    "v1": "STRING",
-                    "v2": {
-                      "validation": {},
-                      "type": "string"
-                    }
-                  },
-                  "type": "primitive"
-                },
-                "type": "optional"
-              },
-              "type": "container"
-            },
-            "v2Examples": {
-              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
-              "autogeneratedExamples": {
-                "PetOwnerFirstName_example_autogenerated": "string"
-              }
-            }
-          },
-          {
-            "name": "lastName",
-            "valueType": {
-              "container": {
-                "optional": {
-                  "primitive": {
-                    "v1": "STRING",
-                    "v2": {
-                      "validation": {},
-                      "type": "string"
-                    }
-                  },
-                  "type": "primitive"
-                },
-                "type": "optional"
-              },
-              "type": "container"
-            },
-            "v2Examples": {
-              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
-              "autogeneratedExamples": {
-                "PetOwnerLastName_example_autogenerated": "string"
-              }
-            }
-          },
-          {
-            "name": "email",
-            "valueType": {
-              "container": {
-                "optional": {
-                  "primitive": {
-                    "v1": "STRING",
-                    "v2": {
-                      "validation": {},
-                      "type": "string"
-                    }
-                  },
-                  "type": "primitive"
-                },
-                "type": "optional"
-              },
-              "type": "container"
-            },
-            "v2Examples": {
-              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
-              "autogeneratedExamples": {
-                "PetOwnerEmail_example_autogenerated": "string"
-              }
-            }
-          },
-          {
-            "name": "password",
-            "valueType": {
-              "container": {
-                "optional": {
-                  "primitive": {
-                    "v1": "STRING",
-                    "v2": {
-                      "validation": {},
-                      "type": "string"
-                    }
-                  },
-                  "type": "primitive"
-                },
-                "type": "optional"
-              },
-              "type": "container"
-            },
-            "v2Examples": {
-              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
-              "autogeneratedExamples": {
-                "PetOwnerPassword_example_autogenerated": "string"
-              }
-            }
-          },
-          {
-            "name": "phone",
-            "valueType": {
-              "container": {
-                "optional": {
-                  "primitive": {
-                    "v1": "STRING",
-                    "v2": {
-                      "validation": {},
-                      "type": "string"
-                    }
-                  },
-                  "type": "primitive"
-                },
-                "type": "optional"
-              },
-              "type": "container"
-            },
-            "v2Examples": {
-              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
-              "autogeneratedExamples": {
-                "PetOwnerPhone_example_autogenerated": "string"
-              }
-            }
-          },
-          {
-            "name": "userStatus",
-            "valueType": {
-              "container": {
-                "optional": {
-                  "primitive": {
-                    "v1": "INTEGER",
-                    "v2": {
-                      "validation": {},
-                      "type": "integer"
-                    }
-                  },
-                  "type": "primitive"
-                },
-                "type": "optional"
-              },
-              "type": "container"
-            },
-            "docs": "User Status",
-            "v2Examples": {
-              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
-              "autogeneratedExamples": {
-                "PetOwnerUserStatus_example_autogenerated": 1
-              }
-            }
-          },
-          {
-            "name": "category",
-            "valueType": {
-              "container": {
-                "optional": {
-                  "fernFilepath": {
-                    "allParts": [],
-                    "packagePath": []
-                  },
-                  "name": "PetOwnerCategory",
-                  "typeId": "PetOwnerCategory",
-                  "inline": false,
-                  "type": "named"
-                },
-                "type": "optional"
-              },
-              "type": "container"
-            },
-            "docs": "A category for a pet",
-            "v2Examples": {
-              "userSpecifiedExamples": {
-                "PetOwnerCategory_example_0": {
-                  "id": 6,
-                  "name": "name"
-                }
-              },
-              "autogeneratedExamples": {}
-            }
-          },
-          {
-            "name": "name",
-            "valueType": {
-              "primitive": {
-                "v1": "STRING",
-                "v2": {
-                  "validation": {},
-                  "type": "string"
-                }
-              },
-              "type": "primitive"
-            },
-            "v2Examples": {
-              "userSpecifiedExamples": {
-                "PetOwnerName_example_0": "doggie"
-              },
-              "autogeneratedExamples": {}
-            }
-          },
-          {
-            "name": "photoUrls",
-            "valueType": {
-              "container": {
-                "list": {
-                  "primitive": {
-                    "v1": "STRING",
-                    "v2": {
-                      "validation": {},
-                      "type": "string"
-                    }
-                  },
-                  "type": "primitive"
-                },
-                "type": "list"
-              },
-              "type": "container"
-            },
-            "v2Examples": {
-              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
-              "autogeneratedExamples": {
-                "PetOwnerPhotoUrls_example_autogenerated": [
-                  "string"
-                ]
-              }
-            }
-          },
-          {
-            "name": "tags",
-            "valueType": {
-              "container": {
-                "optional": {
-                  "container": {
-                    "list": {
-                      "fernFilepath": {
-                        "allParts": [],
-                        "packagePath": []
-                      },
-                      "name": "PetOwnerTagsItems",
-                      "typeId": "PetOwnerTagsItems",
-                      "inline": false,
-                      "type": "named"
-                    },
-                    "type": "list"
-                  },
-                  "type": "container"
-                },
-                "type": "optional"
-              },
-              "type": "container"
-            },
-            "v2Examples": {
-              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
-              "autogeneratedExamples": {
-                "PetOwnerTags_example_autogenerated": [
-                  {}
-                ]
-              }
-            }
-          },
-          {
-            "name": "status",
-            "valueType": {
-              "container": {
-                "optional": {
-                  "fernFilepath": {
-                    "allParts": [],
-                    "packagePath": []
-                  },
-                  "name": "PetOwnerStatus",
-                  "typeId": "PetOwnerStatus",
-                  "inline": false,
-                  "type": "named"
-                },
-                "type": "optional"
-              },
-              "type": "container"
-            },
-            "docs": "pet status in the store",
-            "v2Examples": {
-              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
-              "autogeneratedExamples": {
-                "PetOwnerStatus_example_autogenerated": "available"
-              }
-            }
-          }
-        ],
-        "extends": [],
-        "extendedProperties": [],
-        "extraProperties": false,
-        "type": "object"
-      },
-      "autogeneratedExamples": [],
-      "userProvidedExamples": [],
-      "docs": "A tag for a pet",
-      "referencedTypes": {},
-      "inline": false,
-      "v2Examples": {
-        "userSpecifiedExamples": {
-          "PetOwner_example_0": {
-            "id": 1,
-            "username": "username",
-            "firstName": "firstName",
-            "lastName": "lastName",
-            "email": "email",
-            "password": "password",
-            "phone": "phone",
-            "userStatus": 6,
-            "category": {
-              "id": 6,
-              "name": "name"
-            },
-            "name": "name",
-            "photoUrls": [
-              "photoUrls",
-              "photoUrls"
-            ],
-            "tags": [
-              {
-                "id": 1,
-                "name": "name"
-              },
-              {
-                "id": 1,
-                "name": "name"
-              }
-            ],
-            "status": "available"
-          }
-        },
-        "autogeneratedExamples": {}
-      }
-    },
-    "OrderStatus": {
-      "name": {
-        "typeId": "OrderStatus",
-        "fernFilepath": {
-          "allParts": [],
-          "packagePath": []
-        },
-        "name": "OrderStatus"
-      },
-      "shape": {
-        "values": [
-          {
-            "name": "placed"
-          },
-          {
-            "name": "approved"
-          },
-          {
-            "name": "delivered"
-          }
-        ],
-        "type": "enum"
-      },
-      "autogeneratedExamples": [],
-      "userProvidedExamples": [],
-      "docs": "Order Status",
-      "referencedTypes": {},
-      "inline": false,
-      "v2Examples": {
-        "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
-        "autogeneratedExamples": {
-          "OrderStatus_example_autogenerated": "placed"
-        }
-      }
-    },
-    "Order": {
-      "name": {
-        "typeId": "Order",
-        "fernFilepath": {
-          "allParts": [],
-          "packagePath": []
-        },
-        "name": "Order"
-      },
-      "shape": {
-        "properties": [
-          {
-            "name": "id",
-            "valueType": {
-              "container": {
-                "optional": {
-                  "primitive": {
-                    "v1": "LONG",
-                    "v2": {
-                      "validation": {},
-                      "type": "long"
-                    }
-                  },
-                  "type": "primitive"
-                },
-                "type": "optional"
-              },
-              "type": "container"
-            },
-            "v2Examples": {
-              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
-              "autogeneratedExamples": {
-                "OrderId_example_autogenerated": 1
-              }
-            }
-          },
-          {
-            "name": "petId",
-            "valueType": {
-              "container": {
-                "optional": {
-                  "primitive": {
-                    "v1": "LONG",
-                    "v2": {
-                      "validation": {},
-                      "type": "long"
-                    }
-                  },
-                  "type": "primitive"
-                },
-                "type": "optional"
-              },
-              "type": "container"
-            },
-            "v2Examples": {
-              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
-              "autogeneratedExamples": {
-                "OrderPetId_example_autogenerated": 1
-              }
-            }
-          },
-          {
-            "name": "quantity",
-            "valueType": {
-              "container": {
-                "optional": {
-                  "primitive": {
-                    "v1": "INTEGER",
-                    "v2": {
-                      "validation": {},
-                      "type": "integer"
-                    }
-                  },
-                  "type": "primitive"
-                },
-                "type": "optional"
-              },
-              "type": "container"
-            },
-            "v2Examples": {
-              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
-              "autogeneratedExamples": {
-                "OrderQuantity_example_autogenerated": 1
-              }
-            }
-          },
-          {
-            "name": "shipDate",
-            "valueType": {
-              "container": {
-                "optional": {
-                  "primitive": {
-                    "v1": "DATE_TIME",
-                    "v2": {
-                      "type": "dateTime"
-                    }
-                  },
-                  "type": "primitive"
-                },
-                "type": "optional"
-              },
-              "type": "container"
-            },
-            "v2Examples": {
-              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
-              "autogeneratedExamples": {
-                "OrderShipDate_example_autogenerated": "2024-01-15T09:30:00Z"
-              }
-            }
-          },
-          {
-            "name": "status",
-            "valueType": {
-              "container": {
-                "optional": {
-                  "fernFilepath": {
-                    "allParts": [],
-                    "packagePath": []
-                  },
-                  "name": "OrderStatus",
-                  "typeId": "OrderStatus",
-                  "inline": false,
-                  "type": "named"
-                },
-                "type": "optional"
-              },
-              "type": "container"
-            },
-            "docs": "Order Status",
-            "v2Examples": {
-              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
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-            },
-            "v2Examples": {
-              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
-              "autogeneratedExamples": {
-                "ChannelsTestChannelMessagesSendMessageDataDataAddress_example_autogenerated": "string"
-              }
-            }
-          }
-        ],
-        "extends": [],
-        "extendedProperties": [],
-        "extraProperties": false,
-        "type": "object"
-      },
-      "autogeneratedExamples": [],
-      "userProvidedExamples": [],
-      "referencedTypes": {},
-      "inline": false,
-      "v2Examples": {
-        "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
-        "autogeneratedExamples": {
-          "ChannelsTestChannelMessagesSendMessageDataData_example_autogenerated": {}
-        }
-      }
-    },
-    "ChannelsTestChannelMessagesSendMessageData": {
-      "name": {
-        "typeId": "ChannelsTestChannelMessagesSendMessageData",
-        "fernFilepath": {
-          "allParts": [],
-          "packagePath": []
-        },
-        "name": "ChannelsTestChannelMessagesSendMessageData"
-      },
-      "shape": {
-        "properties": [
-          {
-            "name": "message",
-            "valueType": {
-              "container": {
-                "optional": {
-                  "primitive": {
-                    "v1": "STRING",
-                    "v2": {
-                      "validation": {},
-                      "type": "string"
-                    }
-                  },
-                  "type": "primitive"
-                },
-                "type": "optional"
-              },
-              "type": "container"
-            },
-            "v2Examples": {
-              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
-              "autogeneratedExamples": {
-                "ChannelsTestChannelMessagesSendMessageDataMessage_example_autogenerated": "string"
-              }
-            }
-          },
-          {
-            "name": "data",
-            "valueType": {
-              "container": {
-                "optional": {
-                  "fernFilepath": {
-                    "allParts": [],
-                    "packagePath": []
-                  },
-                  "name": "ChannelsTestChannelMessagesSendMessageDataData",
-                  "typeId": "ChannelsTestChannelMessagesSendMessageDataData",
-                  "inline": false,
-                  "type": "named"
-                },
-                "type": "optional"
-              },
-              "type": "container"
-            },
-            "v2Examples": {
-              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
-              "autogeneratedExamples": {
-                "ChannelsTestChannelMessagesSendMessageDataData_example_autogenerated": {}
-              }
-            }
-          }
-        ],
+        "name": "PetOwner"
+      },
+      "shape": {
+        "properties": [],
         "extends": [],
         "extendedProperties": [],
         "extraProperties": false,
@@ -1983,68 +102,67 @@
       "v2Examples": {
         "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
         "autogeneratedExamples": {
-          "ChannelsTestChannelMessagesSendMessageData_example_autogenerated": {}
+          "PetOwner_example_autogenerated": null
+        }
+      }
+    },
+    "Order": {
+      "name": {
+        "typeId": "Order",
+        "fernFilepath": {
+          "allParts": [],
+          "packagePath": []
+        },
+        "name": "Order"
+      },
+      "shape": {
+        "aliasOf": {
+          "type": "unknown"
+        },
+        "resolvedType": {
+          "type": "unknown"
+        },
+        "type": "alias"
+      },
+      "autogeneratedExamples": [],
+      "userProvidedExamples": [],
+      "referencedTypes": {},
+      "inline": false,
+      "v2Examples": {
+        "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+        "autogeneratedExamples": {
+          "Order_example_autogenerated": null
         }
       }
     },
-    "testChannel_sendMessage": {
+    "ChannelsPetownersSubscribeParamsData": {
       "name": {
-        "typeId": "testChannel_sendMessage",
+        "typeId": "ChannelsPetownersSubscribeParamsData",
         "fernFilepath": {
           "allParts": [],
           "packagePath": []
         },
-        "name": "testChannel_sendMessage"
+        "name": "ChannelsPetownersSubscribeParamsData"
       },
       "shape": {
         "properties": [
           {
-            "name": "message",
-            "valueType": {
-              "container": {
-                "optional": {
-                  "primitive": {
-                    "v1": "STRING",
-                    "v2": {
-                      "validation": {},
-                      "type": "string"
-                    }
-                  },
-                  "type": "primitive"
-                },
-                "type": "optional"
-              },
-              "type": "container"
-            },
-            "v2Examples": {
-              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
-              "autogeneratedExamples": {
-                "ChannelsTestChannelMessagesSendMessageMessage_example_autogenerated": "string"
-              }
-            }
-          },
-          {
-            "name": "data",
+            "name": "petOwner",
             "valueType": {
-              "container": {
-                "optional": {
-                  "fernFilepath": {
-                    "allParts": [],
-                    "packagePath": []
-                  },
-                  "name": "ChannelsTestChannelMessagesSendMessageData",
-                  "typeId": "ChannelsTestChannelMessagesSendMessageData",
-                  "inline": false,
-                  "type": "named"
-                },
-                "type": "optional"
+              "fernFilepath": {
+                "allParts": [],
+                "packagePath": []
               },
-              "type": "container"
+              "name": "PetOwner",
+              "typeId": "PetOwner",
+              "displayName": "PetOwner",
+              "inline": false,
+              "type": "named"
             },
             "v2Examples": {
               "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
               "autogeneratedExamples": {
-                "ChannelsTestChannelMessagesSendMessageData_example_autogenerated": {}
+                "ChannelsPetownersSubscribeParamsDataPetOwner_example_autogenerated": null
               }
             }
           }
@@ -2061,84 +179,36 @@
       "v2Examples": {
         "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
         "autogeneratedExamples": {
-          "testChannel_sendMessage_example_autogenerated": {}
+          "ChannelsPetownersSubscribeParamsData_example_autogenerated": {
+            "petOwner": null
+          }
         }
       }
     },
-    "ChannelsTestChannelMessagesSendMessage2Data": {
+    "ChannelsPetownersSubscribeParams": {
       "name": {
-        "typeId": "ChannelsTestChannelMessagesSendMessage2Data",
+        "typeId": "ChannelsPetownersSubscribeParams",
         "fernFilepath": {
           "allParts": [],
           "packagePath": []
         },
-        "name": "ChannelsTestChannelMessagesSendMessage2Data"
+        "name": "ChannelsPetownersSubscribeParams"
       },
       "shape": {
         "properties": [
           {
-            "name": "id",
-            "valueType": {
-              "container": {
-                "optional": {
-                  "primitive": {
-                    "v1": "STRING",
-                    "v2": {
-                      "validation": {},
-                      "type": "string"
-                    }
-                  },
-                  "type": "primitive"
-                },
-                "type": "optional"
-              },
-              "type": "container"
-            },
-            "v2Examples": {
-              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
-              "autogeneratedExamples": {
-                "ChannelsTestChannelMessagesSendMessage2DataId_example_autogenerated": "string"
-              }
-            }
-          },
-          {
-            "name": "name",
+            "name": "channel",
             "valueType": {
               "container": {
                 "optional": {
-                  "primitive": {
-                    "v1": "STRING",
-                    "v2": {
-                      "validation": {},
+                  "container": {
+                    "literal": {
+                      "string": "petowners",
                       "type": "string"
-                    }
-                  },
-                  "type": "primitive"
-                },
-                "type": "optional"
-              },
-              "type": "container"
-            },
-            "v2Examples": {
-              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
-              "autogeneratedExamples": {
-                "ChannelsTestChannelMessagesSendMessage2DataName_example_autogenerated": "string"
-              }
-            }
-          },
-          {
-            "name": "age",
-            "valueType": {
-              "container": {
-                "optional": {
-                  "primitive": {
-                    "v1": "INTEGER",
-                    "v2": {
-                      "validation": {},
-                      "type": "integer"
-                    }
+                    },
+                    "type": "literal"
                   },
-                  "type": "primitive"
+                  "type": "container"
                 },
                 "type": "optional"
               },
@@ -2147,23 +217,23 @@
             "v2Examples": {
               "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
               "autogeneratedExamples": {
-                "ChannelsTestChannelMessagesSendMessage2DataAge_example_autogenerated": 1
+                "ChannelsPetownersSubscribeParamsChannel_example_autogenerated": "string"
               }
             }
           },
           {
-            "name": "address",
+            "name": "data",
             "valueType": {
               "container": {
                 "optional": {
-                  "primitive": {
-                    "v1": "STRING",
-                    "v2": {
-                      "validation": {},
-                      "type": "string"
-                    }
+                  "fernFilepath": {
+                    "allParts": [],
+                    "packagePath": []
                   },
-                  "type": "primitive"
+                  "name": "ChannelsPetownersSubscribeParamsData",
+                  "typeId": "ChannelsPetownersSubscribeParamsData",
+                  "inline": false,
+                  "type": "named"
                 },
                 "type": "optional"
               },
@@ -2172,7 +242,9 @@
             "v2Examples": {
               "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
               "autogeneratedExamples": {
-                "ChannelsTestChannelMessagesSendMessage2DataAddress_example_autogenerated": "string"
+                "ChannelsPetownersSubscribeParamsData_example_autogenerated": {
+                  "petOwner": null
+                }
               }
             }
           }
@@ -2189,48 +261,23 @@
       "v2Examples": {
         "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
         "autogeneratedExamples": {
-          "ChannelsTestChannelMessagesSendMessage2Data_example_autogenerated": {}
+          "ChannelsPetownersSubscribeParams_example_autogenerated": {}
         }
       }
     },
-    "testChannel_sendMessage2": {
+    "PetownersSubscribe": {
       "name": {
-        "typeId": "testChannel_sendMessage2",
+        "typeId": "PetownersSubscribe",
         "fernFilepath": {
           "allParts": [],
           "packagePath": []
         },
-        "name": "testChannel_sendMessage2"
+        "name": "PetownersSubscribe"
       },
       "shape": {
         "properties": [
           {
-            "name": "message",
-            "valueType": {
-              "container": {
-                "optional": {
-                  "primitive": {
-                    "v1": "STRING",
-                    "v2": {
-                      "validation": {},
-                      "type": "string"
-                    }
-                  },
-                  "type": "primitive"
-                },
-                "type": "optional"
-              },
-              "type": "container"
-            },
-            "v2Examples": {
-              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
-              "autogeneratedExamples": {
-                "ChannelsTestChannelMessagesSendMessage2Message_example_autogenerated": "string"
-              }
-            }
-          },
-          {
-            "name": "data",
+            "name": "params",
             "valueType": {
               "container": {
                 "optional": {
@@ -2238,8 +285,8 @@
                     "allParts": [],
                     "packagePath": []
                   },
-                  "name": "ChannelsTestChannelMessagesSendMessage2Data",
-                  "typeId": "ChannelsTestChannelMessagesSendMessage2Data",
+                  "name": "ChannelsPetownersSubscribeParams",
+                  "typeId": "ChannelsPetownersSubscribeParams",
                   "inline": false,
                   "type": "named"
                 },
@@ -2250,7 +297,7 @@
             "v2Examples": {
               "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
               "autogeneratedExamples": {
-                "ChannelsTestChannelMessagesSendMessage2Data_example_autogenerated": {}
+                "ChannelsPetownersSubscribeParams_example_autogenerated": {}
               }
             }
           }
@@ -2267,7 +314,7 @@
       "v2Examples": {
         "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
         "autogeneratedExamples": {
-          "testChannel_sendMessage2_example_autogenerated": {}
+          "PetownersSubscribe_example_autogenerated": {}
         }
       }
     }
@@ -2312,7 +359,7 @@
           "autogeneratedExamples": [
             {
               "example": {
-                "id": "661615ca",
+                "id": "91844161",
                 "url": "/pet",
                 "endpointHeaders": [],
                 "endpointPathParameters": [],
@@ -2320,862 +367,26 @@
                 "servicePathParameters": [],
                 "serviceHeaders": [],
                 "rootPathParameters": [],
-                "request": {
-                  "jsonExample": {
-                    "name": "name",
-                    "photoUrls": [
-                      "photoUrls",
-                      "photoUrls"
-                    ]
-                  },
-                  "shape": {
-                    "shape": {
-                      "properties": [
-                        {
-                          "name": "id",
-                          "originalTypeDeclaration": {
-                            "typeId": "Pet",
-                            "fernFilepath": {
-                              "allParts": [],
-                              "packagePath": []
-                            },
-                            "name": "Pet"
-                          },
-                          "value": {
-                            "shape": {
-                              "container": {
-                                "valueType": {
-                                  "primitive": {
-                                    "v1": "LONG",
-                                    "v2": {
-                                      "validation": {},
-                                      "type": "long"
-                                    }
-                                  },
-                                  "type": "primitive"
-                                },
-                                "type": "optional"
-                              },
-                              "type": "container"
-                            }
-                          }
-                        },
-                        {
-                          "name": "category",
-                          "originalTypeDeclaration": {
-                            "typeId": "Pet",
-                            "fernFilepath": {
-                              "allParts": [],
-                              "packagePath": []
-                            },
-                            "name": "Pet"
-                          },
-                          "value": {
-                            "shape": {
-                              "container": {
-                                "valueType": {
-                                  "fernFilepath": {
-                                    "allParts": [],
-                                    "packagePath": []
-                                  },
-                                  "name": "Category",
-                                  "typeId": "Category",
-                                  "inline": false,
-                                  "displayName": "Pet category",
-                                  "type": "named"
-                                },
-                                "type": "optional"
-                              },
-                              "type": "container"
-                            }
-                          }
-                        },
-                        {
-                          "name": "name",
-                          "originalTypeDeclaration": {
-                            "typeId": "Pet",
-                            "fernFilepath": {
-                              "allParts": [],
-                              "packagePath": []
-                            },
-                            "name": "Pet"
-                          },
-                          "value": {
-                            "jsonExample": "name",
-                            "shape": {
-                              "primitive": {
-                                "string": {
-                                  "original": "name"
-                                },
-                                "type": "string"
-                              },
-                              "type": "primitive"
-                            }
-                          }
-                        },
-                        {
-                          "name": "photoUrls",
-                          "originalTypeDeclaration": {
-                            "typeId": "Pet",
-                            "fernFilepath": {
-                              "allParts": [],
-                              "packagePath": []
-                            },
-                            "name": "Pet"
-                          },
-                          "value": {
-                            "jsonExample": [
-                              "photoUrls",
-                              "photoUrls"
-                            ],
-                            "shape": {
-                              "container": {
-                                "list": [
-                                  {
-                                    "jsonExample": "photoUrls",
-                                    "shape": {
-                                      "primitive": {
-                                        "string": {
-                                          "original": "photoUrls"
-                                        },
-                                        "type": "string"
-                                      },
-                                      "type": "primitive"
-                                    }
-                                  },
-                                  {
-                                    "jsonExample": "photoUrls",
-                                    "shape": {
-                                      "primitive": {
-                                        "string": {
-                                          "original": "photoUrls"
-                                        },
-                                        "type": "string"
-                                      },
-                                      "type": "primitive"
-                                    }
-                                  }
-                                ],
-                                "itemType": {
-                                  "primitive": {
-                                    "v1": "STRING",
-                                    "v2": {
-                                      "validation": {},
-                                      "type": "string"
-                                    }
-                                  },
-                                  "type": "primitive"
-                                },
-                                "type": "list"
-                              },
-                              "type": "container"
-                            }
-                          }
-                        },
-                        {
-                          "name": "tags",
-                          "originalTypeDeclaration": {
-                            "typeId": "Pet",
-                            "fernFilepath": {
-                              "allParts": [],
-                              "packagePath": []
-                            },
-                            "name": "Pet"
-                          },
-                          "value": {
-                            "shape": {
-                              "container": {
-                                "valueType": {
-                                  "container": {
-                                    "list": {
-                                      "fernFilepath": {
-                                        "allParts": [],
-                                        "packagePath": []
-                                      },
-                                      "name": "Tag",
-                                      "typeId": "Tag",
-                                      "inline": false,
-                                      "displayName": "Pet Tag",
-                                      "type": "named"
-                                    },
-                                    "type": "list"
-                                  },
-                                  "type": "container"
-                                },
-                                "type": "optional"
-                              },
-                              "type": "container"
-                            }
-                          }
-                        },
-                        {
-                          "name": "status",
-                          "originalTypeDeclaration": {
-                            "typeId": "Pet",
-                            "fernFilepath": {
-                              "allParts": [],
-                              "packagePath": []
-                            },
-                            "name": "Pet"
-                          },
-                          "value": {
-                            "shape": {
-                              "container": {
-                                "valueType": {
-                                  "fernFilepath": {
-                                    "allParts": [],
-                                    "packagePath": []
-                                  },
-                                  "name": "PetStatus",
-                                  "typeId": "PetStatus",
-                                  "inline": false,
-                                  "type": "named"
-                                },
-                                "type": "optional"
-                              },
-                              "type": "container"
-                            }
-                          }
-                        }
-                      ],
-                      "type": "object"
-                    },
-                    "typeName": {
-                      "typeId": "Pet",
-                      "fernFilepath": {
-                        "allParts": [],
-                        "packagePath": []
-                      },
-                      "name": "Pet"
-                    },
-                    "type": "named"
-                  },
-                  "type": "reference"
-                },
                 "response": {
                   "value": {
                     "value": {
                       "jsonExample": {
-                        "id": 1000000,
-                        "category": {
-                          "id": 1000000,
-                          "name": "name"
-                        },
-                        "name": "name",
-                        "photoUrls": [
-                          "photoUrls",
-                          "photoUrls"
-                        ],
-                        "tags": [
-                          {
-                            "id": 1000000,
-                            "name": "name"
-                          },
-                          {
-                            "id": 1000000,
-                            "name": "name"
-                          }
-                        ],
-                        "status": "available"
+                        "key": "value"
                       },
                       "shape": {
-                        "shape": {
-                          "properties": [
-                            {
-                              "name": "id",
-                              "originalTypeDeclaration": {
-                                "typeId": "Pet",
-                                "fernFilepath": {
-                                  "allParts": [],
-                                  "packagePath": []
-                                },
-                                "name": "Pet"
-                              },
-                              "value": {
-                                "jsonExample": 1000000,
-                                "shape": {
-                                  "container": {
-                                    "optional": {
-                                      "jsonExample": 1000000,
-                                      "shape": {
-                                        "primitive": {
-                                          "long": 1000000,
-                                          "type": "long"
-                                        },
-                                        "type": "primitive"
-                                      }
-                                    },
-                                    "valueType": {
-                                      "primitive": {
-                                        "v1": "LONG",
-                                        "v2": {
-                                          "validation": {},
-                                          "type": "long"
-                                        }
-                                      },
-                                      "type": "primitive"
-                                    },
-                                    "type": "optional"
-                                  },
-                                  "type": "container"
-                                }
-                              }
-                            },
-                            {
-                              "name": "category",
-                              "originalTypeDeclaration": {
-                                "typeId": "Pet",
-                                "fernFilepath": {
-                                  "allParts": [],
-                                  "packagePath": []
-                                },
-                                "name": "Pet"
-                              },
-                              "value": {
-                                "jsonExample": {
-                                  "id": 1000000,
-                                  "name": "name"
-                                },
-                                "shape": {
-                                  "container": {
-                                    "optional": {
-                                      "jsonExample": {
-                                        "id": 1000000,
-                                        "name": "name"
-                                      },
-                                      "shape": {
-                                        "shape": {
-                                          "properties": [
-                                            {
-                                              "name": "id",
-                                              "originalTypeDeclaration": {
-                                                "typeId": "Category",
-                                                "fernFilepath": {
-                                                  "allParts": [],
-                                                  "packagePath": []
-                                                },
-                                                "name": "Category"
-                                              },
-                                              "value": {
-                                                "jsonExample": 1000000,
-                                                "shape": {
-                                                  "container": {
-                                                    "optional": {
-                                                      "jsonExample": 1000000,
-                                                      "shape": {
-                                                        "primitive": {
-                                                          "long": 1000000,
-                                                          "type": "long"
-                                                        },
-                                                        "type": "primitive"
-                                                      }
-                                                    },
-                                                    "valueType": {
-                                                      "primitive": {
-                                                        "v1": "LONG",
-                                                        "v2": {
-                                                          "validation": {},
-                                                          "type": "long"
-                                                        }
-                                                      },
-                                                      "type": "primitive"
-                                                    },
-                                                    "type": "optional"
-                                                  },
-                                                  "type": "container"
-                                                }
-                                              }
-                                            },
-                                            {
-                                              "name": "name",
-                                              "originalTypeDeclaration": {
-                                                "typeId": "Category",
-                                                "fernFilepath": {
-                                                  "allParts": [],
-                                                  "packagePath": []
-                                                },
-                                                "name": "Category"
-                                              },
-                                              "value": {
-                                                "jsonExample": "name",
-                                                "shape": {
-                                                  "container": {
-                                                    "optional": {
-                                                      "jsonExample": "name",
-                                                      "shape": {
-                                                        "primitive": {
-                                                          "string": {
-                                                            "original": "name"
-                                                          },
-                                                          "type": "string"
-                                                        },
-                                                        "type": "primitive"
-                                                      }
-                                                    },
-                                                    "valueType": {
-                                                      "primitive": {
-                                                        "v1": "STRING",
-                                                        "v2": {
-                                                          "validation": {},
-                                                          "type": "string"
-                                                        }
-                                                      },
-                                                      "type": "primitive"
-                                                    },
-                                                    "type": "optional"
-                                                  },
-                                                  "type": "container"
-                                                }
-                                              }
-                                            }
-                                          ],
-                                          "type": "object"
-                                        },
-                                        "typeName": {
-                                          "typeId": "Category",
-                                          "fernFilepath": {
-                                            "allParts": [],
-                                            "packagePath": []
-                                          },
-                                          "name": "Category"
-                                        },
-                                        "type": "named"
-                                      }
-                                    },
-                                    "valueType": {
-                                      "fernFilepath": {
-                                        "allParts": [],
-                                        "packagePath": []
-                                      },
-                                      "name": "Category",
-                                      "typeId": "Category",
-                                      "inline": false,
-                                      "displayName": "Pet category",
-                                      "type": "named"
-                                    },
-                                    "type": "optional"
-                                  },
-                                  "type": "container"
-                                }
-                              }
-                            },
-                            {
-                              "name": "name",
-                              "originalTypeDeclaration": {
-                                "typeId": "Pet",
-                                "fernFilepath": {
-                                  "allParts": [],
-                                  "packagePath": []
-                                },
-                                "name": "Pet"
-                              },
-                              "value": {
-                                "jsonExample": "name",
-                                "shape": {
-                                  "primitive": {
-                                    "string": {
-                                      "original": "name"
-                                    },
-                                    "type": "string"
-                                  },
-                                  "type": "primitive"
-                                }
-                              }
-                            },
-                            {
-                              "name": "photoUrls",
-                              "originalTypeDeclaration": {
-                                "typeId": "Pet",
-                                "fernFilepath": {
-                                  "allParts": [],
-                                  "packagePath": []
-                                },
-                                "name": "Pet"
-                              },
-                              "value": {
-                                "jsonExample": [
-                                  "photoUrls",
-                                  "photoUrls"
-                                ],
-                                "shape": {
-                                  "container": {
-                                    "list": [
-                                      {
-                                        "jsonExample": "photoUrls",
-                                        "shape": {
-                                          "primitive": {
-                                            "string": {
-                                              "original": "photoUrls"
-                                            },
-                                            "type": "string"
-                                          },
-                                          "type": "primitive"
-                                        }
-                                      },
-                                      {
-                                        "jsonExample": "photoUrls",
-                                        "shape": {
-                                          "primitive": {
-                                            "string": {
-                                              "original": "photoUrls"
-                                            },
-                                            "type": "string"
-                                          },
-                                          "type": "primitive"
-                                        }
-                                      }
-                                    ],
-                                    "itemType": {
-                                      "primitive": {
-                                        "v1": "STRING",
-                                        "v2": {
-                                          "validation": {},
-                                          "type": "string"
-                                        }
-                                      },
-                                      "type": "primitive"
-                                    },
-                                    "type": "list"
-                                  },
-                                  "type": "container"
-                                }
-                              }
-                            },
-                            {
-                              "name": "tags",
-                              "originalTypeDeclaration": {
-                                "typeId": "Pet",
-                                "fernFilepath": {
-                                  "allParts": [],
-                                  "packagePath": []
-                                },
-                                "name": "Pet"
-                              },
-                              "value": {
-                                "jsonExample": [
-                                  {
-                                    "id": 1000000,
-                                    "name": "name"
-                                  },
-                                  {
-                                    "id": 1000000,
-                                    "name": "name"
-                                  }
-                                ],
-                                "shape": {
-                                  "container": {
-                                    "optional": {
-                                      "jsonExample": [
-                                        {
-                                          "id": 1000000,
-                                          "name": "name"
-                                        },
-                                        {
-                                          "id": 1000000,
-                                          "name": "name"
-                                        }
-                                      ],
-                                      "shape": {
-                                        "container": {
-                                          "list": [
-                                            {
-                                              "jsonExample": {
-                                                "id": 1000000,
-                                                "name": "name"
-                                              },
-                                              "shape": {
-                                                "shape": {
-                                                  "properties": [
-                                                    {
-                                                      "name": "id",
-                                                      "originalTypeDeclaration": {
-                                                        "typeId": "Tag",
-                                                        "fernFilepath": {
-                                                          "allParts": [],
-                                                          "packagePath": []
-                                                        },
-                                                        "name": "Tag"
-                                                      },
-                                                      "value": {
-                                                        "jsonExample": 1000000,
-                                                        "shape": {
-                                                          "container": {
-                                                            "optional": {
-                                                              "jsonExample": 1000000,
-                                                              "shape": {
-                                                                "primitive": {
-                                                                  "long": 1000000,
-                                                                  "type": "long"
-                                                                },
-                                                                "type": "primitive"
-                                                              }
-                                                            },
-                                                            "valueType": {
-                                                              "primitive": {
-                                                                "v1": "LONG",
-                                                                "v2": {
-                                                                  "validation": {},
-                                                                  "type": "long"
-                                                                }
-                                                              },
-                                                              "type": "primitive"
-                                                            },
-                                                            "type": "optional"
-                                                          },
-                                                          "type": "container"
-                                                        }
-                                                      }
-                                                    },
-                                                    {
-                                                      "name": "name",
-                                                      "originalTypeDeclaration": {
-                                                        "typeId": "Tag",
-                                                        "fernFilepath": {
-                                                          "allParts": [],
-                                                          "packagePath": []
-                                                        },
-                                                        "name": "Tag"
-                                                      },
-                                                      "value": {
-                                                        "jsonExample": "name",
-                                                        "shape": {
-                                                          "container": {
-                                                            "optional": {
-                                                              "jsonExample": "name",
-                                                              "shape": {
-                                                                "primitive": {
-                                                                  "string": {
-                                                                    "original": "name"
-                                                                  },
-                                                                  "type": "string"
-                                                                },
-                                                                "type": "primitive"
-                                                              }
-                                                            },
-                                                            "valueType": {
-                                                              "primitive": {
-                                                                "v1": "STRING",
-                                                                "v2": {
-                                                                  "validation": {},
-                                                                  "type": "string"
-                                                                }
-                                                              },
-                                                              "type": "primitive"
-                                                            },
-                                                            "type": "optional"
-                                                          },
-                                                          "type": "container"
-                                                        }
-                                                      }
-                                                    }
-                                                  ],
-                                                  "type": "object"
-                                                },
-                                                "typeName": {
-                                                  "typeId": "Tag",
-                                                  "fernFilepath": {
-                                                    "allParts": [],
-                                                    "packagePath": []
-                                                  },
-                                                  "name": "Tag"
-                                                },
-                                                "type": "named"
-                                              }
-                                            },
-                                            {
-                                              "jsonExample": {
-                                                "id": 1000000,
-                                                "name": "name"
-                                              },
-                                              "shape": {
-                                                "shape": {
-                                                  "properties": [
-                                                    {
-                                                      "name": "id",
-                                                      "originalTypeDeclaration": {
-                                                        "typeId": "Tag",
-                                                        "fernFilepath": {
-                                                          "allParts": [],
-                                                          "packagePath": []
-                                                        },
-                                                        "name": "Tag"
-                                                      },
-                                                      "value": {
-                                                        "jsonExample": 1000000,
-                                                        "shape": {
-                                                          "container": {
-                                                            "optional": {
-                                                              "jsonExample": 1000000,
-                                                              "shape": {
-                                                                "primitive": {
-                                                                  "long": 1000000,
-                                                                  "type": "long"
-                                                                },
-                                                                "type": "primitive"
-                                                              }
-                                                            },
-                                                            "valueType": {
-                                                              "primitive": {
-                                                                "v1": "LONG",
-                                                                "v2": {
-                                                                  "validation": {},
-                                                                  "type": "long"
-                                                                }
-                                                              },
-                                                              "type": "primitive"
-                                                            },
-                                                            "type": "optional"
-                                                          },
-                                                          "type": "container"
-                                                        }
-                                                      }
-                                                    },
-                                                    {
-                                                      "name": "name",
-                                                      "originalTypeDeclaration": {
-                                                        "typeId": "Tag",
-                                                        "fernFilepath": {
-                                                          "allParts": [],
-                                                          "packagePath": []
-                                                        },
-                                                        "name": "Tag"
-                                                      },
-                                                      "value": {
-                                                        "jsonExample": "name",
-                                                        "shape": {
-                                                          "container": {
-                                                            "optional": {
-                                                              "jsonExample": "name",
-                                                              "shape": {
-                                                                "primitive": {
-                                                                  "string": {
-                                                                    "original": "name"
-                                                                  },
-                                                                  "type": "string"
-                                                                },
-                                                                "type": "primitive"
-                                                              }
-                                                            },
-                                                            "valueType": {
-                                                              "primitive": {
-                                                                "v1": "STRING",
-                                                                "v2": {
-                                                                  "validation": {},
-                                                                  "type": "string"
-                                                                }
-                                                              },
-                                                              "type": "primitive"
-                                                            },
-                                                            "type": "optional"
-                                                          },
-                                                          "type": "container"
-                                                        }
-                                                      }
-                                                    }
-                                                  ],
-                                                  "type": "object"
-                                                },
-                                                "typeName": {
-                                                  "typeId": "Tag",
-                                                  "fernFilepath": {
-                                                    "allParts": [],
-                                                    "packagePath": []
-                                                  },
-                                                  "name": "Tag"
-                                                },
-                                                "type": "named"
-                                              }
-                                            }
-                                          ],
-                                          "itemType": {
-                                            "fernFilepath": {
-                                              "allParts": [],
-                                              "packagePath": []
-                                            },
-                                            "name": "Tag",
-                                            "typeId": "Tag",
-                                            "inline": false,
-                                            "displayName": "Pet Tag",
-                                            "type": "named"
-                                          },
-                                          "type": "list"
-                                        },
-                                        "type": "container"
-                                      }
-                                    },
-                                    "valueType": {
-                                      "container": {
-                                        "list": {
-                                          "fernFilepath": {
-                                            "allParts": [],
-                                            "packagePath": []
-                                          },
-                                          "name": "Tag",
-                                          "typeId": "Tag",
-                                          "inline": false,
-                                          "displayName": "Pet Tag",
-                                          "type": "named"
-                                        },
-                                        "type": "list"
-                                      },
-                                      "type": "container"
-                                    },
-                                    "type": "optional"
-                                  },
-                                  "type": "container"
-                                }
-                              }
-                            },
-                            {
-                              "name": "status",
-                              "originalTypeDeclaration": {
-                                "typeId": "Pet",
-                                "fernFilepath": {
-                                  "allParts": [],
-                                  "packagePath": []
-                                },
-                                "name": "Pet"
+                        "shape": {
+                          "value": {
+                            "jsonExample": {
+                              "key": "value"
+                            },
+                            "shape": {
+                              "unknown": {
+                                "key": "value"
                               },
-                              "value": {
-                                "jsonExample": "available",
-                                "shape": {
-                                  "container": {
-                                    "optional": {
-                                      "jsonExample": "available",
-                                      "shape": {
-                                        "shape": {
-                                          "value": "available",
-                                          "type": "enum"
-                                        },
-                                        "typeName": {
-                                          "typeId": "PetStatus",
-                                          "fernFilepath": {
-                                            "allParts": [],
-                                            "packagePath": []
-                                          },
-                                          "name": "PetStatus"
-                                        },
-                                        "type": "named"
-                                      }
-                                    },
-                                    "valueType": {
-                                      "fernFilepath": {
-                                        "allParts": [],
-                                        "packagePath": []
-                                      },
-                                      "name": "PetStatus",
-                                      "typeId": "PetStatus",
-                                      "inline": false,
-                                      "type": "named"
-                                    },
-                                    "type": "optional"
-                                  },
-                                  "type": "container"
-                                }
-                              }
+                              "type": "unknown"
                             }
-                          ],
-                          "type": "object"
+                          },
+                          "type": "alias"
                         },
                         "typeName": {
                           "typeId": "Pet",
@@ -3207,142 +418,7 @@
           "audiences": [],
           "id": "endpoint_pet.updateAnExistingPet",
           "name": "updateAnExistingPet",
-          "requestBody": {
-            "contentType": "application/json",
-            "docs": "Pet object that needs to be added to the store",
-            "requestBodyType": {
-              "fernFilepath": {
-                "allParts": [],
-                "packagePath": []
-              },
-              "name": "Pet",
-              "typeId": "Pet",
-              "inline": false,
-              "displayName": "a Pet",
-              "type": "named"
-            },
-            "v2Examples": {
-              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
-              "autogeneratedExamples": {
-                "petUpdateAnExistingPetExample": {
-                  "id": 0,
-                  "category": {
-                    "id": 6,
-                    "name": "name"
-                  },
-                  "name": "doggie",
-                  "photoUrls": [
-                    "photoUrls",
-                    "photoUrls"
-                  ],
-                  "tags": [
-                    {
-                      "id": 1,
-                      "name": "name"
-                    },
-                    {
-                      "id": 1,
-                      "name": "name"
-                    }
-                  ],
-                  "status": "available"
-                }
-              }
-            },
-            "type": "reference"
-          },
-          "v2RequestBodies": {
-            "requestBodies": [
-              {
-                "contentType": "application/json",
-                "docs": "Pet object that needs to be added to the store",
-                "requestBodyType": {
-                  "fernFilepath": {
-                    "allParts": [],
-                    "packagePath": []
-                  },
-                  "name": "Pet",
-                  "typeId": "Pet",
-                  "inline": false,
-                  "displayName": "a Pet",
-                  "type": "named"
-                },
-                "v2Examples": {
-                  "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
-                  "autogeneratedExamples": {
-                    "petUpdateAnExistingPetExample": {
-                      "id": 0,
-                      "category": {
-                        "id": 6,
-                        "name": "name"
-                      },
-                      "name": "doggie",
-                      "photoUrls": [
-                        "photoUrls",
-                        "photoUrls"
-                      ],
-                      "tags": [
-                        {
-                          "id": 1,
-                          "name": "name"
-                        },
-                        {
-                          "id": 1,
-                          "name": "name"
-                        }
-                      ],
-                      "status": "available"
-                    }
-                  }
-                },
-                "type": "reference"
-              },
-              {
-                "contentType": "application/xml",
-                "docs": "Pet object that needs to be added to the store",
-                "requestBodyType": {
-                  "fernFilepath": {
-                    "allParts": [],
-                    "packagePath": []
-                  },
-                  "name": "Pet",
-                  "typeId": "Pet",
-                  "inline": false,
-                  "displayName": "a Pet",
-                  "type": "named"
-                },
-                "v2Examples": {
-                  "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
-                  "autogeneratedExamples": {
-                    "petUpdateAnExistingPetExample": {
-                      "id": 0,
-                      "category": {
-                        "id": 6,
-                        "name": "name"
-                      },
-                      "name": "doggie",
-                      "photoUrls": [
-                        "photoUrls",
-                        "photoUrls"
-                      ],
-                      "tags": [
-                        {
-                          "id": 1,
-                          "name": "name"
-                        },
-                        {
-                          "id": 1,
-                          "name": "name"
-                        }
-                      ],
-                      "status": "available"
-                    }
-                  }
-                },
-                "type": "reference"
-              }
-            ]
-          },
+          "v2RequestBodies": {},
           "response": {
             "statusCode": 200,
             "body": {
@@ -3355,36 +431,14 @@
                   "name": "Pet",
                   "typeId": "Pet",
                   "inline": false,
-                  "displayName": "a Pet",
+                  "displayName": "Pet",
                   "type": "named"
                 },
                 "docs": "A list of pets",
                 "v2Examples": {
                   "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
                   "autogeneratedExamples": {
-                    "petUpdateAnExistingPetExample": {
-                      "id": 0,
-                      "category": {
-                        "id": 6,
-                        "name": "name"
-                      },
-                      "name": "doggie",
-                      "photoUrls": [
-                        "photoUrls",
-                        "photoUrls"
-                      ],
-                      "tags": [
-                        {
-                          "id": 1,
-                          "name": "name"
-                        },
-                        {
-                          "id": 1,
-                          "name": "name"
-                        }
-                      ],
-                      "status": "available"
-                    }
+                    "petUpdateAnExistingPetExample": null
                   }
                 },
                 "type": "response"
@@ -3395,8 +449,8 @@
           },
           "v2Examples": {
             "autogeneratedExamples": {
-              "petUpdateAnExistingPetExample_200": {
-                "displayName": "petUpdateAnExistingPetExample",
+              "base_petUpdateAnExistingPetExample_200": {
+                "displayName": "updateAnExistingPetExample",
                 "request": {
                   "endpoint": {
                     "method": "PUT",
@@ -3404,57 +458,12 @@
                   },
                   "pathParameters": {},
                   "queryParameters": {},
-                  "headers": {},
-                  "requestBody": {
-                    "id": 0,
-                    "category": {
-                      "id": 6,
-                      "name": "name"
-                    },
-                    "name": "doggie",
-                    "photoUrls": [
-                      "photoUrls",
-                      "photoUrls"
-                    ],
-                    "tags": [
-                      {
-                        "id": 1,
-                        "name": "name"
-                      },
-                      {
-                        "id": 1,
-                        "name": "name"
-                      }
-                    ],
-                    "status": "available"
-                  }
+                  "headers": {}
                 },
                 "response": {
                   "statusCode": 200,
                   "body": {
-                    "value": {
-                      "id": 0,
-                      "category": {
-                        "id": 6,
-                        "name": "name"
-                      },
-                      "name": "doggie",
-                      "photoUrls": [
-                        "photoUrls",
-                        "photoUrls"
-                      ],
-                      "tags": [
-                        {
-                          "id": 1,
-                          "name": "name"
-                        },
-                        {
-                          "id": 1,
-                          "name": "name"
-                        }
-                      ],
-                      "status": "available"
-                    },
+                    "value": null,
                     "type": "json"
                   }
                 }
@@ -3476,36 +485,14 @@
                       "name": "Pet",
                       "typeId": "Pet",
                       "inline": false,
-                      "displayName": "a Pet",
+                      "displayName": "Pet",
                       "type": "named"
                     },
                     "docs": "A list of pets",
                     "v2Examples": {
                       "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
                       "autogeneratedExamples": {
-                        "petUpdateAnExistingPetExample": {
-                          "id": 0,
-                          "category": {
-                            "id": 6,
-                            "name": "name"
-                          },
-                          "name": "doggie",
-                          "photoUrls": [
-                            "photoUrls",
-                            "photoUrls"
-                          ],
-                          "tags": [
-                            {
-                              "id": 1,
-                              "name": "name"
-                            },
-                            {
-                              "id": 1,
-                              "name": "name"
-                            }
-                          ],
-                          "status": "available"
-                        }
+                        "petUpdateAnExistingPetExample": null
                       }
                     },
                     "type": "response"
@@ -3554,7 +541,7 @@
           "autogeneratedExamples": [
             {
               "example": {
-                "id": "984010f",
+                "id": "eef2efd3",
                 "url": "/order",
                 "endpointHeaders": [],
                 "endpointPathParameters": [],
@@ -3566,266 +553,22 @@
                   "value": {
                     "value": {
                       "jsonExample": {
-                        "id": 1000000,
-                        "petId": 1000000,
-                        "quantity": 1,
-                        "shipDate": "2024-01-15T09:30:00Z",
-                        "status": "placed",
-                        "complete": true
+                        "key": "value"
                       },
                       "shape": {
                         "shape": {
-                          "properties": [
-                            {
-                              "name": "id",
-                              "originalTypeDeclaration": {
-                                "typeId": "Order",
-                                "fernFilepath": {
-                                  "allParts": [],
-                                  "packagePath": []
-                                },
-                                "name": "Order"
-                              },
-                              "value": {
-                                "jsonExample": 1000000,
-                                "shape": {
-                                  "container": {
-                                    "optional": {
-                                      "jsonExample": 1000000,
-                                      "shape": {
-                                        "primitive": {
-                                          "long": 1000000,
-                                          "type": "long"
-                                        },
-                                        "type": "primitive"
-                                      }
-                                    },
-                                    "valueType": {
-                                      "primitive": {
-                                        "v1": "LONG",
-                                        "v2": {
-                                          "validation": {},
-                                          "type": "long"
-                                        }
-                                      },
-                                      "type": "primitive"
-                                    },
-                                    "type": "optional"
-                                  },
-                                  "type": "container"
-                                }
-                              }
-                            },
-                            {
-                              "name": "petId",
-                              "originalTypeDeclaration": {
-                                "typeId": "Order",
-                                "fernFilepath": {
-                                  "allParts": [],
-                                  "packagePath": []
-                                },
-                                "name": "Order"
-                              },
-                              "value": {
-                                "jsonExample": 1000000,
-                                "shape": {
-                                  "container": {
-                                    "optional": {
-                                      "jsonExample": 1000000,
-                                      "shape": {
-                                        "primitive": {
-                                          "long": 1000000,
-                                          "type": "long"
-                                        },
-                                        "type": "primitive"
-                                      }
-                                    },
-                                    "valueType": {
-                                      "primitive": {
-                                        "v1": "LONG",
-                                        "v2": {
-                                          "validation": {},
-                                          "type": "long"
-                                        }
-                                      },
-                                      "type": "primitive"
-                                    },
-                                    "type": "optional"
-                                  },
-                                  "type": "container"
-                                }
-                              }
-                            },
-                            {
-                              "name": "quantity",
-                              "originalTypeDeclaration": {
-                                "typeId": "Order",
-                                "fernFilepath": {
-                                  "allParts": [],
-                                  "packagePath": []
-                                },
-                                "name": "Order"
-                              },
-                              "value": {
-                                "jsonExample": 1,
-                                "shape": {
-                                  "container": {
-                                    "optional": {
-                                      "jsonExample": 1,
-                                      "shape": {
-                                        "primitive": {
-                                          "integer": 1,
-                                          "type": "integer"
-                                        },
-                                        "type": "primitive"
-                                      }
-                                    },
-                                    "valueType": {
-                                      "primitive": {
-                                        "v1": "INTEGER",
-                                        "v2": {
-                                          "validation": {},
-                                          "type": "integer"
-                                        }
-                                      },
-                                      "type": "primitive"
-                                    },
-                                    "type": "optional"
-                                  },
-                                  "type": "container"
-                                }
-                              }
-                            },
-                            {
-                              "name": "shipDate",
-                              "originalTypeDeclaration": {
-                                "typeId": "Order",
-                                "fernFilepath": {
-                                  "allParts": [],
-                                  "packagePath": []
-                                },
-                                "name": "Order"
-                              },
-                              "value": {
-                                "jsonExample": "2024-01-15T09:30:00Z",
-                                "shape": {
-                                  "container": {
-                                    "optional": {
-                                      "jsonExample": "2024-01-15T09:30:00Z",
-                                      "shape": {
-                                        "primitive": {
-                                          "datetime": "2024-01-15T09:30:00.000Z",
-                                          "raw": "2024-01-15T09:30:00Z",
-                                          "type": "datetime"
-                                        },
-                                        "type": "primitive"
-                                      }
-                                    },
-                                    "valueType": {
-                                      "primitive": {
-                                        "v1": "DATE_TIME",
-                                        "v2": {
-                                          "type": "dateTime"
-                                        }
-                                      },
-                                      "type": "primitive"
-                                    },
-                                    "type": "optional"
-                                  },
-                                  "type": "container"
-                                }
-                              }
-                            },
-                            {
-                              "name": "status",
-                              "originalTypeDeclaration": {
-                                "typeId": "Order",
-                                "fernFilepath": {
-                                  "allParts": [],
-                                  "packagePath": []
-                                },
-                                "name": "Order"
-                              },
-                              "value": {
-                                "jsonExample": "placed",
-                                "shape": {
-                                  "container": {
-                                    "optional": {
-                                      "jsonExample": "placed",
-                                      "shape": {
-                                        "shape": {
-                                          "value": "placed",
-                                          "type": "enum"
-                                        },
-                                        "typeName": {
-                                          "typeId": "OrderStatus",
-                                          "fernFilepath": {
-                                            "allParts": [],
-                                            "packagePath": []
-                                          },
-                                          "name": "OrderStatus"
-                                        },
-                                        "type": "named"
-                                      }
-                                    },
-                                    "valueType": {
-                                      "fernFilepath": {
-                                        "allParts": [],
-                                        "packagePath": []
-                                      },
-                                      "name": "OrderStatus",
-                                      "typeId": "OrderStatus",
-                                      "inline": false,
-                                      "type": "named"
-                                    },
-                                    "type": "optional"
-                                  },
-                                  "type": "container"
-                                }
-                              }
+                          "value": {
+                            "jsonExample": {
+                              "key": "value"
                             },
-                            {
-                              "name": "complete",
-                              "originalTypeDeclaration": {
-                                "typeId": "Order",
-                                "fernFilepath": {
-                                  "allParts": [],
-                                  "packagePath": []
-                                },
-                                "name": "Order"
+                            "shape": {
+                              "unknown": {
+                                "key": "value"
                               },
-                              "value": {
-                                "jsonExample": true,
-                                "shape": {
-                                  "container": {
-                                    "optional": {
-                                      "jsonExample": true,
-                                      "shape": {
-                                        "primitive": {
-                                          "boolean": true,
-                                          "type": "boolean"
-                                        },
-                                        "type": "primitive"
-                                      }
-                                    },
-                                    "valueType": {
-                                      "primitive": {
-                                        "v1": "BOOLEAN",
-                                        "v2": {
-                                          "default": false,
-                                          "type": "boolean"
-                                        }
-                                      },
-                                      "type": "primitive"
-                                    },
-                                    "type": "optional"
-                                  },
-                                  "type": "container"
-                                }
-                              }
+                              "type": "unknown"
                             }
-                          ],
-                          "type": "object"
+                          },
+                          "type": "alias"
                         },
                         "typeName": {
                           "typeId": "Order",
@@ -3870,21 +613,14 @@
                   "name": "Order",
                   "typeId": "Order",
                   "inline": false,
-                  "displayName": "Pet Order",
+                  "displayName": "Order",
                   "type": "named"
                 },
                 "docs": "An order object",
                 "v2Examples": {
                   "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
                   "autogeneratedExamples": {
-                    "orderGetAnOrderExample": {
-                      "id": 0,
-                      "petId": 6,
-                      "quantity": 1,
-                      "shipDate": "2000-01-23T04:56:07.000+00:00",
-                      "status": "placed",
-                      "complete": false
-                    }
+                    "orderGetAnOrderExample": null
                   }
                 },
                 "type": "response"
@@ -3909,14 +645,7 @@
                 "response": {
                   "statusCode": 200,
                   "body": {
-                    "value": {
-                      "id": 0,
-                      "petId": 6,
-                      "quantity": 1,
-                      "shipDate": "2000-01-23T04:56:07.000+00:00",
-                      "status": "placed",
-                      "complete": false
-                    },
+                    "value": null,
                     "type": "json"
                   }
                 }
@@ -3938,21 +667,14 @@
                       "name": "Order",
                       "typeId": "Order",
                       "inline": false,
-                      "displayName": "Pet Order",
+                      "displayName": "Order",
                       "type": "named"
                     },
                     "docs": "An order object",
                     "v2Examples": {
                       "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
                       "autogeneratedExamples": {
-                        "orderGetAnOrderExample": {
-                          "id": 0,
-                          "petId": 6,
-                          "quantity": 1,
-                          "shipDate": "2000-01-23T04:56:07.000+00:00",
-                          "status": "placed",
-                          "complete": false
-                        }
+                        "orderGetAnOrderExample": null
                       }
                     },
                     "type": "response"
@@ -4246,178 +968,14 @@
           "pathParameters": [],
           "headers": [],
           "queryParameters": [],
-          "messages": [
-            {
-              "type": "send",
-              "body": {
-                "jsonExample": {},
-                "shape": {
-                  "shape": {
-                    "properties": [
-                      {
-                        "name": "message",
-                        "originalTypeDeclaration": {
-                          "typeId": "testChannel_sendMessage",
-                          "fernFilepath": {
-                            "allParts": [],
-                            "packagePath": []
-                          },
-                          "name": "testChannel_sendMessage"
-                        },
-                        "value": {
-                          "shape": {
-                            "container": {
-                              "valueType": {
-                                "primitive": {
-                                  "v1": "STRING",
-                                  "v2": {
-                                    "validation": {},
-                                    "type": "string"
-                                  }
-                                },
-                                "type": "primitive"
-                              },
-                              "type": "optional"
-                            },
-                            "type": "container"
-                          }
-                        }
-                      },
-                      {
-                        "name": "data",
-                        "originalTypeDeclaration": {
-                          "typeId": "testChannel_sendMessage",
-                          "fernFilepath": {
-                            "allParts": [],
-                            "packagePath": []
-                          },
-                          "name": "testChannel_sendMessage"
-                        },
-                        "value": {
-                          "shape": {
-                            "container": {
-                              "valueType": {
-                                "fernFilepath": {
-                                  "allParts": [],
-                                  "packagePath": []
-                                },
-                                "name": "ChannelsTestChannelMessagesSendMessageData",
-                                "typeId": "ChannelsTestChannelMessagesSendMessageData",
-                                "inline": false,
-                                "type": "named"
-                              },
-                              "type": "optional"
-                            },
-                            "type": "container"
-                          }
-                        }
-                      }
-                    ],
-                    "type": "object"
-                  },
-                  "typeName": {
-                    "typeId": "testChannel_sendMessage",
-                    "fernFilepath": {
-                      "allParts": [],
-                      "packagePath": []
-                    },
-                    "name": "testChannel_sendMessage"
-                  },
-                  "type": "named"
-                },
-                "type": "reference"
-              }
-            }
-          ],
+          "messages": [],
           "url": "/test"
         },
         {
           "pathParameters": [],
           "headers": [],
           "queryParameters": [],
-          "messages": [
-            {
-              "type": "send",
-              "body": {
-                "jsonExample": {},
-                "shape": {
-                  "shape": {
-                    "properties": [
-                      {
-                        "name": "message",
-                        "originalTypeDeclaration": {
-                          "typeId": "testChannel_sendMessage",
-                          "fernFilepath": {
-                            "allParts": [],
-                            "packagePath": []
-                          },
-                          "name": "testChannel_sendMessage"
-                        },
-                        "value": {
-                          "shape": {
-                            "container": {
-                              "valueType": {
-                                "primitive": {
-                                  "v1": "STRING",
-                                  "v2": {
-                                    "validation": {},
-                                    "type": "string"
-                                  }
-                                },
-                                "type": "primitive"
-                              },
-                              "type": "optional"
-                            },
-                            "type": "container"
-                          }
-                        }
-                      },
-                      {
-                        "name": "data",
-                        "originalTypeDeclaration": {
-                          "typeId": "testChannel_sendMessage",
-                          "fernFilepath": {
-                            "allParts": [],
-                            "packagePath": []
-                          },
-                          "name": "testChannel_sendMessage"
-                        },
-                        "value": {
-                          "shape": {
-                            "container": {
-                              "valueType": {
-                                "fernFilepath": {
-                                  "allParts": [],
-                                  "packagePath": []
-                                },
-                                "name": "ChannelsTestChannelMessagesSendMessageData",
-                                "typeId": "ChannelsTestChannelMessagesSendMessageData",
-                                "inline": false,
-                                "type": "named"
-                              },
-                              "type": "optional"
-                            },
-                            "type": "container"
-                          }
-                        }
-                      }
-                    ],
-                    "type": "object"
-                  },
-                  "typeName": {
-                    "typeId": "testChannel_sendMessage",
-                    "fernFilepath": {
-                      "allParts": [],
-                      "packagePath": []
-                    },
-                    "name": "testChannel_sendMessage"
-                  },
-                  "type": "named"
-                },
-                "type": "reference"
-              }
-            }
-          ],
+          "messages": [],
           "url": "/test"
         }
       ],
@@ -4433,12 +991,7 @@
       "Pet",
       "PetOwner",
       "Order",
-      "Category",
-      "Tag",
-      "User",
-      "PetOwner",
-      "testChannel_sendMessage",
-      "testChannel_sendMessage2"
+      "PetOwner"
     ],
     "errors": [],
     "subpackages": [
diff --git a/packages/cli/api-importers/v3-importer-tests/src/__test__/fixtures/allof-nested-ref/fern/fern.config.json b/packages/cli/api-importers/v3-importer-tests/src/__test__/fixtures/allof-nested-ref/fern/fern.config.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..ecb7133e2645
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/cli/api-importers/v3-importer-tests/src/__test__/fixtures/allof-nested-ref/fern/fern.config.json
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+{
+    "organization": "fern",
+    "version": "*"
+}
diff --git a/packages/cli/api-importers/v3-importer-tests/src/__test__/fixtures/allof-nested-ref/fern/generators.yml b/packages/cli/api-importers/v3-importer-tests/src/__test__/fixtures/allof-nested-ref/fern/generators.yml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..5b01f1e0833d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/cli/api-importers/v3-importer-tests/src/__test__/fixtures/allof-nested-ref/fern/generators.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+# yaml-language-server: $schema=https://schema.buildwithfern.dev/generators-yml.json
+api:
+  specs:
+    - openapi: ../openapi.yml
diff --git a/packages/cli/api-importers/v3-importer-tests/src/__test__/fixtures/allof-nested-ref/openapi.yml b/packages/cli/api-importers/v3-importer-tests/src/__test__/fixtures/allof-nested-ref/openapi.yml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..66ce8d4ceca1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/cli/api-importers/v3-importer-tests/src/__test__/fixtures/allof-nested-ref/openapi.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,221 @@
+openapi: 3.0.3
+info:
+  title: Nested allOf $ref Resolution
+  version: 1.0.0
+  description: >
+    Exercises nested allOf $ref resolution where a parent schema itself uses
+    allOf with $ref elements. The v3 parser must recursively resolve these
+    nested references during allOf flattening to include grandparent
+    properties in the merged result.
+
+servers:
+  - url: https://api.example.com
+
+paths:
+  /users:
+    post:
+      operationId: createUser
+      summary: Create a user (three-level allOf chain)
+      description: >
+        Tests the core BigCommerce pattern: userPost -> userBase -> userStrict.
+        The grandparent's properties must be resolved through the nested $ref.
+      requestBody:
+        required: true
+        content:
+          application/json:
+            schema:
+              $ref: "#/components/schemas/UserPost"
+      responses:
+        "200":
+          description: Created user
+          content:
+            application/json:
+              schema:
+                $ref: "#/components/schemas/UserStrict"
+
+  /companies:
+    post:
+      operationId: createCompany
+      summary: Create a company (sibling properties alongside nested $ref)
+      description: >
+        Tests that sibling properties at the parent level (companyBase has
+        its own properties in addition to $ref) are all preserved.
+      requestBody:
+        required: true
+        content:
+          application/json:
+            schema:
+              $ref: "#/components/schemas/CompanyPost"
+      responses:
+        "200":
+          description: Created company
+          content:
+            application/json:
+              schema:
+                $ref: "#/components/schemas/CompanyBase"
+
+  /plants:
+    post:
+      operationId: createPlant
+      summary: Create a plant (multiple $ref in single allOf)
+      description: >
+        Tests that when a parent's allOf contains multiple $ref entries,
+        all of them are resolved and their properties merged.
+      requestBody:
+        required: true
+        content:
+          application/json:
+            schema:
+              $ref: "#/components/schemas/PlantRecord"
+      responses:
+        "200":
+          description: Created plant
+          content:
+            application/json:
+              schema:
+                $ref: "#/components/schemas/PlantRecord"
+
+components:
+  schemas:
+    # ===================================================================
+    # Case 1: Three-level chain (BigCommerce pattern)
+    # UserPost -> UserBase -> UserStrict
+    # ===================================================================
+    UserStrict:
+      type: object
+      required:
+        - firstName
+        - lastName
+        - email
+      properties:
+        firstName:
+          type: string
+        lastName:
+          type: string
+        email:
+          type: string
+          format: email
+
+    UserBase:
+      allOf:
+        - $ref: "#/components/schemas/UserStrict"
+        - type: object
+          properties:
+            role:
+              type: string
+              description: The user's role
+            companyId:
+              type: integer
+              description: Associated company ID
+
+    UserPost:
+      allOf:
+        - $ref: "#/components/schemas/UserBase"
+        - required:
+            - firstName
+            - lastName
+            - email
+            - companyId
+            - role
+            - channelIds
+          properties:
+            acceptWelcomeEmail:
+              type: boolean
+              description: Whether to send a welcome email
+            originChannelId:
+              type: integer
+              description: Origin channel ID
+            channelIds:
+              type: array
+              items:
+                type: integer
+              description: List of channel IDs
+
+    # ===================================================================
+    # Case 2: Sibling properties alongside nested $ref
+    # CompanyPost -> CompanyBase -> AddressBase
+    # CompanyBase has its own properties PLUS a $ref to AddressBase
+    # ===================================================================
+    AddressBase:
+      type: object
+      required:
+        - country
+      properties:
+        country:
+          type: string
+        state:
+          type: string
+        city:
+          type: string
+
+    CompanyBase:
+      type: object
+      properties:
+        companyName:
+          type: string
+        companyPhone:
+          type: string
+      allOf:
+        - $ref: "#/components/schemas/AddressBase"
+
+    CompanyPost:
+      allOf:
+        - $ref: "#/components/schemas/CompanyBase"
+        - required:
+            - companyName
+            - companyPhone
+            - country
+          properties:
+            taxId:
+              type: string
+              description: Tax identification number
+
+    # ===================================================================
+    # Case 3: Multiple $ref in a single allOf
+    # PlantRecord -> PlantBase (which has allOf: [$ref: Identifiable, $ref: Describable, inline])
+    # ===================================================================
+    Identifiable:
+      type: object
+      required:
+        - id
+      properties:
+        id:
+          type: string
+          format: uuid
+
+    Describable:
+      type: object
+      properties:
+        name:
+          type: string
+        description:
+          type: string
+
+    PlantBase:
+      allOf:
+        - $ref: "#/components/schemas/Identifiable"
+        - $ref: "#/components/schemas/Describable"
+        - type: object
+          properties:
+            species:
+              type: string
+            wateringFrequency:
+              type: string
+              enum:
+                - daily
+                - weekly
+                - biweekly
+                - monthly
+
+    PlantRecord:
+      allOf:
+        - $ref: "#/components/schemas/PlantBase"
+        - required:
+            - id
+            - name
+            - species
+          properties:
+            plantedAt:
+              type: string
+              format: date
+              description: Date the plant was planted
diff --git a/packages/cli/cli/changes/unreleased/fix-allof-nested-ref-resolution.yml b/packages/cli/cli/changes/unreleased/fix-allof-nested-ref-resolution.yml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..b8520134bb9b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/cli/cli/changes/unreleased/fix-allof-nested-ref-resolution.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+- summary: |
+    Fix docs rendering dropping parent properties when an allOf parent schema
+    itself uses allOf with $ref elements. The v3 OpenAPI parser now recursively
+    resolves nested $ref objects during allOf flattening instead of silently
+    filtering them out.
+  type: fix
diff --git a/seed/go-sdk/allof/.fern/metadata.json b/seed/go-sdk/allof/.fern/metadata.json
index 4325dc2a3860..5b82336b7636 100644
--- a/seed/go-sdk/allof/.fern/metadata.json
+++ b/seed/go-sdk/allof/.fern/metadata.json
@@ -6,8 +6,7 @@
     "enableWireTests": false
   },
   "originGitCommit": "DUMMY",
-  "invokedBy": "ci",
+  "invokedBy": "manual",
   "requestedVersion": "0.0.1",
-  "ciProvider": "github",
   "sdkVersion": "v0.0.1"
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/seed/go-sdk/allof/client/client.go b/seed/go-sdk/allof/client/client.go
index 999dc901a0c7..4e3c249fea58 100644
--- a/seed/go-sdk/allof/client/client.go
+++ b/seed/go-sdk/allof/client/client.go
@@ -108,3 +108,37 @@ func (c *Client) GetOrganization(
 	}
 	return response.Body, nil
 }
+
+// Tests three-level allOf chain where a parent schema itself uses allOf with $ref elements. The grandparent's properties must be resolved through the nested $ref.
+func (c *Client) CreatePlant(
+	ctx context.Context,
+	request *fern.PlantPost,
+	opts ...option.RequestOption,
+) (*fern.PlantStrict, error) {
+	response, err := c.WithRawResponse.CreatePlant(
+		ctx,
+		request,
+		opts...,
+	)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return response.Body, nil
+}
+
+// Tests that when a parent's allOf contains multiple $ref entries, all of them are resolved and their properties merged.
+func (c *Client) CreateTree(
+	ctx context.Context,
+	request *fern.TreeRecord,
+	opts ...option.RequestOption,
+) (*fern.TreeRecord, error) {
+	response, err := c.WithRawResponse.CreateTree(
+		ctx,
+		request,
+		opts...,
+	)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return response.Body, nil
+}
diff --git a/seed/go-sdk/allof/client/raw_client.go b/seed/go-sdk/allof/client/raw_client.go
index eb824606e719..dc47f3d7dc1e 100644
--- a/seed/go-sdk/allof/client/raw_client.go
+++ b/seed/go-sdk/allof/client/raw_client.go
@@ -242,3 +242,88 @@ func (r *RawClient) GetOrganization(
 		Body:       response,
 	}, nil
 }
+
+func (r *RawClient) CreatePlant(
+	ctx context.Context,
+	request *fern.PlantPost,
+	opts ...option.RequestOption,
+) (*core.Response[*fern.PlantStrict], error) {
+	options := core.NewRequestOptions(opts...)
+	baseURL := internal.ResolveBaseURL(
+		options.BaseURL,
+		r.baseURL,
+		"https://api.example.com",
+	)
+	endpointURL := baseURL + "/plants"
+	headers := internal.MergeHeaders(
+		r.options.ToHeader(),
+		options.ToHeader(),
+	)
+	headers.Add("Content-Type", "application/json")
+	var response *fern.PlantStrict
+	raw, err := r.caller.Call(
+		ctx,
+		&internal.CallParams{
+			URL:             endpointURL,
+			Method:          http.MethodPost,
+			Headers:         headers,
+			MaxAttempts:     options.MaxAttempts,
+			DisableRetries:  options.DisableRetries,
+			BodyProperties:  options.BodyProperties,
+			QueryParameters: options.QueryParameters,
+			Client:          options.HTTPClient,
+			Request:         request,
+			Response:        &response,
+		},
+	)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return &core.Response[*fern.PlantStrict]{
+		StatusCode: raw.StatusCode,
+		Header:     raw.Header,
+		Body:       response,
+	}, nil
+}
+
+func (r *RawClient) CreateTree(
+	ctx context.Context,
+	request *fern.TreeRecord,
+	opts ...option.RequestOption,
+) (*core.Response[*fern.TreeRecord], error) {
+	options := core.NewRequestOptions(opts...)
+	baseURL := internal.ResolveBaseURL(
+		options.BaseURL,
+		r.baseURL,
+		"https://api.example.com",
+	)
+	endpointURL := baseURL + "/trees"
+	headers := internal.MergeHeaders(
+		r.options.ToHeader(),
+		options.ToHeader(),
+	)
+	var response *fern.TreeRecord
+	raw, err := r.caller.Call(
+		ctx,
+		&internal.CallParams{
+			URL:             endpointURL,
+			Method:          http.MethodPost,
+			Headers:         headers,
+			MaxAttempts:     options.MaxAttempts,
+			DisableRetries:  options.DisableRetries,
+			BodyProperties:  options.BodyProperties,
+			QueryParameters: options.QueryParameters,
+			Client:          options.HTTPClient,
+			Request:         request,
+			Response:        &response,
+		},
+	)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return &core.Response[*fern.TreeRecord]{
+		StatusCode: raw.StatusCode,
+		Header:     raw.Header,
+		Body:       response,
+	}, nil
+}
diff --git a/seed/go-sdk/allof/dynamic-snippets/example10/snippet.go b/seed/go-sdk/allof/dynamic-snippets/example10/snippet.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..acfbf81f70c6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/go-sdk/allof/dynamic-snippets/example10/snippet.go
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+package example
+
+import (
+    context "context"
+
+    fern "github.com/allof/fern"
+    client "github.com/allof/fern/client"
+    option "github.com/allof/fern/option"
+)
+
+func do() {
+    client := client.NewClient(
+        option.WithBaseURL(
+            "https://api.fern.com",
+        ),
+    )
+    request := &fern.PlantPost{
+        Species: "species",
+        Family: "family",
+        Genus: "genus",
+        SunExposure: fern.PlantPostSunExposureFull,
+    }
+    client.CreatePlant(
+        context.TODO(),
+        request,
+    )
+}
diff --git a/seed/go-sdk/allof/dynamic-snippets/example11/snippet.go b/seed/go-sdk/allof/dynamic-snippets/example11/snippet.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..461af52d6691
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/go-sdk/allof/dynamic-snippets/example11/snippet.go
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+package example
+
+import (
+    context "context"
+
+    fern "github.com/allof/fern"
+    client "github.com/allof/fern/client"
+    option "github.com/allof/fern/option"
+)
+
+func do() {
+    client := client.NewClient(
+        option.WithBaseURL(
+            "https://api.fern.com",
+        ),
+    )
+    request := &fern.PlantPost{
+        CommonName: fern.String(
+            "commonName",
+        ),
+        WateringFrequency: fern.PlantBaseWateringFrequencyDaily.Ptr(),
+        Species: "species",
+        Family: "family",
+        Genus: "genus",
+        SunExposure: fern.PlantPostSunExposureFull,
+        PlantedAt: fern.Time(
+            fern.MustParseDate(
+                "2023-01-15",
+            ),
+        ),
+        SoilType: fern.String(
+            "soilType",
+        ),
+    }
+    client.CreatePlant(
+        context.TODO(),
+        request,
+    )
+}
diff --git a/seed/go-sdk/allof/dynamic-snippets/example12/snippet.go b/seed/go-sdk/allof/dynamic-snippets/example12/snippet.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..05ef5286b698
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/go-sdk/allof/dynamic-snippets/example12/snippet.go
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+package example
+
+import (
+    context "context"
+
+    fern "github.com/allof/fern"
+    client "github.com/allof/fern/client"
+    option "github.com/allof/fern/option"
+)
+
+func do() {
+    client := client.NewClient(
+        option.WithBaseURL(
+            "https://api.fern.com",
+        ),
+    )
+    request := &fern.TreeRecord{
+        ID: "id",
+    }
+    client.CreateTree(
+        context.TODO(),
+        request,
+    )
+}
diff --git a/seed/go-sdk/allof/dynamic-snippets/example13/snippet.go b/seed/go-sdk/allof/dynamic-snippets/example13/snippet.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..52926472b866
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/go-sdk/allof/dynamic-snippets/example13/snippet.go
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+package example
+
+import (
+    context "context"
+
+    fern "github.com/allof/fern"
+    client "github.com/allof/fern/client"
+    option "github.com/allof/fern/option"
+)
+
+func do() {
+    client := client.NewClient(
+        option.WithBaseURL(
+            "https://api.fern.com",
+        ),
+    )
+    request := &fern.TreeRecord{
+        TreeSpecies: fern.String(
+            "treeSpecies",
+        ),
+        HeightInFeet: fern.Float64(
+            1.1,
+        ),
+        ID: "id",
+        TreeName: fern.String(
+            "treeName",
+        ),
+        TreeDescription: fern.String(
+            "treeDescription",
+        ),
+        PlantedDate: fern.Time(
+            fern.MustParseDate(
+                "2023-01-15",
+            ),
+        ),
+    }
+    client.CreateTree(
+        context.TODO(),
+        request,
+    )
+}
diff --git a/seed/go-sdk/allof/reference.md b/seed/go-sdk/allof/reference.md
index ef635f89f996..aa671d86ed75 100644
--- a/seed/go-sdk/allof/reference.md
+++ b/seed/go-sdk/allof/reference.md
@@ -184,3 +184,144 @@ client.GetOrganization(
 </dl>
 </details>
 
+<details><summary><code>client.CreatePlant(request) -> *fern.PlantStrict</code></summary>
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+#### 📝 Description
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+Tests three-level allOf chain where a parent schema itself uses allOf with $ref elements. The grandparent's properties must be resolved through the nested $ref.
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+#### 🔌 Usage
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+```go
+request := &fern.PlantPost{
+        Species: "species",
+        Family: "family",
+        Genus: "genus",
+        SunExposure: fern.PlantPostSunExposureFull,
+    }
+client.CreatePlant(
+        context.TODO(),
+        request,
+    )
+}
+```
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+#### ⚙️ Parameters
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+**sunExposure:** `*fern.PlantPostSunExposure` — Required sun exposure level.
+    
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+**plantedAt:** `*time.Time` — Date the plant was planted.
+    
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+**soilType:** `*string` — Preferred soil type.
+    
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</details>
+
+<details><summary><code>client.CreateTree(request) -> *fern.TreeRecord</code></summary>
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+#### 📝 Description
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+Tests that when a parent's allOf contains multiple $ref entries, all of them are resolved and their properties merged.
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+#### 🔌 Usage
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+```go
+request := &fern.TreeRecord{
+        ID: "id",
+    }
+client.CreateTree(
+        context.TODO(),
+        request,
+    )
+}
+```
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+#### ⚙️ Parameters
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+**request:** `*fern.TreeRecord` 
+    
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</details>
+
diff --git a/seed/go-sdk/allof/snippet.json b/seed/go-sdk/allof/snippet.json
index a2cd78807ad3..c7559d1afc58 100644
--- a/seed/go-sdk/allof/snippet.json
+++ b/seed/go-sdk/allof/snippet.json
@@ -22,6 +22,17 @@
                 "client": "import (\n\tcontext \"context\"\n\tfernclient \"github.com/allof/fern/client\"\n)\n\nclient := fernclient.NewClient()\nresponse, err := client.GetOrganization(\n\tcontext.TODO(),\n)\n"
             }
         },
+        {
+            "id": {
+                "path": "/plants",
+                "method": "POST",
+                "identifier_override": "endpoint_.createPlant"
+            },
+            "snippet": {
+                "type": "go",
+                "client": "import (\n\tcontext \"context\"\n\tfern \"github.com/allof/fern\"\n\tfernclient \"github.com/allof/fern/client\"\n)\n\nclient := fernclient.NewClient()\nresponse, err := client.CreatePlant(\n\tcontext.TODO(),\n\t\u0026fern.PlantPost{\n\t\tSpecies:     \"species\",\n\t\tFamily:      \"family\",\n\t\tGenus:       \"genus\",\n\t\tSunExposure: fern.PlantPostSunExposureFull,\n\t},\n)\n"
+            }
+        },
         {
             "id": {
                 "path": "/rule-types",
@@ -44,6 +55,17 @@
                 "client": "import (\n\tcontext \"context\"\n\tfern \"github.com/allof/fern\"\n\tfernclient \"github.com/allof/fern/client\"\n)\n\nclient := fernclient.NewClient()\nresponse, err := client.CreateRule(\n\tcontext.TODO(),\n\t\u0026fern.RuleCreateRequest{\n\t\tName:             \"name\",\n\t\tExecutionContext: fern.RuleCreateRequestExecutionContextProd,\n\t},\n)\n"
             }
         },
+        {
+            "id": {
+                "path": "/trees",
+                "method": "POST",
+                "identifier_override": "endpoint_.createTree"
+            },
+            "snippet": {
+                "type": "go",
+                "client": "import (\n\tcontext \"context\"\n\tfern \"github.com/allof/fern\"\n\tfernclient \"github.com/allof/fern/client\"\n)\n\nclient := fernclient.NewClient()\nresponse, err := client.CreateTree(\n\tcontext.TODO(),\n\t\u0026fern.TreeRecord{\n\t\tID: \"id\",\n\t},\n)\n"
+            }
+        },
         {
             "id": {
                 "path": "/users",
diff --git a/seed/go-sdk/allof/types.go b/seed/go-sdk/allof/types.go
index 5a07dac37a37..e1f90056b6c5 100644
--- a/seed/go-sdk/allof/types.go
+++ b/seed/go-sdk/allof/types.go
@@ -10,6 +10,84 @@ import (
 	time "time"
 )
 
+var (
+	plantPostFieldSunExposure = big.NewInt(1 << 0)
+	plantPostFieldPlantedAt   = big.NewInt(1 << 1)
+	plantPostFieldSoilType    = big.NewInt(1 << 2)
+)
+
+type PlantPost struct {
+	// The botanical species name.
+	Species string `json:"species" url:"-"`
+	// The botanical family.
+	Family string `json:"family" url:"-"`
+	// The botanical genus.
+	Genus string `json:"genus" url:"-"`
+	// The common name of the plant.
+	CommonName        *string                     `json:"commonName,omitempty" url:"-"`
+	WateringFrequency *PlantBaseWateringFrequency `json:"wateringFrequency,omitempty" url:"-"`
+	// Required sun exposure level.
+	SunExposure PlantPostSunExposure `json:"sunExposure" url:"-"`
+	// Date the plant was planted.
+	PlantedAt *time.Time `json:"plantedAt,omitempty" url:"-" format:"date"`
+	// Preferred soil type.
+	SoilType *string `json:"soilType,omitempty" url:"-"`
+
+	// Private bitmask of fields set to an explicit value and therefore not to be omitted
+	explicitFields *big.Int `json:"-" url:"-"`
+}
+
+func (p *PlantPost) require(field *big.Int) {
+	if p.explicitFields == nil {
+		p.explicitFields = big.NewInt(0)
+	}
+	p.explicitFields.Or(p.explicitFields, field)
+}
+
+// SetSunExposure sets the SunExposure field and marks it as non-optional;
+// this prevents an empty or null value for this field from being omitted during serialization.
+func (p *PlantPost) SetSunExposure(sunExposure PlantPostSunExposure) {
+	p.SunExposure = sunExposure
+	p.require(plantPostFieldSunExposure)
+}
+
+// SetPlantedAt sets the PlantedAt field and marks it as non-optional;
+// this prevents an empty or null value for this field from being omitted during serialization.
+func (p *PlantPost) SetPlantedAt(plantedAt *time.Time) {
+	p.PlantedAt = plantedAt
+	p.require(plantPostFieldPlantedAt)
+}
+
+// SetSoilType sets the SoilType field and marks it as non-optional;
+// this prevents an empty or null value for this field from being omitted during serialization.
+func (p *PlantPost) SetSoilType(soilType *string) {
+	p.SoilType = soilType
+	p.require(plantPostFieldSoilType)
+}
+
+func (p *PlantPost) UnmarshalJSON(data []byte) error {
+	type unmarshaler PlantPost
+	var body unmarshaler
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(data, &body); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	*p = PlantPost(body)
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (p *PlantPost) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
+	type embed PlantPost
+	var marshaler = struct {
+		embed
+		PlantedAt *internal.Date `json:"plantedAt,omitempty"`
+	}{
+		embed:     embed(*p),
+		PlantedAt: internal.NewOptionalDate(p.PlantedAt),
+	}
+	explicitMarshaler := internal.HandleExplicitFields(marshaler, p.explicitFields)
+	return json.Marshal(explicitMarshaler)
+}
+
 var (
 	ruleCreateRequestFieldName             = big.NewInt(1 << 0)
 	ruleCreateRequestFieldExecutionContext = big.NewInt(1 << 1)
@@ -1308,6 +1386,331 @@ func (p *PagingCursors) String() string {
 	return fmt.Sprintf("%#v", p)
 }
 
+var (
+	plantBaseFieldSpecies           = big.NewInt(1 << 0)
+	plantBaseFieldFamily            = big.NewInt(1 << 1)
+	plantBaseFieldGenus             = big.NewInt(1 << 2)
+	plantBaseFieldCommonName        = big.NewInt(1 << 3)
+	plantBaseFieldWateringFrequency = big.NewInt(1 << 4)
+)
+
+type PlantBase struct {
+	// The botanical species name.
+	Species string `json:"species" url:"species"`
+	// The botanical family.
+	Family string `json:"family" url:"family"`
+	// The botanical genus.
+	Genus string `json:"genus" url:"genus"`
+	// The common name of the plant.
+	CommonName        *string                     `json:"commonName,omitempty" url:"commonName,omitempty"`
+	WateringFrequency *PlantBaseWateringFrequency `json:"wateringFrequency,omitempty" url:"wateringFrequency,omitempty"`
+
+	// Private bitmask of fields set to an explicit value and therefore not to be omitted
+	explicitFields *big.Int `json:"-" url:"-"`
+
+	extraProperties map[string]interface{}
+	rawJSON         json.RawMessage
+}
+
+func (p *PlantBase) GetSpecies() string {
+	if p == nil {
+		return ""
+	}
+	return p.Species
+}
+
+func (p *PlantBase) GetFamily() string {
+	if p == nil {
+		return ""
+	}
+	return p.Family
+}
+
+func (p *PlantBase) GetGenus() string {
+	if p == nil {
+		return ""
+	}
+	return p.Genus
+}
+
+func (p *PlantBase) GetCommonName() *string {
+	if p == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return p.CommonName
+}
+
+func (p *PlantBase) GetWateringFrequency() *PlantBaseWateringFrequency {
+	if p == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return p.WateringFrequency
+}
+
+func (p *PlantBase) GetExtraProperties() map[string]interface{} {
+	if p == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return p.extraProperties
+}
+
+func (p *PlantBase) require(field *big.Int) {
+	if p.explicitFields == nil {
+		p.explicitFields = big.NewInt(0)
+	}
+	p.explicitFields.Or(p.explicitFields, field)
+}
+
+// SetSpecies sets the Species field and marks it as non-optional;
+// this prevents an empty or null value for this field from being omitted during serialization.
+func (p *PlantBase) SetSpecies(species string) {
+	p.Species = species
+	p.require(plantBaseFieldSpecies)
+}
+
+// SetFamily sets the Family field and marks it as non-optional;
+// this prevents an empty or null value for this field from being omitted during serialization.
+func (p *PlantBase) SetFamily(family string) {
+	p.Family = family
+	p.require(plantBaseFieldFamily)
+}
+
+// SetGenus sets the Genus field and marks it as non-optional;
+// this prevents an empty or null value for this field from being omitted during serialization.
+func (p *PlantBase) SetGenus(genus string) {
+	p.Genus = genus
+	p.require(plantBaseFieldGenus)
+}
+
+// SetCommonName sets the CommonName field and marks it as non-optional;
+// this prevents an empty or null value for this field from being omitted during serialization.
+func (p *PlantBase) SetCommonName(commonName *string) {
+	p.CommonName = commonName
+	p.require(plantBaseFieldCommonName)
+}
+
+// SetWateringFrequency sets the WateringFrequency field and marks it as non-optional;
+// this prevents an empty or null value for this field from being omitted during serialization.
+func (p *PlantBase) SetWateringFrequency(wateringFrequency *PlantBaseWateringFrequency) {
+	p.WateringFrequency = wateringFrequency
+	p.require(plantBaseFieldWateringFrequency)
+}
+
+func (p *PlantBase) UnmarshalJSON(data []byte) error {
+	type unmarshaler PlantBase
+	var value unmarshaler
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(data, &value); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	*p = PlantBase(value)
+	extraProperties, err := internal.ExtractExtraProperties(data, *p)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	p.extraProperties = extraProperties
+	p.rawJSON = json.RawMessage(data)
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (p *PlantBase) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
+	type embed PlantBase
+	var marshaler = struct {
+		embed
+	}{
+		embed: embed(*p),
+	}
+	explicitMarshaler := internal.HandleExplicitFields(marshaler, p.explicitFields)
+	return json.Marshal(explicitMarshaler)
+}
+
+func (p *PlantBase) String() string {
+	if p == nil {
+		return "<nil>"
+	}
+	if len(p.rawJSON) > 0 {
+		if value, err := internal.StringifyJSON(p.rawJSON); err == nil {
+			return value
+		}
+	}
+	if value, err := internal.StringifyJSON(p); err == nil {
+		return value
+	}
+	return fmt.Sprintf("%#v", p)
+}
+
+type PlantBaseWateringFrequency string
+
+const (
+	PlantBaseWateringFrequencyDaily    PlantBaseWateringFrequency = "daily"
+	PlantBaseWateringFrequencyWeekly   PlantBaseWateringFrequency = "weekly"
+	PlantBaseWateringFrequencyBiweekly PlantBaseWateringFrequency = "biweekly"
+	PlantBaseWateringFrequencyMonthly  PlantBaseWateringFrequency = "monthly"
+)
+
+func NewPlantBaseWateringFrequencyFromString(s string) (PlantBaseWateringFrequency, error) {
+	switch s {
+	case "daily":
+		return PlantBaseWateringFrequencyDaily, nil
+	case "weekly":
+		return PlantBaseWateringFrequencyWeekly, nil
+	case "biweekly":
+		return PlantBaseWateringFrequencyBiweekly, nil
+	case "monthly":
+		return PlantBaseWateringFrequencyMonthly, nil
+	}
+	var t PlantBaseWateringFrequency
+	return "", fmt.Errorf("%s is not a valid %T", s, t)
+}
+
+func (p PlantBaseWateringFrequency) Ptr() *PlantBaseWateringFrequency {
+	return &p
+}
+
+// Required sun exposure level.
+type PlantPostSunExposure string
+
+const (
+	PlantPostSunExposureFull    PlantPostSunExposure = "full"
+	PlantPostSunExposurePartial PlantPostSunExposure = "partial"
+	PlantPostSunExposureShade   PlantPostSunExposure = "shade"
+)
+
+func NewPlantPostSunExposureFromString(s string) (PlantPostSunExposure, error) {
+	switch s {
+	case "full":
+		return PlantPostSunExposureFull, nil
+	case "partial":
+		return PlantPostSunExposurePartial, nil
+	case "shade":
+		return PlantPostSunExposureShade, nil
+	}
+	var t PlantPostSunExposure
+	return "", fmt.Errorf("%s is not a valid %T", s, t)
+}
+
+func (p PlantPostSunExposure) Ptr() *PlantPostSunExposure {
+	return &p
+}
+
+var (
+	plantStrictFieldSpecies = big.NewInt(1 << 0)
+	plantStrictFieldFamily  = big.NewInt(1 << 1)
+	plantStrictFieldGenus   = big.NewInt(1 << 2)
+)
+
+type PlantStrict struct {
+	// The botanical species name.
+	Species string `json:"species" url:"species"`
+	// The botanical family.
+	Family string `json:"family" url:"family"`
+	// The botanical genus.
+	Genus string `json:"genus" url:"genus"`
+
+	// Private bitmask of fields set to an explicit value and therefore not to be omitted
+	explicitFields *big.Int `json:"-" url:"-"`
+
+	extraProperties map[string]interface{}
+	rawJSON         json.RawMessage
+}
+
+func (p *PlantStrict) GetSpecies() string {
+	if p == nil {
+		return ""
+	}
+	return p.Species
+}
+
+func (p *PlantStrict) GetFamily() string {
+	if p == nil {
+		return ""
+	}
+	return p.Family
+}
+
+func (p *PlantStrict) GetGenus() string {
+	if p == nil {
+		return ""
+	}
+	return p.Genus
+}
+
+func (p *PlantStrict) GetExtraProperties() map[string]interface{} {
+	if p == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return p.extraProperties
+}
+
+func (p *PlantStrict) require(field *big.Int) {
+	if p.explicitFields == nil {
+		p.explicitFields = big.NewInt(0)
+	}
+	p.explicitFields.Or(p.explicitFields, field)
+}
+
+// SetSpecies sets the Species field and marks it as non-optional;
+// this prevents an empty or null value for this field from being omitted during serialization.
+func (p *PlantStrict) SetSpecies(species string) {
+	p.Species = species
+	p.require(plantStrictFieldSpecies)
+}
+
+// SetFamily sets the Family field and marks it as non-optional;
+// this prevents an empty or null value for this field from being omitted during serialization.
+func (p *PlantStrict) SetFamily(family string) {
+	p.Family = family
+	p.require(plantStrictFieldFamily)
+}
+
+// SetGenus sets the Genus field and marks it as non-optional;
+// this prevents an empty or null value for this field from being omitted during serialization.
+func (p *PlantStrict) SetGenus(genus string) {
+	p.Genus = genus
+	p.require(plantStrictFieldGenus)
+}
+
+func (p *PlantStrict) UnmarshalJSON(data []byte) error {
+	type unmarshaler PlantStrict
+	var value unmarshaler
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(data, &value); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	*p = PlantStrict(value)
+	extraProperties, err := internal.ExtractExtraProperties(data, *p)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	p.extraProperties = extraProperties
+	p.rawJSON = json.RawMessage(data)
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (p *PlantStrict) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
+	type embed PlantStrict
+	var marshaler = struct {
+		embed
+	}{
+		embed: embed(*p),
+	}
+	explicitMarshaler := internal.HandleExplicitFields(marshaler, p.explicitFields)
+	return json.Marshal(explicitMarshaler)
+}
+
+func (p *PlantStrict) String() string {
+	if p == nil {
+		return "<nil>"
+	}
+	if len(p.rawJSON) > 0 {
+		if value, err := internal.StringifyJSON(p.rawJSON); err == nil {
+			return value
+		}
+	}
+	if value, err := internal.StringifyJSON(p); err == nil {
+		return value
+	}
+	return fmt.Sprintf("%#v", p)
+}
+
 // Execution context for the rule, excluding the prod environment.
 type RuleCreateRequestExecutionContext string
 
@@ -1814,6 +2217,524 @@ func (r *RuleTypeSearchResponse) String() string {
 	return fmt.Sprintf("%#v", r)
 }
 
+var (
+	treeBaseFieldID              = big.NewInt(1 << 0)
+	treeBaseFieldTreeName        = big.NewInt(1 << 1)
+	treeBaseFieldTreeDescription = big.NewInt(1 << 2)
+	treeBaseFieldTreeSpecies     = big.NewInt(1 << 3)
+	treeBaseFieldHeightInFeet    = big.NewInt(1 << 4)
+)
+
+type TreeBase struct {
+	// Unique tree identifier.
+	ID string `json:"id" url:"id"`
+	// Display name of the tree.
+	TreeName *string `json:"treeName,omitempty" url:"treeName,omitempty"`
+	// A description of the tree.
+	TreeDescription *string `json:"treeDescription,omitempty" url:"treeDescription,omitempty"`
+	// The species of tree.
+	TreeSpecies *string `json:"treeSpecies,omitempty" url:"treeSpecies,omitempty"`
+	// Height of the tree in feet.
+	HeightInFeet *float64 `json:"heightInFeet,omitempty" url:"heightInFeet,omitempty"`
+
+	// Private bitmask of fields set to an explicit value and therefore not to be omitted
+	explicitFields *big.Int `json:"-" url:"-"`
+
+	extraProperties map[string]interface{}
+	rawJSON         json.RawMessage
+}
+
+func (t *TreeBase) GetID() string {
+	if t == nil {
+		return ""
+	}
+	return t.ID
+}
+
+func (t *TreeBase) GetTreeName() *string {
+	if t == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return t.TreeName
+}
+
+func (t *TreeBase) GetTreeDescription() *string {
+	if t == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return t.TreeDescription
+}
+
+func (t *TreeBase) GetTreeSpecies() *string {
+	if t == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return t.TreeSpecies
+}
+
+func (t *TreeBase) GetHeightInFeet() *float64 {
+	if t == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return t.HeightInFeet
+}
+
+func (t *TreeBase) GetExtraProperties() map[string]interface{} {
+	if t == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return t.extraProperties
+}
+
+func (t *TreeBase) require(field *big.Int) {
+	if t.explicitFields == nil {
+		t.explicitFields = big.NewInt(0)
+	}
+	t.explicitFields.Or(t.explicitFields, field)
+}
+
+// SetID sets the ID field and marks it as non-optional;
+// this prevents an empty or null value for this field from being omitted during serialization.
+func (t *TreeBase) SetID(id string) {
+	t.ID = id
+	t.require(treeBaseFieldID)
+}
+
+// SetTreeName sets the TreeName field and marks it as non-optional;
+// this prevents an empty or null value for this field from being omitted during serialization.
+func (t *TreeBase) SetTreeName(treeName *string) {
+	t.TreeName = treeName
+	t.require(treeBaseFieldTreeName)
+}
+
+// SetTreeDescription sets the TreeDescription field and marks it as non-optional;
+// this prevents an empty or null value for this field from being omitted during serialization.
+func (t *TreeBase) SetTreeDescription(treeDescription *string) {
+	t.TreeDescription = treeDescription
+	t.require(treeBaseFieldTreeDescription)
+}
+
+// SetTreeSpecies sets the TreeSpecies field and marks it as non-optional;
+// this prevents an empty or null value for this field from being omitted during serialization.
+func (t *TreeBase) SetTreeSpecies(treeSpecies *string) {
+	t.TreeSpecies = treeSpecies
+	t.require(treeBaseFieldTreeSpecies)
+}
+
+// SetHeightInFeet sets the HeightInFeet field and marks it as non-optional;
+// this prevents an empty or null value for this field from being omitted during serialization.
+func (t *TreeBase) SetHeightInFeet(heightInFeet *float64) {
+	t.HeightInFeet = heightInFeet
+	t.require(treeBaseFieldHeightInFeet)
+}
+
+func (t *TreeBase) UnmarshalJSON(data []byte) error {
+	type unmarshaler TreeBase
+	var value unmarshaler
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(data, &value); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	*t = TreeBase(value)
+	extraProperties, err := internal.ExtractExtraProperties(data, *t)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	t.extraProperties = extraProperties
+	t.rawJSON = json.RawMessage(data)
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (t *TreeBase) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
+	type embed TreeBase
+	var marshaler = struct {
+		embed
+	}{
+		embed: embed(*t),
+	}
+	explicitMarshaler := internal.HandleExplicitFields(marshaler, t.explicitFields)
+	return json.Marshal(explicitMarshaler)
+}
+
+func (t *TreeBase) String() string {
+	if t == nil {
+		return "<nil>"
+	}
+	if len(t.rawJSON) > 0 {
+		if value, err := internal.StringifyJSON(t.rawJSON); err == nil {
+			return value
+		}
+	}
+	if value, err := internal.StringifyJSON(t); err == nil {
+		return value
+	}
+	return fmt.Sprintf("%#v", t)
+}
+
+var (
+	treeDescribableFieldTreeName        = big.NewInt(1 << 0)
+	treeDescribableFieldTreeDescription = big.NewInt(1 << 1)
+)
+
+type TreeDescribable struct {
+	// Display name of the tree.
+	TreeName *string `json:"treeName,omitempty" url:"treeName,omitempty"`
+	// A description of the tree.
+	TreeDescription *string `json:"treeDescription,omitempty" url:"treeDescription,omitempty"`
+
+	// Private bitmask of fields set to an explicit value and therefore not to be omitted
+	explicitFields *big.Int `json:"-" url:"-"`
+
+	extraProperties map[string]interface{}
+	rawJSON         json.RawMessage
+}
+
+func (t *TreeDescribable) GetTreeName() *string {
+	if t == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return t.TreeName
+}
+
+func (t *TreeDescribable) GetTreeDescription() *string {
+	if t == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return t.TreeDescription
+}
+
+func (t *TreeDescribable) GetExtraProperties() map[string]interface{} {
+	if t == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return t.extraProperties
+}
+
+func (t *TreeDescribable) require(field *big.Int) {
+	if t.explicitFields == nil {
+		t.explicitFields = big.NewInt(0)
+	}
+	t.explicitFields.Or(t.explicitFields, field)
+}
+
+// SetTreeName sets the TreeName field and marks it as non-optional;
+// this prevents an empty or null value for this field from being omitted during serialization.
+func (t *TreeDescribable) SetTreeName(treeName *string) {
+	t.TreeName = treeName
+	t.require(treeDescribableFieldTreeName)
+}
+
+// SetTreeDescription sets the TreeDescription field and marks it as non-optional;
+// this prevents an empty or null value for this field from being omitted during serialization.
+func (t *TreeDescribable) SetTreeDescription(treeDescription *string) {
+	t.TreeDescription = treeDescription
+	t.require(treeDescribableFieldTreeDescription)
+}
+
+func (t *TreeDescribable) UnmarshalJSON(data []byte) error {
+	type unmarshaler TreeDescribable
+	var value unmarshaler
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(data, &value); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	*t = TreeDescribable(value)
+	extraProperties, err := internal.ExtractExtraProperties(data, *t)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	t.extraProperties = extraProperties
+	t.rawJSON = json.RawMessage(data)
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (t *TreeDescribable) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
+	type embed TreeDescribable
+	var marshaler = struct {
+		embed
+	}{
+		embed: embed(*t),
+	}
+	explicitMarshaler := internal.HandleExplicitFields(marshaler, t.explicitFields)
+	return json.Marshal(explicitMarshaler)
+}
+
+func (t *TreeDescribable) String() string {
+	if t == nil {
+		return "<nil>"
+	}
+	if len(t.rawJSON) > 0 {
+		if value, err := internal.StringifyJSON(t.rawJSON); err == nil {
+			return value
+		}
+	}
+	if value, err := internal.StringifyJSON(t); err == nil {
+		return value
+	}
+	return fmt.Sprintf("%#v", t)
+}
+
+var (
+	treeIdentifiableFieldID = big.NewInt(1 << 0)
+)
+
+type TreeIdentifiable struct {
+	// Unique tree identifier.
+	ID string `json:"id" url:"id"`
+
+	// Private bitmask of fields set to an explicit value and therefore not to be omitted
+	explicitFields *big.Int `json:"-" url:"-"`
+
+	extraProperties map[string]interface{}
+	rawJSON         json.RawMessage
+}
+
+func (t *TreeIdentifiable) GetID() string {
+	if t == nil {
+		return ""
+	}
+	return t.ID
+}
+
+func (t *TreeIdentifiable) GetExtraProperties() map[string]interface{} {
+	if t == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return t.extraProperties
+}
+
+func (t *TreeIdentifiable) require(field *big.Int) {
+	if t.explicitFields == nil {
+		t.explicitFields = big.NewInt(0)
+	}
+	t.explicitFields.Or(t.explicitFields, field)
+}
+
+// SetID sets the ID field and marks it as non-optional;
+// this prevents an empty or null value for this field from being omitted during serialization.
+func (t *TreeIdentifiable) SetID(id string) {
+	t.ID = id
+	t.require(treeIdentifiableFieldID)
+}
+
+func (t *TreeIdentifiable) UnmarshalJSON(data []byte) error {
+	type unmarshaler TreeIdentifiable
+	var value unmarshaler
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(data, &value); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	*t = TreeIdentifiable(value)
+	extraProperties, err := internal.ExtractExtraProperties(data, *t)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	t.extraProperties = extraProperties
+	t.rawJSON = json.RawMessage(data)
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (t *TreeIdentifiable) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
+	type embed TreeIdentifiable
+	var marshaler = struct {
+		embed
+	}{
+		embed: embed(*t),
+	}
+	explicitMarshaler := internal.HandleExplicitFields(marshaler, t.explicitFields)
+	return json.Marshal(explicitMarshaler)
+}
+
+func (t *TreeIdentifiable) String() string {
+	if t == nil {
+		return "<nil>"
+	}
+	if len(t.rawJSON) > 0 {
+		if value, err := internal.StringifyJSON(t.rawJSON); err == nil {
+			return value
+		}
+	}
+	if value, err := internal.StringifyJSON(t); err == nil {
+		return value
+	}
+	return fmt.Sprintf("%#v", t)
+}
+
+var (
+	treeRecordFieldID              = big.NewInt(1 << 0)
+	treeRecordFieldTreeName        = big.NewInt(1 << 1)
+	treeRecordFieldTreeDescription = big.NewInt(1 << 2)
+	treeRecordFieldTreeSpecies     = big.NewInt(1 << 3)
+	treeRecordFieldHeightInFeet    = big.NewInt(1 << 4)
+	treeRecordFieldPlantedDate     = big.NewInt(1 << 5)
+)
+
+type TreeRecord struct {
+	// Unique tree identifier.
+	ID string `json:"id" url:"id"`
+	// Display name of the tree.
+	TreeName *string `json:"treeName,omitempty" url:"treeName,omitempty"`
+	// A description of the tree.
+	TreeDescription *string `json:"treeDescription,omitempty" url:"treeDescription,omitempty"`
+	// The species of tree.
+	TreeSpecies *string `json:"treeSpecies,omitempty" url:"treeSpecies,omitempty"`
+	// Height of the tree in feet.
+	HeightInFeet *float64 `json:"heightInFeet,omitempty" url:"heightInFeet,omitempty"`
+	// Date the tree was planted.
+	PlantedDate *time.Time `json:"plantedDate,omitempty" url:"plantedDate,omitempty" format:"date"`
+
+	// Private bitmask of fields set to an explicit value and therefore not to be omitted
+	explicitFields *big.Int `json:"-" url:"-"`
+
+	extraProperties map[string]interface{}
+	rawJSON         json.RawMessage
+}
+
+func (t *TreeRecord) GetID() string {
+	if t == nil {
+		return ""
+	}
+	return t.ID
+}
+
+func (t *TreeRecord) GetTreeName() *string {
+	if t == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return t.TreeName
+}
+
+func (t *TreeRecord) GetTreeDescription() *string {
+	if t == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return t.TreeDescription
+}
+
+func (t *TreeRecord) GetTreeSpecies() *string {
+	if t == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return t.TreeSpecies
+}
+
+func (t *TreeRecord) GetHeightInFeet() *float64 {
+	if t == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return t.HeightInFeet
+}
+
+func (t *TreeRecord) GetPlantedDate() *time.Time {
+	if t == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return t.PlantedDate
+}
+
+func (t *TreeRecord) GetExtraProperties() map[string]interface{} {
+	if t == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return t.extraProperties
+}
+
+func (t *TreeRecord) require(field *big.Int) {
+	if t.explicitFields == nil {
+		t.explicitFields = big.NewInt(0)
+	}
+	t.explicitFields.Or(t.explicitFields, field)
+}
+
+// SetID sets the ID field and marks it as non-optional;
+// this prevents an empty or null value for this field from being omitted during serialization.
+func (t *TreeRecord) SetID(id string) {
+	t.ID = id
+	t.require(treeRecordFieldID)
+}
+
+// SetTreeName sets the TreeName field and marks it as non-optional;
+// this prevents an empty or null value for this field from being omitted during serialization.
+func (t *TreeRecord) SetTreeName(treeName *string) {
+	t.TreeName = treeName
+	t.require(treeRecordFieldTreeName)
+}
+
+// SetTreeDescription sets the TreeDescription field and marks it as non-optional;
+// this prevents an empty or null value for this field from being omitted during serialization.
+func (t *TreeRecord) SetTreeDescription(treeDescription *string) {
+	t.TreeDescription = treeDescription
+	t.require(treeRecordFieldTreeDescription)
+}
+
+// SetTreeSpecies sets the TreeSpecies field and marks it as non-optional;
+// this prevents an empty or null value for this field from being omitted during serialization.
+func (t *TreeRecord) SetTreeSpecies(treeSpecies *string) {
+	t.TreeSpecies = treeSpecies
+	t.require(treeRecordFieldTreeSpecies)
+}
+
+// SetHeightInFeet sets the HeightInFeet field and marks it as non-optional;
+// this prevents an empty or null value for this field from being omitted during serialization.
+func (t *TreeRecord) SetHeightInFeet(heightInFeet *float64) {
+	t.HeightInFeet = heightInFeet
+	t.require(treeRecordFieldHeightInFeet)
+}
+
+// SetPlantedDate sets the PlantedDate field and marks it as non-optional;
+// this prevents an empty or null value for this field from being omitted during serialization.
+func (t *TreeRecord) SetPlantedDate(plantedDate *time.Time) {
+	t.PlantedDate = plantedDate
+	t.require(treeRecordFieldPlantedDate)
+}
+
+func (t *TreeRecord) UnmarshalJSON(data []byte) error {
+	type embed TreeRecord
+	var unmarshaler = struct {
+		embed
+		PlantedDate *internal.Date `json:"plantedDate,omitempty"`
+	}{
+		embed: embed(*t),
+	}
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(data, &unmarshaler); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	*t = TreeRecord(unmarshaler.embed)
+	t.PlantedDate = unmarshaler.PlantedDate.TimePtr()
+	extraProperties, err := internal.ExtractExtraProperties(data, *t)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	t.extraProperties = extraProperties
+	t.rawJSON = json.RawMessage(data)
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (t *TreeRecord) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
+	type embed TreeRecord
+	var marshaler = struct {
+		embed
+		PlantedDate *internal.Date `json:"plantedDate,omitempty"`
+	}{
+		embed:       embed(*t),
+		PlantedDate: internal.NewOptionalDate(t.PlantedDate),
+	}
+	explicitMarshaler := internal.HandleExplicitFields(marshaler, t.explicitFields)
+	return json.Marshal(explicitMarshaler)
+}
+
+func (t *TreeRecord) String() string {
+	if t == nil {
+		return "<nil>"
+	}
+	if len(t.rawJSON) > 0 {
+		if value, err := internal.StringifyJSON(t.rawJSON); err == nil {
+			return value
+		}
+	}
+	if value, err := internal.StringifyJSON(t); err == nil {
+		return value
+	}
+	return fmt.Sprintf("%#v", t)
+}
+
 var (
 	userFieldID    = big.NewInt(1 << 0)
 	userFieldEmail = big.NewInt(1 << 1)
diff --git a/seed/go-sdk/allof/types_test.go b/seed/go-sdk/allof/types_test.go
index ec49e19a47b4..f447ac2089c7 100644
--- a/seed/go-sdk/allof/types_test.go
+++ b/seed/go-sdk/allof/types_test.go
@@ -10,6 +10,129 @@ import (
 	time "time"
 )
 
+func TestSettersPlantPost(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("SetSunExposure", func(t *testing.T) {
+		obj := &PlantPost{}
+		var fernTestValueSunExposure PlantPostSunExposure
+		obj.SetSunExposure(fernTestValueSunExposure)
+		assert.Equal(t, fernTestValueSunExposure, obj.SunExposure)
+		assert.NotNil(t, obj.explicitFields)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("SetPlantedAt", func(t *testing.T) {
+		obj := &PlantPost{}
+		var fernTestValuePlantedAt *time.Time
+		obj.SetPlantedAt(fernTestValuePlantedAt)
+		assert.Equal(t, fernTestValuePlantedAt, obj.PlantedAt)
+		assert.NotNil(t, obj.explicitFields)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("SetSoilType", func(t *testing.T) {
+		obj := &PlantPost{}
+		var fernTestValueSoilType *string
+		obj.SetSoilType(fernTestValueSoilType)
+		assert.Equal(t, fernTestValueSoilType, obj.SoilType)
+		assert.NotNil(t, obj.explicitFields)
+	})
+
+}
+
+func TestSettersMarkExplicitPlantPost(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("SetSunExposure_MarksExplicit", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &PlantPost{}
+		var fernTestValueSunExposure PlantPostSunExposure
+
+		// Act
+		obj.SetSunExposure(fernTestValueSunExposure)
+
+		// Assert - object with explicitly set field can be marshaled/unmarshaled
+		bytes, err := json.Marshal(obj)
+		require.NoError(t, err, "marshaling should succeed for test setup")
+
+		// This test ensures JSON marshaling and unmarshaling succeed when the field has a zero/nil value
+		// Detect if marshaled JSON is an object or primitive to use correct unmarshal target
+		if len(bytes) > 0 && bytes[0] == '{' {
+			// JSON object - unmarshal into map
+			var unmarshaled map[string]interface{}
+			err = json.Unmarshal(bytes, &unmarshaled)
+			require.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling should succeed for test verification")
+		} else {
+			// JSON primitive (string, number, boolean, null) - unmarshal into interface{}
+			var unmarshaled interface{}
+			err = json.Unmarshal(bytes, &unmarshaled)
+			require.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling should succeed for test verification")
+		}
+
+		// Note: This does not explicitly assert the presence of a specific JSON field
+		// It verifies that setting a field via setter allows successful JSON round-trip
+	})
+
+	t.Run("SetPlantedAt_MarksExplicit", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &PlantPost{}
+		var fernTestValuePlantedAt *time.Time
+
+		// Act
+		obj.SetPlantedAt(fernTestValuePlantedAt)
+
+		// Assert - object with explicitly set field can be marshaled/unmarshaled
+		bytes, err := json.Marshal(obj)
+		require.NoError(t, err, "marshaling should succeed for test setup")
+
+		// This test ensures JSON marshaling and unmarshaling succeed when the field has a zero/nil value
+		// Detect if marshaled JSON is an object or primitive to use correct unmarshal target
+		if len(bytes) > 0 && bytes[0] == '{' {
+			// JSON object - unmarshal into map
+			var unmarshaled map[string]interface{}
+			err = json.Unmarshal(bytes, &unmarshaled)
+			require.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling should succeed for test verification")
+		} else {
+			// JSON primitive (string, number, boolean, null) - unmarshal into interface{}
+			var unmarshaled interface{}
+			err = json.Unmarshal(bytes, &unmarshaled)
+			require.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling should succeed for test verification")
+		}
+
+		// Note: This does not explicitly assert the presence of a specific JSON field
+		// It verifies that setting a field via setter allows successful JSON round-trip
+	})
+
+	t.Run("SetSoilType_MarksExplicit", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &PlantPost{}
+		var fernTestValueSoilType *string
+
+		// Act
+		obj.SetSoilType(fernTestValueSoilType)
+
+		// Assert - object with explicitly set field can be marshaled/unmarshaled
+		bytes, err := json.Marshal(obj)
+		require.NoError(t, err, "marshaling should succeed for test setup")
+
+		// This test ensures JSON marshaling and unmarshaling succeed when the field has a zero/nil value
+		// Detect if marshaled JSON is an object or primitive to use correct unmarshal target
+		if len(bytes) > 0 && bytes[0] == '{' {
+			// JSON object - unmarshal into map
+			var unmarshaled map[string]interface{}
+			err = json.Unmarshal(bytes, &unmarshaled)
+			require.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling should succeed for test verification")
+		} else {
+			// JSON primitive (string, number, boolean, null) - unmarshal into interface{}
+			var unmarshaled interface{}
+			err = json.Unmarshal(bytes, &unmarshaled)
+			require.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling should succeed for test verification")
+		}
+
+		// Note: This does not explicitly assert the presence of a specific JSON field
+		// It verifies that setting a field via setter allows successful JSON round-trip
+	})
+
+}
+
 func TestSettersRuleCreateRequest(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Run("SetName", func(t *testing.T) {
 		obj := &RuleCreateRequest{}
@@ -2020,412 +2143,196 @@ func TestSettersMarkExplicitPagingCursors(t *testing.T) {
 
 }
 
-func TestSettersRuleResponse(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Run("SetCreatedBy", func(t *testing.T) {
-		obj := &RuleResponse{}
-		var fernTestValueCreatedBy *string
-		obj.SetCreatedBy(fernTestValueCreatedBy)
-		assert.Equal(t, fernTestValueCreatedBy, obj.CreatedBy)
-		assert.NotNil(t, obj.explicitFields)
-	})
-
-	t.Run("SetCreatedDateTime", func(t *testing.T) {
-		obj := &RuleResponse{}
-		var fernTestValueCreatedDateTime *time.Time
-		obj.SetCreatedDateTime(fernTestValueCreatedDateTime)
-		assert.Equal(t, fernTestValueCreatedDateTime, obj.CreatedDateTime)
-		assert.NotNil(t, obj.explicitFields)
-	})
-
-	t.Run("SetModifiedBy", func(t *testing.T) {
-		obj := &RuleResponse{}
-		var fernTestValueModifiedBy *string
-		obj.SetModifiedBy(fernTestValueModifiedBy)
-		assert.Equal(t, fernTestValueModifiedBy, obj.ModifiedBy)
-		assert.NotNil(t, obj.explicitFields)
-	})
-
-	t.Run("SetModifiedDateTime", func(t *testing.T) {
-		obj := &RuleResponse{}
-		var fernTestValueModifiedDateTime *time.Time
-		obj.SetModifiedDateTime(fernTestValueModifiedDateTime)
-		assert.Equal(t, fernTestValueModifiedDateTime, obj.ModifiedDateTime)
+func TestSettersPlantBase(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("SetSpecies", func(t *testing.T) {
+		obj := &PlantBase{}
+		var fernTestValueSpecies string
+		obj.SetSpecies(fernTestValueSpecies)
+		assert.Equal(t, fernTestValueSpecies, obj.Species)
 		assert.NotNil(t, obj.explicitFields)
 	})
 
-	t.Run("SetID", func(t *testing.T) {
-		obj := &RuleResponse{}
-		var fernTestValueID string
-		obj.SetID(fernTestValueID)
-		assert.Equal(t, fernTestValueID, obj.ID)
+	t.Run("SetFamily", func(t *testing.T) {
+		obj := &PlantBase{}
+		var fernTestValueFamily string
+		obj.SetFamily(fernTestValueFamily)
+		assert.Equal(t, fernTestValueFamily, obj.Family)
 		assert.NotNil(t, obj.explicitFields)
 	})
 
-	t.Run("SetName", func(t *testing.T) {
-		obj := &RuleResponse{}
-		var fernTestValueName string
-		obj.SetName(fernTestValueName)
-		assert.Equal(t, fernTestValueName, obj.Name)
+	t.Run("SetGenus", func(t *testing.T) {
+		obj := &PlantBase{}
+		var fernTestValueGenus string
+		obj.SetGenus(fernTestValueGenus)
+		assert.Equal(t, fernTestValueGenus, obj.Genus)
 		assert.NotNil(t, obj.explicitFields)
 	})
 
-	t.Run("SetStatus", func(t *testing.T) {
-		obj := &RuleResponse{}
-		var fernTestValueStatus RuleResponseStatus
-		obj.SetStatus(fernTestValueStatus)
-		assert.Equal(t, fernTestValueStatus, obj.Status)
+	t.Run("SetCommonName", func(t *testing.T) {
+		obj := &PlantBase{}
+		var fernTestValueCommonName *string
+		obj.SetCommonName(fernTestValueCommonName)
+		assert.Equal(t, fernTestValueCommonName, obj.CommonName)
 		assert.NotNil(t, obj.explicitFields)
 	})
 
-	t.Run("SetExecutionContext", func(t *testing.T) {
-		obj := &RuleResponse{}
-		var fernTestValueExecutionContext *RuleExecutionContext
-		obj.SetExecutionContext(fernTestValueExecutionContext)
-		assert.Equal(t, fernTestValueExecutionContext, obj.ExecutionContext)
+	t.Run("SetWateringFrequency", func(t *testing.T) {
+		obj := &PlantBase{}
+		var fernTestValueWateringFrequency *PlantBaseWateringFrequency
+		obj.SetWateringFrequency(fernTestValueWateringFrequency)
+		assert.Equal(t, fernTestValueWateringFrequency, obj.WateringFrequency)
 		assert.NotNil(t, obj.explicitFields)
 	})
 
 }
 
-func TestGettersRuleResponse(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Run("GetCreatedBy", func(t *testing.T) {
-		t.Parallel()
-		// Arrange
-		obj := &RuleResponse{}
-		var expected *string
-		obj.CreatedBy = expected
-
-		// Act & Assert
-		assert.Equal(t, expected, obj.GetCreatedBy(), "getter should return the property value")
-	})
-
-	t.Run("GetCreatedBy_NilValue", func(t *testing.T) {
+func TestGettersPlantBase(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("GetSpecies", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
 		// Arrange
-		obj := &RuleResponse{}
-		obj.CreatedBy = nil
+		obj := &PlantBase{}
+		var expected string
+		obj.Species = expected
 
 		// Act & Assert
-		assert.Nil(t, obj.GetCreatedBy(), "getter should return nil when property is nil")
+		assert.Equal(t, expected, obj.GetSpecies(), "getter should return the property value")
 	})
 
-	t.Run("GetCreatedBy_NilReceiver", func(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("GetSpecies_NilReceiver", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
-		var obj *RuleResponse
+		var obj *PlantBase
 		// Should not panic - getters should handle nil receiver gracefully
 		defer func() {
 			if r := recover(); r != nil {
 				t.Errorf("Getter panicked on nil receiver: %v", r)
 			}
 		}()
-		_ = obj.GetCreatedBy() // Should return zero value
-	})
-
-	t.Run("GetCreatedDateTime", func(t *testing.T) {
-		t.Parallel()
-		// Arrange
-		obj := &RuleResponse{}
-		var expected *time.Time
-		obj.CreatedDateTime = expected
-
-		// Act & Assert
-		assert.Equal(t, expected, obj.GetCreatedDateTime(), "getter should return the property value")
+		_ = obj.GetSpecies() // Should return zero value
 	})
 
-	t.Run("GetCreatedDateTime_NilValue", func(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("GetFamily", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
 		// Arrange
-		obj := &RuleResponse{}
-		obj.CreatedDateTime = nil
+		obj := &PlantBase{}
+		var expected string
+		obj.Family = expected
 
 		// Act & Assert
-		assert.Nil(t, obj.GetCreatedDateTime(), "getter should return nil when property is nil")
+		assert.Equal(t, expected, obj.GetFamily(), "getter should return the property value")
 	})
 
-	t.Run("GetCreatedDateTime_NilReceiver", func(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("GetFamily_NilReceiver", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
-		var obj *RuleResponse
+		var obj *PlantBase
 		// Should not panic - getters should handle nil receiver gracefully
 		defer func() {
 			if r := recover(); r != nil {
 				t.Errorf("Getter panicked on nil receiver: %v", r)
 			}
 		}()
-		_ = obj.GetCreatedDateTime() // Should return zero value
-	})
-
-	t.Run("GetModifiedBy", func(t *testing.T) {
-		t.Parallel()
-		// Arrange
-		obj := &RuleResponse{}
-		var expected *string
-		obj.ModifiedBy = expected
-
-		// Act & Assert
-		assert.Equal(t, expected, obj.GetModifiedBy(), "getter should return the property value")
+		_ = obj.GetFamily() // Should return zero value
 	})
 
-	t.Run("GetModifiedBy_NilValue", func(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("GetGenus", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
 		// Arrange
-		obj := &RuleResponse{}
-		obj.ModifiedBy = nil
+		obj := &PlantBase{}
+		var expected string
+		obj.Genus = expected
 
 		// Act & Assert
-		assert.Nil(t, obj.GetModifiedBy(), "getter should return nil when property is nil")
+		assert.Equal(t, expected, obj.GetGenus(), "getter should return the property value")
 	})
 
-	t.Run("GetModifiedBy_NilReceiver", func(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("GetGenus_NilReceiver", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
-		var obj *RuleResponse
+		var obj *PlantBase
 		// Should not panic - getters should handle nil receiver gracefully
 		defer func() {
 			if r := recover(); r != nil {
 				t.Errorf("Getter panicked on nil receiver: %v", r)
 			}
 		}()
-		_ = obj.GetModifiedBy() // Should return zero value
+		_ = obj.GetGenus() // Should return zero value
 	})
 
-	t.Run("GetModifiedDateTime", func(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("GetCommonName", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
 		// Arrange
-		obj := &RuleResponse{}
-		var expected *time.Time
-		obj.ModifiedDateTime = expected
+		obj := &PlantBase{}
+		var expected *string
+		obj.CommonName = expected
 
 		// Act & Assert
-		assert.Equal(t, expected, obj.GetModifiedDateTime(), "getter should return the property value")
+		assert.Equal(t, expected, obj.GetCommonName(), "getter should return the property value")
 	})
 
-	t.Run("GetModifiedDateTime_NilValue", func(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("GetCommonName_NilValue", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
 		// Arrange
-		obj := &RuleResponse{}
-		obj.ModifiedDateTime = nil
+		obj := &PlantBase{}
+		obj.CommonName = nil
 
 		// Act & Assert
-		assert.Nil(t, obj.GetModifiedDateTime(), "getter should return nil when property is nil")
+		assert.Nil(t, obj.GetCommonName(), "getter should return nil when property is nil")
 	})
 
-	t.Run("GetModifiedDateTime_NilReceiver", func(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("GetCommonName_NilReceiver", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
-		var obj *RuleResponse
+		var obj *PlantBase
 		// Should not panic - getters should handle nil receiver gracefully
 		defer func() {
 			if r := recover(); r != nil {
 				t.Errorf("Getter panicked on nil receiver: %v", r)
 			}
 		}()
-		_ = obj.GetModifiedDateTime() // Should return zero value
+		_ = obj.GetCommonName() // Should return zero value
 	})
 
-	t.Run("GetID", func(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("GetWateringFrequency", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
 		// Arrange
-		obj := &RuleResponse{}
-		var expected string
-		obj.ID = expected
+		obj := &PlantBase{}
+		var expected *PlantBaseWateringFrequency
+		obj.WateringFrequency = expected
 
 		// Act & Assert
-		assert.Equal(t, expected, obj.GetID(), "getter should return the property value")
-	})
-
-	t.Run("GetID_NilReceiver", func(t *testing.T) {
-		t.Parallel()
-		var obj *RuleResponse
-		// Should not panic - getters should handle nil receiver gracefully
-		defer func() {
-			if r := recover(); r != nil {
-				t.Errorf("Getter panicked on nil receiver: %v", r)
-			}
-		}()
-		_ = obj.GetID() // Should return zero value
+		assert.Equal(t, expected, obj.GetWateringFrequency(), "getter should return the property value")
 	})
 
-	t.Run("GetName", func(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("GetWateringFrequency_NilValue", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
 		// Arrange
-		obj := &RuleResponse{}
-		var expected string
-		obj.Name = expected
+		obj := &PlantBase{}
+		obj.WateringFrequency = nil
 
 		// Act & Assert
-		assert.Equal(t, expected, obj.GetName(), "getter should return the property value")
+		assert.Nil(t, obj.GetWateringFrequency(), "getter should return nil when property is nil")
 	})
 
-	t.Run("GetName_NilReceiver", func(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("GetWateringFrequency_NilReceiver", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
-		var obj *RuleResponse
+		var obj *PlantBase
 		// Should not panic - getters should handle nil receiver gracefully
 		defer func() {
 			if r := recover(); r != nil {
 				t.Errorf("Getter panicked on nil receiver: %v", r)
 			}
 		}()
-		_ = obj.GetName() // Should return zero value
+		_ = obj.GetWateringFrequency() // Should return zero value
 	})
 
-	t.Run("GetStatus", func(t *testing.T) {
+}
+
+func TestSettersMarkExplicitPlantBase(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("SetSpecies_MarksExplicit", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
 		// Arrange
-		obj := &RuleResponse{}
-		var expected RuleResponseStatus
-		obj.Status = expected
+		obj := &PlantBase{}
+		var fernTestValueSpecies string
 
-		// Act & Assert
-		assert.Equal(t, expected, obj.GetStatus(), "getter should return the property value")
-	})
-
-	t.Run("GetStatus_NilReceiver", func(t *testing.T) {
-		t.Parallel()
-		var obj *RuleResponse
-		// Should not panic - getters should handle nil receiver gracefully
-		defer func() {
-			if r := recover(); r != nil {
-				t.Errorf("Getter panicked on nil receiver: %v", r)
-			}
-		}()
-		_ = obj.GetStatus() // Should return zero value
-	})
-
-	t.Run("GetExecutionContext", func(t *testing.T) {
-		t.Parallel()
-		// Arrange
-		obj := &RuleResponse{}
-		var expected *RuleExecutionContext
-		obj.ExecutionContext = expected
-
-		// Act & Assert
-		assert.Equal(t, expected, obj.GetExecutionContext(), "getter should return the property value")
-	})
-
-	t.Run("GetExecutionContext_NilValue", func(t *testing.T) {
-		t.Parallel()
-		// Arrange
-		obj := &RuleResponse{}
-		obj.ExecutionContext = nil
-
-		// Act & Assert
-		assert.Nil(t, obj.GetExecutionContext(), "getter should return nil when property is nil")
-	})
-
-	t.Run("GetExecutionContext_NilReceiver", func(t *testing.T) {
-		t.Parallel()
-		var obj *RuleResponse
-		// Should not panic - getters should handle nil receiver gracefully
-		defer func() {
-			if r := recover(); r != nil {
-				t.Errorf("Getter panicked on nil receiver: %v", r)
-			}
-		}()
-		_ = obj.GetExecutionContext() // Should return zero value
-	})
-
-}
-
-func TestSettersMarkExplicitRuleResponse(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Run("SetCreatedBy_MarksExplicit", func(t *testing.T) {
-		t.Parallel()
-		// Arrange
-		obj := &RuleResponse{}
-		var fernTestValueCreatedBy *string
-
-		// Act
-		obj.SetCreatedBy(fernTestValueCreatedBy)
-
-		// Assert - object with explicitly set field can be marshaled/unmarshaled
-		bytes, err := json.Marshal(obj)
-		require.NoError(t, err, "marshaling should succeed for test setup")
-
-		// This test ensures JSON marshaling and unmarshaling succeed when the field has a zero/nil value
-		// Detect if marshaled JSON is an object or primitive to use correct unmarshal target
-		if len(bytes) > 0 && bytes[0] == '{' {
-			// JSON object - unmarshal into map
-			var unmarshaled map[string]interface{}
-			err = json.Unmarshal(bytes, &unmarshaled)
-			require.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling should succeed for test verification")
-		} else {
-			// JSON primitive (string, number, boolean, null) - unmarshal into interface{}
-			var unmarshaled interface{}
-			err = json.Unmarshal(bytes, &unmarshaled)
-			require.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling should succeed for test verification")
-		}
-
-		// Note: This does not explicitly assert the presence of a specific JSON field
-		// It verifies that setting a field via setter allows successful JSON round-trip
-	})
-
-	t.Run("SetCreatedDateTime_MarksExplicit", func(t *testing.T) {
-		t.Parallel()
-		// Arrange
-		obj := &RuleResponse{}
-		var fernTestValueCreatedDateTime *time.Time
-
-		// Act
-		obj.SetCreatedDateTime(fernTestValueCreatedDateTime)
-
-		// Assert - object with explicitly set field can be marshaled/unmarshaled
-		bytes, err := json.Marshal(obj)
-		require.NoError(t, err, "marshaling should succeed for test setup")
-
-		// This test ensures JSON marshaling and unmarshaling succeed when the field has a zero/nil value
-		// Detect if marshaled JSON is an object or primitive to use correct unmarshal target
-		if len(bytes) > 0 && bytes[0] == '{' {
-			// JSON object - unmarshal into map
-			var unmarshaled map[string]interface{}
-			err = json.Unmarshal(bytes, &unmarshaled)
-			require.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling should succeed for test verification")
-		} else {
-			// JSON primitive (string, number, boolean, null) - unmarshal into interface{}
-			var unmarshaled interface{}
-			err = json.Unmarshal(bytes, &unmarshaled)
-			require.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling should succeed for test verification")
-		}
-
-		// Note: This does not explicitly assert the presence of a specific JSON field
-		// It verifies that setting a field via setter allows successful JSON round-trip
-	})
-
-	t.Run("SetModifiedBy_MarksExplicit", func(t *testing.T) {
-		t.Parallel()
-		// Arrange
-		obj := &RuleResponse{}
-		var fernTestValueModifiedBy *string
-
-		// Act
-		obj.SetModifiedBy(fernTestValueModifiedBy)
-
-		// Assert - object with explicitly set field can be marshaled/unmarshaled
-		bytes, err := json.Marshal(obj)
-		require.NoError(t, err, "marshaling should succeed for test setup")
-
-		// This test ensures JSON marshaling and unmarshaling succeed when the field has a zero/nil value
-		// Detect if marshaled JSON is an object or primitive to use correct unmarshal target
-		if len(bytes) > 0 && bytes[0] == '{' {
-			// JSON object - unmarshal into map
-			var unmarshaled map[string]interface{}
-			err = json.Unmarshal(bytes, &unmarshaled)
-			require.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling should succeed for test verification")
-		} else {
-			// JSON primitive (string, number, boolean, null) - unmarshal into interface{}
-			var unmarshaled interface{}
-			err = json.Unmarshal(bytes, &unmarshaled)
-			require.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling should succeed for test verification")
-		}
-
-		// Note: This does not explicitly assert the presence of a specific JSON field
-		// It verifies that setting a field via setter allows successful JSON round-trip
-	})
-
-	t.Run("SetModifiedDateTime_MarksExplicit", func(t *testing.T) {
-		t.Parallel()
-		// Arrange
-		obj := &RuleResponse{}
-		var fernTestValueModifiedDateTime *time.Time
-
-		// Act
-		obj.SetModifiedDateTime(fernTestValueModifiedDateTime)
+		// Act
+		obj.SetSpecies(fernTestValueSpecies)
 
 		// Assert - object with explicitly set field can be marshaled/unmarshaled
 		bytes, err := json.Marshal(obj)
@@ -2449,14 +2356,14 @@ func TestSettersMarkExplicitRuleResponse(t *testing.T) {
 		// It verifies that setting a field via setter allows successful JSON round-trip
 	})
 
-	t.Run("SetID_MarksExplicit", func(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("SetFamily_MarksExplicit", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
 		// Arrange
-		obj := &RuleResponse{}
-		var fernTestValueID string
+		obj := &PlantBase{}
+		var fernTestValueFamily string
 
 		// Act
-		obj.SetID(fernTestValueID)
+		obj.SetFamily(fernTestValueFamily)
 
 		// Assert - object with explicitly set field can be marshaled/unmarshaled
 		bytes, err := json.Marshal(obj)
@@ -2480,14 +2387,14 @@ func TestSettersMarkExplicitRuleResponse(t *testing.T) {
 		// It verifies that setting a field via setter allows successful JSON round-trip
 	})
 
-	t.Run("SetName_MarksExplicit", func(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("SetGenus_MarksExplicit", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
 		// Arrange
-		obj := &RuleResponse{}
-		var fernTestValueName string
+		obj := &PlantBase{}
+		var fernTestValueGenus string
 
 		// Act
-		obj.SetName(fernTestValueName)
+		obj.SetGenus(fernTestValueGenus)
 
 		// Assert - object with explicitly set field can be marshaled/unmarshaled
 		bytes, err := json.Marshal(obj)
@@ -2511,14 +2418,14 @@ func TestSettersMarkExplicitRuleResponse(t *testing.T) {
 		// It verifies that setting a field via setter allows successful JSON round-trip
 	})
 
-	t.Run("SetStatus_MarksExplicit", func(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("SetCommonName_MarksExplicit", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
 		// Arrange
-		obj := &RuleResponse{}
-		var fernTestValueStatus RuleResponseStatus
+		obj := &PlantBase{}
+		var fernTestValueCommonName *string
 
 		// Act
-		obj.SetStatus(fernTestValueStatus)
+		obj.SetCommonName(fernTestValueCommonName)
 
 		// Assert - object with explicitly set field can be marshaled/unmarshaled
 		bytes, err := json.Marshal(obj)
@@ -2542,14 +2449,14 @@ func TestSettersMarkExplicitRuleResponse(t *testing.T) {
 		// It verifies that setting a field via setter allows successful JSON round-trip
 	})
 
-	t.Run("SetExecutionContext_MarksExplicit", func(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("SetWateringFrequency_MarksExplicit", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
 		// Arrange
-		obj := &RuleResponse{}
-		var fernTestValueExecutionContext *RuleExecutionContext
+		obj := &PlantBase{}
+		var fernTestValueWateringFrequency *PlantBaseWateringFrequency
 
 		// Act
-		obj.SetExecutionContext(fernTestValueExecutionContext)
+		obj.SetWateringFrequency(fernTestValueWateringFrequency)
 
 		// Assert - object with explicitly set field can be marshaled/unmarshaled
 		bytes, err := json.Marshal(obj)
@@ -2575,124 +2482,114 @@ func TestSettersMarkExplicitRuleResponse(t *testing.T) {
 
 }
 
-func TestSettersRuleType(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Run("SetID", func(t *testing.T) {
-		obj := &RuleType{}
-		var fernTestValueID string
-		obj.SetID(fernTestValueID)
-		assert.Equal(t, fernTestValueID, obj.ID)
+func TestSettersPlantStrict(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("SetSpecies", func(t *testing.T) {
+		obj := &PlantStrict{}
+		var fernTestValueSpecies string
+		obj.SetSpecies(fernTestValueSpecies)
+		assert.Equal(t, fernTestValueSpecies, obj.Species)
 		assert.NotNil(t, obj.explicitFields)
 	})
 
-	t.Run("SetName", func(t *testing.T) {
-		obj := &RuleType{}
-		var fernTestValueName string
-		obj.SetName(fernTestValueName)
-		assert.Equal(t, fernTestValueName, obj.Name)
+	t.Run("SetFamily", func(t *testing.T) {
+		obj := &PlantStrict{}
+		var fernTestValueFamily string
+		obj.SetFamily(fernTestValueFamily)
+		assert.Equal(t, fernTestValueFamily, obj.Family)
 		assert.NotNil(t, obj.explicitFields)
 	})
 
-	t.Run("SetDescription", func(t *testing.T) {
-		obj := &RuleType{}
-		var fernTestValueDescription *string
-		obj.SetDescription(fernTestValueDescription)
-		assert.Equal(t, fernTestValueDescription, obj.Description)
+	t.Run("SetGenus", func(t *testing.T) {
+		obj := &PlantStrict{}
+		var fernTestValueGenus string
+		obj.SetGenus(fernTestValueGenus)
+		assert.Equal(t, fernTestValueGenus, obj.Genus)
 		assert.NotNil(t, obj.explicitFields)
 	})
 
 }
 
-func TestGettersRuleType(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Run("GetID", func(t *testing.T) {
+func TestGettersPlantStrict(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("GetSpecies", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
 		// Arrange
-		obj := &RuleType{}
+		obj := &PlantStrict{}
 		var expected string
-		obj.ID = expected
+		obj.Species = expected
 
 		// Act & Assert
-		assert.Equal(t, expected, obj.GetID(), "getter should return the property value")
+		assert.Equal(t, expected, obj.GetSpecies(), "getter should return the property value")
 	})
 
-	t.Run("GetID_NilReceiver", func(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("GetSpecies_NilReceiver", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
-		var obj *RuleType
+		var obj *PlantStrict
 		// Should not panic - getters should handle nil receiver gracefully
 		defer func() {
 			if r := recover(); r != nil {
 				t.Errorf("Getter panicked on nil receiver: %v", r)
 			}
 		}()
-		_ = obj.GetID() // Should return zero value
+		_ = obj.GetSpecies() // Should return zero value
 	})
 
-	t.Run("GetName", func(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("GetFamily", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
 		// Arrange
-		obj := &RuleType{}
+		obj := &PlantStrict{}
 		var expected string
-		obj.Name = expected
+		obj.Family = expected
 
 		// Act & Assert
-		assert.Equal(t, expected, obj.GetName(), "getter should return the property value")
+		assert.Equal(t, expected, obj.GetFamily(), "getter should return the property value")
 	})
 
-	t.Run("GetName_NilReceiver", func(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("GetFamily_NilReceiver", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
-		var obj *RuleType
+		var obj *PlantStrict
 		// Should not panic - getters should handle nil receiver gracefully
 		defer func() {
 			if r := recover(); r != nil {
 				t.Errorf("Getter panicked on nil receiver: %v", r)
 			}
 		}()
-		_ = obj.GetName() // Should return zero value
-	})
-
-	t.Run("GetDescription", func(t *testing.T) {
-		t.Parallel()
-		// Arrange
-		obj := &RuleType{}
-		var expected *string
-		obj.Description = expected
-
-		// Act & Assert
-		assert.Equal(t, expected, obj.GetDescription(), "getter should return the property value")
+		_ = obj.GetFamily() // Should return zero value
 	})
 
-	t.Run("GetDescription_NilValue", func(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("GetGenus", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
 		// Arrange
-		obj := &RuleType{}
-		obj.Description = nil
+		obj := &PlantStrict{}
+		var expected string
+		obj.Genus = expected
 
 		// Act & Assert
-		assert.Nil(t, obj.GetDescription(), "getter should return nil when property is nil")
+		assert.Equal(t, expected, obj.GetGenus(), "getter should return the property value")
 	})
 
-	t.Run("GetDescription_NilReceiver", func(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("GetGenus_NilReceiver", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
-		var obj *RuleType
+		var obj *PlantStrict
 		// Should not panic - getters should handle nil receiver gracefully
 		defer func() {
 			if r := recover(); r != nil {
 				t.Errorf("Getter panicked on nil receiver: %v", r)
 			}
 		}()
-		_ = obj.GetDescription() // Should return zero value
+		_ = obj.GetGenus() // Should return zero value
 	})
 
 }
 
-func TestSettersMarkExplicitRuleType(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Run("SetID_MarksExplicit", func(t *testing.T) {
+func TestSettersMarkExplicitPlantStrict(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("SetSpecies_MarksExplicit", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
 		// Arrange
-		obj := &RuleType{}
-		var fernTestValueID string
+		obj := &PlantStrict{}
+		var fernTestValueSpecies string
 
 		// Act
-		obj.SetID(fernTestValueID)
+		obj.SetSpecies(fernTestValueSpecies)
 
 		// Assert - object with explicitly set field can be marshaled/unmarshaled
 		bytes, err := json.Marshal(obj)
@@ -2716,14 +2613,14 @@ func TestSettersMarkExplicitRuleType(t *testing.T) {
 		// It verifies that setting a field via setter allows successful JSON round-trip
 	})
 
-	t.Run("SetName_MarksExplicit", func(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("SetFamily_MarksExplicit", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
 		// Arrange
-		obj := &RuleType{}
-		var fernTestValueName string
+		obj := &PlantStrict{}
+		var fernTestValueFamily string
 
 		// Act
-		obj.SetName(fernTestValueName)
+		obj.SetFamily(fernTestValueFamily)
 
 		// Assert - object with explicitly set field can be marshaled/unmarshaled
 		bytes, err := json.Marshal(obj)
@@ -2747,14 +2644,14 @@ func TestSettersMarkExplicitRuleType(t *testing.T) {
 		// It verifies that setting a field via setter allows successful JSON round-trip
 	})
 
-	t.Run("SetDescription_MarksExplicit", func(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("SetGenus_MarksExplicit", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
 		// Arrange
-		obj := &RuleType{}
-		var fernTestValueDescription *string
+		obj := &PlantStrict{}
+		var fernTestValueGenus string
 
 		// Act
-		obj.SetDescription(fernTestValueDescription)
+		obj.SetGenus(fernTestValueGenus)
 
 		// Assert - object with explicitly set field can be marshaled/unmarshaled
 		bytes, err := json.Marshal(obj)
@@ -2780,103 +2677,1877 @@ func TestSettersMarkExplicitRuleType(t *testing.T) {
 
 }
 
-func TestSettersRuleTypeSearchResponse(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Run("SetResults", func(t *testing.T) {
-		obj := &RuleTypeSearchResponse{}
-		var fernTestValueResults []*RuleType
-		obj.SetResults(fernTestValueResults)
-		assert.Equal(t, fernTestValueResults, obj.Results)
+func TestSettersRuleResponse(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("SetCreatedBy", func(t *testing.T) {
+		obj := &RuleResponse{}
+		var fernTestValueCreatedBy *string
+		obj.SetCreatedBy(fernTestValueCreatedBy)
+		assert.Equal(t, fernTestValueCreatedBy, obj.CreatedBy)
 		assert.NotNil(t, obj.explicitFields)
 	})
 
-	t.Run("SetPaging", func(t *testing.T) {
-		obj := &RuleTypeSearchResponse{}
-		var fernTestValuePaging *PagingCursors
-		obj.SetPaging(fernTestValuePaging)
-		assert.Equal(t, fernTestValuePaging, obj.Paging)
+	t.Run("SetCreatedDateTime", func(t *testing.T) {
+		obj := &RuleResponse{}
+		var fernTestValueCreatedDateTime *time.Time
+		obj.SetCreatedDateTime(fernTestValueCreatedDateTime)
+		assert.Equal(t, fernTestValueCreatedDateTime, obj.CreatedDateTime)
 		assert.NotNil(t, obj.explicitFields)
 	})
 
-}
+	t.Run("SetModifiedBy", func(t *testing.T) {
+		obj := &RuleResponse{}
+		var fernTestValueModifiedBy *string
+		obj.SetModifiedBy(fernTestValueModifiedBy)
+		assert.Equal(t, fernTestValueModifiedBy, obj.ModifiedBy)
+		assert.NotNil(t, obj.explicitFields)
+	})
 
-func TestGettersRuleTypeSearchResponse(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Run("GetResults", func(t *testing.T) {
-		t.Parallel()
+	t.Run("SetModifiedDateTime", func(t *testing.T) {
+		obj := &RuleResponse{}
+		var fernTestValueModifiedDateTime *time.Time
+		obj.SetModifiedDateTime(fernTestValueModifiedDateTime)
+		assert.Equal(t, fernTestValueModifiedDateTime, obj.ModifiedDateTime)
+		assert.NotNil(t, obj.explicitFields)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("SetID", func(t *testing.T) {
+		obj := &RuleResponse{}
+		var fernTestValueID string
+		obj.SetID(fernTestValueID)
+		assert.Equal(t, fernTestValueID, obj.ID)
+		assert.NotNil(t, obj.explicitFields)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("SetName", func(t *testing.T) {
+		obj := &RuleResponse{}
+		var fernTestValueName string
+		obj.SetName(fernTestValueName)
+		assert.Equal(t, fernTestValueName, obj.Name)
+		assert.NotNil(t, obj.explicitFields)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("SetStatus", func(t *testing.T) {
+		obj := &RuleResponse{}
+		var fernTestValueStatus RuleResponseStatus
+		obj.SetStatus(fernTestValueStatus)
+		assert.Equal(t, fernTestValueStatus, obj.Status)
+		assert.NotNil(t, obj.explicitFields)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("SetExecutionContext", func(t *testing.T) {
+		obj := &RuleResponse{}
+		var fernTestValueExecutionContext *RuleExecutionContext
+		obj.SetExecutionContext(fernTestValueExecutionContext)
+		assert.Equal(t, fernTestValueExecutionContext, obj.ExecutionContext)
+		assert.NotNil(t, obj.explicitFields)
+	})
+
+}
+
+func TestGettersRuleResponse(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("GetCreatedBy", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &RuleResponse{}
+		var expected *string
+		obj.CreatedBy = expected
+
+		// Act & Assert
+		assert.Equal(t, expected, obj.GetCreatedBy(), "getter should return the property value")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("GetCreatedBy_NilValue", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &RuleResponse{}
+		obj.CreatedBy = nil
+
+		// Act & Assert
+		assert.Nil(t, obj.GetCreatedBy(), "getter should return nil when property is nil")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("GetCreatedBy_NilReceiver", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		var obj *RuleResponse
+		// Should not panic - getters should handle nil receiver gracefully
+		defer func() {
+			if r := recover(); r != nil {
+				t.Errorf("Getter panicked on nil receiver: %v", r)
+			}
+		}()
+		_ = obj.GetCreatedBy() // Should return zero value
+	})
+
+	t.Run("GetCreatedDateTime", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &RuleResponse{}
+		var expected *time.Time
+		obj.CreatedDateTime = expected
+
+		// Act & Assert
+		assert.Equal(t, expected, obj.GetCreatedDateTime(), "getter should return the property value")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("GetCreatedDateTime_NilValue", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &RuleResponse{}
+		obj.CreatedDateTime = nil
+
+		// Act & Assert
+		assert.Nil(t, obj.GetCreatedDateTime(), "getter should return nil when property is nil")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("GetCreatedDateTime_NilReceiver", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		var obj *RuleResponse
+		// Should not panic - getters should handle nil receiver gracefully
+		defer func() {
+			if r := recover(); r != nil {
+				t.Errorf("Getter panicked on nil receiver: %v", r)
+			}
+		}()
+		_ = obj.GetCreatedDateTime() // Should return zero value
+	})
+
+	t.Run("GetModifiedBy", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &RuleResponse{}
+		var expected *string
+		obj.ModifiedBy = expected
+
+		// Act & Assert
+		assert.Equal(t, expected, obj.GetModifiedBy(), "getter should return the property value")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("GetModifiedBy_NilValue", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &RuleResponse{}
+		obj.ModifiedBy = nil
+
+		// Act & Assert
+		assert.Nil(t, obj.GetModifiedBy(), "getter should return nil when property is nil")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("GetModifiedBy_NilReceiver", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		var obj *RuleResponse
+		// Should not panic - getters should handle nil receiver gracefully
+		defer func() {
+			if r := recover(); r != nil {
+				t.Errorf("Getter panicked on nil receiver: %v", r)
+			}
+		}()
+		_ = obj.GetModifiedBy() // Should return zero value
+	})
+
+	t.Run("GetModifiedDateTime", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &RuleResponse{}
+		var expected *time.Time
+		obj.ModifiedDateTime = expected
+
+		// Act & Assert
+		assert.Equal(t, expected, obj.GetModifiedDateTime(), "getter should return the property value")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("GetModifiedDateTime_NilValue", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &RuleResponse{}
+		obj.ModifiedDateTime = nil
+
+		// Act & Assert
+		assert.Nil(t, obj.GetModifiedDateTime(), "getter should return nil when property is nil")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("GetModifiedDateTime_NilReceiver", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		var obj *RuleResponse
+		// Should not panic - getters should handle nil receiver gracefully
+		defer func() {
+			if r := recover(); r != nil {
+				t.Errorf("Getter panicked on nil receiver: %v", r)
+			}
+		}()
+		_ = obj.GetModifiedDateTime() // Should return zero value
+	})
+
+	t.Run("GetID", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &RuleResponse{}
+		var expected string
+		obj.ID = expected
+
+		// Act & Assert
+		assert.Equal(t, expected, obj.GetID(), "getter should return the property value")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("GetID_NilReceiver", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		var obj *RuleResponse
+		// Should not panic - getters should handle nil receiver gracefully
+		defer func() {
+			if r := recover(); r != nil {
+				t.Errorf("Getter panicked on nil receiver: %v", r)
+			}
+		}()
+		_ = obj.GetID() // Should return zero value
+	})
+
+	t.Run("GetName", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &RuleResponse{}
+		var expected string
+		obj.Name = expected
+
+		// Act & Assert
+		assert.Equal(t, expected, obj.GetName(), "getter should return the property value")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("GetName_NilReceiver", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		var obj *RuleResponse
+		// Should not panic - getters should handle nil receiver gracefully
+		defer func() {
+			if r := recover(); r != nil {
+				t.Errorf("Getter panicked on nil receiver: %v", r)
+			}
+		}()
+		_ = obj.GetName() // Should return zero value
+	})
+
+	t.Run("GetStatus", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &RuleResponse{}
+		var expected RuleResponseStatus
+		obj.Status = expected
+
+		// Act & Assert
+		assert.Equal(t, expected, obj.GetStatus(), "getter should return the property value")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("GetStatus_NilReceiver", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		var obj *RuleResponse
+		// Should not panic - getters should handle nil receiver gracefully
+		defer func() {
+			if r := recover(); r != nil {
+				t.Errorf("Getter panicked on nil receiver: %v", r)
+			}
+		}()
+		_ = obj.GetStatus() // Should return zero value
+	})
+
+	t.Run("GetExecutionContext", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &RuleResponse{}
+		var expected *RuleExecutionContext
+		obj.ExecutionContext = expected
+
+		// Act & Assert
+		assert.Equal(t, expected, obj.GetExecutionContext(), "getter should return the property value")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("GetExecutionContext_NilValue", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &RuleResponse{}
+		obj.ExecutionContext = nil
+
+		// Act & Assert
+		assert.Nil(t, obj.GetExecutionContext(), "getter should return nil when property is nil")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("GetExecutionContext_NilReceiver", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		var obj *RuleResponse
+		// Should not panic - getters should handle nil receiver gracefully
+		defer func() {
+			if r := recover(); r != nil {
+				t.Errorf("Getter panicked on nil receiver: %v", r)
+			}
+		}()
+		_ = obj.GetExecutionContext() // Should return zero value
+	})
+
+}
+
+func TestSettersMarkExplicitRuleResponse(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("SetCreatedBy_MarksExplicit", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &RuleResponse{}
+		var fernTestValueCreatedBy *string
+
+		// Act
+		obj.SetCreatedBy(fernTestValueCreatedBy)
+
+		// Assert - object with explicitly set field can be marshaled/unmarshaled
+		bytes, err := json.Marshal(obj)
+		require.NoError(t, err, "marshaling should succeed for test setup")
+
+		// This test ensures JSON marshaling and unmarshaling succeed when the field has a zero/nil value
+		// Detect if marshaled JSON is an object or primitive to use correct unmarshal target
+		if len(bytes) > 0 && bytes[0] == '{' {
+			// JSON object - unmarshal into map
+			var unmarshaled map[string]interface{}
+			err = json.Unmarshal(bytes, &unmarshaled)
+			require.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling should succeed for test verification")
+		} else {
+			// JSON primitive (string, number, boolean, null) - unmarshal into interface{}
+			var unmarshaled interface{}
+			err = json.Unmarshal(bytes, &unmarshaled)
+			require.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling should succeed for test verification")
+		}
+
+		// Note: This does not explicitly assert the presence of a specific JSON field
+		// It verifies that setting a field via setter allows successful JSON round-trip
+	})
+
+	t.Run("SetCreatedDateTime_MarksExplicit", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &RuleResponse{}
+		var fernTestValueCreatedDateTime *time.Time
+
+		// Act
+		obj.SetCreatedDateTime(fernTestValueCreatedDateTime)
+
+		// Assert - object with explicitly set field can be marshaled/unmarshaled
+		bytes, err := json.Marshal(obj)
+		require.NoError(t, err, "marshaling should succeed for test setup")
+
+		// This test ensures JSON marshaling and unmarshaling succeed when the field has a zero/nil value
+		// Detect if marshaled JSON is an object or primitive to use correct unmarshal target
+		if len(bytes) > 0 && bytes[0] == '{' {
+			// JSON object - unmarshal into map
+			var unmarshaled map[string]interface{}
+			err = json.Unmarshal(bytes, &unmarshaled)
+			require.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling should succeed for test verification")
+		} else {
+			// JSON primitive (string, number, boolean, null) - unmarshal into interface{}
+			var unmarshaled interface{}
+			err = json.Unmarshal(bytes, &unmarshaled)
+			require.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling should succeed for test verification")
+		}
+
+		// Note: This does not explicitly assert the presence of a specific JSON field
+		// It verifies that setting a field via setter allows successful JSON round-trip
+	})
+
+	t.Run("SetModifiedBy_MarksExplicit", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &RuleResponse{}
+		var fernTestValueModifiedBy *string
+
+		// Act
+		obj.SetModifiedBy(fernTestValueModifiedBy)
+
+		// Assert - object with explicitly set field can be marshaled/unmarshaled
+		bytes, err := json.Marshal(obj)
+		require.NoError(t, err, "marshaling should succeed for test setup")
+
+		// This test ensures JSON marshaling and unmarshaling succeed when the field has a zero/nil value
+		// Detect if marshaled JSON is an object or primitive to use correct unmarshal target
+		if len(bytes) > 0 && bytes[0] == '{' {
+			// JSON object - unmarshal into map
+			var unmarshaled map[string]interface{}
+			err = json.Unmarshal(bytes, &unmarshaled)
+			require.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling should succeed for test verification")
+		} else {
+			// JSON primitive (string, number, boolean, null) - unmarshal into interface{}
+			var unmarshaled interface{}
+			err = json.Unmarshal(bytes, &unmarshaled)
+			require.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling should succeed for test verification")
+		}
+
+		// Note: This does not explicitly assert the presence of a specific JSON field
+		// It verifies that setting a field via setter allows successful JSON round-trip
+	})
+
+	t.Run("SetModifiedDateTime_MarksExplicit", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &RuleResponse{}
+		var fernTestValueModifiedDateTime *time.Time
+
+		// Act
+		obj.SetModifiedDateTime(fernTestValueModifiedDateTime)
+
+		// Assert - object with explicitly set field can be marshaled/unmarshaled
+		bytes, err := json.Marshal(obj)
+		require.NoError(t, err, "marshaling should succeed for test setup")
+
+		// This test ensures JSON marshaling and unmarshaling succeed when the field has a zero/nil value
+		// Detect if marshaled JSON is an object or primitive to use correct unmarshal target
+		if len(bytes) > 0 && bytes[0] == '{' {
+			// JSON object - unmarshal into map
+			var unmarshaled map[string]interface{}
+			err = json.Unmarshal(bytes, &unmarshaled)
+			require.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling should succeed for test verification")
+		} else {
+			// JSON primitive (string, number, boolean, null) - unmarshal into interface{}
+			var unmarshaled interface{}
+			err = json.Unmarshal(bytes, &unmarshaled)
+			require.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling should succeed for test verification")
+		}
+
+		// Note: This does not explicitly assert the presence of a specific JSON field
+		// It verifies that setting a field via setter allows successful JSON round-trip
+	})
+
+	t.Run("SetID_MarksExplicit", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &RuleResponse{}
+		var fernTestValueID string
+
+		// Act
+		obj.SetID(fernTestValueID)
+
+		// Assert - object with explicitly set field can be marshaled/unmarshaled
+		bytes, err := json.Marshal(obj)
+		require.NoError(t, err, "marshaling should succeed for test setup")
+
+		// This test ensures JSON marshaling and unmarshaling succeed when the field has a zero/nil value
+		// Detect if marshaled JSON is an object or primitive to use correct unmarshal target
+		if len(bytes) > 0 && bytes[0] == '{' {
+			// JSON object - unmarshal into map
+			var unmarshaled map[string]interface{}
+			err = json.Unmarshal(bytes, &unmarshaled)
+			require.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling should succeed for test verification")
+		} else {
+			// JSON primitive (string, number, boolean, null) - unmarshal into interface{}
+			var unmarshaled interface{}
+			err = json.Unmarshal(bytes, &unmarshaled)
+			require.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling should succeed for test verification")
+		}
+
+		// Note: This does not explicitly assert the presence of a specific JSON field
+		// It verifies that setting a field via setter allows successful JSON round-trip
+	})
+
+	t.Run("SetName_MarksExplicit", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &RuleResponse{}
+		var fernTestValueName string
+
+		// Act
+		obj.SetName(fernTestValueName)
+
+		// Assert - object with explicitly set field can be marshaled/unmarshaled
+		bytes, err := json.Marshal(obj)
+		require.NoError(t, err, "marshaling should succeed for test setup")
+
+		// This test ensures JSON marshaling and unmarshaling succeed when the field has a zero/nil value
+		// Detect if marshaled JSON is an object or primitive to use correct unmarshal target
+		if len(bytes) > 0 && bytes[0] == '{' {
+			// JSON object - unmarshal into map
+			var unmarshaled map[string]interface{}
+			err = json.Unmarshal(bytes, &unmarshaled)
+			require.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling should succeed for test verification")
+		} else {
+			// JSON primitive (string, number, boolean, null) - unmarshal into interface{}
+			var unmarshaled interface{}
+			err = json.Unmarshal(bytes, &unmarshaled)
+			require.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling should succeed for test verification")
+		}
+
+		// Note: This does not explicitly assert the presence of a specific JSON field
+		// It verifies that setting a field via setter allows successful JSON round-trip
+	})
+
+	t.Run("SetStatus_MarksExplicit", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &RuleResponse{}
+		var fernTestValueStatus RuleResponseStatus
+
+		// Act
+		obj.SetStatus(fernTestValueStatus)
+
+		// Assert - object with explicitly set field can be marshaled/unmarshaled
+		bytes, err := json.Marshal(obj)
+		require.NoError(t, err, "marshaling should succeed for test setup")
+
+		// This test ensures JSON marshaling and unmarshaling succeed when the field has a zero/nil value
+		// Detect if marshaled JSON is an object or primitive to use correct unmarshal target
+		if len(bytes) > 0 && bytes[0] == '{' {
+			// JSON object - unmarshal into map
+			var unmarshaled map[string]interface{}
+			err = json.Unmarshal(bytes, &unmarshaled)
+			require.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling should succeed for test verification")
+		} else {
+			// JSON primitive (string, number, boolean, null) - unmarshal into interface{}
+			var unmarshaled interface{}
+			err = json.Unmarshal(bytes, &unmarshaled)
+			require.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling should succeed for test verification")
+		}
+
+		// Note: This does not explicitly assert the presence of a specific JSON field
+		// It verifies that setting a field via setter allows successful JSON round-trip
+	})
+
+	t.Run("SetExecutionContext_MarksExplicit", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &RuleResponse{}
+		var fernTestValueExecutionContext *RuleExecutionContext
+
+		// Act
+		obj.SetExecutionContext(fernTestValueExecutionContext)
+
+		// Assert - object with explicitly set field can be marshaled/unmarshaled
+		bytes, err := json.Marshal(obj)
+		require.NoError(t, err, "marshaling should succeed for test setup")
+
+		// This test ensures JSON marshaling and unmarshaling succeed when the field has a zero/nil value
+		// Detect if marshaled JSON is an object or primitive to use correct unmarshal target
+		if len(bytes) > 0 && bytes[0] == '{' {
+			// JSON object - unmarshal into map
+			var unmarshaled map[string]interface{}
+			err = json.Unmarshal(bytes, &unmarshaled)
+			require.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling should succeed for test verification")
+		} else {
+			// JSON primitive (string, number, boolean, null) - unmarshal into interface{}
+			var unmarshaled interface{}
+			err = json.Unmarshal(bytes, &unmarshaled)
+			require.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling should succeed for test verification")
+		}
+
+		// Note: This does not explicitly assert the presence of a specific JSON field
+		// It verifies that setting a field via setter allows successful JSON round-trip
+	})
+
+}
+
+func TestSettersRuleType(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("SetID", func(t *testing.T) {
+		obj := &RuleType{}
+		var fernTestValueID string
+		obj.SetID(fernTestValueID)
+		assert.Equal(t, fernTestValueID, obj.ID)
+		assert.NotNil(t, obj.explicitFields)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("SetName", func(t *testing.T) {
+		obj := &RuleType{}
+		var fernTestValueName string
+		obj.SetName(fernTestValueName)
+		assert.Equal(t, fernTestValueName, obj.Name)
+		assert.NotNil(t, obj.explicitFields)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("SetDescription", func(t *testing.T) {
+		obj := &RuleType{}
+		var fernTestValueDescription *string
+		obj.SetDescription(fernTestValueDescription)
+		assert.Equal(t, fernTestValueDescription, obj.Description)
+		assert.NotNil(t, obj.explicitFields)
+	})
+
+}
+
+func TestGettersRuleType(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("GetID", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &RuleType{}
+		var expected string
+		obj.ID = expected
+
+		// Act & Assert
+		assert.Equal(t, expected, obj.GetID(), "getter should return the property value")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("GetID_NilReceiver", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		var obj *RuleType
+		// Should not panic - getters should handle nil receiver gracefully
+		defer func() {
+			if r := recover(); r != nil {
+				t.Errorf("Getter panicked on nil receiver: %v", r)
+			}
+		}()
+		_ = obj.GetID() // Should return zero value
+	})
+
+	t.Run("GetName", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &RuleType{}
+		var expected string
+		obj.Name = expected
+
+		// Act & Assert
+		assert.Equal(t, expected, obj.GetName(), "getter should return the property value")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("GetName_NilReceiver", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		var obj *RuleType
+		// Should not panic - getters should handle nil receiver gracefully
+		defer func() {
+			if r := recover(); r != nil {
+				t.Errorf("Getter panicked on nil receiver: %v", r)
+			}
+		}()
+		_ = obj.GetName() // Should return zero value
+	})
+
+	t.Run("GetDescription", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &RuleType{}
+		var expected *string
+		obj.Description = expected
+
+		// Act & Assert
+		assert.Equal(t, expected, obj.GetDescription(), "getter should return the property value")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("GetDescription_NilValue", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &RuleType{}
+		obj.Description = nil
+
+		// Act & Assert
+		assert.Nil(t, obj.GetDescription(), "getter should return nil when property is nil")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("GetDescription_NilReceiver", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		var obj *RuleType
+		// Should not panic - getters should handle nil receiver gracefully
+		defer func() {
+			if r := recover(); r != nil {
+				t.Errorf("Getter panicked on nil receiver: %v", r)
+			}
+		}()
+		_ = obj.GetDescription() // Should return zero value
+	})
+
+}
+
+func TestSettersMarkExplicitRuleType(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("SetID_MarksExplicit", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &RuleType{}
+		var fernTestValueID string
+
+		// Act
+		obj.SetID(fernTestValueID)
+
+		// Assert - object with explicitly set field can be marshaled/unmarshaled
+		bytes, err := json.Marshal(obj)
+		require.NoError(t, err, "marshaling should succeed for test setup")
+
+		// This test ensures JSON marshaling and unmarshaling succeed when the field has a zero/nil value
+		// Detect if marshaled JSON is an object or primitive to use correct unmarshal target
+		if len(bytes) > 0 && bytes[0] == '{' {
+			// JSON object - unmarshal into map
+			var unmarshaled map[string]interface{}
+			err = json.Unmarshal(bytes, &unmarshaled)
+			require.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling should succeed for test verification")
+		} else {
+			// JSON primitive (string, number, boolean, null) - unmarshal into interface{}
+			var unmarshaled interface{}
+			err = json.Unmarshal(bytes, &unmarshaled)
+			require.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling should succeed for test verification")
+		}
+
+		// Note: This does not explicitly assert the presence of a specific JSON field
+		// It verifies that setting a field via setter allows successful JSON round-trip
+	})
+
+	t.Run("SetName_MarksExplicit", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &RuleType{}
+		var fernTestValueName string
+
+		// Act
+		obj.SetName(fernTestValueName)
+
+		// Assert - object with explicitly set field can be marshaled/unmarshaled
+		bytes, err := json.Marshal(obj)
+		require.NoError(t, err, "marshaling should succeed for test setup")
+
+		// This test ensures JSON marshaling and unmarshaling succeed when the field has a zero/nil value
+		// Detect if marshaled JSON is an object or primitive to use correct unmarshal target
+		if len(bytes) > 0 && bytes[0] == '{' {
+			// JSON object - unmarshal into map
+			var unmarshaled map[string]interface{}
+			err = json.Unmarshal(bytes, &unmarshaled)
+			require.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling should succeed for test verification")
+		} else {
+			// JSON primitive (string, number, boolean, null) - unmarshal into interface{}
+			var unmarshaled interface{}
+			err = json.Unmarshal(bytes, &unmarshaled)
+			require.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling should succeed for test verification")
+		}
+
+		// Note: This does not explicitly assert the presence of a specific JSON field
+		// It verifies that setting a field via setter allows successful JSON round-trip
+	})
+
+	t.Run("SetDescription_MarksExplicit", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &RuleType{}
+		var fernTestValueDescription *string
+
+		// Act
+		obj.SetDescription(fernTestValueDescription)
+
+		// Assert - object with explicitly set field can be marshaled/unmarshaled
+		bytes, err := json.Marshal(obj)
+		require.NoError(t, err, "marshaling should succeed for test setup")
+
+		// This test ensures JSON marshaling and unmarshaling succeed when the field has a zero/nil value
+		// Detect if marshaled JSON is an object or primitive to use correct unmarshal target
+		if len(bytes) > 0 && bytes[0] == '{' {
+			// JSON object - unmarshal into map
+			var unmarshaled map[string]interface{}
+			err = json.Unmarshal(bytes, &unmarshaled)
+			require.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling should succeed for test verification")
+		} else {
+			// JSON primitive (string, number, boolean, null) - unmarshal into interface{}
+			var unmarshaled interface{}
+			err = json.Unmarshal(bytes, &unmarshaled)
+			require.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling should succeed for test verification")
+		}
+
+		// Note: This does not explicitly assert the presence of a specific JSON field
+		// It verifies that setting a field via setter allows successful JSON round-trip
+	})
+
+}
+
+func TestSettersRuleTypeSearchResponse(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("SetResults", func(t *testing.T) {
+		obj := &RuleTypeSearchResponse{}
+		var fernTestValueResults []*RuleType
+		obj.SetResults(fernTestValueResults)
+		assert.Equal(t, fernTestValueResults, obj.Results)
+		assert.NotNil(t, obj.explicitFields)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("SetPaging", func(t *testing.T) {
+		obj := &RuleTypeSearchResponse{}
+		var fernTestValuePaging *PagingCursors
+		obj.SetPaging(fernTestValuePaging)
+		assert.Equal(t, fernTestValuePaging, obj.Paging)
+		assert.NotNil(t, obj.explicitFields)
+	})
+
+}
+
+func TestGettersRuleTypeSearchResponse(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("GetResults", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &RuleTypeSearchResponse{}
+		var expected []*RuleType
+		obj.Results = expected
+
+		// Act & Assert
+		assert.Equal(t, expected, obj.GetResults(), "getter should return the property value")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("GetResults_NilValue", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &RuleTypeSearchResponse{}
+		obj.Results = nil
+
+		// Act & Assert
+		assert.Nil(t, obj.GetResults(), "getter should return nil when property is nil")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("GetResults_NilReceiver", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		var obj *RuleTypeSearchResponse
+		// Should not panic - getters should handle nil receiver gracefully
+		defer func() {
+			if r := recover(); r != nil {
+				t.Errorf("Getter panicked on nil receiver: %v", r)
+			}
+		}()
+		_ = obj.GetResults() // Should return zero value
+	})
+
+	t.Run("GetPaging", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &RuleTypeSearchResponse{}
+		var expected *PagingCursors
+		obj.Paging = expected
+
+		// Act & Assert
+		assert.Equal(t, expected, obj.GetPaging(), "getter should return the property value")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("GetPaging_NilValue", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &RuleTypeSearchResponse{}
+		obj.Paging = nil
+
+		// Act & Assert
+		assert.Nil(t, obj.GetPaging(), "getter should return nil when property is nil")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("GetPaging_NilReceiver", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		var obj *RuleTypeSearchResponse
+		// Should not panic - getters should handle nil receiver gracefully
+		defer func() {
+			if r := recover(); r != nil {
+				t.Errorf("Getter panicked on nil receiver: %v", r)
+			}
+		}()
+		_ = obj.GetPaging() // Should return zero value
+	})
+
+}
+
+func TestSettersMarkExplicitRuleTypeSearchResponse(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("SetResults_MarksExplicit", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &RuleTypeSearchResponse{}
+		var fernTestValueResults []*RuleType
+
+		// Act
+		obj.SetResults(fernTestValueResults)
+
+		// Assert - object with explicitly set field can be marshaled/unmarshaled
+		bytes, err := json.Marshal(obj)
+		require.NoError(t, err, "marshaling should succeed for test setup")
+
+		// This test ensures JSON marshaling and unmarshaling succeed when the field has a zero/nil value
+		// Detect if marshaled JSON is an object or primitive to use correct unmarshal target
+		if len(bytes) > 0 && bytes[0] == '{' {
+			// JSON object - unmarshal into map
+			var unmarshaled map[string]interface{}
+			err = json.Unmarshal(bytes, &unmarshaled)
+			require.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling should succeed for test verification")
+		} else {
+			// JSON primitive (string, number, boolean, null) - unmarshal into interface{}
+			var unmarshaled interface{}
+			err = json.Unmarshal(bytes, &unmarshaled)
+			require.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling should succeed for test verification")
+		}
+
+		// Note: This does not explicitly assert the presence of a specific JSON field
+		// It verifies that setting a field via setter allows successful JSON round-trip
+	})
+
+	t.Run("SetPaging_MarksExplicit", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &RuleTypeSearchResponse{}
+		var fernTestValuePaging *PagingCursors
+
+		// Act
+		obj.SetPaging(fernTestValuePaging)
+
+		// Assert - object with explicitly set field can be marshaled/unmarshaled
+		bytes, err := json.Marshal(obj)
+		require.NoError(t, err, "marshaling should succeed for test setup")
+
+		// This test ensures JSON marshaling and unmarshaling succeed when the field has a zero/nil value
+		// Detect if marshaled JSON is an object or primitive to use correct unmarshal target
+		if len(bytes) > 0 && bytes[0] == '{' {
+			// JSON object - unmarshal into map
+			var unmarshaled map[string]interface{}
+			err = json.Unmarshal(bytes, &unmarshaled)
+			require.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling should succeed for test verification")
+		} else {
+			// JSON primitive (string, number, boolean, null) - unmarshal into interface{}
+			var unmarshaled interface{}
+			err = json.Unmarshal(bytes, &unmarshaled)
+			require.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling should succeed for test verification")
+		}
+
+		// Note: This does not explicitly assert the presence of a specific JSON field
+		// It verifies that setting a field via setter allows successful JSON round-trip
+	})
+
+}
+
+func TestSettersTreeBase(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("SetID", func(t *testing.T) {
+		obj := &TreeBase{}
+		var fernTestValueID string
+		obj.SetID(fernTestValueID)
+		assert.Equal(t, fernTestValueID, obj.ID)
+		assert.NotNil(t, obj.explicitFields)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("SetTreeName", func(t *testing.T) {
+		obj := &TreeBase{}
+		var fernTestValueTreeName *string
+		obj.SetTreeName(fernTestValueTreeName)
+		assert.Equal(t, fernTestValueTreeName, obj.TreeName)
+		assert.NotNil(t, obj.explicitFields)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("SetTreeDescription", func(t *testing.T) {
+		obj := &TreeBase{}
+		var fernTestValueTreeDescription *string
+		obj.SetTreeDescription(fernTestValueTreeDescription)
+		assert.Equal(t, fernTestValueTreeDescription, obj.TreeDescription)
+		assert.NotNil(t, obj.explicitFields)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("SetTreeSpecies", func(t *testing.T) {
+		obj := &TreeBase{}
+		var fernTestValueTreeSpecies *string
+		obj.SetTreeSpecies(fernTestValueTreeSpecies)
+		assert.Equal(t, fernTestValueTreeSpecies, obj.TreeSpecies)
+		assert.NotNil(t, obj.explicitFields)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("SetHeightInFeet", func(t *testing.T) {
+		obj := &TreeBase{}
+		var fernTestValueHeightInFeet *float64
+		obj.SetHeightInFeet(fernTestValueHeightInFeet)
+		assert.Equal(t, fernTestValueHeightInFeet, obj.HeightInFeet)
+		assert.NotNil(t, obj.explicitFields)
+	})
+
+}
+
+func TestGettersTreeBase(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("GetID", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &TreeBase{}
+		var expected string
+		obj.ID = expected
+
+		// Act & Assert
+		assert.Equal(t, expected, obj.GetID(), "getter should return the property value")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("GetID_NilReceiver", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		var obj *TreeBase
+		// Should not panic - getters should handle nil receiver gracefully
+		defer func() {
+			if r := recover(); r != nil {
+				t.Errorf("Getter panicked on nil receiver: %v", r)
+			}
+		}()
+		_ = obj.GetID() // Should return zero value
+	})
+
+	t.Run("GetTreeName", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &TreeBase{}
+		var expected *string
+		obj.TreeName = expected
+
+		// Act & Assert
+		assert.Equal(t, expected, obj.GetTreeName(), "getter should return the property value")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("GetTreeName_NilValue", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &TreeBase{}
+		obj.TreeName = nil
+
+		// Act & Assert
+		assert.Nil(t, obj.GetTreeName(), "getter should return nil when property is nil")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("GetTreeName_NilReceiver", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		var obj *TreeBase
+		// Should not panic - getters should handle nil receiver gracefully
+		defer func() {
+			if r := recover(); r != nil {
+				t.Errorf("Getter panicked on nil receiver: %v", r)
+			}
+		}()
+		_ = obj.GetTreeName() // Should return zero value
+	})
+
+	t.Run("GetTreeDescription", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &TreeBase{}
+		var expected *string
+		obj.TreeDescription = expected
+
+		// Act & Assert
+		assert.Equal(t, expected, obj.GetTreeDescription(), "getter should return the property value")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("GetTreeDescription_NilValue", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &TreeBase{}
+		obj.TreeDescription = nil
+
+		// Act & Assert
+		assert.Nil(t, obj.GetTreeDescription(), "getter should return nil when property is nil")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("GetTreeDescription_NilReceiver", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		var obj *TreeBase
+		// Should not panic - getters should handle nil receiver gracefully
+		defer func() {
+			if r := recover(); r != nil {
+				t.Errorf("Getter panicked on nil receiver: %v", r)
+			}
+		}()
+		_ = obj.GetTreeDescription() // Should return zero value
+	})
+
+	t.Run("GetTreeSpecies", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &TreeBase{}
+		var expected *string
+		obj.TreeSpecies = expected
+
+		// Act & Assert
+		assert.Equal(t, expected, obj.GetTreeSpecies(), "getter should return the property value")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("GetTreeSpecies_NilValue", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &TreeBase{}
+		obj.TreeSpecies = nil
+
+		// Act & Assert
+		assert.Nil(t, obj.GetTreeSpecies(), "getter should return nil when property is nil")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("GetTreeSpecies_NilReceiver", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		var obj *TreeBase
+		// Should not panic - getters should handle nil receiver gracefully
+		defer func() {
+			if r := recover(); r != nil {
+				t.Errorf("Getter panicked on nil receiver: %v", r)
+			}
+		}()
+		_ = obj.GetTreeSpecies() // Should return zero value
+	})
+
+	t.Run("GetHeightInFeet", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &TreeBase{}
+		var expected *float64
+		obj.HeightInFeet = expected
+
+		// Act & Assert
+		assert.Equal(t, expected, obj.GetHeightInFeet(), "getter should return the property value")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("GetHeightInFeet_NilValue", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &TreeBase{}
+		obj.HeightInFeet = nil
+
+		// Act & Assert
+		assert.Nil(t, obj.GetHeightInFeet(), "getter should return nil when property is nil")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("GetHeightInFeet_NilReceiver", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		var obj *TreeBase
+		// Should not panic - getters should handle nil receiver gracefully
+		defer func() {
+			if r := recover(); r != nil {
+				t.Errorf("Getter panicked on nil receiver: %v", r)
+			}
+		}()
+		_ = obj.GetHeightInFeet() // Should return zero value
+	})
+
+}
+
+func TestSettersMarkExplicitTreeBase(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("SetID_MarksExplicit", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &TreeBase{}
+		var fernTestValueID string
+
+		// Act
+		obj.SetID(fernTestValueID)
+
+		// Assert - object with explicitly set field can be marshaled/unmarshaled
+		bytes, err := json.Marshal(obj)
+		require.NoError(t, err, "marshaling should succeed for test setup")
+
+		// This test ensures JSON marshaling and unmarshaling succeed when the field has a zero/nil value
+		// Detect if marshaled JSON is an object or primitive to use correct unmarshal target
+		if len(bytes) > 0 && bytes[0] == '{' {
+			// JSON object - unmarshal into map
+			var unmarshaled map[string]interface{}
+			err = json.Unmarshal(bytes, &unmarshaled)
+			require.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling should succeed for test verification")
+		} else {
+			// JSON primitive (string, number, boolean, null) - unmarshal into interface{}
+			var unmarshaled interface{}
+			err = json.Unmarshal(bytes, &unmarshaled)
+			require.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling should succeed for test verification")
+		}
+
+		// Note: This does not explicitly assert the presence of a specific JSON field
+		// It verifies that setting a field via setter allows successful JSON round-trip
+	})
+
+	t.Run("SetTreeName_MarksExplicit", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &TreeBase{}
+		var fernTestValueTreeName *string
+
+		// Act
+		obj.SetTreeName(fernTestValueTreeName)
+
+		// Assert - object with explicitly set field can be marshaled/unmarshaled
+		bytes, err := json.Marshal(obj)
+		require.NoError(t, err, "marshaling should succeed for test setup")
+
+		// This test ensures JSON marshaling and unmarshaling succeed when the field has a zero/nil value
+		// Detect if marshaled JSON is an object or primitive to use correct unmarshal target
+		if len(bytes) > 0 && bytes[0] == '{' {
+			// JSON object - unmarshal into map
+			var unmarshaled map[string]interface{}
+			err = json.Unmarshal(bytes, &unmarshaled)
+			require.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling should succeed for test verification")
+		} else {
+			// JSON primitive (string, number, boolean, null) - unmarshal into interface{}
+			var unmarshaled interface{}
+			err = json.Unmarshal(bytes, &unmarshaled)
+			require.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling should succeed for test verification")
+		}
+
+		// Note: This does not explicitly assert the presence of a specific JSON field
+		// It verifies that setting a field via setter allows successful JSON round-trip
+	})
+
+	t.Run("SetTreeDescription_MarksExplicit", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &TreeBase{}
+		var fernTestValueTreeDescription *string
+
+		// Act
+		obj.SetTreeDescription(fernTestValueTreeDescription)
+
+		// Assert - object with explicitly set field can be marshaled/unmarshaled
+		bytes, err := json.Marshal(obj)
+		require.NoError(t, err, "marshaling should succeed for test setup")
+
+		// This test ensures JSON marshaling and unmarshaling succeed when the field has a zero/nil value
+		// Detect if marshaled JSON is an object or primitive to use correct unmarshal target
+		if len(bytes) > 0 && bytes[0] == '{' {
+			// JSON object - unmarshal into map
+			var unmarshaled map[string]interface{}
+			err = json.Unmarshal(bytes, &unmarshaled)
+			require.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling should succeed for test verification")
+		} else {
+			// JSON primitive (string, number, boolean, null) - unmarshal into interface{}
+			var unmarshaled interface{}
+			err = json.Unmarshal(bytes, &unmarshaled)
+			require.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling should succeed for test verification")
+		}
+
+		// Note: This does not explicitly assert the presence of a specific JSON field
+		// It verifies that setting a field via setter allows successful JSON round-trip
+	})
+
+	t.Run("SetTreeSpecies_MarksExplicit", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &TreeBase{}
+		var fernTestValueTreeSpecies *string
+
+		// Act
+		obj.SetTreeSpecies(fernTestValueTreeSpecies)
+
+		// Assert - object with explicitly set field can be marshaled/unmarshaled
+		bytes, err := json.Marshal(obj)
+		require.NoError(t, err, "marshaling should succeed for test setup")
+
+		// This test ensures JSON marshaling and unmarshaling succeed when the field has a zero/nil value
+		// Detect if marshaled JSON is an object or primitive to use correct unmarshal target
+		if len(bytes) > 0 && bytes[0] == '{' {
+			// JSON object - unmarshal into map
+			var unmarshaled map[string]interface{}
+			err = json.Unmarshal(bytes, &unmarshaled)
+			require.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling should succeed for test verification")
+		} else {
+			// JSON primitive (string, number, boolean, null) - unmarshal into interface{}
+			var unmarshaled interface{}
+			err = json.Unmarshal(bytes, &unmarshaled)
+			require.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling should succeed for test verification")
+		}
+
+		// Note: This does not explicitly assert the presence of a specific JSON field
+		// It verifies that setting a field via setter allows successful JSON round-trip
+	})
+
+	t.Run("SetHeightInFeet_MarksExplicit", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &TreeBase{}
+		var fernTestValueHeightInFeet *float64
+
+		// Act
+		obj.SetHeightInFeet(fernTestValueHeightInFeet)
+
+		// Assert - object with explicitly set field can be marshaled/unmarshaled
+		bytes, err := json.Marshal(obj)
+		require.NoError(t, err, "marshaling should succeed for test setup")
+
+		// This test ensures JSON marshaling and unmarshaling succeed when the field has a zero/nil value
+		// Detect if marshaled JSON is an object or primitive to use correct unmarshal target
+		if len(bytes) > 0 && bytes[0] == '{' {
+			// JSON object - unmarshal into map
+			var unmarshaled map[string]interface{}
+			err = json.Unmarshal(bytes, &unmarshaled)
+			require.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling should succeed for test verification")
+		} else {
+			// JSON primitive (string, number, boolean, null) - unmarshal into interface{}
+			var unmarshaled interface{}
+			err = json.Unmarshal(bytes, &unmarshaled)
+			require.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling should succeed for test verification")
+		}
+
+		// Note: This does not explicitly assert the presence of a specific JSON field
+		// It verifies that setting a field via setter allows successful JSON round-trip
+	})
+
+}
+
+func TestSettersTreeDescribable(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("SetTreeName", func(t *testing.T) {
+		obj := &TreeDescribable{}
+		var fernTestValueTreeName *string
+		obj.SetTreeName(fernTestValueTreeName)
+		assert.Equal(t, fernTestValueTreeName, obj.TreeName)
+		assert.NotNil(t, obj.explicitFields)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("SetTreeDescription", func(t *testing.T) {
+		obj := &TreeDescribable{}
+		var fernTestValueTreeDescription *string
+		obj.SetTreeDescription(fernTestValueTreeDescription)
+		assert.Equal(t, fernTestValueTreeDescription, obj.TreeDescription)
+		assert.NotNil(t, obj.explicitFields)
+	})
+
+}
+
+func TestGettersTreeDescribable(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("GetTreeName", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &TreeDescribable{}
+		var expected *string
+		obj.TreeName = expected
+
+		// Act & Assert
+		assert.Equal(t, expected, obj.GetTreeName(), "getter should return the property value")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("GetTreeName_NilValue", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &TreeDescribable{}
+		obj.TreeName = nil
+
+		// Act & Assert
+		assert.Nil(t, obj.GetTreeName(), "getter should return nil when property is nil")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("GetTreeName_NilReceiver", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		var obj *TreeDescribable
+		// Should not panic - getters should handle nil receiver gracefully
+		defer func() {
+			if r := recover(); r != nil {
+				t.Errorf("Getter panicked on nil receiver: %v", r)
+			}
+		}()
+		_ = obj.GetTreeName() // Should return zero value
+	})
+
+	t.Run("GetTreeDescription", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &TreeDescribable{}
+		var expected *string
+		obj.TreeDescription = expected
+
+		// Act & Assert
+		assert.Equal(t, expected, obj.GetTreeDescription(), "getter should return the property value")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("GetTreeDescription_NilValue", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &TreeDescribable{}
+		obj.TreeDescription = nil
+
+		// Act & Assert
+		assert.Nil(t, obj.GetTreeDescription(), "getter should return nil when property is nil")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("GetTreeDescription_NilReceiver", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		var obj *TreeDescribable
+		// Should not panic - getters should handle nil receiver gracefully
+		defer func() {
+			if r := recover(); r != nil {
+				t.Errorf("Getter panicked on nil receiver: %v", r)
+			}
+		}()
+		_ = obj.GetTreeDescription() // Should return zero value
+	})
+
+}
+
+func TestSettersMarkExplicitTreeDescribable(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("SetTreeName_MarksExplicit", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &TreeDescribable{}
+		var fernTestValueTreeName *string
+
+		// Act
+		obj.SetTreeName(fernTestValueTreeName)
+
+		// Assert - object with explicitly set field can be marshaled/unmarshaled
+		bytes, err := json.Marshal(obj)
+		require.NoError(t, err, "marshaling should succeed for test setup")
+
+		// This test ensures JSON marshaling and unmarshaling succeed when the field has a zero/nil value
+		// Detect if marshaled JSON is an object or primitive to use correct unmarshal target
+		if len(bytes) > 0 && bytes[0] == '{' {
+			// JSON object - unmarshal into map
+			var unmarshaled map[string]interface{}
+			err = json.Unmarshal(bytes, &unmarshaled)
+			require.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling should succeed for test verification")
+		} else {
+			// JSON primitive (string, number, boolean, null) - unmarshal into interface{}
+			var unmarshaled interface{}
+			err = json.Unmarshal(bytes, &unmarshaled)
+			require.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling should succeed for test verification")
+		}
+
+		// Note: This does not explicitly assert the presence of a specific JSON field
+		// It verifies that setting a field via setter allows successful JSON round-trip
+	})
+
+	t.Run("SetTreeDescription_MarksExplicit", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &TreeDescribable{}
+		var fernTestValueTreeDescription *string
+
+		// Act
+		obj.SetTreeDescription(fernTestValueTreeDescription)
+
+		// Assert - object with explicitly set field can be marshaled/unmarshaled
+		bytes, err := json.Marshal(obj)
+		require.NoError(t, err, "marshaling should succeed for test setup")
+
+		// This test ensures JSON marshaling and unmarshaling succeed when the field has a zero/nil value
+		// Detect if marshaled JSON is an object or primitive to use correct unmarshal target
+		if len(bytes) > 0 && bytes[0] == '{' {
+			// JSON object - unmarshal into map
+			var unmarshaled map[string]interface{}
+			err = json.Unmarshal(bytes, &unmarshaled)
+			require.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling should succeed for test verification")
+		} else {
+			// JSON primitive (string, number, boolean, null) - unmarshal into interface{}
+			var unmarshaled interface{}
+			err = json.Unmarshal(bytes, &unmarshaled)
+			require.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling should succeed for test verification")
+		}
+
+		// Note: This does not explicitly assert the presence of a specific JSON field
+		// It verifies that setting a field via setter allows successful JSON round-trip
+	})
+
+}
+
+func TestSettersTreeIdentifiable(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("SetID", func(t *testing.T) {
+		obj := &TreeIdentifiable{}
+		var fernTestValueID string
+		obj.SetID(fernTestValueID)
+		assert.Equal(t, fernTestValueID, obj.ID)
+		assert.NotNil(t, obj.explicitFields)
+	})
+
+}
+
+func TestGettersTreeIdentifiable(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("GetID", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
 		// Arrange
-		obj := &RuleTypeSearchResponse{}
-		var expected []*RuleType
-		obj.Results = expected
+		obj := &TreeIdentifiable{}
+		var expected string
+		obj.ID = expected
 
 		// Act & Assert
-		assert.Equal(t, expected, obj.GetResults(), "getter should return the property value")
+		assert.Equal(t, expected, obj.GetID(), "getter should return the property value")
 	})
 
-	t.Run("GetResults_NilValue", func(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("GetID_NilReceiver", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		var obj *TreeIdentifiable
+		// Should not panic - getters should handle nil receiver gracefully
+		defer func() {
+			if r := recover(); r != nil {
+				t.Errorf("Getter panicked on nil receiver: %v", r)
+			}
+		}()
+		_ = obj.GetID() // Should return zero value
+	})
+
+}
+
+func TestSettersMarkExplicitTreeIdentifiable(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("SetID_MarksExplicit", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
 		// Arrange
-		obj := &RuleTypeSearchResponse{}
-		obj.Results = nil
+		obj := &TreeIdentifiable{}
+		var fernTestValueID string
+
+		// Act
+		obj.SetID(fernTestValueID)
+
+		// Assert - object with explicitly set field can be marshaled/unmarshaled
+		bytes, err := json.Marshal(obj)
+		require.NoError(t, err, "marshaling should succeed for test setup")
+
+		// This test ensures JSON marshaling and unmarshaling succeed when the field has a zero/nil value
+		// Detect if marshaled JSON is an object or primitive to use correct unmarshal target
+		if len(bytes) > 0 && bytes[0] == '{' {
+			// JSON object - unmarshal into map
+			var unmarshaled map[string]interface{}
+			err = json.Unmarshal(bytes, &unmarshaled)
+			require.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling should succeed for test verification")
+		} else {
+			// JSON primitive (string, number, boolean, null) - unmarshal into interface{}
+			var unmarshaled interface{}
+			err = json.Unmarshal(bytes, &unmarshaled)
+			require.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling should succeed for test verification")
+		}
+
+		// Note: This does not explicitly assert the presence of a specific JSON field
+		// It verifies that setting a field via setter allows successful JSON round-trip
+	})
+
+}
+
+func TestSettersTreeRecord(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("SetID", func(t *testing.T) {
+		obj := &TreeRecord{}
+		var fernTestValueID string
+		obj.SetID(fernTestValueID)
+		assert.Equal(t, fernTestValueID, obj.ID)
+		assert.NotNil(t, obj.explicitFields)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("SetTreeName", func(t *testing.T) {
+		obj := &TreeRecord{}
+		var fernTestValueTreeName *string
+		obj.SetTreeName(fernTestValueTreeName)
+		assert.Equal(t, fernTestValueTreeName, obj.TreeName)
+		assert.NotNil(t, obj.explicitFields)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("SetTreeDescription", func(t *testing.T) {
+		obj := &TreeRecord{}
+		var fernTestValueTreeDescription *string
+		obj.SetTreeDescription(fernTestValueTreeDescription)
+		assert.Equal(t, fernTestValueTreeDescription, obj.TreeDescription)
+		assert.NotNil(t, obj.explicitFields)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("SetTreeSpecies", func(t *testing.T) {
+		obj := &TreeRecord{}
+		var fernTestValueTreeSpecies *string
+		obj.SetTreeSpecies(fernTestValueTreeSpecies)
+		assert.Equal(t, fernTestValueTreeSpecies, obj.TreeSpecies)
+		assert.NotNil(t, obj.explicitFields)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("SetHeightInFeet", func(t *testing.T) {
+		obj := &TreeRecord{}
+		var fernTestValueHeightInFeet *float64
+		obj.SetHeightInFeet(fernTestValueHeightInFeet)
+		assert.Equal(t, fernTestValueHeightInFeet, obj.HeightInFeet)
+		assert.NotNil(t, obj.explicitFields)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("SetPlantedDate", func(t *testing.T) {
+		obj := &TreeRecord{}
+		var fernTestValuePlantedDate *time.Time
+		obj.SetPlantedDate(fernTestValuePlantedDate)
+		assert.Equal(t, fernTestValuePlantedDate, obj.PlantedDate)
+		assert.NotNil(t, obj.explicitFields)
+	})
+
+}
+
+func TestGettersTreeRecord(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("GetID", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &TreeRecord{}
+		var expected string
+		obj.ID = expected
 
 		// Act & Assert
-		assert.Nil(t, obj.GetResults(), "getter should return nil when property is nil")
+		assert.Equal(t, expected, obj.GetID(), "getter should return the property value")
 	})
 
-	t.Run("GetResults_NilReceiver", func(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("GetID_NilReceiver", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
-		var obj *RuleTypeSearchResponse
+		var obj *TreeRecord
 		// Should not panic - getters should handle nil receiver gracefully
 		defer func() {
 			if r := recover(); r != nil {
 				t.Errorf("Getter panicked on nil receiver: %v", r)
 			}
 		}()
-		_ = obj.GetResults() // Should return zero value
+		_ = obj.GetID() // Should return zero value
+	})
+
+	t.Run("GetTreeName", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &TreeRecord{}
+		var expected *string
+		obj.TreeName = expected
+
+		// Act & Assert
+		assert.Equal(t, expected, obj.GetTreeName(), "getter should return the property value")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("GetTreeName_NilValue", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &TreeRecord{}
+		obj.TreeName = nil
+
+		// Act & Assert
+		assert.Nil(t, obj.GetTreeName(), "getter should return nil when property is nil")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("GetTreeName_NilReceiver", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		var obj *TreeRecord
+		// Should not panic - getters should handle nil receiver gracefully
+		defer func() {
+			if r := recover(); r != nil {
+				t.Errorf("Getter panicked on nil receiver: %v", r)
+			}
+		}()
+		_ = obj.GetTreeName() // Should return zero value
+	})
+
+	t.Run("GetTreeDescription", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &TreeRecord{}
+		var expected *string
+		obj.TreeDescription = expected
+
+		// Act & Assert
+		assert.Equal(t, expected, obj.GetTreeDescription(), "getter should return the property value")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("GetTreeDescription_NilValue", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &TreeRecord{}
+		obj.TreeDescription = nil
+
+		// Act & Assert
+		assert.Nil(t, obj.GetTreeDescription(), "getter should return nil when property is nil")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("GetTreeDescription_NilReceiver", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		var obj *TreeRecord
+		// Should not panic - getters should handle nil receiver gracefully
+		defer func() {
+			if r := recover(); r != nil {
+				t.Errorf("Getter panicked on nil receiver: %v", r)
+			}
+		}()
+		_ = obj.GetTreeDescription() // Should return zero value
+	})
+
+	t.Run("GetTreeSpecies", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &TreeRecord{}
+		var expected *string
+		obj.TreeSpecies = expected
+
+		// Act & Assert
+		assert.Equal(t, expected, obj.GetTreeSpecies(), "getter should return the property value")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("GetTreeSpecies_NilValue", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &TreeRecord{}
+		obj.TreeSpecies = nil
+
+		// Act & Assert
+		assert.Nil(t, obj.GetTreeSpecies(), "getter should return nil when property is nil")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("GetTreeSpecies_NilReceiver", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		var obj *TreeRecord
+		// Should not panic - getters should handle nil receiver gracefully
+		defer func() {
+			if r := recover(); r != nil {
+				t.Errorf("Getter panicked on nil receiver: %v", r)
+			}
+		}()
+		_ = obj.GetTreeSpecies() // Should return zero value
+	})
+
+	t.Run("GetHeightInFeet", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &TreeRecord{}
+		var expected *float64
+		obj.HeightInFeet = expected
+
+		// Act & Assert
+		assert.Equal(t, expected, obj.GetHeightInFeet(), "getter should return the property value")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("GetHeightInFeet_NilValue", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &TreeRecord{}
+		obj.HeightInFeet = nil
+
+		// Act & Assert
+		assert.Nil(t, obj.GetHeightInFeet(), "getter should return nil when property is nil")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("GetHeightInFeet_NilReceiver", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		var obj *TreeRecord
+		// Should not panic - getters should handle nil receiver gracefully
+		defer func() {
+			if r := recover(); r != nil {
+				t.Errorf("Getter panicked on nil receiver: %v", r)
+			}
+		}()
+		_ = obj.GetHeightInFeet() // Should return zero value
+	})
+
+	t.Run("GetPlantedDate", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &TreeRecord{}
+		var expected *time.Time
+		obj.PlantedDate = expected
+
+		// Act & Assert
+		assert.Equal(t, expected, obj.GetPlantedDate(), "getter should return the property value")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("GetPlantedDate_NilValue", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &TreeRecord{}
+		obj.PlantedDate = nil
+
+		// Act & Assert
+		assert.Nil(t, obj.GetPlantedDate(), "getter should return nil when property is nil")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("GetPlantedDate_NilReceiver", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		var obj *TreeRecord
+		// Should not panic - getters should handle nil receiver gracefully
+		defer func() {
+			if r := recover(); r != nil {
+				t.Errorf("Getter panicked on nil receiver: %v", r)
+			}
+		}()
+		_ = obj.GetPlantedDate() // Should return zero value
+	})
+
+}
+
+func TestSettersMarkExplicitTreeRecord(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("SetID_MarksExplicit", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &TreeRecord{}
+		var fernTestValueID string
+
+		// Act
+		obj.SetID(fernTestValueID)
+
+		// Assert - object with explicitly set field can be marshaled/unmarshaled
+		bytes, err := json.Marshal(obj)
+		require.NoError(t, err, "marshaling should succeed for test setup")
+
+		// This test ensures JSON marshaling and unmarshaling succeed when the field has a zero/nil value
+		// Detect if marshaled JSON is an object or primitive to use correct unmarshal target
+		if len(bytes) > 0 && bytes[0] == '{' {
+			// JSON object - unmarshal into map
+			var unmarshaled map[string]interface{}
+			err = json.Unmarshal(bytes, &unmarshaled)
+			require.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling should succeed for test verification")
+		} else {
+			// JSON primitive (string, number, boolean, null) - unmarshal into interface{}
+			var unmarshaled interface{}
+			err = json.Unmarshal(bytes, &unmarshaled)
+			require.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling should succeed for test verification")
+		}
+
+		// Note: This does not explicitly assert the presence of a specific JSON field
+		// It verifies that setting a field via setter allows successful JSON round-trip
+	})
+
+	t.Run("SetTreeName_MarksExplicit", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &TreeRecord{}
+		var fernTestValueTreeName *string
+
+		// Act
+		obj.SetTreeName(fernTestValueTreeName)
+
+		// Assert - object with explicitly set field can be marshaled/unmarshaled
+		bytes, err := json.Marshal(obj)
+		require.NoError(t, err, "marshaling should succeed for test setup")
+
+		// This test ensures JSON marshaling and unmarshaling succeed when the field has a zero/nil value
+		// Detect if marshaled JSON is an object or primitive to use correct unmarshal target
+		if len(bytes) > 0 && bytes[0] == '{' {
+			// JSON object - unmarshal into map
+			var unmarshaled map[string]interface{}
+			err = json.Unmarshal(bytes, &unmarshaled)
+			require.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling should succeed for test verification")
+		} else {
+			// JSON primitive (string, number, boolean, null) - unmarshal into interface{}
+			var unmarshaled interface{}
+			err = json.Unmarshal(bytes, &unmarshaled)
+			require.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling should succeed for test verification")
+		}
+
+		// Note: This does not explicitly assert the presence of a specific JSON field
+		// It verifies that setting a field via setter allows successful JSON round-trip
 	})
 
-	t.Run("GetPaging", func(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("SetTreeDescription_MarksExplicit", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
 		// Arrange
-		obj := &RuleTypeSearchResponse{}
-		var expected *PagingCursors
-		obj.Paging = expected
+		obj := &TreeRecord{}
+		var fernTestValueTreeDescription *string
 
-		// Act & Assert
-		assert.Equal(t, expected, obj.GetPaging(), "getter should return the property value")
+		// Act
+		obj.SetTreeDescription(fernTestValueTreeDescription)
+
+		// Assert - object with explicitly set field can be marshaled/unmarshaled
+		bytes, err := json.Marshal(obj)
+		require.NoError(t, err, "marshaling should succeed for test setup")
+
+		// This test ensures JSON marshaling and unmarshaling succeed when the field has a zero/nil value
+		// Detect if marshaled JSON is an object or primitive to use correct unmarshal target
+		if len(bytes) > 0 && bytes[0] == '{' {
+			// JSON object - unmarshal into map
+			var unmarshaled map[string]interface{}
+			err = json.Unmarshal(bytes, &unmarshaled)
+			require.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling should succeed for test verification")
+		} else {
+			// JSON primitive (string, number, boolean, null) - unmarshal into interface{}
+			var unmarshaled interface{}
+			err = json.Unmarshal(bytes, &unmarshaled)
+			require.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling should succeed for test verification")
+		}
+
+		// Note: This does not explicitly assert the presence of a specific JSON field
+		// It verifies that setting a field via setter allows successful JSON round-trip
 	})
 
-	t.Run("GetPaging_NilValue", func(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("SetTreeSpecies_MarksExplicit", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
 		// Arrange
-		obj := &RuleTypeSearchResponse{}
-		obj.Paging = nil
+		obj := &TreeRecord{}
+		var fernTestValueTreeSpecies *string
 
-		// Act & Assert
-		assert.Nil(t, obj.GetPaging(), "getter should return nil when property is nil")
-	})
+		// Act
+		obj.SetTreeSpecies(fernTestValueTreeSpecies)
 
-	t.Run("GetPaging_NilReceiver", func(t *testing.T) {
-		t.Parallel()
-		var obj *RuleTypeSearchResponse
-		// Should not panic - getters should handle nil receiver gracefully
-		defer func() {
-			if r := recover(); r != nil {
-				t.Errorf("Getter panicked on nil receiver: %v", r)
-			}
-		}()
-		_ = obj.GetPaging() // Should return zero value
-	})
+		// Assert - object with explicitly set field can be marshaled/unmarshaled
+		bytes, err := json.Marshal(obj)
+		require.NoError(t, err, "marshaling should succeed for test setup")
 
-}
+		// This test ensures JSON marshaling and unmarshaling succeed when the field has a zero/nil value
+		// Detect if marshaled JSON is an object or primitive to use correct unmarshal target
+		if len(bytes) > 0 && bytes[0] == '{' {
+			// JSON object - unmarshal into map
+			var unmarshaled map[string]interface{}
+			err = json.Unmarshal(bytes, &unmarshaled)
+			require.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling should succeed for test verification")
+		} else {
+			// JSON primitive (string, number, boolean, null) - unmarshal into interface{}
+			var unmarshaled interface{}
+			err = json.Unmarshal(bytes, &unmarshaled)
+			require.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling should succeed for test verification")
+		}
 
-func TestSettersMarkExplicitRuleTypeSearchResponse(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Run("SetResults_MarksExplicit", func(t *testing.T) {
+		// Note: This does not explicitly assert the presence of a specific JSON field
+		// It verifies that setting a field via setter allows successful JSON round-trip
+	})
+
+	t.Run("SetHeightInFeet_MarksExplicit", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
 		// Arrange
-		obj := &RuleTypeSearchResponse{}
-		var fernTestValueResults []*RuleType
+		obj := &TreeRecord{}
+		var fernTestValueHeightInFeet *float64
 
 		// Act
-		obj.SetResults(fernTestValueResults)
+		obj.SetHeightInFeet(fernTestValueHeightInFeet)
 
 		// Assert - object with explicitly set field can be marshaled/unmarshaled
 		bytes, err := json.Marshal(obj)
@@ -2900,14 +4571,14 @@ func TestSettersMarkExplicitRuleTypeSearchResponse(t *testing.T) {
 		// It verifies that setting a field via setter allows successful JSON round-trip
 	})
 
-	t.Run("SetPaging_MarksExplicit", func(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("SetPlantedDate_MarksExplicit", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
 		// Arrange
-		obj := &RuleTypeSearchResponse{}
-		var fernTestValuePaging *PagingCursors
+		obj := &TreeRecord{}
+		var fernTestValuePlantedDate *time.Time
 
 		// Act
-		obj.SetPaging(fernTestValuePaging)
+		obj.SetPlantedDate(fernTestValuePlantedDate)
 
 		// Assert - object with explicitly set field can be marshaled/unmarshaled
 		bytes, err := json.Marshal(obj)
@@ -3582,6 +5253,72 @@ func TestJSONMarshalingPagingCursors(t *testing.T) {
 	})
 }
 
+func TestJSONMarshalingPlantBase(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("MarshalUnmarshal", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &PlantBase{}
+
+		// Act - Marshal to JSON
+		data, err := json.Marshal(obj)
+		require.NoError(t, err, "marshaling should succeed")
+		assert.NotNil(t, data, "marshaled data should not be nil")
+		assert.NotEmpty(t, data, "marshaled data should not be empty")
+
+		// Unmarshal back and verify round-trip
+		var unmarshaled PlantBase
+		err = json.Unmarshal(data, &unmarshaled)
+		assert.NoError(t, err, "round-trip unmarshal should succeed")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("UnmarshalInvalidJSON", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		var obj PlantBase
+		err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(`{invalid json}`), &obj)
+		assert.Error(t, err, "unmarshaling invalid JSON should return an error")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("UnmarshalEmptyObject", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		var obj PlantBase
+		err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(`{}`), &obj)
+		assert.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling empty object should succeed")
+	})
+}
+
+func TestJSONMarshalingPlantStrict(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("MarshalUnmarshal", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &PlantStrict{}
+
+		// Act - Marshal to JSON
+		data, err := json.Marshal(obj)
+		require.NoError(t, err, "marshaling should succeed")
+		assert.NotNil(t, data, "marshaled data should not be nil")
+		assert.NotEmpty(t, data, "marshaled data should not be empty")
+
+		// Unmarshal back and verify round-trip
+		var unmarshaled PlantStrict
+		err = json.Unmarshal(data, &unmarshaled)
+		assert.NoError(t, err, "round-trip unmarshal should succeed")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("UnmarshalInvalidJSON", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		var obj PlantStrict
+		err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(`{invalid json}`), &obj)
+		assert.Error(t, err, "unmarshaling invalid JSON should return an error")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("UnmarshalEmptyObject", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		var obj PlantStrict
+		err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(`{}`), &obj)
+		assert.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling empty object should succeed")
+	})
+}
+
 func TestJSONMarshalingRuleResponse(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Run("MarshalUnmarshal", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
@@ -3642,17 +5379,149 @@ func TestJSONMarshalingRuleType(t *testing.T) {
 
 	t.Run("UnmarshalEmptyObject", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
-		var obj RuleType
+		var obj RuleType
+		err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(`{}`), &obj)
+		assert.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling empty object should succeed")
+	})
+}
+
+func TestJSONMarshalingRuleTypeSearchResponse(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("MarshalUnmarshal", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &RuleTypeSearchResponse{}
+
+		// Act - Marshal to JSON
+		data, err := json.Marshal(obj)
+		require.NoError(t, err, "marshaling should succeed")
+		assert.NotNil(t, data, "marshaled data should not be nil")
+		assert.NotEmpty(t, data, "marshaled data should not be empty")
+
+		// Unmarshal back and verify round-trip
+		var unmarshaled RuleTypeSearchResponse
+		err = json.Unmarshal(data, &unmarshaled)
+		assert.NoError(t, err, "round-trip unmarshal should succeed")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("UnmarshalInvalidJSON", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		var obj RuleTypeSearchResponse
+		err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(`{invalid json}`), &obj)
+		assert.Error(t, err, "unmarshaling invalid JSON should return an error")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("UnmarshalEmptyObject", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		var obj RuleTypeSearchResponse
+		err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(`{}`), &obj)
+		assert.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling empty object should succeed")
+	})
+}
+
+func TestJSONMarshalingTreeBase(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("MarshalUnmarshal", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &TreeBase{}
+
+		// Act - Marshal to JSON
+		data, err := json.Marshal(obj)
+		require.NoError(t, err, "marshaling should succeed")
+		assert.NotNil(t, data, "marshaled data should not be nil")
+		assert.NotEmpty(t, data, "marshaled data should not be empty")
+
+		// Unmarshal back and verify round-trip
+		var unmarshaled TreeBase
+		err = json.Unmarshal(data, &unmarshaled)
+		assert.NoError(t, err, "round-trip unmarshal should succeed")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("UnmarshalInvalidJSON", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		var obj TreeBase
+		err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(`{invalid json}`), &obj)
+		assert.Error(t, err, "unmarshaling invalid JSON should return an error")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("UnmarshalEmptyObject", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		var obj TreeBase
+		err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(`{}`), &obj)
+		assert.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling empty object should succeed")
+	})
+}
+
+func TestJSONMarshalingTreeDescribable(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("MarshalUnmarshal", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &TreeDescribable{}
+
+		// Act - Marshal to JSON
+		data, err := json.Marshal(obj)
+		require.NoError(t, err, "marshaling should succeed")
+		assert.NotNil(t, data, "marshaled data should not be nil")
+		assert.NotEmpty(t, data, "marshaled data should not be empty")
+
+		// Unmarshal back and verify round-trip
+		var unmarshaled TreeDescribable
+		err = json.Unmarshal(data, &unmarshaled)
+		assert.NoError(t, err, "round-trip unmarshal should succeed")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("UnmarshalInvalidJSON", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		var obj TreeDescribable
+		err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(`{invalid json}`), &obj)
+		assert.Error(t, err, "unmarshaling invalid JSON should return an error")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("UnmarshalEmptyObject", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		var obj TreeDescribable
+		err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(`{}`), &obj)
+		assert.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling empty object should succeed")
+	})
+}
+
+func TestJSONMarshalingTreeIdentifiable(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("MarshalUnmarshal", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &TreeIdentifiable{}
+
+		// Act - Marshal to JSON
+		data, err := json.Marshal(obj)
+		require.NoError(t, err, "marshaling should succeed")
+		assert.NotNil(t, data, "marshaled data should not be nil")
+		assert.NotEmpty(t, data, "marshaled data should not be empty")
+
+		// Unmarshal back and verify round-trip
+		var unmarshaled TreeIdentifiable
+		err = json.Unmarshal(data, &unmarshaled)
+		assert.NoError(t, err, "round-trip unmarshal should succeed")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("UnmarshalInvalidJSON", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		var obj TreeIdentifiable
+		err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(`{invalid json}`), &obj)
+		assert.Error(t, err, "unmarshaling invalid JSON should return an error")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("UnmarshalEmptyObject", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		var obj TreeIdentifiable
 		err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(`{}`), &obj)
 		assert.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling empty object should succeed")
 	})
 }
 
-func TestJSONMarshalingRuleTypeSearchResponse(t *testing.T) {
+func TestJSONMarshalingTreeRecord(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Run("MarshalUnmarshal", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
 		// Arrange
-		obj := &RuleTypeSearchResponse{}
+		obj := &TreeRecord{}
 
 		// Act - Marshal to JSON
 		data, err := json.Marshal(obj)
@@ -3661,21 +5530,21 @@ func TestJSONMarshalingRuleTypeSearchResponse(t *testing.T) {
 		assert.NotEmpty(t, data, "marshaled data should not be empty")
 
 		// Unmarshal back and verify round-trip
-		var unmarshaled RuleTypeSearchResponse
+		var unmarshaled TreeRecord
 		err = json.Unmarshal(data, &unmarshaled)
 		assert.NoError(t, err, "round-trip unmarshal should succeed")
 	})
 
 	t.Run("UnmarshalInvalidJSON", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
-		var obj RuleTypeSearchResponse
+		var obj TreeRecord
 		err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(`{invalid json}`), &obj)
 		assert.Error(t, err, "unmarshaling invalid JSON should return an error")
 	})
 
 	t.Run("UnmarshalEmptyObject", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
-		var obj RuleTypeSearchResponse
+		var obj TreeRecord
 		err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(`{}`), &obj)
 		assert.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling empty object should succeed")
 	})
@@ -3923,6 +5792,38 @@ func TestStringPagingCursors(t *testing.T) {
 	})
 }
 
+func TestStringPlantBase(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("StringMethod", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		obj := &PlantBase{}
+		result := obj.String()
+		assert.NotEmpty(t, result, "String() should return a non-empty representation")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("StringMethod_NilReceiver", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		var obj *PlantBase
+		result := obj.String()
+		assert.Equal(t, "<nil>", result, "String() should return <nil> for nil receiver")
+	})
+}
+
+func TestStringPlantStrict(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("StringMethod", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		obj := &PlantStrict{}
+		result := obj.String()
+		assert.NotEmpty(t, result, "String() should return a non-empty representation")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("StringMethod_NilReceiver", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		var obj *PlantStrict
+		result := obj.String()
+		assert.Equal(t, "<nil>", result, "String() should return <nil> for nil receiver")
+	})
+}
+
 func TestStringRuleResponse(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Run("StringMethod", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
@@ -3971,6 +5872,70 @@ func TestStringRuleTypeSearchResponse(t *testing.T) {
 	})
 }
 
+func TestStringTreeBase(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("StringMethod", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		obj := &TreeBase{}
+		result := obj.String()
+		assert.NotEmpty(t, result, "String() should return a non-empty representation")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("StringMethod_NilReceiver", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		var obj *TreeBase
+		result := obj.String()
+		assert.Equal(t, "<nil>", result, "String() should return <nil> for nil receiver")
+	})
+}
+
+func TestStringTreeDescribable(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("StringMethod", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		obj := &TreeDescribable{}
+		result := obj.String()
+		assert.NotEmpty(t, result, "String() should return a non-empty representation")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("StringMethod_NilReceiver", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		var obj *TreeDescribable
+		result := obj.String()
+		assert.Equal(t, "<nil>", result, "String() should return <nil> for nil receiver")
+	})
+}
+
+func TestStringTreeIdentifiable(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("StringMethod", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		obj := &TreeIdentifiable{}
+		result := obj.String()
+		assert.NotEmpty(t, result, "String() should return a non-empty representation")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("StringMethod_NilReceiver", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		var obj *TreeIdentifiable
+		result := obj.String()
+		assert.Equal(t, "<nil>", result, "String() should return <nil> for nil receiver")
+	})
+}
+
+func TestStringTreeRecord(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("StringMethod", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		obj := &TreeRecord{}
+		result := obj.String()
+		assert.NotEmpty(t, result, "String() should return a non-empty representation")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("StringMethod_NilReceiver", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		var obj *TreeRecord
+		result := obj.String()
+		assert.Equal(t, "<nil>", result, "String() should return <nil> for nil receiver")
+	})
+}
+
 func TestStringUser(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Run("StringMethod", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
@@ -4032,6 +5997,85 @@ func TestEnumCombinedEntityStatus(t *testing.T) {
 	})
 }
 
+func TestEnumPlantBaseWateringFrequency(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("NewFromString_daily", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		val, err := NewPlantBaseWateringFrequencyFromString("daily")
+		assert.NoError(t, err, "valid enum value should not return error")
+		assert.Equal(t, PlantBaseWateringFrequency("daily"), val, "enum value should match expected wire value")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("NewFromString_weekly", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		val, err := NewPlantBaseWateringFrequencyFromString("weekly")
+		assert.NoError(t, err, "valid enum value should not return error")
+		assert.Equal(t, PlantBaseWateringFrequency("weekly"), val, "enum value should match expected wire value")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("NewFromString_biweekly", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		val, err := NewPlantBaseWateringFrequencyFromString("biweekly")
+		assert.NoError(t, err, "valid enum value should not return error")
+		assert.Equal(t, PlantBaseWateringFrequency("biweekly"), val, "enum value should match expected wire value")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("NewFromString_monthly", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		val, err := NewPlantBaseWateringFrequencyFromString("monthly")
+		assert.NoError(t, err, "valid enum value should not return error")
+		assert.Equal(t, PlantBaseWateringFrequency("monthly"), val, "enum value should match expected wire value")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("NewFromString_Invalid", func(t *testing.T) {
+		_, err := NewPlantBaseWateringFrequencyFromString("invalid_value_that_does_not_exist")
+		assert.Error(t, err)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("Ptr", func(t *testing.T) {
+		val, err := NewPlantBaseWateringFrequencyFromString("daily")
+		assert.NoError(t, err)
+		ptr := val.Ptr()
+		assert.NotNil(t, ptr)
+		assert.Equal(t, val, *ptr)
+	})
+}
+
+func TestEnumPlantPostSunExposure(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("NewFromString_full", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		val, err := NewPlantPostSunExposureFromString("full")
+		assert.NoError(t, err, "valid enum value should not return error")
+		assert.Equal(t, PlantPostSunExposure("full"), val, "enum value should match expected wire value")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("NewFromString_partial", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		val, err := NewPlantPostSunExposureFromString("partial")
+		assert.NoError(t, err, "valid enum value should not return error")
+		assert.Equal(t, PlantPostSunExposure("partial"), val, "enum value should match expected wire value")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("NewFromString_shade", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		val, err := NewPlantPostSunExposureFromString("shade")
+		assert.NoError(t, err, "valid enum value should not return error")
+		assert.Equal(t, PlantPostSunExposure("shade"), val, "enum value should match expected wire value")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("NewFromString_Invalid", func(t *testing.T) {
+		_, err := NewPlantPostSunExposureFromString("invalid_value_that_does_not_exist")
+		assert.Error(t, err)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("Ptr", func(t *testing.T) {
+		val, err := NewPlantPostSunExposureFromString("full")
+		assert.NoError(t, err)
+		ptr := val.Ptr()
+		assert.NotNil(t, ptr)
+		assert.Equal(t, val, *ptr)
+	})
+}
+
 func TestEnumRuleCreateRequestExecutionContext(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Run("NewFromString_prod", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
@@ -4393,6 +6437,52 @@ func TestExtraPropertiesPagingCursors(t *testing.T) {
 	})
 }
 
+func TestExtraPropertiesPlantBase(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("GetExtraProperties", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		obj := &PlantBase{}
+		// Should not panic when calling GetExtraProperties()
+		defer func() {
+			if r := recover(); r != nil {
+				t.Errorf("GetExtraProperties() panicked: %v", r)
+			}
+		}()
+		extraProps := obj.GetExtraProperties()
+		// Result can be nil or an empty/non-empty map
+		_ = extraProps
+	})
+
+	t.Run("GetExtraProperties_NilReceiver", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		var obj *PlantBase
+		extraProps := obj.GetExtraProperties()
+		assert.Nil(t, extraProps, "nil receiver should return nil without panicking")
+	})
+}
+
+func TestExtraPropertiesPlantStrict(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("GetExtraProperties", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		obj := &PlantStrict{}
+		// Should not panic when calling GetExtraProperties()
+		defer func() {
+			if r := recover(); r != nil {
+				t.Errorf("GetExtraProperties() panicked: %v", r)
+			}
+		}()
+		extraProps := obj.GetExtraProperties()
+		// Result can be nil or an empty/non-empty map
+		_ = extraProps
+	})
+
+	t.Run("GetExtraProperties_NilReceiver", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		var obj *PlantStrict
+		extraProps := obj.GetExtraProperties()
+		assert.Nil(t, extraProps, "nil receiver should return nil without panicking")
+	})
+}
+
 func TestExtraPropertiesRuleResponse(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Run("GetExtraProperties", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
@@ -4462,6 +6552,98 @@ func TestExtraPropertiesRuleTypeSearchResponse(t *testing.T) {
 	})
 }
 
+func TestExtraPropertiesTreeBase(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("GetExtraProperties", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		obj := &TreeBase{}
+		// Should not panic when calling GetExtraProperties()
+		defer func() {
+			if r := recover(); r != nil {
+				t.Errorf("GetExtraProperties() panicked: %v", r)
+			}
+		}()
+		extraProps := obj.GetExtraProperties()
+		// Result can be nil or an empty/non-empty map
+		_ = extraProps
+	})
+
+	t.Run("GetExtraProperties_NilReceiver", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		var obj *TreeBase
+		extraProps := obj.GetExtraProperties()
+		assert.Nil(t, extraProps, "nil receiver should return nil without panicking")
+	})
+}
+
+func TestExtraPropertiesTreeDescribable(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("GetExtraProperties", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		obj := &TreeDescribable{}
+		// Should not panic when calling GetExtraProperties()
+		defer func() {
+			if r := recover(); r != nil {
+				t.Errorf("GetExtraProperties() panicked: %v", r)
+			}
+		}()
+		extraProps := obj.GetExtraProperties()
+		// Result can be nil or an empty/non-empty map
+		_ = extraProps
+	})
+
+	t.Run("GetExtraProperties_NilReceiver", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		var obj *TreeDescribable
+		extraProps := obj.GetExtraProperties()
+		assert.Nil(t, extraProps, "nil receiver should return nil without panicking")
+	})
+}
+
+func TestExtraPropertiesTreeIdentifiable(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("GetExtraProperties", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		obj := &TreeIdentifiable{}
+		// Should not panic when calling GetExtraProperties()
+		defer func() {
+			if r := recover(); r != nil {
+				t.Errorf("GetExtraProperties() panicked: %v", r)
+			}
+		}()
+		extraProps := obj.GetExtraProperties()
+		// Result can be nil or an empty/non-empty map
+		_ = extraProps
+	})
+
+	t.Run("GetExtraProperties_NilReceiver", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		var obj *TreeIdentifiable
+		extraProps := obj.GetExtraProperties()
+		assert.Nil(t, extraProps, "nil receiver should return nil without panicking")
+	})
+}
+
+func TestExtraPropertiesTreeRecord(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("GetExtraProperties", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		obj := &TreeRecord{}
+		// Should not panic when calling GetExtraProperties()
+		defer func() {
+			if r := recover(); r != nil {
+				t.Errorf("GetExtraProperties() panicked: %v", r)
+			}
+		}()
+		extraProps := obj.GetExtraProperties()
+		// Result can be nil or an empty/non-empty map
+		_ = extraProps
+	})
+
+	t.Run("GetExtraProperties_NilReceiver", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		var obj *TreeRecord
+		extraProps := obj.GetExtraProperties()
+		assert.Nil(t, extraProps, "nil receiver should return nil without panicking")
+	})
+}
+
 func TestExtraPropertiesUser(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Run("GetExtraProperties", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
diff --git a/seed/java-sdk/allof/.fern/metadata.json b/seed/java-sdk/allof/.fern/metadata.json
index 8558dfdb1357..e52ea4749838 100644
--- a/seed/java-sdk/allof/.fern/metadata.json
+++ b/seed/java-sdk/allof/.fern/metadata.json
@@ -3,8 +3,7 @@
   "generatorName": "fernapi/fern-java-sdk",
   "generatorVersion": "local",
   "originGitCommit": "DUMMY",
-  "invokedBy": "ci",
+  "invokedBy": "manual",
   "requestedVersion": "0.0.1",
-  "ciProvider": "github",
   "sdkVersion": "0.0.1"
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/seed/java-sdk/allof/reference.md b/seed/java-sdk/allof/reference.md
index 3ffb31766886..1011897f6693 100644
--- a/seed/java-sdk/allof/reference.md
+++ b/seed/java-sdk/allof/reference.md
@@ -172,3 +172,140 @@ client.getOrganization();
 </dl>
 </details>
 
+<details><summary><code>client.createPlant(request) -> PlantStrict</code></summary>
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+#### 📝 Description
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+Tests three-level allOf chain where a parent schema itself uses allOf with $ref elements. The grandparent's properties must be resolved through the nested $ref.
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+#### 🔌 Usage
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+```java
+client.createPlant(
+    PlantPost
+        .builder()
+        .species("species")
+        .family("family")
+        .genus("genus")
+        .sunExposure(PlantPostSunExposure.FULL)
+        .build()
+);
+```
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+#### ⚙️ Parameters
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+**sunExposure:** `PlantPostSunExposure` — Required sun exposure level.
+    
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+**plantedAt:** `Optional<String>` — Date the plant was planted.
+    
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+**soilType:** `Optional<String>` — Preferred soil type.
+    
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</details>
+
+<details><summary><code>client.createTree(request) -> TreeRecord</code></summary>
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+#### 📝 Description
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+Tests that when a parent's allOf contains multiple $ref entries, all of them are resolved and their properties merged.
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+#### 🔌 Usage
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+```java
+client.createTree(
+    TreeRecord
+        .builder()
+        .id("id")
+        .build()
+);
+```
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+#### ⚙️ Parameters
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+**request:** `TreeRecord` 
+    
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</details>
+
diff --git a/seed/java-sdk/allof/snippet.json b/seed/java-sdk/allof/snippet.json
index 27798905f781..112264b30073 100644
--- a/seed/java-sdk/allof/snippet.json
+++ b/seed/java-sdk/allof/snippet.json
@@ -64,6 +64,32 @@
                 "sync_client": "package com.example.usage;\n\nimport com.seed.api.SeedApiClient;\n\npublic class Example {\n    public static void main(String[] args) {\n        SeedApiClient client = SeedApiClient\n            .builder()\n            .build();\n\n        client.getOrganization();\n    }\n}\n",
                 "async_client": "package com.example.usage;\n\nimport com.seed.api.SeedApiClient;\n\npublic class Example {\n    public static void main(String[] args) {\n        SeedApiClient client = SeedApiClient\n            .builder()\n            .build();\n\n        client.getOrganization();\n    }\n}\n"
             }
+        },
+        {
+            "example_identifier": "3b9bdc0d",
+            "id": {
+                "method": "POST",
+                "path": "/plants",
+                "identifier_override": "endpoint_.createPlant"
+            },
+            "snippet": {
+                "type": "java",
+                "sync_client": "package com.example.usage;\n\nimport com.seed.api.SeedApiClient;\nimport com.seed.api.requests.PlantPost;\nimport com.seed.api.types.PlantPostSunExposure;\n\npublic class Example {\n    public static void main(String[] args) {\n        SeedApiClient client = SeedApiClient\n            .builder()\n            .build();\n\n        client.createPlant(\n            PlantPost\n                .builder()\n                .species(\"species\")\n                .family(\"family\")\n                .genus(\"genus\")\n                .sunExposure(PlantPostSunExposure.FULL)\n                .build()\n        );\n    }\n}\n",
+                "async_client": "package com.example.usage;\n\nimport com.seed.api.SeedApiClient;\nimport com.seed.api.requests.PlantPost;\nimport com.seed.api.types.PlantPostSunExposure;\n\npublic class Example {\n    public static void main(String[] args) {\n        SeedApiClient client = SeedApiClient\n            .builder()\n            .build();\n\n        client.createPlant(\n            PlantPost\n                .builder()\n                .species(\"species\")\n                .family(\"family\")\n                .genus(\"genus\")\n                .sunExposure(PlantPostSunExposure.FULL)\n                .build()\n        );\n    }\n}\n"
+            }
+        },
+        {
+            "example_identifier": "79a98995",
+            "id": {
+                "method": "POST",
+                "path": "/trees",
+                "identifier_override": "endpoint_.createTree"
+            },
+            "snippet": {
+                "type": "java",
+                "sync_client": "package com.example.usage;\n\nimport com.seed.api.SeedApiClient;\nimport com.seed.api.types.TreeRecord;\n\npublic class Example {\n    public static void main(String[] args) {\n        SeedApiClient client = SeedApiClient\n            .builder()\n            .build();\n\n        client.createTree(\n            TreeRecord\n                .builder()\n                .id(\"id\")\n                .build()\n        );\n    }\n}\n",
+                "async_client": "package com.example.usage;\n\nimport com.seed.api.SeedApiClient;\nimport com.seed.api.types.TreeRecord;\n\npublic class Example {\n    public static void main(String[] args) {\n        SeedApiClient client = SeedApiClient\n            .builder()\n            .build();\n\n        client.createTree(\n            TreeRecord\n                .builder()\n                .id(\"id\")\n                .build()\n        );\n    }\n}\n"
+            }
         }
     ],
     "types": {}
diff --git a/seed/java-sdk/allof/src/main/java/com/seed/api/AsyncRawSeedApiClient.java b/seed/java-sdk/allof/src/main/java/com/seed/api/AsyncRawSeedApiClient.java
index 046deb483a7f..c18818939fc1 100644
--- a/seed/java-sdk/allof/src/main/java/com/seed/api/AsyncRawSeedApiClient.java
+++ b/seed/java-sdk/allof/src/main/java/com/seed/api/AsyncRawSeedApiClient.java
@@ -12,12 +12,15 @@
 import com.seed.api.core.SeedApiApiException;
 import com.seed.api.core.SeedApiException;
 import com.seed.api.core.SeedApiHttpResponse;
+import com.seed.api.requests.PlantPost;
 import com.seed.api.requests.RuleCreateRequest;
 import com.seed.api.requests.SearchRuleTypesRequest;
 import com.seed.api.types.CombinedEntity;
 import com.seed.api.types.Organization;
+import com.seed.api.types.PlantStrict;
 import com.seed.api.types.RuleResponse;
 import com.seed.api.types.RuleTypeSearchResponse;
+import com.seed.api.types.TreeRecord;
 import com.seed.api.types.UserSearchResponse;
 import java.io.IOException;
 import java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture;
@@ -320,4 +323,136 @@ public void onFailure(@NotNull Call call, @NotNull IOException e) {
         });
         return future;
     }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests three-level allOf chain where a parent schema itself uses allOf with $ref elements. The grandparent's properties must be resolved through the nested $ref.
+     */
+    public CompletableFuture<SeedApiHttpResponse<PlantStrict>> createPlant(PlantPost request) {
+        return createPlant(request, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests three-level allOf chain where a parent schema itself uses allOf with $ref elements. The grandparent's properties must be resolved through the nested $ref.
+     */
+    public CompletableFuture<SeedApiHttpResponse<PlantStrict>> createPlant(
+            PlantPost request, RequestOptions requestOptions) {
+        HttpUrl.Builder httpUrl = HttpUrl.parse(this.clientOptions.environment().getUrl())
+                .newBuilder()
+                .addPathSegments("plants");
+        if (requestOptions != null) {
+            requestOptions.getQueryParameters().forEach((_key, _value) -> {
+                httpUrl.addQueryParameter(_key, _value);
+            });
+        }
+        RequestBody body;
+        try {
+            body = RequestBody.create(
+                    ObjectMappers.JSON_MAPPER.writeValueAsBytes(request), MediaTypes.APPLICATION_JSON);
+        } catch (JsonProcessingException e) {
+            throw new SeedApiException("Failed to serialize request", e);
+        }
+        Request okhttpRequest = new Request.Builder()
+                .url(httpUrl.build())
+                .method("POST", body)
+                .headers(Headers.of(clientOptions.headers(requestOptions)))
+                .addHeader("Content-Type", "application/json")
+                .addHeader("Accept", "application/json")
+                .build();
+        OkHttpClient client = clientOptions.httpClient();
+        if (requestOptions != null && requestOptions.getTimeout().isPresent()) {
+            client = clientOptions.httpClientWithTimeout(requestOptions);
+        }
+        CompletableFuture<SeedApiHttpResponse<PlantStrict>> future = new CompletableFuture<>();
+        client.newCall(okhttpRequest).enqueue(new Callback() {
+            @Override
+            public void onResponse(@NotNull Call call, @NotNull Response response) throws IOException {
+                try (ResponseBody responseBody = response.body()) {
+                    String responseBodyString = responseBody != null ? responseBody.string() : "{}";
+                    if (response.isSuccessful()) {
+                        future.complete(new SeedApiHttpResponse<>(
+                                ObjectMappers.JSON_MAPPER.readValue(responseBodyString, PlantStrict.class), response));
+                        return;
+                    }
+                    Object errorBody = ObjectMappers.parseErrorBody(responseBodyString);
+                    future.completeExceptionally(new SeedApiApiException(
+                            "Error with status code " + response.code(), response.code(), errorBody, response));
+                    return;
+                } catch (IOException e) {
+                    future.completeExceptionally(new SeedApiException("Network error executing HTTP request", e));
+                }
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public void onFailure(@NotNull Call call, @NotNull IOException e) {
+                future.completeExceptionally(new SeedApiException("Network error executing HTTP request", e));
+            }
+        });
+        return future;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests that when a parent's allOf contains multiple $ref entries, all of them are resolved and their properties merged.
+     */
+    public CompletableFuture<SeedApiHttpResponse<TreeRecord>> createTree(TreeRecord request) {
+        return createTree(request, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests that when a parent's allOf contains multiple $ref entries, all of them are resolved and their properties merged.
+     */
+    public CompletableFuture<SeedApiHttpResponse<TreeRecord>> createTree(
+            TreeRecord request, RequestOptions requestOptions) {
+        HttpUrl.Builder httpUrl = HttpUrl.parse(this.clientOptions.environment().getUrl())
+                .newBuilder()
+                .addPathSegments("trees");
+        if (requestOptions != null) {
+            requestOptions.getQueryParameters().forEach((_key, _value) -> {
+                httpUrl.addQueryParameter(_key, _value);
+            });
+        }
+        RequestBody body;
+        try {
+            body = RequestBody.create(
+                    ObjectMappers.JSON_MAPPER.writeValueAsBytes(request), MediaTypes.APPLICATION_JSON);
+        } catch (JsonProcessingException e) {
+            throw new SeedApiException("Failed to serialize request", e);
+        }
+        Request okhttpRequest = new Request.Builder()
+                .url(httpUrl.build())
+                .method("POST", body)
+                .headers(Headers.of(clientOptions.headers(requestOptions)))
+                .addHeader("Content-Type", "application/json")
+                .addHeader("Accept", "application/json")
+                .build();
+        OkHttpClient client = clientOptions.httpClient();
+        if (requestOptions != null && requestOptions.getTimeout().isPresent()) {
+            client = clientOptions.httpClientWithTimeout(requestOptions);
+        }
+        CompletableFuture<SeedApiHttpResponse<TreeRecord>> future = new CompletableFuture<>();
+        client.newCall(okhttpRequest).enqueue(new Callback() {
+            @Override
+            public void onResponse(@NotNull Call call, @NotNull Response response) throws IOException {
+                try (ResponseBody responseBody = response.body()) {
+                    String responseBodyString = responseBody != null ? responseBody.string() : "{}";
+                    if (response.isSuccessful()) {
+                        future.complete(new SeedApiHttpResponse<>(
+                                ObjectMappers.JSON_MAPPER.readValue(responseBodyString, TreeRecord.class), response));
+                        return;
+                    }
+                    Object errorBody = ObjectMappers.parseErrorBody(responseBodyString);
+                    future.completeExceptionally(new SeedApiApiException(
+                            "Error with status code " + response.code(), response.code(), errorBody, response));
+                    return;
+                } catch (IOException e) {
+                    future.completeExceptionally(new SeedApiException("Network error executing HTTP request", e));
+                }
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public void onFailure(@NotNull Call call, @NotNull IOException e) {
+                future.completeExceptionally(new SeedApiException("Network error executing HTTP request", e));
+            }
+        });
+        return future;
+    }
 }
diff --git a/seed/java-sdk/allof/src/main/java/com/seed/api/AsyncSeedApiClient.java b/seed/java-sdk/allof/src/main/java/com/seed/api/AsyncSeedApiClient.java
index 45b759db04ed..20e5132175ef 100644
--- a/seed/java-sdk/allof/src/main/java/com/seed/api/AsyncSeedApiClient.java
+++ b/seed/java-sdk/allof/src/main/java/com/seed/api/AsyncSeedApiClient.java
@@ -5,12 +5,15 @@
 
 import com.seed.api.core.ClientOptions;
 import com.seed.api.core.RequestOptions;
+import com.seed.api.requests.PlantPost;
 import com.seed.api.requests.RuleCreateRequest;
 import com.seed.api.requests.SearchRuleTypesRequest;
 import com.seed.api.types.CombinedEntity;
 import com.seed.api.types.Organization;
+import com.seed.api.types.PlantStrict;
 import com.seed.api.types.RuleResponse;
 import com.seed.api.types.RuleTypeSearchResponse;
+import com.seed.api.types.TreeRecord;
 import com.seed.api.types.UserSearchResponse;
 import java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture;
 
@@ -80,6 +83,34 @@ public CompletableFuture<Organization> getOrganization(RequestOptions requestOpt
         return this.rawClient.getOrganization(requestOptions).thenApply(response -> response.body());
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Tests three-level allOf chain where a parent schema itself uses allOf with $ref elements. The grandparent's properties must be resolved through the nested $ref.
+     */
+    public CompletableFuture<PlantStrict> createPlant(PlantPost request) {
+        return this.rawClient.createPlant(request).thenApply(response -> response.body());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests three-level allOf chain where a parent schema itself uses allOf with $ref elements. The grandparent's properties must be resolved through the nested $ref.
+     */
+    public CompletableFuture<PlantStrict> createPlant(PlantPost request, RequestOptions requestOptions) {
+        return this.rawClient.createPlant(request, requestOptions).thenApply(response -> response.body());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests that when a parent's allOf contains multiple $ref entries, all of them are resolved and their properties merged.
+     */
+    public CompletableFuture<TreeRecord> createTree(TreeRecord request) {
+        return this.rawClient.createTree(request).thenApply(response -> response.body());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests that when a parent's allOf contains multiple $ref entries, all of them are resolved and their properties merged.
+     */
+    public CompletableFuture<TreeRecord> createTree(TreeRecord request, RequestOptions requestOptions) {
+        return this.rawClient.createTree(request, requestOptions).thenApply(response -> response.body());
+    }
+
     public static AsyncSeedApiClientBuilder builder() {
         return new AsyncSeedApiClientBuilder();
     }
diff --git a/seed/java-sdk/allof/src/main/java/com/seed/api/RawSeedApiClient.java b/seed/java-sdk/allof/src/main/java/com/seed/api/RawSeedApiClient.java
index f9a763a744c4..c98320c38ccf 100644
--- a/seed/java-sdk/allof/src/main/java/com/seed/api/RawSeedApiClient.java
+++ b/seed/java-sdk/allof/src/main/java/com/seed/api/RawSeedApiClient.java
@@ -12,12 +12,15 @@
 import com.seed.api.core.SeedApiApiException;
 import com.seed.api.core.SeedApiException;
 import com.seed.api.core.SeedApiHttpResponse;
+import com.seed.api.requests.PlantPost;
 import com.seed.api.requests.RuleCreateRequest;
 import com.seed.api.requests.SearchRuleTypesRequest;
 import com.seed.api.types.CombinedEntity;
 import com.seed.api.types.Organization;
+import com.seed.api.types.PlantStrict;
 import com.seed.api.types.RuleResponse;
 import com.seed.api.types.RuleTypeSearchResponse;
+import com.seed.api.types.TreeRecord;
 import com.seed.api.types.UserSearchResponse;
 import java.io.IOException;
 import okhttp3.Headers;
@@ -246,4 +249,108 @@ public SeedApiHttpResponse<Organization> getOrganization(RequestOptions requestO
             throw new SeedApiException("Network error executing HTTP request", e);
         }
     }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests three-level allOf chain where a parent schema itself uses allOf with $ref elements. The grandparent's properties must be resolved through the nested $ref.
+     */
+    public SeedApiHttpResponse<PlantStrict> createPlant(PlantPost request) {
+        return createPlant(request, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests three-level allOf chain where a parent schema itself uses allOf with $ref elements. The grandparent's properties must be resolved through the nested $ref.
+     */
+    public SeedApiHttpResponse<PlantStrict> createPlant(PlantPost request, RequestOptions requestOptions) {
+        HttpUrl.Builder httpUrl = HttpUrl.parse(this.clientOptions.environment().getUrl())
+                .newBuilder()
+                .addPathSegments("plants");
+        if (requestOptions != null) {
+            requestOptions.getQueryParameters().forEach((_key, _value) -> {
+                httpUrl.addQueryParameter(_key, _value);
+            });
+        }
+        RequestBody body;
+        try {
+            body = RequestBody.create(
+                    ObjectMappers.JSON_MAPPER.writeValueAsBytes(request), MediaTypes.APPLICATION_JSON);
+        } catch (JsonProcessingException e) {
+            throw new SeedApiException("Failed to serialize request", e);
+        }
+        Request okhttpRequest = new Request.Builder()
+                .url(httpUrl.build())
+                .method("POST", body)
+                .headers(Headers.of(clientOptions.headers(requestOptions)))
+                .addHeader("Content-Type", "application/json")
+                .addHeader("Accept", "application/json")
+                .build();
+        OkHttpClient client = clientOptions.httpClient();
+        if (requestOptions != null && requestOptions.getTimeout().isPresent()) {
+            client = clientOptions.httpClientWithTimeout(requestOptions);
+        }
+        try (Response response = client.newCall(okhttpRequest).execute()) {
+            ResponseBody responseBody = response.body();
+            String responseBodyString = responseBody != null ? responseBody.string() : "{}";
+            if (response.isSuccessful()) {
+                return new SeedApiHttpResponse<>(
+                        ObjectMappers.JSON_MAPPER.readValue(responseBodyString, PlantStrict.class), response);
+            }
+            Object errorBody = ObjectMappers.parseErrorBody(responseBodyString);
+            throw new SeedApiApiException(
+                    "Error with status code " + response.code(), response.code(), errorBody, response);
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            throw new SeedApiException("Network error executing HTTP request", e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests that when a parent's allOf contains multiple $ref entries, all of them are resolved and their properties merged.
+     */
+    public SeedApiHttpResponse<TreeRecord> createTree(TreeRecord request) {
+        return createTree(request, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests that when a parent's allOf contains multiple $ref entries, all of them are resolved and their properties merged.
+     */
+    public SeedApiHttpResponse<TreeRecord> createTree(TreeRecord request, RequestOptions requestOptions) {
+        HttpUrl.Builder httpUrl = HttpUrl.parse(this.clientOptions.environment().getUrl())
+                .newBuilder()
+                .addPathSegments("trees");
+        if (requestOptions != null) {
+            requestOptions.getQueryParameters().forEach((_key, _value) -> {
+                httpUrl.addQueryParameter(_key, _value);
+            });
+        }
+        RequestBody body;
+        try {
+            body = RequestBody.create(
+                    ObjectMappers.JSON_MAPPER.writeValueAsBytes(request), MediaTypes.APPLICATION_JSON);
+        } catch (JsonProcessingException e) {
+            throw new SeedApiException("Failed to serialize request", e);
+        }
+        Request okhttpRequest = new Request.Builder()
+                .url(httpUrl.build())
+                .method("POST", body)
+                .headers(Headers.of(clientOptions.headers(requestOptions)))
+                .addHeader("Content-Type", "application/json")
+                .addHeader("Accept", "application/json")
+                .build();
+        OkHttpClient client = clientOptions.httpClient();
+        if (requestOptions != null && requestOptions.getTimeout().isPresent()) {
+            client = clientOptions.httpClientWithTimeout(requestOptions);
+        }
+        try (Response response = client.newCall(okhttpRequest).execute()) {
+            ResponseBody responseBody = response.body();
+            String responseBodyString = responseBody != null ? responseBody.string() : "{}";
+            if (response.isSuccessful()) {
+                return new SeedApiHttpResponse<>(
+                        ObjectMappers.JSON_MAPPER.readValue(responseBodyString, TreeRecord.class), response);
+            }
+            Object errorBody = ObjectMappers.parseErrorBody(responseBodyString);
+            throw new SeedApiApiException(
+                    "Error with status code " + response.code(), response.code(), errorBody, response);
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            throw new SeedApiException("Network error executing HTTP request", e);
+        }
+    }
 }
diff --git a/seed/java-sdk/allof/src/main/java/com/seed/api/SeedApiClient.java b/seed/java-sdk/allof/src/main/java/com/seed/api/SeedApiClient.java
index 73a73c0a87a2..cb5ec6826828 100644
--- a/seed/java-sdk/allof/src/main/java/com/seed/api/SeedApiClient.java
+++ b/seed/java-sdk/allof/src/main/java/com/seed/api/SeedApiClient.java
@@ -5,12 +5,15 @@
 
 import com.seed.api.core.ClientOptions;
 import com.seed.api.core.RequestOptions;
+import com.seed.api.requests.PlantPost;
 import com.seed.api.requests.RuleCreateRequest;
 import com.seed.api.requests.SearchRuleTypesRequest;
 import com.seed.api.types.CombinedEntity;
 import com.seed.api.types.Organization;
+import com.seed.api.types.PlantStrict;
 import com.seed.api.types.RuleResponse;
 import com.seed.api.types.RuleTypeSearchResponse;
+import com.seed.api.types.TreeRecord;
 import com.seed.api.types.UserSearchResponse;
 
 public class SeedApiClient {
@@ -78,6 +81,34 @@ public Organization getOrganization(RequestOptions requestOptions) {
         return this.rawClient.getOrganization(requestOptions).body();
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Tests three-level allOf chain where a parent schema itself uses allOf with $ref elements. The grandparent's properties must be resolved through the nested $ref.
+     */
+    public PlantStrict createPlant(PlantPost request) {
+        return this.rawClient.createPlant(request).body();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests three-level allOf chain where a parent schema itself uses allOf with $ref elements. The grandparent's properties must be resolved through the nested $ref.
+     */
+    public PlantStrict createPlant(PlantPost request, RequestOptions requestOptions) {
+        return this.rawClient.createPlant(request, requestOptions).body();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests that when a parent's allOf contains multiple $ref entries, all of them are resolved and their properties merged.
+     */
+    public TreeRecord createTree(TreeRecord request) {
+        return this.rawClient.createTree(request).body();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests that when a parent's allOf contains multiple $ref entries, all of them are resolved and their properties merged.
+     */
+    public TreeRecord createTree(TreeRecord request, RequestOptions requestOptions) {
+        return this.rawClient.createTree(request, requestOptions).body();
+    }
+
     public static SeedApiClientBuilder builder() {
         return new SeedApiClientBuilder();
     }
diff --git a/seed/java-sdk/allof/src/main/java/com/seed/api/requests/PlantPost.java b/seed/java-sdk/allof/src/main/java/com/seed/api/requests/PlantPost.java
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..6501dfbdcdc1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/java-sdk/allof/src/main/java/com/seed/api/requests/PlantPost.java
@@ -0,0 +1,422 @@
+/**
+ * This file was auto-generated by Fern from our API Definition.
+ */
+package com.seed.api.requests;
+
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonAnyGetter;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonAnySetter;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonIgnoreProperties;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonInclude;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonProperty;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonSetter;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.Nulls;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.annotation.JsonDeserialize;
+import com.seed.api.core.ObjectMappers;
+import com.seed.api.types.IPlantBase;
+import com.seed.api.types.IPlantStrict;
+import com.seed.api.types.PlantBaseWateringFrequency;
+import com.seed.api.types.PlantPostSunExposure;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Objects;
+import java.util.Optional;
+import org.jetbrains.annotations.NotNull;
+
+@JsonInclude(JsonInclude.Include.NON_ABSENT)
+@JsonDeserialize(builder = PlantPost.Builder.class)
+public final class PlantPost implements IPlantBase, IPlantStrict {
+    private final Optional<String> commonName;
+
+    private final Optional<PlantBaseWateringFrequency> wateringFrequency;
+
+    private final String species;
+
+    private final String family;
+
+    private final String genus;
+
+    private final PlantPostSunExposure sunExposure;
+
+    private final Optional<String> plantedAt;
+
+    private final Optional<String> soilType;
+
+    private final Map<String, Object> additionalProperties;
+
+    private PlantPost(
+            Optional<String> commonName,
+            Optional<PlantBaseWateringFrequency> wateringFrequency,
+            String species,
+            String family,
+            String genus,
+            PlantPostSunExposure sunExposure,
+            Optional<String> plantedAt,
+            Optional<String> soilType,
+            Map<String, Object> additionalProperties) {
+        this.commonName = commonName;
+        this.wateringFrequency = wateringFrequency;
+        this.species = species;
+        this.family = family;
+        this.genus = genus;
+        this.sunExposure = sunExposure;
+        this.plantedAt = plantedAt;
+        this.soilType = soilType;
+        this.additionalProperties = additionalProperties;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return The common name of the plant.
+     */
+    @JsonProperty("commonName")
+    @java.lang.Override
+    public Optional<String> getCommonName() {
+        return commonName;
+    }
+
+    @JsonProperty("wateringFrequency")
+    public Optional<PlantBaseWateringFrequency> getWateringFrequency() {
+        return wateringFrequency;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return The botanical species name.
+     */
+    @JsonProperty("species")
+    @java.lang.Override
+    public String getSpecies() {
+        return species;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return The botanical family.
+     */
+    @JsonProperty("family")
+    @java.lang.Override
+    public String getFamily() {
+        return family;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return The botanical genus.
+     */
+    @JsonProperty("genus")
+    @java.lang.Override
+    public String getGenus() {
+        return genus;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return Required sun exposure level.
+     */
+    @JsonProperty("sunExposure")
+    public PlantPostSunExposure getSunExposure() {
+        return sunExposure;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return Date the plant was planted.
+     */
+    @JsonProperty("plantedAt")
+    public Optional<String> getPlantedAt() {
+        return plantedAt;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return Preferred soil type.
+     */
+    @JsonProperty("soilType")
+    public Optional<String> getSoilType() {
+        return soilType;
+    }
+
+    @java.lang.Override
+    public boolean equals(Object other) {
+        if (this == other) return true;
+        return other instanceof PlantPost && equalTo((PlantPost) other);
+    }
+
+    @JsonAnyGetter
+    public Map<String, Object> getAdditionalProperties() {
+        return this.additionalProperties;
+    }
+
+    private boolean equalTo(PlantPost other) {
+        return commonName.equals(other.commonName)
+                && wateringFrequency.equals(other.wateringFrequency)
+                && species.equals(other.species)
+                && family.equals(other.family)
+                && genus.equals(other.genus)
+                && sunExposure.equals(other.sunExposure)
+                && plantedAt.equals(other.plantedAt)
+                && soilType.equals(other.soilType);
+    }
+
+    @java.lang.Override
+    public int hashCode() {
+        return Objects.hash(
+                this.commonName,
+                this.wateringFrequency,
+                this.species,
+                this.family,
+                this.genus,
+                this.sunExposure,
+                this.plantedAt,
+                this.soilType);
+    }
+
+    @java.lang.Override
+    public String toString() {
+        return ObjectMappers.stringify(this);
+    }
+
+    public static SpeciesStage builder() {
+        return new Builder();
+    }
+
+    public interface SpeciesStage {
+        /**
+         * <p>The botanical species name.</p>
+         */
+        FamilyStage species(@NotNull String species);
+
+        Builder from(PlantPost other);
+    }
+
+    public interface FamilyStage {
+        /**
+         * <p>The botanical family.</p>
+         */
+        GenusStage family(@NotNull String family);
+    }
+
+    public interface GenusStage {
+        /**
+         * <p>The botanical genus.</p>
+         */
+        SunExposureStage genus(@NotNull String genus);
+    }
+
+    public interface SunExposureStage {
+        /**
+         * <p>Required sun exposure level.</p>
+         */
+        _FinalStage sunExposure(@NotNull PlantPostSunExposure sunExposure);
+    }
+
+    public interface _FinalStage {
+        PlantPost build();
+
+        _FinalStage additionalProperty(String key, Object value);
+
+        _FinalStage additionalProperties(Map<String, Object> additionalProperties);
+
+        /**
+         * <p>The common name of the plant.</p>
+         */
+        _FinalStage commonName(Optional<String> commonName);
+
+        _FinalStage commonName(String commonName);
+
+        _FinalStage wateringFrequency(Optional<PlantBaseWateringFrequency> wateringFrequency);
+
+        _FinalStage wateringFrequency(PlantBaseWateringFrequency wateringFrequency);
+
+        /**
+         * <p>Date the plant was planted.</p>
+         */
+        _FinalStage plantedAt(Optional<String> plantedAt);
+
+        _FinalStage plantedAt(String plantedAt);
+
+        /**
+         * <p>Preferred soil type.</p>
+         */
+        _FinalStage soilType(Optional<String> soilType);
+
+        _FinalStage soilType(String soilType);
+    }
+
+    @JsonIgnoreProperties(ignoreUnknown = true)
+    public static final class Builder implements SpeciesStage, FamilyStage, GenusStage, SunExposureStage, _FinalStage {
+        private String species;
+
+        private String family;
+
+        private String genus;
+
+        private PlantPostSunExposure sunExposure;
+
+        private Optional<String> soilType = Optional.empty();
+
+        private Optional<String> plantedAt = Optional.empty();
+
+        private Optional<PlantBaseWateringFrequency> wateringFrequency = Optional.empty();
+
+        private Optional<String> commonName = Optional.empty();
+
+        @JsonAnySetter
+        private Map<String, Object> additionalProperties = new HashMap<>();
+
+        private Builder() {}
+
+        @java.lang.Override
+        public Builder from(PlantPost other) {
+            commonName(other.getCommonName());
+            wateringFrequency(other.getWateringFrequency());
+            species(other.getSpecies());
+            family(other.getFamily());
+            genus(other.getGenus());
+            sunExposure(other.getSunExposure());
+            plantedAt(other.getPlantedAt());
+            soilType(other.getSoilType());
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * <p>The botanical species name.</p>
+         * <p>The botanical species name.</p>
+         * @return Reference to {@code this} so that method calls can be chained together.
+         */
+        @java.lang.Override
+        @JsonSetter("species")
+        public FamilyStage species(@NotNull String species) {
+            this.species = Objects.requireNonNull(species, "species must not be null");
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * <p>The botanical family.</p>
+         * <p>The botanical family.</p>
+         * @return Reference to {@code this} so that method calls can be chained together.
+         */
+        @java.lang.Override
+        @JsonSetter("family")
+        public GenusStage family(@NotNull String family) {
+            this.family = Objects.requireNonNull(family, "family must not be null");
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * <p>The botanical genus.</p>
+         * <p>The botanical genus.</p>
+         * @return Reference to {@code this} so that method calls can be chained together.
+         */
+        @java.lang.Override
+        @JsonSetter("genus")
+        public SunExposureStage genus(@NotNull String genus) {
+            this.genus = Objects.requireNonNull(genus, "genus must not be null");
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * <p>Required sun exposure level.</p>
+         * <p>Required sun exposure level.</p>
+         * @return Reference to {@code this} so that method calls can be chained together.
+         */
+        @java.lang.Override
+        @JsonSetter("sunExposure")
+        public _FinalStage sunExposure(@NotNull PlantPostSunExposure sunExposure) {
+            this.sunExposure = Objects.requireNonNull(sunExposure, "sunExposure must not be null");
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * <p>Preferred soil type.</p>
+         * @return Reference to {@code this} so that method calls can be chained together.
+         */
+        @java.lang.Override
+        public _FinalStage soilType(String soilType) {
+            this.soilType = Optional.ofNullable(soilType);
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * <p>Preferred soil type.</p>
+         */
+        @java.lang.Override
+        @JsonSetter(value = "soilType", nulls = Nulls.SKIP)
+        public _FinalStage soilType(Optional<String> soilType) {
+            this.soilType = soilType;
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * <p>Date the plant was planted.</p>
+         * @return Reference to {@code this} so that method calls can be chained together.
+         */
+        @java.lang.Override
+        public _FinalStage plantedAt(String plantedAt) {
+            this.plantedAt = Optional.ofNullable(plantedAt);
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * <p>Date the plant was planted.</p>
+         */
+        @java.lang.Override
+        @JsonSetter(value = "plantedAt", nulls = Nulls.SKIP)
+        public _FinalStage plantedAt(Optional<String> plantedAt) {
+            this.plantedAt = plantedAt;
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        @java.lang.Override
+        public _FinalStage wateringFrequency(PlantBaseWateringFrequency wateringFrequency) {
+            this.wateringFrequency = Optional.ofNullable(wateringFrequency);
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        @java.lang.Override
+        @JsonSetter(value = "wateringFrequency", nulls = Nulls.SKIP)
+        public _FinalStage wateringFrequency(Optional<PlantBaseWateringFrequency> wateringFrequency) {
+            this.wateringFrequency = wateringFrequency;
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * <p>The common name of the plant.</p>
+         * @return Reference to {@code this} so that method calls can be chained together.
+         */
+        @java.lang.Override
+        public _FinalStage commonName(String commonName) {
+            this.commonName = Optional.ofNullable(commonName);
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * <p>The common name of the plant.</p>
+         */
+        @java.lang.Override
+        @JsonSetter(value = "commonName", nulls = Nulls.SKIP)
+        public _FinalStage commonName(Optional<String> commonName) {
+            this.commonName = commonName;
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        @java.lang.Override
+        public PlantPost build() {
+            return new PlantPost(
+                    commonName,
+                    wateringFrequency,
+                    species,
+                    family,
+                    genus,
+                    sunExposure,
+                    plantedAt,
+                    soilType,
+                    additionalProperties);
+        }
+
+        @java.lang.Override
+        public Builder additionalProperty(String key, Object value) {
+            this.additionalProperties.put(key, value);
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        @java.lang.Override
+        public Builder additionalProperties(Map<String, Object> additionalProperties) {
+            this.additionalProperties.putAll(additionalProperties);
+            return this;
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/seed/java-sdk/allof/src/main/java/com/seed/api/types/IPlantBase.java b/seed/java-sdk/allof/src/main/java/com/seed/api/types/IPlantBase.java
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..345f9a9e3f77
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/java-sdk/allof/src/main/java/com/seed/api/types/IPlantBase.java
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+/**
+ * This file was auto-generated by Fern from our API Definition.
+ */
+package com.seed.api.types;
+
+import java.util.Optional;
+
+public interface IPlantBase extends IPlantStrict {
+    Optional<String> getCommonName();
+
+    Optional<PlantBaseWateringFrequency> getWateringFrequency();
+}
diff --git a/seed/java-sdk/allof/src/main/java/com/seed/api/types/IPlantStrict.java b/seed/java-sdk/allof/src/main/java/com/seed/api/types/IPlantStrict.java
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..7af793b74710
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/java-sdk/allof/src/main/java/com/seed/api/types/IPlantStrict.java
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+/**
+ * This file was auto-generated by Fern from our API Definition.
+ */
+package com.seed.api.types;
+
+public interface IPlantStrict {
+    String getSpecies();
+
+    String getFamily();
+
+    String getGenus();
+}
diff --git a/seed/java-sdk/allof/src/main/java/com/seed/api/types/ITreeBase.java b/seed/java-sdk/allof/src/main/java/com/seed/api/types/ITreeBase.java
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..85bf6cdbf4bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/java-sdk/allof/src/main/java/com/seed/api/types/ITreeBase.java
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+/**
+ * This file was auto-generated by Fern from our API Definition.
+ */
+package com.seed.api.types;
+
+import java.util.Optional;
+
+public interface ITreeBase extends ITreeIdentifiable, ITreeDescribable {
+    Optional<String> getTreeSpecies();
+
+    Optional<Double> getHeightInFeet();
+}
diff --git a/seed/java-sdk/allof/src/main/java/com/seed/api/types/ITreeDescribable.java b/seed/java-sdk/allof/src/main/java/com/seed/api/types/ITreeDescribable.java
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..c379dad73c93
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/java-sdk/allof/src/main/java/com/seed/api/types/ITreeDescribable.java
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+/**
+ * This file was auto-generated by Fern from our API Definition.
+ */
+package com.seed.api.types;
+
+import java.util.Optional;
+
+public interface ITreeDescribable {
+    Optional<String> getTreeName();
+
+    Optional<String> getTreeDescription();
+}
diff --git a/seed/java-sdk/allof/src/main/java/com/seed/api/types/ITreeIdentifiable.java b/seed/java-sdk/allof/src/main/java/com/seed/api/types/ITreeIdentifiable.java
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..79e66c107eb0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/java-sdk/allof/src/main/java/com/seed/api/types/ITreeIdentifiable.java
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+/**
+ * This file was auto-generated by Fern from our API Definition.
+ */
+package com.seed.api.types;
+
+public interface ITreeIdentifiable {
+    String getId();
+}
diff --git a/seed/java-sdk/allof/src/main/java/com/seed/api/types/PlantBase.java b/seed/java-sdk/allof/src/main/java/com/seed/api/types/PlantBase.java
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..690683a6fb15
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/java-sdk/allof/src/main/java/com/seed/api/types/PlantBase.java
@@ -0,0 +1,280 @@
+/**
+ * This file was auto-generated by Fern from our API Definition.
+ */
+package com.seed.api.types;
+
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonAnyGetter;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonAnySetter;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonIgnoreProperties;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonInclude;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonProperty;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonSetter;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.Nulls;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.annotation.JsonDeserialize;
+import com.seed.api.core.ObjectMappers;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Objects;
+import java.util.Optional;
+import org.jetbrains.annotations.NotNull;
+
+@JsonInclude(JsonInclude.Include.NON_ABSENT)
+@JsonDeserialize(builder = PlantBase.Builder.class)
+public final class PlantBase implements IPlantBase, IPlantStrict {
+    private final Optional<String> commonName;
+
+    private final Optional<PlantBaseWateringFrequency> wateringFrequency;
+
+    private final String species;
+
+    private final String family;
+
+    private final String genus;
+
+    private final Map<String, Object> additionalProperties;
+
+    private PlantBase(
+            Optional<String> commonName,
+            Optional<PlantBaseWateringFrequency> wateringFrequency,
+            String species,
+            String family,
+            String genus,
+            Map<String, Object> additionalProperties) {
+        this.commonName = commonName;
+        this.wateringFrequency = wateringFrequency;
+        this.species = species;
+        this.family = family;
+        this.genus = genus;
+        this.additionalProperties = additionalProperties;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return The common name of the plant.
+     */
+    @JsonProperty("commonName")
+    @java.lang.Override
+    public Optional<String> getCommonName() {
+        return commonName;
+    }
+
+    @JsonProperty("wateringFrequency")
+    public Optional<PlantBaseWateringFrequency> getWateringFrequency() {
+        return wateringFrequency;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return The botanical species name.
+     */
+    @JsonProperty("species")
+    @java.lang.Override
+    public String getSpecies() {
+        return species;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return The botanical family.
+     */
+    @JsonProperty("family")
+    @java.lang.Override
+    public String getFamily() {
+        return family;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return The botanical genus.
+     */
+    @JsonProperty("genus")
+    @java.lang.Override
+    public String getGenus() {
+        return genus;
+    }
+
+    @java.lang.Override
+    public boolean equals(Object other) {
+        if (this == other) return true;
+        return other instanceof PlantBase && equalTo((PlantBase) other);
+    }
+
+    @JsonAnyGetter
+    public Map<String, Object> getAdditionalProperties() {
+        return this.additionalProperties;
+    }
+
+    private boolean equalTo(PlantBase other) {
+        return commonName.equals(other.commonName)
+                && wateringFrequency.equals(other.wateringFrequency)
+                && species.equals(other.species)
+                && family.equals(other.family)
+                && genus.equals(other.genus);
+    }
+
+    @java.lang.Override
+    public int hashCode() {
+        return Objects.hash(this.commonName, this.wateringFrequency, this.species, this.family, this.genus);
+    }
+
+    @java.lang.Override
+    public String toString() {
+        return ObjectMappers.stringify(this);
+    }
+
+    public static SpeciesStage builder() {
+        return new Builder();
+    }
+
+    public interface SpeciesStage {
+        /**
+         * <p>The botanical species name.</p>
+         */
+        FamilyStage species(@NotNull String species);
+
+        Builder from(PlantBase other);
+    }
+
+    public interface FamilyStage {
+        /**
+         * <p>The botanical family.</p>
+         */
+        GenusStage family(@NotNull String family);
+    }
+
+    public interface GenusStage {
+        /**
+         * <p>The botanical genus.</p>
+         */
+        _FinalStage genus(@NotNull String genus);
+    }
+
+    public interface _FinalStage {
+        PlantBase build();
+
+        _FinalStage additionalProperty(String key, Object value);
+
+        _FinalStage additionalProperties(Map<String, Object> additionalProperties);
+
+        /**
+         * <p>The common name of the plant.</p>
+         */
+        _FinalStage commonName(Optional<String> commonName);
+
+        _FinalStage commonName(String commonName);
+
+        _FinalStage wateringFrequency(Optional<PlantBaseWateringFrequency> wateringFrequency);
+
+        _FinalStage wateringFrequency(PlantBaseWateringFrequency wateringFrequency);
+    }
+
+    @JsonIgnoreProperties(ignoreUnknown = true)
+    public static final class Builder implements SpeciesStage, FamilyStage, GenusStage, _FinalStage {
+        private String species;
+
+        private String family;
+
+        private String genus;
+
+        private Optional<PlantBaseWateringFrequency> wateringFrequency = Optional.empty();
+
+        private Optional<String> commonName = Optional.empty();
+
+        @JsonAnySetter
+        private Map<String, Object> additionalProperties = new HashMap<>();
+
+        private Builder() {}
+
+        @java.lang.Override
+        public Builder from(PlantBase other) {
+            commonName(other.getCommonName());
+            wateringFrequency(other.getWateringFrequency());
+            species(other.getSpecies());
+            family(other.getFamily());
+            genus(other.getGenus());
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * <p>The botanical species name.</p>
+         * <p>The botanical species name.</p>
+         * @return Reference to {@code this} so that method calls can be chained together.
+         */
+        @java.lang.Override
+        @JsonSetter("species")
+        public FamilyStage species(@NotNull String species) {
+            this.species = Objects.requireNonNull(species, "species must not be null");
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * <p>The botanical family.</p>
+         * <p>The botanical family.</p>
+         * @return Reference to {@code this} so that method calls can be chained together.
+         */
+        @java.lang.Override
+        @JsonSetter("family")
+        public GenusStage family(@NotNull String family) {
+            this.family = Objects.requireNonNull(family, "family must not be null");
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * <p>The botanical genus.</p>
+         * <p>The botanical genus.</p>
+         * @return Reference to {@code this} so that method calls can be chained together.
+         */
+        @java.lang.Override
+        @JsonSetter("genus")
+        public _FinalStage genus(@NotNull String genus) {
+            this.genus = Objects.requireNonNull(genus, "genus must not be null");
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        @java.lang.Override
+        public _FinalStage wateringFrequency(PlantBaseWateringFrequency wateringFrequency) {
+            this.wateringFrequency = Optional.ofNullable(wateringFrequency);
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        @java.lang.Override
+        @JsonSetter(value = "wateringFrequency", nulls = Nulls.SKIP)
+        public _FinalStage wateringFrequency(Optional<PlantBaseWateringFrequency> wateringFrequency) {
+            this.wateringFrequency = wateringFrequency;
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * <p>The common name of the plant.</p>
+         * @return Reference to {@code this} so that method calls can be chained together.
+         */
+        @java.lang.Override
+        public _FinalStage commonName(String commonName) {
+            this.commonName = Optional.ofNullable(commonName);
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * <p>The common name of the plant.</p>
+         */
+        @java.lang.Override
+        @JsonSetter(value = "commonName", nulls = Nulls.SKIP)
+        public _FinalStage commonName(Optional<String> commonName) {
+            this.commonName = commonName;
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        @java.lang.Override
+        public PlantBase build() {
+            return new PlantBase(commonName, wateringFrequency, species, family, genus, additionalProperties);
+        }
+
+        @java.lang.Override
+        public Builder additionalProperty(String key, Object value) {
+            this.additionalProperties.put(key, value);
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        @java.lang.Override
+        public Builder additionalProperties(Map<String, Object> additionalProperties) {
+            this.additionalProperties.putAll(additionalProperties);
+            return this;
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/seed/java-sdk/allof/src/main/java/com/seed/api/types/PlantBaseWateringFrequency.java b/seed/java-sdk/allof/src/main/java/com/seed/api/types/PlantBaseWateringFrequency.java
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..e6556c10f9a1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/java-sdk/allof/src/main/java/com/seed/api/types/PlantBaseWateringFrequency.java
@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+/**
+ * This file was auto-generated by Fern from our API Definition.
+ */
+package com.seed.api.types;
+
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonCreator;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonValue;
+
+public final class PlantBaseWateringFrequency {
+    public static final PlantBaseWateringFrequency BIWEEKLY =
+            new PlantBaseWateringFrequency(Value.BIWEEKLY, "biweekly");
+
+    public static final PlantBaseWateringFrequency DAILY = new PlantBaseWateringFrequency(Value.DAILY, "daily");
+
+    public static final PlantBaseWateringFrequency WEEKLY = new PlantBaseWateringFrequency(Value.WEEKLY, "weekly");
+
+    public static final PlantBaseWateringFrequency MONTHLY = new PlantBaseWateringFrequency(Value.MONTHLY, "monthly");
+
+    private final Value value;
+
+    private final String string;
+
+    PlantBaseWateringFrequency(Value value, String string) {
+        this.value = value;
+        this.string = string;
+    }
+
+    public Value getEnumValue() {
+        return value;
+    }
+
+    @java.lang.Override
+    @JsonValue
+    public String toString() {
+        return this.string;
+    }
+
+    @java.lang.Override
+    public boolean equals(Object other) {
+        return (this == other)
+                || (other instanceof PlantBaseWateringFrequency
+                        && this.string.equals(((PlantBaseWateringFrequency) other).string));
+    }
+
+    @java.lang.Override
+    public int hashCode() {
+        return this.string.hashCode();
+    }
+
+    public <T> T visit(Visitor<T> visitor) {
+        switch (value) {
+            case BIWEEKLY:
+                return visitor.visitBiweekly();
+            case DAILY:
+                return visitor.visitDaily();
+            case WEEKLY:
+                return visitor.visitWeekly();
+            case MONTHLY:
+                return visitor.visitMonthly();
+            case UNKNOWN:
+            default:
+                return visitor.visitUnknown(string);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @JsonCreator(mode = JsonCreator.Mode.DELEGATING)
+    public static PlantBaseWateringFrequency valueOf(String value) {
+        switch (value) {
+            case "biweekly":
+                return BIWEEKLY;
+            case "daily":
+                return DAILY;
+            case "weekly":
+                return WEEKLY;
+            case "monthly":
+                return MONTHLY;
+            default:
+                return new PlantBaseWateringFrequency(Value.UNKNOWN, value);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public enum Value {
+        DAILY,
+
+        WEEKLY,
+
+        BIWEEKLY,
+
+        MONTHLY,
+
+        UNKNOWN
+    }
+
+    public interface Visitor<T> {
+        T visitDaily();
+
+        T visitWeekly();
+
+        T visitBiweekly();
+
+        T visitMonthly();
+
+        T visitUnknown(String unknownType);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/seed/java-sdk/allof/src/main/java/com/seed/api/types/PlantPostSunExposure.java b/seed/java-sdk/allof/src/main/java/com/seed/api/types/PlantPostSunExposure.java
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..a9648170fa44
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/java-sdk/allof/src/main/java/com/seed/api/types/PlantPostSunExposure.java
@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+/**
+ * This file was auto-generated by Fern from our API Definition.
+ */
+package com.seed.api.types;
+
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonCreator;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonValue;
+
+public final class PlantPostSunExposure {
+    public static final PlantPostSunExposure FULL = new PlantPostSunExposure(Value.FULL, "full");
+
+    public static final PlantPostSunExposure PARTIAL = new PlantPostSunExposure(Value.PARTIAL, "partial");
+
+    public static final PlantPostSunExposure SHADE = new PlantPostSunExposure(Value.SHADE, "shade");
+
+    private final Value value;
+
+    private final String string;
+
+    PlantPostSunExposure(Value value, String string) {
+        this.value = value;
+        this.string = string;
+    }
+
+    public Value getEnumValue() {
+        return value;
+    }
+
+    @java.lang.Override
+    @JsonValue
+    public String toString() {
+        return this.string;
+    }
+
+    @java.lang.Override
+    public boolean equals(Object other) {
+        return (this == other)
+                || (other instanceof PlantPostSunExposure && this.string.equals(((PlantPostSunExposure) other).string));
+    }
+
+    @java.lang.Override
+    public int hashCode() {
+        return this.string.hashCode();
+    }
+
+    public <T> T visit(Visitor<T> visitor) {
+        switch (value) {
+            case FULL:
+                return visitor.visitFull();
+            case PARTIAL:
+                return visitor.visitPartial();
+            case SHADE:
+                return visitor.visitShade();
+            case UNKNOWN:
+            default:
+                return visitor.visitUnknown(string);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @JsonCreator(mode = JsonCreator.Mode.DELEGATING)
+    public static PlantPostSunExposure valueOf(String value) {
+        switch (value) {
+            case "full":
+                return FULL;
+            case "partial":
+                return PARTIAL;
+            case "shade":
+                return SHADE;
+            default:
+                return new PlantPostSunExposure(Value.UNKNOWN, value);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public enum Value {
+        FULL,
+
+        PARTIAL,
+
+        SHADE,
+
+        UNKNOWN
+    }
+
+    public interface Visitor<T> {
+        T visitFull();
+
+        T visitPartial();
+
+        T visitShade();
+
+        T visitUnknown(String unknownType);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/seed/java-sdk/allof/src/main/java/com/seed/api/types/PlantStrict.java b/seed/java-sdk/allof/src/main/java/com/seed/api/types/PlantStrict.java
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..6006c3404528
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/java-sdk/allof/src/main/java/com/seed/api/types/PlantStrict.java
@@ -0,0 +1,198 @@
+/**
+ * This file was auto-generated by Fern from our API Definition.
+ */
+package com.seed.api.types;
+
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonAnyGetter;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonAnySetter;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonIgnoreProperties;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonInclude;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonProperty;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonSetter;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.annotation.JsonDeserialize;
+import com.seed.api.core.ObjectMappers;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Objects;
+import org.jetbrains.annotations.NotNull;
+
+@JsonInclude(JsonInclude.Include.NON_ABSENT)
+@JsonDeserialize(builder = PlantStrict.Builder.class)
+public final class PlantStrict implements IPlantStrict {
+    private final String species;
+
+    private final String family;
+
+    private final String genus;
+
+    private final Map<String, Object> additionalProperties;
+
+    private PlantStrict(String species, String family, String genus, Map<String, Object> additionalProperties) {
+        this.species = species;
+        this.family = family;
+        this.genus = genus;
+        this.additionalProperties = additionalProperties;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return The botanical species name.
+     */
+    @JsonProperty("species")
+    @java.lang.Override
+    public String getSpecies() {
+        return species;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return The botanical family.
+     */
+    @JsonProperty("family")
+    @java.lang.Override
+    public String getFamily() {
+        return family;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return The botanical genus.
+     */
+    @JsonProperty("genus")
+    @java.lang.Override
+    public String getGenus() {
+        return genus;
+    }
+
+    @java.lang.Override
+    public boolean equals(Object other) {
+        if (this == other) return true;
+        return other instanceof PlantStrict && equalTo((PlantStrict) other);
+    }
+
+    @JsonAnyGetter
+    public Map<String, Object> getAdditionalProperties() {
+        return this.additionalProperties;
+    }
+
+    private boolean equalTo(PlantStrict other) {
+        return species.equals(other.species) && family.equals(other.family) && genus.equals(other.genus);
+    }
+
+    @java.lang.Override
+    public int hashCode() {
+        return Objects.hash(this.species, this.family, this.genus);
+    }
+
+    @java.lang.Override
+    public String toString() {
+        return ObjectMappers.stringify(this);
+    }
+
+    public static SpeciesStage builder() {
+        return new Builder();
+    }
+
+    public interface SpeciesStage {
+        /**
+         * <p>The botanical species name.</p>
+         */
+        FamilyStage species(@NotNull String species);
+
+        Builder from(PlantStrict other);
+    }
+
+    public interface FamilyStage {
+        /**
+         * <p>The botanical family.</p>
+         */
+        GenusStage family(@NotNull String family);
+    }
+
+    public interface GenusStage {
+        /**
+         * <p>The botanical genus.</p>
+         */
+        _FinalStage genus(@NotNull String genus);
+    }
+
+    public interface _FinalStage {
+        PlantStrict build();
+
+        _FinalStage additionalProperty(String key, Object value);
+
+        _FinalStage additionalProperties(Map<String, Object> additionalProperties);
+    }
+
+    @JsonIgnoreProperties(ignoreUnknown = true)
+    public static final class Builder implements SpeciesStage, FamilyStage, GenusStage, _FinalStage {
+        private String species;
+
+        private String family;
+
+        private String genus;
+
+        @JsonAnySetter
+        private Map<String, Object> additionalProperties = new HashMap<>();
+
+        private Builder() {}
+
+        @java.lang.Override
+        public Builder from(PlantStrict other) {
+            species(other.getSpecies());
+            family(other.getFamily());
+            genus(other.getGenus());
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * <p>The botanical species name.</p>
+         * <p>The botanical species name.</p>
+         * @return Reference to {@code this} so that method calls can be chained together.
+         */
+        @java.lang.Override
+        @JsonSetter("species")
+        public FamilyStage species(@NotNull String species) {
+            this.species = Objects.requireNonNull(species, "species must not be null");
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * <p>The botanical family.</p>
+         * <p>The botanical family.</p>
+         * @return Reference to {@code this} so that method calls can be chained together.
+         */
+        @java.lang.Override
+        @JsonSetter("family")
+        public GenusStage family(@NotNull String family) {
+            this.family = Objects.requireNonNull(family, "family must not be null");
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * <p>The botanical genus.</p>
+         * <p>The botanical genus.</p>
+         * @return Reference to {@code this} so that method calls can be chained together.
+         */
+        @java.lang.Override
+        @JsonSetter("genus")
+        public _FinalStage genus(@NotNull String genus) {
+            this.genus = Objects.requireNonNull(genus, "genus must not be null");
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        @java.lang.Override
+        public PlantStrict build() {
+            return new PlantStrict(species, family, genus, additionalProperties);
+        }
+
+        @java.lang.Override
+        public Builder additionalProperty(String key, Object value) {
+            this.additionalProperties.put(key, value);
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        @java.lang.Override
+        public Builder additionalProperties(Map<String, Object> additionalProperties) {
+            this.additionalProperties.putAll(additionalProperties);
+            return this;
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/seed/java-sdk/allof/src/main/java/com/seed/api/types/TreeBase.java b/seed/java-sdk/allof/src/main/java/com/seed/api/types/TreeBase.java
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..b6510fda49b0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/java-sdk/allof/src/main/java/com/seed/api/types/TreeBase.java
@@ -0,0 +1,310 @@
+/**
+ * This file was auto-generated by Fern from our API Definition.
+ */
+package com.seed.api.types;
+
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonAnyGetter;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonAnySetter;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonIgnoreProperties;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonInclude;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonProperty;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonSetter;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.Nulls;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.annotation.JsonDeserialize;
+import com.seed.api.core.ObjectMappers;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Objects;
+import java.util.Optional;
+import org.jetbrains.annotations.NotNull;
+
+@JsonInclude(JsonInclude.Include.NON_ABSENT)
+@JsonDeserialize(builder = TreeBase.Builder.class)
+public final class TreeBase implements ITreeBase, ITreeIdentifiable, ITreeDescribable {
+    private final Optional<String> treeSpecies;
+
+    private final Optional<Double> heightInFeet;
+
+    private final String id;
+
+    private final Optional<String> treeName;
+
+    private final Optional<String> treeDescription;
+
+    private final Map<String, Object> additionalProperties;
+
+    private TreeBase(
+            Optional<String> treeSpecies,
+            Optional<Double> heightInFeet,
+            String id,
+            Optional<String> treeName,
+            Optional<String> treeDescription,
+            Map<String, Object> additionalProperties) {
+        this.treeSpecies = treeSpecies;
+        this.heightInFeet = heightInFeet;
+        this.id = id;
+        this.treeName = treeName;
+        this.treeDescription = treeDescription;
+        this.additionalProperties = additionalProperties;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return The species of tree.
+     */
+    @JsonProperty("treeSpecies")
+    @java.lang.Override
+    public Optional<String> getTreeSpecies() {
+        return treeSpecies;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return Height of the tree in feet.
+     */
+    @JsonProperty("heightInFeet")
+    @java.lang.Override
+    public Optional<Double> getHeightInFeet() {
+        return heightInFeet;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return Unique tree identifier.
+     */
+    @JsonProperty("id")
+    @java.lang.Override
+    public String getId() {
+        return id;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return Display name of the tree.
+     */
+    @JsonProperty("treeName")
+    @java.lang.Override
+    public Optional<String> getTreeName() {
+        return treeName;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return A description of the tree.
+     */
+    @JsonProperty("treeDescription")
+    @java.lang.Override
+    public Optional<String> getTreeDescription() {
+        return treeDescription;
+    }
+
+    @java.lang.Override
+    public boolean equals(Object other) {
+        if (this == other) return true;
+        return other instanceof TreeBase && equalTo((TreeBase) other);
+    }
+
+    @JsonAnyGetter
+    public Map<String, Object> getAdditionalProperties() {
+        return this.additionalProperties;
+    }
+
+    private boolean equalTo(TreeBase other) {
+        return treeSpecies.equals(other.treeSpecies)
+                && heightInFeet.equals(other.heightInFeet)
+                && id.equals(other.id)
+                && treeName.equals(other.treeName)
+                && treeDescription.equals(other.treeDescription);
+    }
+
+    @java.lang.Override
+    public int hashCode() {
+        return Objects.hash(this.treeSpecies, this.heightInFeet, this.id, this.treeName, this.treeDescription);
+    }
+
+    @java.lang.Override
+    public String toString() {
+        return ObjectMappers.stringify(this);
+    }
+
+    public static IdStage builder() {
+        return new Builder();
+    }
+
+    public interface IdStage {
+        /**
+         * <p>Unique tree identifier.</p>
+         */
+        _FinalStage id(@NotNull String id);
+
+        Builder from(TreeBase other);
+    }
+
+    public interface _FinalStage {
+        TreeBase build();
+
+        _FinalStage additionalProperty(String key, Object value);
+
+        _FinalStage additionalProperties(Map<String, Object> additionalProperties);
+
+        /**
+         * <p>The species of tree.</p>
+         */
+        _FinalStage treeSpecies(Optional<String> treeSpecies);
+
+        _FinalStage treeSpecies(String treeSpecies);
+
+        /**
+         * <p>Height of the tree in feet.</p>
+         */
+        _FinalStage heightInFeet(Optional<Double> heightInFeet);
+
+        _FinalStage heightInFeet(Double heightInFeet);
+
+        /**
+         * <p>Display name of the tree.</p>
+         */
+        _FinalStage treeName(Optional<String> treeName);
+
+        _FinalStage treeName(String treeName);
+
+        /**
+         * <p>A description of the tree.</p>
+         */
+        _FinalStage treeDescription(Optional<String> treeDescription);
+
+        _FinalStage treeDescription(String treeDescription);
+    }
+
+    @JsonIgnoreProperties(ignoreUnknown = true)
+    public static final class Builder implements IdStage, _FinalStage {
+        private String id;
+
+        private Optional<String> treeDescription = Optional.empty();
+
+        private Optional<String> treeName = Optional.empty();
+
+        private Optional<Double> heightInFeet = Optional.empty();
+
+        private Optional<String> treeSpecies = Optional.empty();
+
+        @JsonAnySetter
+        private Map<String, Object> additionalProperties = new HashMap<>();
+
+        private Builder() {}
+
+        @java.lang.Override
+        public Builder from(TreeBase other) {
+            treeSpecies(other.getTreeSpecies());
+            heightInFeet(other.getHeightInFeet());
+            id(other.getId());
+            treeName(other.getTreeName());
+            treeDescription(other.getTreeDescription());
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * <p>Unique tree identifier.</p>
+         * <p>Unique tree identifier.</p>
+         * @return Reference to {@code this} so that method calls can be chained together.
+         */
+        @java.lang.Override
+        @JsonSetter("id")
+        public _FinalStage id(@NotNull String id) {
+            this.id = Objects.requireNonNull(id, "id must not be null");
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * <p>A description of the tree.</p>
+         * @return Reference to {@code this} so that method calls can be chained together.
+         */
+        @java.lang.Override
+        public _FinalStage treeDescription(String treeDescription) {
+            this.treeDescription = Optional.ofNullable(treeDescription);
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * <p>A description of the tree.</p>
+         */
+        @java.lang.Override
+        @JsonSetter(value = "treeDescription", nulls = Nulls.SKIP)
+        public _FinalStage treeDescription(Optional<String> treeDescription) {
+            this.treeDescription = treeDescription;
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * <p>Display name of the tree.</p>
+         * @return Reference to {@code this} so that method calls can be chained together.
+         */
+        @java.lang.Override
+        public _FinalStage treeName(String treeName) {
+            this.treeName = Optional.ofNullable(treeName);
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * <p>Display name of the tree.</p>
+         */
+        @java.lang.Override
+        @JsonSetter(value = "treeName", nulls = Nulls.SKIP)
+        public _FinalStage treeName(Optional<String> treeName) {
+            this.treeName = treeName;
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * <p>Height of the tree in feet.</p>
+         * @return Reference to {@code this} so that method calls can be chained together.
+         */
+        @java.lang.Override
+        public _FinalStage heightInFeet(Double heightInFeet) {
+            this.heightInFeet = Optional.ofNullable(heightInFeet);
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * <p>Height of the tree in feet.</p>
+         */
+        @java.lang.Override
+        @JsonSetter(value = "heightInFeet", nulls = Nulls.SKIP)
+        public _FinalStage heightInFeet(Optional<Double> heightInFeet) {
+            this.heightInFeet = heightInFeet;
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * <p>The species of tree.</p>
+         * @return Reference to {@code this} so that method calls can be chained together.
+         */
+        @java.lang.Override
+        public _FinalStage treeSpecies(String treeSpecies) {
+            this.treeSpecies = Optional.ofNullable(treeSpecies);
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * <p>The species of tree.</p>
+         */
+        @java.lang.Override
+        @JsonSetter(value = "treeSpecies", nulls = Nulls.SKIP)
+        public _FinalStage treeSpecies(Optional<String> treeSpecies) {
+            this.treeSpecies = treeSpecies;
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        @java.lang.Override
+        public TreeBase build() {
+            return new TreeBase(treeSpecies, heightInFeet, id, treeName, treeDescription, additionalProperties);
+        }
+
+        @java.lang.Override
+        public Builder additionalProperty(String key, Object value) {
+            this.additionalProperties.put(key, value);
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        @java.lang.Override
+        public Builder additionalProperties(Map<String, Object> additionalProperties) {
+            this.additionalProperties.putAll(additionalProperties);
+            return this;
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/seed/java-sdk/allof/src/main/java/com/seed/api/types/TreeDescribable.java b/seed/java-sdk/allof/src/main/java/com/seed/api/types/TreeDescribable.java
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..f88e12a96613
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/java-sdk/allof/src/main/java/com/seed/api/types/TreeDescribable.java
@@ -0,0 +1,142 @@
+/**
+ * This file was auto-generated by Fern from our API Definition.
+ */
+package com.seed.api.types;
+
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonAnyGetter;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonAnySetter;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonIgnoreProperties;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonInclude;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonProperty;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonSetter;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.Nulls;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.annotation.JsonDeserialize;
+import com.seed.api.core.ObjectMappers;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Objects;
+import java.util.Optional;
+
+@JsonInclude(JsonInclude.Include.NON_ABSENT)
+@JsonDeserialize(builder = TreeDescribable.Builder.class)
+public final class TreeDescribable implements ITreeDescribable {
+    private final Optional<String> treeName;
+
+    private final Optional<String> treeDescription;
+
+    private final Map<String, Object> additionalProperties;
+
+    private TreeDescribable(
+            Optional<String> treeName, Optional<String> treeDescription, Map<String, Object> additionalProperties) {
+        this.treeName = treeName;
+        this.treeDescription = treeDescription;
+        this.additionalProperties = additionalProperties;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return Display name of the tree.
+     */
+    @JsonProperty("treeName")
+    @java.lang.Override
+    public Optional<String> getTreeName() {
+        return treeName;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return A description of the tree.
+     */
+    @JsonProperty("treeDescription")
+    @java.lang.Override
+    public Optional<String> getTreeDescription() {
+        return treeDescription;
+    }
+
+    @java.lang.Override
+    public boolean equals(Object other) {
+        if (this == other) return true;
+        return other instanceof TreeDescribable && equalTo((TreeDescribable) other);
+    }
+
+    @JsonAnyGetter
+    public Map<String, Object> getAdditionalProperties() {
+        return this.additionalProperties;
+    }
+
+    private boolean equalTo(TreeDescribable other) {
+        return treeName.equals(other.treeName) && treeDescription.equals(other.treeDescription);
+    }
+
+    @java.lang.Override
+    public int hashCode() {
+        return Objects.hash(this.treeName, this.treeDescription);
+    }
+
+    @java.lang.Override
+    public String toString() {
+        return ObjectMappers.stringify(this);
+    }
+
+    public static Builder builder() {
+        return new Builder();
+    }
+
+    @JsonIgnoreProperties(ignoreUnknown = true)
+    public static final class Builder {
+        private Optional<String> treeName = Optional.empty();
+
+        private Optional<String> treeDescription = Optional.empty();
+
+        @JsonAnySetter
+        private Map<String, Object> additionalProperties = new HashMap<>();
+
+        private Builder() {}
+
+        public Builder from(TreeDescribable other) {
+            treeName(other.getTreeName());
+            treeDescription(other.getTreeDescription());
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * <p>Display name of the tree.</p>
+         */
+        @JsonSetter(value = "treeName", nulls = Nulls.SKIP)
+        public Builder treeName(Optional<String> treeName) {
+            this.treeName = treeName;
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        public Builder treeName(String treeName) {
+            this.treeName = Optional.ofNullable(treeName);
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * <p>A description of the tree.</p>
+         */
+        @JsonSetter(value = "treeDescription", nulls = Nulls.SKIP)
+        public Builder treeDescription(Optional<String> treeDescription) {
+            this.treeDescription = treeDescription;
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        public Builder treeDescription(String treeDescription) {
+            this.treeDescription = Optional.ofNullable(treeDescription);
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        public TreeDescribable build() {
+            return new TreeDescribable(treeName, treeDescription, additionalProperties);
+        }
+
+        public Builder additionalProperty(String key, Object value) {
+            this.additionalProperties.put(key, value);
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        public Builder additionalProperties(Map<String, Object> additionalProperties) {
+            this.additionalProperties.putAll(additionalProperties);
+            return this;
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/seed/java-sdk/allof/src/main/java/com/seed/api/types/TreeIdentifiable.java b/seed/java-sdk/allof/src/main/java/com/seed/api/types/TreeIdentifiable.java
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..ac4f8c5e4267
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/java-sdk/allof/src/main/java/com/seed/api/types/TreeIdentifiable.java
@@ -0,0 +1,130 @@
+/**
+ * This file was auto-generated by Fern from our API Definition.
+ */
+package com.seed.api.types;
+
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonAnyGetter;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonAnySetter;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonIgnoreProperties;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonInclude;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonProperty;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonSetter;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.annotation.JsonDeserialize;
+import com.seed.api.core.ObjectMappers;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Objects;
+import org.jetbrains.annotations.NotNull;
+
+@JsonInclude(JsonInclude.Include.NON_ABSENT)
+@JsonDeserialize(builder = TreeIdentifiable.Builder.class)
+public final class TreeIdentifiable implements ITreeIdentifiable {
+    private final String id;
+
+    private final Map<String, Object> additionalProperties;
+
+    private TreeIdentifiable(String id, Map<String, Object> additionalProperties) {
+        this.id = id;
+        this.additionalProperties = additionalProperties;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return Unique tree identifier.
+     */
+    @JsonProperty("id")
+    @java.lang.Override
+    public String getId() {
+        return id;
+    }
+
+    @java.lang.Override
+    public boolean equals(Object other) {
+        if (this == other) return true;
+        return other instanceof TreeIdentifiable && equalTo((TreeIdentifiable) other);
+    }
+
+    @JsonAnyGetter
+    public Map<String, Object> getAdditionalProperties() {
+        return this.additionalProperties;
+    }
+
+    private boolean equalTo(TreeIdentifiable other) {
+        return id.equals(other.id);
+    }
+
+    @java.lang.Override
+    public int hashCode() {
+        return Objects.hash(this.id);
+    }
+
+    @java.lang.Override
+    public String toString() {
+        return ObjectMappers.stringify(this);
+    }
+
+    public static IdStage builder() {
+        return new Builder();
+    }
+
+    public interface IdStage {
+        /**
+         * <p>Unique tree identifier.</p>
+         */
+        _FinalStage id(@NotNull String id);
+
+        Builder from(TreeIdentifiable other);
+    }
+
+    public interface _FinalStage {
+        TreeIdentifiable build();
+
+        _FinalStage additionalProperty(String key, Object value);
+
+        _FinalStage additionalProperties(Map<String, Object> additionalProperties);
+    }
+
+    @JsonIgnoreProperties(ignoreUnknown = true)
+    public static final class Builder implements IdStage, _FinalStage {
+        private String id;
+
+        @JsonAnySetter
+        private Map<String, Object> additionalProperties = new HashMap<>();
+
+        private Builder() {}
+
+        @java.lang.Override
+        public Builder from(TreeIdentifiable other) {
+            id(other.getId());
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * <p>Unique tree identifier.</p>
+         * <p>Unique tree identifier.</p>
+         * @return Reference to {@code this} so that method calls can be chained together.
+         */
+        @java.lang.Override
+        @JsonSetter("id")
+        public _FinalStage id(@NotNull String id) {
+            this.id = Objects.requireNonNull(id, "id must not be null");
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        @java.lang.Override
+        public TreeIdentifiable build() {
+            return new TreeIdentifiable(id, additionalProperties);
+        }
+
+        @java.lang.Override
+        public Builder additionalProperty(String key, Object value) {
+            this.additionalProperties.put(key, value);
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        @java.lang.Override
+        public Builder additionalProperties(Map<String, Object> additionalProperties) {
+            this.additionalProperties.putAll(additionalProperties);
+            return this;
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/seed/java-sdk/allof/src/main/java/com/seed/api/types/TreeRecord.java b/seed/java-sdk/allof/src/main/java/com/seed/api/types/TreeRecord.java
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..0700fc5ca1d9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/java-sdk/allof/src/main/java/com/seed/api/types/TreeRecord.java
@@ -0,0 +1,355 @@
+/**
+ * This file was auto-generated by Fern from our API Definition.
+ */
+package com.seed.api.types;
+
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonAnyGetter;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonAnySetter;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonIgnoreProperties;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonInclude;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonProperty;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonSetter;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.Nulls;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.annotation.JsonDeserialize;
+import com.seed.api.core.ObjectMappers;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Objects;
+import java.util.Optional;
+import org.jetbrains.annotations.NotNull;
+
+@JsonInclude(JsonInclude.Include.NON_ABSENT)
+@JsonDeserialize(builder = TreeRecord.Builder.class)
+public final class TreeRecord implements ITreeBase, ITreeIdentifiable, ITreeDescribable {
+    private final Optional<String> treeSpecies;
+
+    private final Optional<Double> heightInFeet;
+
+    private final String id;
+
+    private final Optional<String> treeName;
+
+    private final Optional<String> treeDescription;
+
+    private final Optional<String> plantedDate;
+
+    private final Map<String, Object> additionalProperties;
+
+    private TreeRecord(
+            Optional<String> treeSpecies,
+            Optional<Double> heightInFeet,
+            String id,
+            Optional<String> treeName,
+            Optional<String> treeDescription,
+            Optional<String> plantedDate,
+            Map<String, Object> additionalProperties) {
+        this.treeSpecies = treeSpecies;
+        this.heightInFeet = heightInFeet;
+        this.id = id;
+        this.treeName = treeName;
+        this.treeDescription = treeDescription;
+        this.plantedDate = plantedDate;
+        this.additionalProperties = additionalProperties;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return The species of tree.
+     */
+    @JsonProperty("treeSpecies")
+    @java.lang.Override
+    public Optional<String> getTreeSpecies() {
+        return treeSpecies;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return Height of the tree in feet.
+     */
+    @JsonProperty("heightInFeet")
+    @java.lang.Override
+    public Optional<Double> getHeightInFeet() {
+        return heightInFeet;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return Unique tree identifier.
+     */
+    @JsonProperty("id")
+    @java.lang.Override
+    public String getId() {
+        return id;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return Display name of the tree.
+     */
+    @JsonProperty("treeName")
+    @java.lang.Override
+    public Optional<String> getTreeName() {
+        return treeName;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return A description of the tree.
+     */
+    @JsonProperty("treeDescription")
+    @java.lang.Override
+    public Optional<String> getTreeDescription() {
+        return treeDescription;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return Date the tree was planted.
+     */
+    @JsonProperty("plantedDate")
+    public Optional<String> getPlantedDate() {
+        return plantedDate;
+    }
+
+    @java.lang.Override
+    public boolean equals(Object other) {
+        if (this == other) return true;
+        return other instanceof TreeRecord && equalTo((TreeRecord) other);
+    }
+
+    @JsonAnyGetter
+    public Map<String, Object> getAdditionalProperties() {
+        return this.additionalProperties;
+    }
+
+    private boolean equalTo(TreeRecord other) {
+        return treeSpecies.equals(other.treeSpecies)
+                && heightInFeet.equals(other.heightInFeet)
+                && id.equals(other.id)
+                && treeName.equals(other.treeName)
+                && treeDescription.equals(other.treeDescription)
+                && plantedDate.equals(other.plantedDate);
+    }
+
+    @java.lang.Override
+    public int hashCode() {
+        return Objects.hash(
+                this.treeSpecies, this.heightInFeet, this.id, this.treeName, this.treeDescription, this.plantedDate);
+    }
+
+    @java.lang.Override
+    public String toString() {
+        return ObjectMappers.stringify(this);
+    }
+
+    public static IdStage builder() {
+        return new Builder();
+    }
+
+    public interface IdStage {
+        /**
+         * <p>Unique tree identifier.</p>
+         */
+        _FinalStage id(@NotNull String id);
+
+        Builder from(TreeRecord other);
+    }
+
+    public interface _FinalStage {
+        TreeRecord build();
+
+        _FinalStage additionalProperty(String key, Object value);
+
+        _FinalStage additionalProperties(Map<String, Object> additionalProperties);
+
+        /**
+         * <p>The species of tree.</p>
+         */
+        _FinalStage treeSpecies(Optional<String> treeSpecies);
+
+        _FinalStage treeSpecies(String treeSpecies);
+
+        /**
+         * <p>Height of the tree in feet.</p>
+         */
+        _FinalStage heightInFeet(Optional<Double> heightInFeet);
+
+        _FinalStage heightInFeet(Double heightInFeet);
+
+        /**
+         * <p>Display name of the tree.</p>
+         */
+        _FinalStage treeName(Optional<String> treeName);
+
+        _FinalStage treeName(String treeName);
+
+        /**
+         * <p>A description of the tree.</p>
+         */
+        _FinalStage treeDescription(Optional<String> treeDescription);
+
+        _FinalStage treeDescription(String treeDescription);
+
+        /**
+         * <p>Date the tree was planted.</p>
+         */
+        _FinalStage plantedDate(Optional<String> plantedDate);
+
+        _FinalStage plantedDate(String plantedDate);
+    }
+
+    @JsonIgnoreProperties(ignoreUnknown = true)
+    public static final class Builder implements IdStage, _FinalStage {
+        private String id;
+
+        private Optional<String> plantedDate = Optional.empty();
+
+        private Optional<String> treeDescription = Optional.empty();
+
+        private Optional<String> treeName = Optional.empty();
+
+        private Optional<Double> heightInFeet = Optional.empty();
+
+        private Optional<String> treeSpecies = Optional.empty();
+
+        @JsonAnySetter
+        private Map<String, Object> additionalProperties = new HashMap<>();
+
+        private Builder() {}
+
+        @java.lang.Override
+        public Builder from(TreeRecord other) {
+            treeSpecies(other.getTreeSpecies());
+            heightInFeet(other.getHeightInFeet());
+            id(other.getId());
+            treeName(other.getTreeName());
+            treeDescription(other.getTreeDescription());
+            plantedDate(other.getPlantedDate());
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * <p>Unique tree identifier.</p>
+         * <p>Unique tree identifier.</p>
+         * @return Reference to {@code this} so that method calls can be chained together.
+         */
+        @java.lang.Override
+        @JsonSetter("id")
+        public _FinalStage id(@NotNull String id) {
+            this.id = Objects.requireNonNull(id, "id must not be null");
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * <p>Date the tree was planted.</p>
+         * @return Reference to {@code this} so that method calls can be chained together.
+         */
+        @java.lang.Override
+        public _FinalStage plantedDate(String plantedDate) {
+            this.plantedDate = Optional.ofNullable(plantedDate);
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * <p>Date the tree was planted.</p>
+         */
+        @java.lang.Override
+        @JsonSetter(value = "plantedDate", nulls = Nulls.SKIP)
+        public _FinalStage plantedDate(Optional<String> plantedDate) {
+            this.plantedDate = plantedDate;
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * <p>A description of the tree.</p>
+         * @return Reference to {@code this} so that method calls can be chained together.
+         */
+        @java.lang.Override
+        public _FinalStage treeDescription(String treeDescription) {
+            this.treeDescription = Optional.ofNullable(treeDescription);
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * <p>A description of the tree.</p>
+         */
+        @java.lang.Override
+        @JsonSetter(value = "treeDescription", nulls = Nulls.SKIP)
+        public _FinalStage treeDescription(Optional<String> treeDescription) {
+            this.treeDescription = treeDescription;
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * <p>Display name of the tree.</p>
+         * @return Reference to {@code this} so that method calls can be chained together.
+         */
+        @java.lang.Override
+        public _FinalStage treeName(String treeName) {
+            this.treeName = Optional.ofNullable(treeName);
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * <p>Display name of the tree.</p>
+         */
+        @java.lang.Override
+        @JsonSetter(value = "treeName", nulls = Nulls.SKIP)
+        public _FinalStage treeName(Optional<String> treeName) {
+            this.treeName = treeName;
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * <p>Height of the tree in feet.</p>
+         * @return Reference to {@code this} so that method calls can be chained together.
+         */
+        @java.lang.Override
+        public _FinalStage heightInFeet(Double heightInFeet) {
+            this.heightInFeet = Optional.ofNullable(heightInFeet);
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * <p>Height of the tree in feet.</p>
+         */
+        @java.lang.Override
+        @JsonSetter(value = "heightInFeet", nulls = Nulls.SKIP)
+        public _FinalStage heightInFeet(Optional<Double> heightInFeet) {
+            this.heightInFeet = heightInFeet;
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * <p>The species of tree.</p>
+         * @return Reference to {@code this} so that method calls can be chained together.
+         */
+        @java.lang.Override
+        public _FinalStage treeSpecies(String treeSpecies) {
+            this.treeSpecies = Optional.ofNullable(treeSpecies);
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * <p>The species of tree.</p>
+         */
+        @java.lang.Override
+        @JsonSetter(value = "treeSpecies", nulls = Nulls.SKIP)
+        public _FinalStage treeSpecies(Optional<String> treeSpecies) {
+            this.treeSpecies = treeSpecies;
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        @java.lang.Override
+        public TreeRecord build() {
+            return new TreeRecord(
+                    treeSpecies, heightInFeet, id, treeName, treeDescription, plantedDate, additionalProperties);
+        }
+
+        @java.lang.Override
+        public Builder additionalProperty(String key, Object value) {
+            this.additionalProperties.put(key, value);
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        @java.lang.Override
+        public Builder additionalProperties(Map<String, Object> additionalProperties) {
+            this.additionalProperties.putAll(additionalProperties);
+            return this;
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/seed/java-sdk/allof/src/main/java/com/snippets/Example10.java b/seed/java-sdk/allof/src/main/java/com/snippets/Example10.java
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..5f53e49bee4d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/java-sdk/allof/src/main/java/com/snippets/Example10.java
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+package com.snippets;
+
+import com.seed.api.SeedApiClient;
+import com.seed.api.requests.PlantPost;
+import com.seed.api.types.PlantPostSunExposure;
+
+public class Example10 {
+    public static void main(String[] args) {
+        SeedApiClient client =
+                SeedApiClient.builder().url("https://api.fern.com").build();
+
+        client.createPlant(PlantPost.builder()
+                .species("species")
+                .family("family")
+                .genus("genus")
+                .sunExposure(PlantPostSunExposure.FULL)
+                .build());
+    }
+}
diff --git a/seed/java-sdk/allof/src/main/java/com/snippets/Example11.java b/seed/java-sdk/allof/src/main/java/com/snippets/Example11.java
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..f0a53e03babc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/java-sdk/allof/src/main/java/com/snippets/Example11.java
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+package com.snippets;
+
+import com.seed.api.SeedApiClient;
+import com.seed.api.requests.PlantPost;
+import com.seed.api.types.PlantBaseWateringFrequency;
+import com.seed.api.types.PlantPostSunExposure;
+
+public class Example11 {
+    public static void main(String[] args) {
+        SeedApiClient client =
+                SeedApiClient.builder().url("https://api.fern.com").build();
+
+        client.createPlant(PlantPost.builder()
+                .species("species")
+                .family("family")
+                .genus("genus")
+                .sunExposure(PlantPostSunExposure.FULL)
+                .commonName("commonName")
+                .wateringFrequency(PlantBaseWateringFrequency.DAILY)
+                .plantedAt("2023-01-15")
+                .soilType("soilType")
+                .build());
+    }
+}
diff --git a/seed/java-sdk/allof/src/main/java/com/snippets/Example12.java b/seed/java-sdk/allof/src/main/java/com/snippets/Example12.java
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..7c51829e8d66
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/java-sdk/allof/src/main/java/com/snippets/Example12.java
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+package com.snippets;
+
+import com.seed.api.SeedApiClient;
+import com.seed.api.types.TreeRecord;
+
+public class Example12 {
+    public static void main(String[] args) {
+        SeedApiClient client =
+                SeedApiClient.builder().url("https://api.fern.com").build();
+
+        client.createTree(TreeRecord.builder().id("id").build());
+    }
+}
diff --git a/seed/java-sdk/allof/src/main/java/com/snippets/Example13.java b/seed/java-sdk/allof/src/main/java/com/snippets/Example13.java
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..20d41e0a67ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/java-sdk/allof/src/main/java/com/snippets/Example13.java
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+package com.snippets;
+
+import com.seed.api.SeedApiClient;
+import com.seed.api.types.TreeRecord;
+
+public class Example13 {
+    public static void main(String[] args) {
+        SeedApiClient client =
+                SeedApiClient.builder().url("https://api.fern.com").build();
+
+        client.createTree(TreeRecord.builder()
+                .id("id")
+                .treeSpecies("treeSpecies")
+                .heightInFeet(1.1)
+                .treeName("treeName")
+                .treeDescription("treeDescription")
+                .plantedDate("2023-01-15")
+                .build());
+    }
+}
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/allof/no-custom-config/.fern/metadata.json b/seed/python-sdk/allof/no-custom-config/.fern/metadata.json
index 2a49c5f592ee..46cf3f37ec30 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/allof/no-custom-config/.fern/metadata.json
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/allof/no-custom-config/.fern/metadata.json
@@ -6,8 +6,7 @@
     "enable_wire_tests": true
   },
   "originGitCommit": "DUMMY",
-  "invokedBy": "ci",
+  "invokedBy": "manual",
   "requestedVersion": "0.0.1",
-  "ciProvider": "github",
   "sdkVersion": "0.0.1"
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/allof/no-custom-config/reference.md b/seed/python-sdk/allof/no-custom-config/reference.md
index c1e2e6167abc..aad59286b4d7 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/allof/no-custom-config/reference.md
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/allof/no-custom-config/reference.md
@@ -266,3 +266,206 @@ client.get_organization()
 </dl>
 </details>
 
+<details><summary><code>client.<a href="src/seed/client.py">create_plant</a>(...) -> PlantStrict</code></summary>
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+#### 📝 Description
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+Tests three-level allOf chain where a parent schema itself uses allOf with $ref elements. The grandparent's properties must be resolved through the nested $ref.
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+#### 🔌 Usage
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+```python
+from seed import SeedApi
+from seed.environment import SeedApiEnvironment
+
+client = SeedApi(
+    environment=SeedApiEnvironment.DEFAULT,
+)
+
+client.create_plant(
+    species="species",
+    family="family",
+    genus="genus",
+    sun_exposure="full",
+)
+
+```
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+#### ⚙️ Parameters
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+**species:** `str` — The botanical species name.
+    
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+**family:** `str` — The botanical family.
+    
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+**genus:** `str` — The botanical genus.
+    
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+**sun_exposure:** `PlantPostSunExposure` — Required sun exposure level.
+    
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+**common_name:** `typing.Optional[str]` — The common name of the plant.
+    
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+**watering_frequency:** `typing.Optional[PlantBaseWateringFrequency]` 
+    
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+**planted_at:** `typing.Optional[datetime.date]` — Date the plant was planted.
+    
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+**soil_type:** `typing.Optional[str]` — Preferred soil type.
+    
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+**request_options:** `typing.Optional[RequestOptions]` — Request-specific configuration.
+    
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</details>
+
+<details><summary><code>client.<a href="src/seed/client.py">create_tree</a>(...) -> TreeRecord</code></summary>
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+#### 📝 Description
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+Tests that when a parent's allOf contains multiple $ref entries, all of them are resolved and their properties merged.
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+#### 🔌 Usage
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+```python
+from seed import SeedApi
+from seed.environment import SeedApiEnvironment
+
+client = SeedApi(
+    environment=SeedApiEnvironment.DEFAULT,
+)
+
+client.create_tree(
+    id="id",
+)
+
+```
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+#### ⚙️ Parameters
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+**request:** `TreeRecord` 
+    
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+**request_options:** `typing.Optional[RequestOptions]` — Request-specific configuration.
+    
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</details>
+
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/allof/no-custom-config/snippet.json b/seed/python-sdk/allof/no-custom-config/snippet.json
index f000c2ddf786..ae064edfa6c1 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/allof/no-custom-config/snippet.json
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/allof/no-custom-config/snippet.json
@@ -65,6 +65,32 @@
                 "async_client": "import asyncio\n\nfrom seed import AsyncSeedApi\n\nclient = AsyncSeedApi()\n\n\nasync def main() -> None:\n    await client.get_organization()\n\n\nasyncio.run(main())\n",
                 "type": "python"
             }
+        },
+        {
+            "example_identifier": "default",
+            "id": {
+                "path": "/plants",
+                "method": "POST",
+                "identifier_override": "endpoint_.createPlant"
+            },
+            "snippet": {
+                "sync_client": "from seed import SeedApi\n\nclient = SeedApi()\nclient.create_plant(\n    species=\"species\",\n    family=\"family\",\n    genus=\"genus\",\n    sun_exposure=\"full\",\n)\n",
+                "async_client": "import asyncio\n\nfrom seed import AsyncSeedApi\n\nclient = AsyncSeedApi()\n\n\nasync def main() -> None:\n    await client.create_plant(\n        species=\"species\",\n        family=\"family\",\n        genus=\"genus\",\n        sun_exposure=\"full\",\n    )\n\n\nasyncio.run(main())\n",
+                "type": "python"
+            }
+        },
+        {
+            "example_identifier": "default",
+            "id": {
+                "path": "/trees",
+                "method": "POST",
+                "identifier_override": "endpoint_.createTree"
+            },
+            "snippet": {
+                "sync_client": "from seed import SeedApi\n\nclient = SeedApi()\nclient.create_tree(\n    id=\"id\",\n)\n",
+                "async_client": "import asyncio\n\nfrom seed import AsyncSeedApi\n\nclient = AsyncSeedApi()\n\n\nasync def main() -> None:\n    await client.create_tree(\n        id=\"id\",\n    )\n\n\nasyncio.run(main())\n",
+                "type": "python"
+            }
         }
     ]
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/allof/no-custom-config/src/seed/__init__.py b/seed/python-sdk/allof/no-custom-config/src/seed/__init__.py
index 7c97354d9fba..73e3ee8401db 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/allof/no-custom-config/src/seed/__init__.py
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/allof/no-custom-config/src/seed/__init__.py
@@ -19,12 +19,20 @@
         Organization,
         PaginatedResult,
         PagingCursors,
+        PlantBase,
+        PlantBaseWateringFrequency,
+        PlantPostSunExposure,
+        PlantStrict,
         RuleCreateRequestExecutionContext,
         RuleExecutionContext,
         RuleResponse,
         RuleResponseStatus,
         RuleType,
         RuleTypeSearchResponse,
+        TreeBase,
+        TreeDescribable,
+        TreeIdentifiable,
+        TreeRecord,
         User,
         UserSearchResponse,
     )
@@ -48,6 +56,10 @@
     "Organization": ".types",
     "PaginatedResult": ".types",
     "PagingCursors": ".types",
+    "PlantBase": ".types",
+    "PlantBaseWateringFrequency": ".types",
+    "PlantPostSunExposure": ".types",
+    "PlantStrict": ".types",
     "RuleCreateRequestExecutionContext": ".types",
     "RuleExecutionContext": ".types",
     "RuleResponse": ".types",
@@ -56,6 +68,10 @@
     "RuleTypeSearchResponse": ".types",
     "SeedApi": ".client",
     "SeedApiEnvironment": ".environment",
+    "TreeBase": ".types",
+    "TreeDescribable": ".types",
+    "TreeIdentifiable": ".types",
+    "TreeRecord": ".types",
     "User": ".types",
     "UserSearchResponse": ".types",
     "__version__": ".version",
@@ -99,6 +115,10 @@ def __dir__():
     "Organization",
     "PaginatedResult",
     "PagingCursors",
+    "PlantBase",
+    "PlantBaseWateringFrequency",
+    "PlantPostSunExposure",
+    "PlantStrict",
     "RuleCreateRequestExecutionContext",
     "RuleExecutionContext",
     "RuleResponse",
@@ -107,6 +127,10 @@ def __dir__():
     "RuleTypeSearchResponse",
     "SeedApi",
     "SeedApiEnvironment",
+    "TreeBase",
+    "TreeDescribable",
+    "TreeIdentifiable",
+    "TreeRecord",
     "User",
     "UserSearchResponse",
     "__version__",
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/allof/no-custom-config/src/seed/client.py b/seed/python-sdk/allof/no-custom-config/src/seed/client.py
index 8335dca12e75..e69c8fd6e2cd 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/allof/no-custom-config/src/seed/client.py
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/allof/no-custom-config/src/seed/client.py
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 # This file was auto-generated by Fern from our API Definition.
 
+import datetime as dt
 import typing
 
 import httpx
@@ -10,9 +11,13 @@
 from .raw_client import AsyncRawSeedApi, RawSeedApi
 from .types.combined_entity import CombinedEntity
 from .types.organization import Organization
+from .types.plant_base_watering_frequency import PlantBaseWateringFrequency
+from .types.plant_post_sun_exposure import PlantPostSunExposure
+from .types.plant_strict import PlantStrict
 from .types.rule_create_request_execution_context import RuleCreateRequestExecutionContext
 from .types.rule_response import RuleResponse
 from .types.rule_type_search_response import RuleTypeSearchResponse
+from .types.tree_record import TreeRecord
 from .types.user_search_response import UserSearchResponse
 
 # this is used as the default value for optional parameters
@@ -233,6 +238,142 @@ def get_organization(self, *, request_options: typing.Optional[RequestOptions] =
         _response = self._raw_client.get_organization(request_options=request_options)
         return _response.data
 
+    def create_plant(
+        self,
+        *,
+        sun_exposure: PlantPostSunExposure,
+        species: str,
+        family: str,
+        genus: str,
+        planted_at: typing.Optional[dt.date] = OMIT,
+        soil_type: typing.Optional[str] = OMIT,
+        common_name: typing.Optional[str] = OMIT,
+        watering_frequency: typing.Optional[PlantBaseWateringFrequency] = OMIT,
+        request_options: typing.Optional[RequestOptions] = None,
+    ) -> PlantStrict:
+        """
+        Tests three-level allOf chain where a parent schema itself uses allOf with $ref elements. The grandparent's properties must be resolved through the nested $ref.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        sun_exposure : PlantPostSunExposure
+            Required sun exposure level.
+
+        species : str
+            The botanical species name.
+
+        family : str
+            The botanical family.
+
+        genus : str
+            The botanical genus.
+
+        planted_at : typing.Optional[dt.date]
+            Date the plant was planted.
+
+        soil_type : typing.Optional[str]
+            Preferred soil type.
+
+        common_name : typing.Optional[str]
+            The common name of the plant.
+
+        watering_frequency : typing.Optional[PlantBaseWateringFrequency]
+
+        request_options : typing.Optional[RequestOptions]
+            Request-specific configuration.
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        PlantStrict
+            Created plant
+
+        Examples
+        --------
+        from seed import SeedApi
+
+        client = SeedApi()
+        client.create_plant(
+            species="species",
+            family="family",
+            genus="genus",
+            sun_exposure="full",
+        )
+        """
+        _response = self._raw_client.create_plant(
+            sun_exposure=sun_exposure,
+            species=species,
+            family=family,
+            genus=genus,
+            planted_at=planted_at,
+            soil_type=soil_type,
+            common_name=common_name,
+            watering_frequency=watering_frequency,
+            request_options=request_options,
+        )
+        return _response.data
+
+    def create_tree(
+        self,
+        *,
+        id: str,
+        planted_date: typing.Optional[dt.date] = OMIT,
+        tree_species: typing.Optional[str] = OMIT,
+        height_in_feet: typing.Optional[float] = OMIT,
+        tree_name: typing.Optional[str] = OMIT,
+        tree_description: typing.Optional[str] = OMIT,
+        request_options: typing.Optional[RequestOptions] = None,
+    ) -> TreeRecord:
+        """
+        Tests that when a parent's allOf contains multiple $ref entries, all of them are resolved and their properties merged.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        id : str
+            Unique tree identifier.
+
+        planted_date : typing.Optional[dt.date]
+            Date the tree was planted.
+
+        tree_species : typing.Optional[str]
+            The species of tree.
+
+        height_in_feet : typing.Optional[float]
+            Height of the tree in feet.
+
+        tree_name : typing.Optional[str]
+            Display name of the tree.
+
+        tree_description : typing.Optional[str]
+            A description of the tree.
+
+        request_options : typing.Optional[RequestOptions]
+            Request-specific configuration.
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        TreeRecord
+            Created tree
+
+        Examples
+        --------
+        from seed import SeedApi
+
+        client = SeedApi()
+        client.create_tree(
+            id="id",
+        )
+        """
+        _response = self._raw_client.create_tree(
+            id=id,
+            planted_date=planted_date,
+            tree_species=tree_species,
+            height_in_feet=height_in_feet,
+            tree_name=tree_name,
+            tree_description=tree_description,
+            request_options=request_options,
+        )
+        return _response.data
+
 
 def _make_default_async_client(
     timeout: typing.Optional[float],
@@ -504,6 +645,158 @@ async def main() -> None:
         _response = await self._raw_client.get_organization(request_options=request_options)
         return _response.data
 
+    async def create_plant(
+        self,
+        *,
+        sun_exposure: PlantPostSunExposure,
+        species: str,
+        family: str,
+        genus: str,
+        planted_at: typing.Optional[dt.date] = OMIT,
+        soil_type: typing.Optional[str] = OMIT,
+        common_name: typing.Optional[str] = OMIT,
+        watering_frequency: typing.Optional[PlantBaseWateringFrequency] = OMIT,
+        request_options: typing.Optional[RequestOptions] = None,
+    ) -> PlantStrict:
+        """
+        Tests three-level allOf chain where a parent schema itself uses allOf with $ref elements. The grandparent's properties must be resolved through the nested $ref.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        sun_exposure : PlantPostSunExposure
+            Required sun exposure level.
+
+        species : str
+            The botanical species name.
+
+        family : str
+            The botanical family.
+
+        genus : str
+            The botanical genus.
+
+        planted_at : typing.Optional[dt.date]
+            Date the plant was planted.
+
+        soil_type : typing.Optional[str]
+            Preferred soil type.
+
+        common_name : typing.Optional[str]
+            The common name of the plant.
+
+        watering_frequency : typing.Optional[PlantBaseWateringFrequency]
+
+        request_options : typing.Optional[RequestOptions]
+            Request-specific configuration.
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        PlantStrict
+            Created plant
+
+        Examples
+        --------
+        import asyncio
+
+        from seed import AsyncSeedApi
+
+        client = AsyncSeedApi()
+
+
+        async def main() -> None:
+            await client.create_plant(
+                species="species",
+                family="family",
+                genus="genus",
+                sun_exposure="full",
+            )
+
+
+        asyncio.run(main())
+        """
+        _response = await self._raw_client.create_plant(
+            sun_exposure=sun_exposure,
+            species=species,
+            family=family,
+            genus=genus,
+            planted_at=planted_at,
+            soil_type=soil_type,
+            common_name=common_name,
+            watering_frequency=watering_frequency,
+            request_options=request_options,
+        )
+        return _response.data
+
+    async def create_tree(
+        self,
+        *,
+        id: str,
+        planted_date: typing.Optional[dt.date] = OMIT,
+        tree_species: typing.Optional[str] = OMIT,
+        height_in_feet: typing.Optional[float] = OMIT,
+        tree_name: typing.Optional[str] = OMIT,
+        tree_description: typing.Optional[str] = OMIT,
+        request_options: typing.Optional[RequestOptions] = None,
+    ) -> TreeRecord:
+        """
+        Tests that when a parent's allOf contains multiple $ref entries, all of them are resolved and their properties merged.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        id : str
+            Unique tree identifier.
+
+        planted_date : typing.Optional[dt.date]
+            Date the tree was planted.
+
+        tree_species : typing.Optional[str]
+            The species of tree.
+
+        height_in_feet : typing.Optional[float]
+            Height of the tree in feet.
+
+        tree_name : typing.Optional[str]
+            Display name of the tree.
+
+        tree_description : typing.Optional[str]
+            A description of the tree.
+
+        request_options : typing.Optional[RequestOptions]
+            Request-specific configuration.
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        TreeRecord
+            Created tree
+
+        Examples
+        --------
+        import asyncio
+
+        from seed import AsyncSeedApi
+
+        client = AsyncSeedApi()
+
+
+        async def main() -> None:
+            await client.create_tree(
+                id="id",
+            )
+
+
+        asyncio.run(main())
+        """
+        _response = await self._raw_client.create_tree(
+            id=id,
+            planted_date=planted_date,
+            tree_species=tree_species,
+            height_in_feet=height_in_feet,
+            tree_name=tree_name,
+            tree_description=tree_description,
+            request_options=request_options,
+        )
+        return _response.data
+
 
 def _get_base_url(*, base_url: typing.Optional[str] = None, environment: SeedApiEnvironment) -> str:
     if base_url is not None:
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/allof/no-custom-config/src/seed/raw_client.py b/seed/python-sdk/allof/no-custom-config/src/seed/raw_client.py
index 77122c88976e..692811fb0ea8 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/allof/no-custom-config/src/seed/raw_client.py
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/allof/no-custom-config/src/seed/raw_client.py
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 # This file was auto-generated by Fern from our API Definition.
 
+import datetime as dt
 import typing
 from json.decoder import JSONDecodeError
 
@@ -11,9 +12,13 @@
 from .core.request_options import RequestOptions
 from .types.combined_entity import CombinedEntity
 from .types.organization import Organization
+from .types.plant_base_watering_frequency import PlantBaseWateringFrequency
+from .types.plant_post_sun_exposure import PlantPostSunExposure
+from .types.plant_strict import PlantStrict
 from .types.rule_create_request_execution_context import RuleCreateRequestExecutionContext
 from .types.rule_response import RuleResponse
 from .types.rule_type_search_response import RuleTypeSearchResponse
+from .types.tree_record import TreeRecord
 from .types.user_search_response import UserSearchResponse
 from pydantic import ValidationError
 
@@ -235,6 +240,168 @@ def get_organization(
             )
         raise ApiError(status_code=_response.status_code, headers=dict(_response.headers), body=_response_json)
 
+    def create_plant(
+        self,
+        *,
+        sun_exposure: PlantPostSunExposure,
+        species: str,
+        family: str,
+        genus: str,
+        planted_at: typing.Optional[dt.date] = OMIT,
+        soil_type: typing.Optional[str] = OMIT,
+        common_name: typing.Optional[str] = OMIT,
+        watering_frequency: typing.Optional[PlantBaseWateringFrequency] = OMIT,
+        request_options: typing.Optional[RequestOptions] = None,
+    ) -> HttpResponse[PlantStrict]:
+        """
+        Tests three-level allOf chain where a parent schema itself uses allOf with $ref elements. The grandparent's properties must be resolved through the nested $ref.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        sun_exposure : PlantPostSunExposure
+            Required sun exposure level.
+
+        species : str
+            The botanical species name.
+
+        family : str
+            The botanical family.
+
+        genus : str
+            The botanical genus.
+
+        planted_at : typing.Optional[dt.date]
+            Date the plant was planted.
+
+        soil_type : typing.Optional[str]
+            Preferred soil type.
+
+        common_name : typing.Optional[str]
+            The common name of the plant.
+
+        watering_frequency : typing.Optional[PlantBaseWateringFrequency]
+
+        request_options : typing.Optional[RequestOptions]
+            Request-specific configuration.
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        HttpResponse[PlantStrict]
+            Created plant
+        """
+        _response = self._client_wrapper.httpx_client.request(
+            "plants",
+            method="POST",
+            json={
+                "sunExposure": sun_exposure,
+                "plantedAt": planted_at,
+                "soilType": soil_type,
+                "commonName": common_name,
+                "wateringFrequency": watering_frequency,
+                "species": species,
+                "family": family,
+                "genus": genus,
+            },
+            headers={
+                "content-type": "application/json",
+            },
+            request_options=request_options,
+            omit=OMIT,
+        )
+        try:
+            if 200 <= _response.status_code < 300:
+                _data = typing.cast(
+                    PlantStrict,
+                    parse_obj_as(
+                        type_=PlantStrict,  # type: ignore
+                        object_=_response.json(),
+                    ),
+                )
+                return HttpResponse(response=_response, data=_data)
+            _response_json = _response.json()
+        except JSONDecodeError:
+            raise ApiError(status_code=_response.status_code, headers=dict(_response.headers), body=_response.text)
+        except ValidationError as e:
+            raise ParsingError(
+                status_code=_response.status_code, headers=dict(_response.headers), body=_response.json(), cause=e
+            )
+        raise ApiError(status_code=_response.status_code, headers=dict(_response.headers), body=_response_json)
+
+    def create_tree(
+        self,
+        *,
+        id: str,
+        planted_date: typing.Optional[dt.date] = OMIT,
+        tree_species: typing.Optional[str] = OMIT,
+        height_in_feet: typing.Optional[float] = OMIT,
+        tree_name: typing.Optional[str] = OMIT,
+        tree_description: typing.Optional[str] = OMIT,
+        request_options: typing.Optional[RequestOptions] = None,
+    ) -> HttpResponse[TreeRecord]:
+        """
+        Tests that when a parent's allOf contains multiple $ref entries, all of them are resolved and their properties merged.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        id : str
+            Unique tree identifier.
+
+        planted_date : typing.Optional[dt.date]
+            Date the tree was planted.
+
+        tree_species : typing.Optional[str]
+            The species of tree.
+
+        height_in_feet : typing.Optional[float]
+            Height of the tree in feet.
+
+        tree_name : typing.Optional[str]
+            Display name of the tree.
+
+        tree_description : typing.Optional[str]
+            A description of the tree.
+
+        request_options : typing.Optional[RequestOptions]
+            Request-specific configuration.
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        HttpResponse[TreeRecord]
+            Created tree
+        """
+        _response = self._client_wrapper.httpx_client.request(
+            "trees",
+            method="POST",
+            json={
+                "plantedDate": planted_date,
+                "treeSpecies": tree_species,
+                "heightInFeet": height_in_feet,
+                "id": id,
+                "treeName": tree_name,
+                "treeDescription": tree_description,
+            },
+            request_options=request_options,
+            omit=OMIT,
+        )
+        try:
+            if 200 <= _response.status_code < 300:
+                _data = typing.cast(
+                    TreeRecord,
+                    parse_obj_as(
+                        type_=TreeRecord,  # type: ignore
+                        object_=_response.json(),
+                    ),
+                )
+                return HttpResponse(response=_response, data=_data)
+            _response_json = _response.json()
+        except JSONDecodeError:
+            raise ApiError(status_code=_response.status_code, headers=dict(_response.headers), body=_response.text)
+        except ValidationError as e:
+            raise ParsingError(
+                status_code=_response.status_code, headers=dict(_response.headers), body=_response.json(), cause=e
+            )
+        raise ApiError(status_code=_response.status_code, headers=dict(_response.headers), body=_response_json)
+
 
 class AsyncRawSeedApi:
     def __init__(self, *, client_wrapper: AsyncClientWrapper):
@@ -451,3 +618,165 @@ async def get_organization(
                 status_code=_response.status_code, headers=dict(_response.headers), body=_response.json(), cause=e
             )
         raise ApiError(status_code=_response.status_code, headers=dict(_response.headers), body=_response_json)
+
+    async def create_plant(
+        self,
+        *,
+        sun_exposure: PlantPostSunExposure,
+        species: str,
+        family: str,
+        genus: str,
+        planted_at: typing.Optional[dt.date] = OMIT,
+        soil_type: typing.Optional[str] = OMIT,
+        common_name: typing.Optional[str] = OMIT,
+        watering_frequency: typing.Optional[PlantBaseWateringFrequency] = OMIT,
+        request_options: typing.Optional[RequestOptions] = None,
+    ) -> AsyncHttpResponse[PlantStrict]:
+        """
+        Tests three-level allOf chain where a parent schema itself uses allOf with $ref elements. The grandparent's properties must be resolved through the nested $ref.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        sun_exposure : PlantPostSunExposure
+            Required sun exposure level.
+
+        species : str
+            The botanical species name.
+
+        family : str
+            The botanical family.
+
+        genus : str
+            The botanical genus.
+
+        planted_at : typing.Optional[dt.date]
+            Date the plant was planted.
+
+        soil_type : typing.Optional[str]
+            Preferred soil type.
+
+        common_name : typing.Optional[str]
+            The common name of the plant.
+
+        watering_frequency : typing.Optional[PlantBaseWateringFrequency]
+
+        request_options : typing.Optional[RequestOptions]
+            Request-specific configuration.
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        AsyncHttpResponse[PlantStrict]
+            Created plant
+        """
+        _response = await self._client_wrapper.httpx_client.request(
+            "plants",
+            method="POST",
+            json={
+                "sunExposure": sun_exposure,
+                "plantedAt": planted_at,
+                "soilType": soil_type,
+                "commonName": common_name,
+                "wateringFrequency": watering_frequency,
+                "species": species,
+                "family": family,
+                "genus": genus,
+            },
+            headers={
+                "content-type": "application/json",
+            },
+            request_options=request_options,
+            omit=OMIT,
+        )
+        try:
+            if 200 <= _response.status_code < 300:
+                _data = typing.cast(
+                    PlantStrict,
+                    parse_obj_as(
+                        type_=PlantStrict,  # type: ignore
+                        object_=_response.json(),
+                    ),
+                )
+                return AsyncHttpResponse(response=_response, data=_data)
+            _response_json = _response.json()
+        except JSONDecodeError:
+            raise ApiError(status_code=_response.status_code, headers=dict(_response.headers), body=_response.text)
+        except ValidationError as e:
+            raise ParsingError(
+                status_code=_response.status_code, headers=dict(_response.headers), body=_response.json(), cause=e
+            )
+        raise ApiError(status_code=_response.status_code, headers=dict(_response.headers), body=_response_json)
+
+    async def create_tree(
+        self,
+        *,
+        id: str,
+        planted_date: typing.Optional[dt.date] = OMIT,
+        tree_species: typing.Optional[str] = OMIT,
+        height_in_feet: typing.Optional[float] = OMIT,
+        tree_name: typing.Optional[str] = OMIT,
+        tree_description: typing.Optional[str] = OMIT,
+        request_options: typing.Optional[RequestOptions] = None,
+    ) -> AsyncHttpResponse[TreeRecord]:
+        """
+        Tests that when a parent's allOf contains multiple $ref entries, all of them are resolved and their properties merged.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        id : str
+            Unique tree identifier.
+
+        planted_date : typing.Optional[dt.date]
+            Date the tree was planted.
+
+        tree_species : typing.Optional[str]
+            The species of tree.
+
+        height_in_feet : typing.Optional[float]
+            Height of the tree in feet.
+
+        tree_name : typing.Optional[str]
+            Display name of the tree.
+
+        tree_description : typing.Optional[str]
+            A description of the tree.
+
+        request_options : typing.Optional[RequestOptions]
+            Request-specific configuration.
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        AsyncHttpResponse[TreeRecord]
+            Created tree
+        """
+        _response = await self._client_wrapper.httpx_client.request(
+            "trees",
+            method="POST",
+            json={
+                "plantedDate": planted_date,
+                "treeSpecies": tree_species,
+                "heightInFeet": height_in_feet,
+                "id": id,
+                "treeName": tree_name,
+                "treeDescription": tree_description,
+            },
+            request_options=request_options,
+            omit=OMIT,
+        )
+        try:
+            if 200 <= _response.status_code < 300:
+                _data = typing.cast(
+                    TreeRecord,
+                    parse_obj_as(
+                        type_=TreeRecord,  # type: ignore
+                        object_=_response.json(),
+                    ),
+                )
+                return AsyncHttpResponse(response=_response, data=_data)
+            _response_json = _response.json()
+        except JSONDecodeError:
+            raise ApiError(status_code=_response.status_code, headers=dict(_response.headers), body=_response.text)
+        except ValidationError as e:
+            raise ParsingError(
+                status_code=_response.status_code, headers=dict(_response.headers), body=_response.json(), cause=e
+            )
+        raise ApiError(status_code=_response.status_code, headers=dict(_response.headers), body=_response_json)
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/allof/no-custom-config/src/seed/types/__init__.py b/seed/python-sdk/allof/no-custom-config/src/seed/types/__init__.py
index 94c23dd12fd2..446f8959908d 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/allof/no-custom-config/src/seed/types/__init__.py
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/allof/no-custom-config/src/seed/types/__init__.py
@@ -18,12 +18,20 @@
     from .organization import Organization
     from .paginated_result import PaginatedResult
     from .paging_cursors import PagingCursors
+    from .plant_base import PlantBase
+    from .plant_base_watering_frequency import PlantBaseWateringFrequency
+    from .plant_post_sun_exposure import PlantPostSunExposure
+    from .plant_strict import PlantStrict
     from .rule_create_request_execution_context import RuleCreateRequestExecutionContext
     from .rule_execution_context import RuleExecutionContext
     from .rule_response import RuleResponse
     from .rule_response_status import RuleResponseStatus
     from .rule_type import RuleType
     from .rule_type_search_response import RuleTypeSearchResponse
+    from .tree_base import TreeBase
+    from .tree_describable import TreeDescribable
+    from .tree_identifiable import TreeIdentifiable
+    from .tree_record import TreeRecord
     from .user import User
     from .user_search_response import UserSearchResponse
 _dynamic_imports: typing.Dict[str, str] = {
@@ -39,12 +47,20 @@
     "Organization": ".organization",
     "PaginatedResult": ".paginated_result",
     "PagingCursors": ".paging_cursors",
+    "PlantBase": ".plant_base",
+    "PlantBaseWateringFrequency": ".plant_base_watering_frequency",
+    "PlantPostSunExposure": ".plant_post_sun_exposure",
+    "PlantStrict": ".plant_strict",
     "RuleCreateRequestExecutionContext": ".rule_create_request_execution_context",
     "RuleExecutionContext": ".rule_execution_context",
     "RuleResponse": ".rule_response",
     "RuleResponseStatus": ".rule_response_status",
     "RuleType": ".rule_type",
     "RuleTypeSearchResponse": ".rule_type_search_response",
+    "TreeBase": ".tree_base",
+    "TreeDescribable": ".tree_describable",
+    "TreeIdentifiable": ".tree_identifiable",
+    "TreeRecord": ".tree_record",
     "User": ".user",
     "UserSearchResponse": ".user_search_response",
 }
@@ -84,12 +100,20 @@ def __dir__():
     "Organization",
     "PaginatedResult",
     "PagingCursors",
+    "PlantBase",
+    "PlantBaseWateringFrequency",
+    "PlantPostSunExposure",
+    "PlantStrict",
     "RuleCreateRequestExecutionContext",
     "RuleExecutionContext",
     "RuleResponse",
     "RuleResponseStatus",
     "RuleType",
     "RuleTypeSearchResponse",
+    "TreeBase",
+    "TreeDescribable",
+    "TreeIdentifiable",
+    "TreeRecord",
     "User",
     "UserSearchResponse",
 ]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/allof/no-custom-config/src/seed/types/plant_base.py b/seed/python-sdk/allof/no-custom-config/src/seed/types/plant_base.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..dea13b4c50e7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/allof/no-custom-config/src/seed/types/plant_base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+# This file was auto-generated by Fern from our API Definition.
+
+import typing
+
+import pydantic
+import typing_extensions
+from ..core.pydantic_utilities import IS_PYDANTIC_V2
+from ..core.serialization import FieldMetadata
+from .plant_base_watering_frequency import PlantBaseWateringFrequency
+from .plant_strict import PlantStrict
+
+
+class PlantBase(PlantStrict):
+    common_name: typing_extensions.Annotated[
+        typing.Optional[str],
+        FieldMetadata(alias="commonName"),
+        pydantic.Field(alias="commonName", description="The common name of the plant."),
+    ] = None
+    watering_frequency: typing_extensions.Annotated[
+        typing.Optional[PlantBaseWateringFrequency],
+        FieldMetadata(alias="wateringFrequency"),
+        pydantic.Field(alias="wateringFrequency"),
+    ] = None
+
+    if IS_PYDANTIC_V2:
+        model_config: typing.ClassVar[pydantic.ConfigDict] = pydantic.ConfigDict(extra="allow", frozen=True)  # type: ignore # Pydantic v2
+    else:
+
+        class Config:
+            frozen = True
+            smart_union = True
+            extra = pydantic.Extra.allow
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/allof/no-custom-config/src/seed/types/plant_base_watering_frequency.py b/seed/python-sdk/allof/no-custom-config/src/seed/types/plant_base_watering_frequency.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..6dae335d41f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/allof/no-custom-config/src/seed/types/plant_base_watering_frequency.py
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+# This file was auto-generated by Fern from our API Definition.
+
+import typing
+
+PlantBaseWateringFrequency = typing.Union[typing.Literal["daily", "weekly", "biweekly", "monthly"], typing.Any]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/allof/no-custom-config/src/seed/types/plant_post_sun_exposure.py b/seed/python-sdk/allof/no-custom-config/src/seed/types/plant_post_sun_exposure.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..c851b19c9292
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/allof/no-custom-config/src/seed/types/plant_post_sun_exposure.py
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+# This file was auto-generated by Fern from our API Definition.
+
+import typing
+
+PlantPostSunExposure = typing.Union[typing.Literal["full", "partial", "shade"], typing.Any]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/allof/no-custom-config/src/seed/types/plant_strict.py b/seed/python-sdk/allof/no-custom-config/src/seed/types/plant_strict.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..4109c1823e60
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/allof/no-custom-config/src/seed/types/plant_strict.py
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+# This file was auto-generated by Fern from our API Definition.
+
+import typing
+
+import pydantic
+from ..core.pydantic_utilities import IS_PYDANTIC_V2, UniversalBaseModel
+
+
+class PlantStrict(UniversalBaseModel):
+    species: str = pydantic.Field()
+    """
+    The botanical species name.
+    """
+
+    family: str = pydantic.Field()
+    """
+    The botanical family.
+    """
+
+    genus: str = pydantic.Field()
+    """
+    The botanical genus.
+    """
+
+    if IS_PYDANTIC_V2:
+        model_config: typing.ClassVar[pydantic.ConfigDict] = pydantic.ConfigDict(extra="allow", frozen=True)  # type: ignore # Pydantic v2
+    else:
+
+        class Config:
+            frozen = True
+            smart_union = True
+            extra = pydantic.Extra.allow
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/allof/no-custom-config/src/seed/types/tree_base.py b/seed/python-sdk/allof/no-custom-config/src/seed/types/tree_base.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..1fbe323ea505
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/allof/no-custom-config/src/seed/types/tree_base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+# This file was auto-generated by Fern from our API Definition.
+
+import typing
+
+import pydantic
+import typing_extensions
+from ..core.pydantic_utilities import IS_PYDANTIC_V2
+from ..core.serialization import FieldMetadata
+from .tree_describable import TreeDescribable
+from .tree_identifiable import TreeIdentifiable
+
+
+class TreeBase(TreeIdentifiable, TreeDescribable):
+    tree_species: typing_extensions.Annotated[
+        typing.Optional[str],
+        FieldMetadata(alias="treeSpecies"),
+        pydantic.Field(alias="treeSpecies", description="The species of tree."),
+    ] = None
+    height_in_feet: typing_extensions.Annotated[
+        typing.Optional[float],
+        FieldMetadata(alias="heightInFeet"),
+        pydantic.Field(alias="heightInFeet", description="Height of the tree in feet."),
+    ] = None
+
+    if IS_PYDANTIC_V2:
+        model_config: typing.ClassVar[pydantic.ConfigDict] = pydantic.ConfigDict(extra="allow", frozen=True)  # type: ignore # Pydantic v2
+    else:
+
+        class Config:
+            frozen = True
+            smart_union = True
+            extra = pydantic.Extra.allow
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/allof/no-custom-config/src/seed/types/tree_describable.py b/seed/python-sdk/allof/no-custom-config/src/seed/types/tree_describable.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..651e62c8d3c2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/allof/no-custom-config/src/seed/types/tree_describable.py
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+# This file was auto-generated by Fern from our API Definition.
+
+import typing
+
+import pydantic
+import typing_extensions
+from ..core.pydantic_utilities import IS_PYDANTIC_V2, UniversalBaseModel
+from ..core.serialization import FieldMetadata
+
+
+class TreeDescribable(UniversalBaseModel):
+    tree_name: typing_extensions.Annotated[
+        typing.Optional[str],
+        FieldMetadata(alias="treeName"),
+        pydantic.Field(alias="treeName", description="Display name of the tree."),
+    ] = None
+    tree_description: typing_extensions.Annotated[
+        typing.Optional[str],
+        FieldMetadata(alias="treeDescription"),
+        pydantic.Field(alias="treeDescription", description="A description of the tree."),
+    ] = None
+
+    if IS_PYDANTIC_V2:
+        model_config: typing.ClassVar[pydantic.ConfigDict] = pydantic.ConfigDict(extra="allow", frozen=True)  # type: ignore # Pydantic v2
+    else:
+
+        class Config:
+            frozen = True
+            smart_union = True
+            extra = pydantic.Extra.allow
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/allof/no-custom-config/src/seed/types/tree_identifiable.py b/seed/python-sdk/allof/no-custom-config/src/seed/types/tree_identifiable.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..690068db8c6f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/allof/no-custom-config/src/seed/types/tree_identifiable.py
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+# This file was auto-generated by Fern from our API Definition.
+
+import typing
+
+import pydantic
+from ..core.pydantic_utilities import IS_PYDANTIC_V2, UniversalBaseModel
+
+
+class TreeIdentifiable(UniversalBaseModel):
+    id: str = pydantic.Field()
+    """
+    Unique tree identifier.
+    """
+
+    if IS_PYDANTIC_V2:
+        model_config: typing.ClassVar[pydantic.ConfigDict] = pydantic.ConfigDict(extra="allow", frozen=True)  # type: ignore # Pydantic v2
+    else:
+
+        class Config:
+            frozen = True
+            smart_union = True
+            extra = pydantic.Extra.allow
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/allof/no-custom-config/src/seed/types/tree_record.py b/seed/python-sdk/allof/no-custom-config/src/seed/types/tree_record.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..21ea2af61dde
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/allof/no-custom-config/src/seed/types/tree_record.py
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+# This file was auto-generated by Fern from our API Definition.
+
+import datetime as dt
+import typing
+
+import pydantic
+import typing_extensions
+from ..core.pydantic_utilities import IS_PYDANTIC_V2
+from ..core.serialization import FieldMetadata
+from .tree_base import TreeBase
+
+
+class TreeRecord(TreeBase):
+    planted_date: typing_extensions.Annotated[
+        typing.Optional[dt.date],
+        FieldMetadata(alias="plantedDate"),
+        pydantic.Field(alias="plantedDate", description="Date the tree was planted."),
+    ] = None
+
+    if IS_PYDANTIC_V2:
+        model_config: typing.ClassVar[pydantic.ConfigDict] = pydantic.ConfigDict(extra="allow", frozen=True)  # type: ignore # Pydantic v2
+    else:
+
+        class Config:
+            frozen = True
+            smart_union = True
+            extra = pydantic.Extra.allow
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/allof/no-custom-config/tests/wire/test_.py b/seed/python-sdk/allof/no-custom-config/tests/wire/test_.py
index 2f638bc05b10..21f3c9a6cb11 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/allof/no-custom-config/tests/wire/test_.py
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/allof/no-custom-config/tests/wire/test_.py
@@ -42,3 +42,26 @@ def test__get_organization() -> None:
     client = get_client(test_id)
     client.get_organization()
     verify_request_count(test_id, "GET", "/organizations", None, 1)
+
+
+def test__create_plant() -> None:
+    """Test createPlant endpoint with WireMock"""
+    test_id = "create_plant.0"
+    client = get_client(test_id)
+    client.create_plant(
+        species="species",
+        family="family",
+        genus="genus",
+        sun_exposure="full",
+    )
+    verify_request_count(test_id, "POST", "/plants", None, 1)
+
+
+def test__create_tree() -> None:
+    """Test createTree endpoint with WireMock"""
+    test_id = "create_tree.0"
+    client = get_client(test_id)
+    client.create_tree(
+        id="id",
+    )
+    verify_request_count(test_id, "POST", "/trees", None, 1)
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/allof/no-custom-config/wiremock/wiremock-mappings.json b/seed/python-sdk/allof/no-custom-config/wiremock/wiremock-mappings.json
index bfeb998eabae..97061f28d6e6 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/allof/no-custom-config/wiremock/wiremock-mappings.json
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/allof/no-custom-config/wiremock/wiremock-mappings.json
@@ -133,9 +133,61 @@
         }
       },
       "postServeActions": []
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "fc35a3ba-6a37-4842-99e5-f58821955c31",
+      "name": "Create a plant (nested allOf with $ref chain) - default",
+      "request": {
+        "urlPathTemplate": "/plants",
+        "method": "POST"
+      },
+      "response": {
+        "status": 200,
+        "body": "{\n  \"species\": \"species\",\n  \"family\": \"family\",\n  \"genus\": \"genus\"\n}",
+        "headers": {
+          "Content-Type": "application/json"
+        }
+      },
+      "uuid": "fc35a3ba-6a37-4842-99e5-f58821955c31",
+      "persistent": true,
+      "priority": 3,
+      "metadata": {
+        "mocklab": {
+          "created": {
+            "at": "2020-01-01T00:00:00.000Z",
+            "via": "SYSTEM"
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "b78e388b-bdbb-4fab-a683-45f8819e89ec",
+      "name": "Create a tree (multiple nested $ref in parent allOf) - default",
+      "request": {
+        "urlPathTemplate": "/trees",
+        "method": "POST"
+      },
+      "response": {
+        "status": 200,
+        "body": "{\n  \"treeName\": \"treeName\",\n  \"treeDescription\": \"treeDescription\",\n  \"id\": \"id\",\n  \"treeSpecies\": \"treeSpecies\",\n  \"heightInFeet\": 1.1,\n  \"plantedDate\": \"2023-01-15\"\n}",
+        "headers": {
+          "Content-Type": "application/json"
+        }
+      },
+      "uuid": "b78e388b-bdbb-4fab-a683-45f8819e89ec",
+      "persistent": true,
+      "priority": 3,
+      "metadata": {
+        "mocklab": {
+          "created": {
+            "at": "2020-01-01T00:00:00.000Z",
+            "via": "SYSTEM"
+          }
+        }
+      }
     }
   ],
   "meta": {
-    "total": 5
+    "total": 7
   }
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/seed/ts-sdk/allof/.fern/metadata.json b/seed/ts-sdk/allof/.fern/metadata.json
index 5789995ae525..9ea68298004b 100644
--- a/seed/ts-sdk/allof/.fern/metadata.json
+++ b/seed/ts-sdk/allof/.fern/metadata.json
@@ -3,8 +3,7 @@
     "generatorName": "fernapi/fern-typescript-sdk",
     "generatorVersion": "local",
     "originGitCommit": "DUMMY",
-    "invokedBy": "ci",
+    "invokedBy": "manual",
     "requestedVersion": "0.0.1",
-    "ciProvider": "github",
     "sdkVersion": "0.0.1"
 }
diff --git a/seed/ts-sdk/allof/reference.md b/seed/ts-sdk/allof/reference.md
index 6d75591df79d..8f817d3b578c 100644
--- a/seed/ts-sdk/allof/reference.md
+++ b/seed/ts-sdk/allof/reference.md
@@ -223,3 +223,136 @@ await client.getOrganization();
 </dl>
 </details>
 
+<details><summary><code>client.<a href="/src/Client.ts">createPlant</a>({ ...params }) -> SeedApi.PlantStrict</code></summary>
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+#### 📝 Description
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+Tests three-level allOf chain where a parent schema itself uses allOf with $ref elements. The grandparent's properties must be resolved through the nested $ref.
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+#### 🔌 Usage
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+```typescript
+await client.createPlant({
+    species: "species",
+    family: "family",
+    genus: "genus",
+    sunExposure: "full"
+});
+
+```
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+#### ⚙️ Parameters
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+**request:** `SeedApi.PlantPost` 
+    
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+**requestOptions:** `SeedApiClient.RequestOptions` 
+    
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</details>
+
+<details><summary><code>client.<a href="/src/Client.ts">createTree</a>({ ...params }) -> SeedApi.TreeRecord</code></summary>
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+#### 📝 Description
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+Tests that when a parent's allOf contains multiple $ref entries, all of them are resolved and their properties merged.
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+#### 🔌 Usage
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+```typescript
+await client.createTree({
+    id: "id"
+});
+
+```
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+#### ⚙️ Parameters
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+**request:** `SeedApi.TreeRecord` 
+    
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+**requestOptions:** `SeedApiClient.RequestOptions` 
+    
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</details>
+
diff --git a/seed/ts-sdk/allof/snippet.json b/seed/ts-sdk/allof/snippet.json
index 77c90740f6d5..45c355884f26 100644
--- a/seed/ts-sdk/allof/snippet.json
+++ b/seed/ts-sdk/allof/snippet.json
@@ -54,6 +54,28 @@
                 "type": "typescript",
                 "client": "import { SeedApiClient } from \"@fern/allof\";\n\nconst client = new SeedApiClient;\nawait client.getOrganization();\n"
             }
+        },
+        {
+            "id": {
+                "path": "/plants",
+                "method": "POST",
+                "identifier_override": "endpoint_.createPlant"
+            },
+            "snippet": {
+                "type": "typescript",
+                "client": "import { SeedApiClient } from \"@fern/allof\";\n\nconst client = new SeedApiClient;\nawait client.createPlant({\n    species: \"species\",\n    family: \"family\",\n    genus: \"genus\",\n    sunExposure: \"full\"\n});\n"
+            }
+        },
+        {
+            "id": {
+                "path": "/trees",
+                "method": "POST",
+                "identifier_override": "endpoint_.createTree"
+            },
+            "snippet": {
+                "type": "typescript",
+                "client": "import { SeedApiClient } from \"@fern/allof\";\n\nconst client = new SeedApiClient;\nawait client.createTree({\n    id: \"id\"\n});\n"
+            }
         }
     ],
     "types": {}
diff --git a/seed/ts-sdk/allof/src/Client.ts b/seed/ts-sdk/allof/src/Client.ts
index ba5afd81e1a0..ef645e7d693c 100644
--- a/seed/ts-sdk/allof/src/Client.ts
+++ b/seed/ts-sdk/allof/src/Client.ts
@@ -275,6 +275,123 @@ export class SeedApiClient {
         return handleNonStatusCodeError(_response.error, _response.rawResponse, "GET", "/organizations");
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Tests three-level allOf chain where a parent schema itself uses allOf with $ref elements. The grandparent's properties must be resolved through the nested $ref.
+     *
+     * @param {SeedApi.PlantPost} request
+     * @param {SeedApiClient.RequestOptions} requestOptions - Request-specific configuration.
+     *
+     * @example
+     *     await client.createPlant({
+     *         species: "species",
+     *         family: "family",
+     *         genus: "genus",
+     *         sunExposure: "full"
+     *     })
+     */
+    public createPlant(
+        request: SeedApi.PlantPost,
+        requestOptions?: SeedApiClient.RequestOptions,
+    ): core.HttpResponsePromise<SeedApi.PlantStrict> {
+        return core.HttpResponsePromise.fromPromise(this.__createPlant(request, requestOptions));
+    }
+
+    private async __createPlant(
+        request: SeedApi.PlantPost,
+        requestOptions?: SeedApiClient.RequestOptions,
+    ): Promise<core.WithRawResponse<SeedApi.PlantStrict>> {
+        const _headers: core.Fetcher.Args["headers"] = mergeHeaders(this._options?.headers, requestOptions?.headers);
+        const _response = await core.fetcher({
+            url: core.url.join(
+                (await core.Supplier.get(this._options.baseUrl)) ??
+                    (await core.Supplier.get(this._options.environment)) ??
+                    environments.SeedApiEnvironment.Default,
+                "plants",
+            ),
+            method: "POST",
+            headers: _headers,
+            contentType: "application/json",
+            queryString: core.url.queryBuilder().mergeAdditional(requestOptions?.queryParams).build(),
+            requestType: "json",
+            body: request,
+            timeoutMs: (requestOptions?.timeoutInSeconds ?? this._options?.timeoutInSeconds ?? 60) * 1000,
+            maxRetries: requestOptions?.maxRetries ?? this._options?.maxRetries,
+            abortSignal: requestOptions?.abortSignal,
+            fetchFn: this._options?.fetch,
+            logging: this._options.logging,
+        });
+        if (_response.ok) {
+            return { data: _response.body as SeedApi.PlantStrict, rawResponse: _response.rawResponse };
+        }
+
+        if (_response.error.reason === "status-code") {
+            throw new errors.SeedApiError({
+                statusCode: _response.error.statusCode,
+                body: _response.error.body,
+                rawResponse: _response.rawResponse,
+            });
+        }
+
+        return handleNonStatusCodeError(_response.error, _response.rawResponse, "POST", "/plants");
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests that when a parent's allOf contains multiple $ref entries, all of them are resolved and their properties merged.
+     *
+     * @param {SeedApi.TreeRecord} request
+     * @param {SeedApiClient.RequestOptions} requestOptions - Request-specific configuration.
+     *
+     * @example
+     *     await client.createTree({
+     *         id: "id"
+     *     })
+     */
+    public createTree(
+        request: SeedApi.TreeRecord,
+        requestOptions?: SeedApiClient.RequestOptions,
+    ): core.HttpResponsePromise<SeedApi.TreeRecord> {
+        return core.HttpResponsePromise.fromPromise(this.__createTree(request, requestOptions));
+    }
+
+    private async __createTree(
+        request: SeedApi.TreeRecord,
+        requestOptions?: SeedApiClient.RequestOptions,
+    ): Promise<core.WithRawResponse<SeedApi.TreeRecord>> {
+        const _headers: core.Fetcher.Args["headers"] = mergeHeaders(this._options?.headers, requestOptions?.headers);
+        const _response = await core.fetcher({
+            url: core.url.join(
+                (await core.Supplier.get(this._options.baseUrl)) ??
+                    (await core.Supplier.get(this._options.environment)) ??
+                    environments.SeedApiEnvironment.Default,
+                "trees",
+            ),
+            method: "POST",
+            headers: _headers,
+            contentType: "application/json",
+            queryString: core.url.queryBuilder().mergeAdditional(requestOptions?.queryParams).build(),
+            requestType: "json",
+            body: request,
+            timeoutMs: (requestOptions?.timeoutInSeconds ?? this._options?.timeoutInSeconds ?? 60) * 1000,
+            maxRetries: requestOptions?.maxRetries ?? this._options?.maxRetries,
+            abortSignal: requestOptions?.abortSignal,
+            fetchFn: this._options?.fetch,
+            logging: this._options.logging,
+        });
+        if (_response.ok) {
+            return { data: _response.body as SeedApi.TreeRecord, rawResponse: _response.rawResponse };
+        }
+
+        if (_response.error.reason === "status-code") {
+            throw new errors.SeedApiError({
+                statusCode: _response.error.statusCode,
+                body: _response.error.body,
+                rawResponse: _response.rawResponse,
+            });
+        }
+
+        return handleNonStatusCodeError(_response.error, _response.rawResponse, "POST", "/trees");
+    }
+
     /**
      * Make a passthrough request using the SDK's configured auth, retry, logging, etc.
      * This is useful for making requests to endpoints not yet supported in the SDK.
diff --git a/seed/ts-sdk/allof/src/api/client/requests/PlantPost.ts b/seed/ts-sdk/allof/src/api/client/requests/PlantPost.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..2760d18cf69b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/ts-sdk/allof/src/api/client/requests/PlantPost.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+// This file was auto-generated by Fern from our API Definition.
+
+import type * as SeedApi from "../../index.js";
+
+/**
+ * @example
+ *     {
+ *         species: "species",
+ *         family: "family",
+ *         genus: "genus",
+ *         sunExposure: "full"
+ *     }
+ */
+export interface PlantPost extends SeedApi.PlantBase {
+    /** Required sun exposure level. */
+    sunExposure: PlantPost.SunExposure;
+    /** Date the plant was planted. */
+    plantedAt?: string;
+    /** Preferred soil type. */
+    soilType?: string;
+}
+
+export namespace PlantPost {
+    /** Required sun exposure level. */
+    export const SunExposure = {
+        Full: "full",
+        Partial: "partial",
+        Shade: "shade",
+    } as const;
+    export type SunExposure = (typeof SunExposure)[keyof typeof SunExposure];
+}
diff --git a/seed/ts-sdk/allof/src/api/client/requests/index.ts b/seed/ts-sdk/allof/src/api/client/requests/index.ts
index c8c22b703233..8c029b7dd67c 100644
--- a/seed/ts-sdk/allof/src/api/client/requests/index.ts
+++ b/seed/ts-sdk/allof/src/api/client/requests/index.ts
@@ -1,2 +1,3 @@
+export { PlantPost } from "./PlantPost.js";
 export { RuleCreateRequest } from "./RuleCreateRequest.js";
 export type { SearchRuleTypesRequest } from "./SearchRuleTypesRequest.js";
diff --git a/seed/ts-sdk/allof/src/api/types/PlantBase.ts b/seed/ts-sdk/allof/src/api/types/PlantBase.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..71c063433a85
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/ts-sdk/allof/src/api/types/PlantBase.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+// This file was auto-generated by Fern from our API Definition.
+
+import type * as SeedApi from "../index.js";
+
+export interface PlantBase extends SeedApi.PlantStrict {
+    /** The common name of the plant. */
+    commonName?: string | undefined;
+    wateringFrequency?: PlantBase.WateringFrequency | undefined;
+}
+
+export namespace PlantBase {
+    export const WateringFrequency = {
+        Daily: "daily",
+        Weekly: "weekly",
+        Biweekly: "biweekly",
+        Monthly: "monthly",
+    } as const;
+    export type WateringFrequency = (typeof WateringFrequency)[keyof typeof WateringFrequency];
+}
diff --git a/seed/ts-sdk/allof/src/api/types/PlantStrict.ts b/seed/ts-sdk/allof/src/api/types/PlantStrict.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..1c607c5fbd30
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/ts-sdk/allof/src/api/types/PlantStrict.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+// This file was auto-generated by Fern from our API Definition.
+
+export interface PlantStrict {
+    /** The botanical species name. */
+    species: string;
+    /** The botanical family. */
+    family: string;
+    /** The botanical genus. */
+    genus: string;
+}
diff --git a/seed/ts-sdk/allof/src/api/types/TreeBase.ts b/seed/ts-sdk/allof/src/api/types/TreeBase.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..e42af0eedbae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/ts-sdk/allof/src/api/types/TreeBase.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+// This file was auto-generated by Fern from our API Definition.
+
+import type * as SeedApi from "../index.js";
+
+export interface TreeBase extends SeedApi.TreeIdentifiable, SeedApi.TreeDescribable {
+    /** The species of tree. */
+    treeSpecies?: string | undefined;
+    /** Height of the tree in feet. */
+    heightInFeet?: number | undefined;
+}
diff --git a/seed/ts-sdk/allof/src/api/types/TreeDescribable.ts b/seed/ts-sdk/allof/src/api/types/TreeDescribable.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..607ab65f3516
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/ts-sdk/allof/src/api/types/TreeDescribable.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+// This file was auto-generated by Fern from our API Definition.
+
+export interface TreeDescribable {
+    /** Display name of the tree. */
+    treeName?: string | undefined;
+    /** A description of the tree. */
+    treeDescription?: string | undefined;
+}
diff --git a/seed/ts-sdk/allof/src/api/types/TreeIdentifiable.ts b/seed/ts-sdk/allof/src/api/types/TreeIdentifiable.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..9f6f9c68c699
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/ts-sdk/allof/src/api/types/TreeIdentifiable.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+// This file was auto-generated by Fern from our API Definition.
+
+export interface TreeIdentifiable {
+    /** Unique tree identifier. */
+    id: string;
+}
diff --git a/seed/ts-sdk/allof/src/api/types/TreeRecord.ts b/seed/ts-sdk/allof/src/api/types/TreeRecord.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..2836a2300342
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/ts-sdk/allof/src/api/types/TreeRecord.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+// This file was auto-generated by Fern from our API Definition.
+
+import type * as SeedApi from "../index.js";
+
+export interface TreeRecord extends SeedApi.TreeBase {
+    /** Date the tree was planted. */
+    plantedDate?: string | undefined;
+}
diff --git a/seed/ts-sdk/allof/src/api/types/index.ts b/seed/ts-sdk/allof/src/api/types/index.ts
index ae8a133ce81f..fcceebd8605a 100644
--- a/seed/ts-sdk/allof/src/api/types/index.ts
+++ b/seed/ts-sdk/allof/src/api/types/index.ts
@@ -7,9 +7,15 @@ export * from "./Identifiable.js";
 export * from "./Organization.js";
 export * from "./PaginatedResult.js";
 export * from "./PagingCursors.js";
+export * from "./PlantBase.js";
+export * from "./PlantStrict.js";
 export * from "./RuleExecutionContext.js";
 export * from "./RuleResponse.js";
 export * from "./RuleType.js";
 export * from "./RuleTypeSearchResponse.js";
+export * from "./TreeBase.js";
+export * from "./TreeDescribable.js";
+export * from "./TreeIdentifiable.js";
+export * from "./TreeRecord.js";
 export * from "./User.js";
 export * from "./UserSearchResponse.js";
diff --git a/seed/ts-sdk/allof/tests/wire/main.test.ts b/seed/ts-sdk/allof/tests/wire/main.test.ts
index 6af233ca61ca..0be7d684ecea 100644
--- a/seed/ts-sdk/allof/tests/wire/main.test.ts
+++ b/seed/ts-sdk/allof/tests/wire/main.test.ts
@@ -88,4 +88,56 @@ describe("SeedApiClient", () => {
         const response = await client.getOrganization();
         expect(response).toEqual(rawResponseBody);
     });
+
+    test("createPlant", async () => {
+        const server = mockServerPool.createServer();
+        const client = new SeedApiClient({ maxRetries: 0, environment: server.baseUrl });
+        const rawRequestBody = { species: "species", family: "family", genus: "genus", sunExposure: "full" };
+        const rawResponseBody = { species: "species", family: "family", genus: "genus" };
+
+        server
+            .mockEndpoint()
+            .post("/plants")
+            .jsonBody(rawRequestBody)
+            .respondWith()
+            .statusCode(200)
+            .jsonBody(rawResponseBody)
+            .build();
+
+        const response = await client.createPlant({
+            species: "species",
+            family: "family",
+            genus: "genus",
+            sunExposure: "full",
+        });
+        expect(response).toEqual(rawResponseBody);
+    });
+
+    test("createTree", async () => {
+        const server = mockServerPool.createServer();
+        const client = new SeedApiClient({ maxRetries: 0, environment: server.baseUrl });
+        const rawRequestBody = { id: "id" };
+        const rawResponseBody = {
+            treeName: "treeName",
+            treeDescription: "treeDescription",
+            id: "id",
+            treeSpecies: "treeSpecies",
+            heightInFeet: 1.1,
+            plantedDate: "2023-01-15",
+        };
+
+        server
+            .mockEndpoint()
+            .post("/trees")
+            .jsonBody(rawRequestBody)
+            .respondWith()
+            .statusCode(200)
+            .jsonBody(rawResponseBody)
+            .build();
+
+        const response = await client.createTree({
+            id: "id",
+        });
+        expect(response).toEqual(rawResponseBody);
+    });
 });
diff --git a/test-definitions/fern/apis/allof/openapi.yml b/test-definitions/fern/apis/allof/openapi.yml
index b8564ac0700a..bfcc40d1345c 100644
--- a/test-definitions/fern/apis/allof/openapi.yml
+++ b/test-definitions/fern/apis/allof/openapi.yml
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ info:
   description: >
     Exercises allOf schema composition patterns, covering array items narrowing,
     primitive constraint narrowing, required propagation, metadata inheritance,
-    and multi-parent property merging.
+    multi-parent property merging, and nested $ref resolution.
 
 servers:
   - url: https://api.example.com
@@ -82,6 +82,49 @@ paths:
               schema:
                 $ref: "#/components/schemas/Organization"
 
+  /plants:
+    post:
+      operationId: createPlant
+      summary: Create a plant (nested allOf with $ref chain)
+      description: >
+        Tests three-level allOf chain where a parent schema itself uses allOf
+        with $ref elements. The grandparent's properties must be resolved
+        through the nested $ref.
+      requestBody:
+        required: true
+        content:
+          application/json:
+            schema:
+              $ref: "#/components/schemas/PlantPost"
+      responses:
+        "200":
+          description: Created plant
+          content:
+            application/json:
+              schema:
+                $ref: "#/components/schemas/PlantStrict"
+
+  /trees:
+    post:
+      operationId: createTree
+      summary: Create a tree (multiple nested $ref in parent allOf)
+      description: >
+        Tests that when a parent's allOf contains multiple $ref entries,
+        all of them are resolved and their properties merged.
+      requestBody:
+        required: true
+        content:
+          application/json:
+            schema:
+              $ref: "#/components/schemas/TreeRecord"
+      responses:
+        "200":
+          description: Created tree
+          content:
+            application/json:
+              schema:
+                $ref: "#/components/schemas/TreeRecord"
+
 components:
   schemas:
     # -----------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -348,3 +391,125 @@ components:
           properties:
             name:
               type: string
+
+    # -----------------------------------------------------------------------
+    # Case 7: Three-level allOf chain with nested $ref (BigCommerce pattern)
+    #
+    # PlantPost -> PlantBase -> PlantStrict, where PlantBase uses allOf
+    # with a $ref to PlantStrict. The v3 parser must recursively resolve
+    # the nested $ref to include grandparent properties.
+    #
+    # Expected: PlantPost includes all properties from PlantStrict,
+    # PlantBase sibling, and its own inline child.
+    # -----------------------------------------------------------------------
+    PlantStrict:
+      type: object
+      required:
+        - species
+        - family
+        - genus
+      properties:
+        species:
+          type: string
+          description: The botanical species name.
+        family:
+          type: string
+          description: The botanical family.
+        genus:
+          type: string
+          description: The botanical genus.
+
+    PlantBase:
+      allOf:
+        - $ref: "#/components/schemas/PlantStrict"
+        - type: object
+          properties:
+            commonName:
+              type: string
+              description: The common name of the plant.
+            wateringFrequency:
+              type: string
+              enum:
+                - daily
+                - weekly
+                - biweekly
+                - monthly
+
+    PlantPost:
+      allOf:
+        - $ref: "#/components/schemas/PlantBase"
+        - required:
+            - species
+            - family
+            - genus
+            - commonName
+            - wateringFrequency
+            - sunExposure
+          properties:
+            sunExposure:
+              type: string
+              enum:
+                - full
+                - partial
+                - shade
+              description: Required sun exposure level.
+            plantedAt:
+              type: string
+              format: date
+              description: Date the plant was planted.
+            soilType:
+              type: string
+              description: Preferred soil type.
+
+    # -----------------------------------------------------------------------
+    # Case 8: Parent allOf with multiple $ref entries
+    #
+    # TreeBase uses allOf with two $ref entries (Identifiable + Describable)
+    # plus an inline schema. TreeRecord extends TreeBase and adds its own
+    # required + properties. All three $ref targets must be resolved.
+    # -----------------------------------------------------------------------
+    TreeIdentifiable:
+      type: object
+      required:
+        - id
+      properties:
+        id:
+          type: string
+          format: uuid
+          description: Unique tree identifier.
+
+    TreeDescribable:
+      type: object
+      properties:
+        treeName:
+          type: string
+          description: Display name of the tree.
+        treeDescription:
+          type: string
+          description: A description of the tree.
+
+    TreeBase:
+      allOf:
+        - $ref: "#/components/schemas/TreeIdentifiable"
+        - $ref: "#/components/schemas/TreeDescribable"
+        - type: object
+          properties:
+            treeSpecies:
+              type: string
+              description: The species of tree.
+            heightInFeet:
+              type: number
+              description: Height of the tree in feet.
+
+    TreeRecord:
+      allOf:
+        - $ref: "#/components/schemas/TreeBase"
+        - required:
+            - id
+            - treeName
+            - treeSpecies
+          properties:
+            plantedDate:
+              type: string
+              format: date
+              description: Date the tree was planted.

From b4a28a0425ed8398fbfe7a02bc04689f560bffc1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: jsklan <100491078+jsklan@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 2 Jun 2026 16:35:56 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 05/14] fix(cli-generator): strip fixture-dependent inline
 tests from vendored cli-sdk (#16195)

The daily cli-sdk sync copies inline #[cfg(test)] modules that reference
fixture specs via include_str!("../../cli/<dir>/...") which are not synced.
This breaks cargo test in both the vendored SDK and every generated CLI.

- Add generators/cli/scripts/strip-fixture-tests.py: a Rust-syntax-aware
  script that removes #[cfg(test)] blocks containing fixture refs while
  preserving non-fixture tests. Handles multi-line raw strings, block
  comments, char literals, and transitive dependency tracking.
- Update sync-sdk.sh to call strip-fixture-tests.py as a post-rsync step
  so future syncs stay clean automatically.
- Remove 346 lines of fixture-dependent test code from 5 files:
  openapi/parser.rs, openapi/overlay.rs, openapi/app.rs,
  graphql/parser.rs, graphql/binding.rs (entire module removed).

Co-authored-by: Devin AI <158243242+devin-ai-integration[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
---
 .../unreleased/strip-fixture-tests.yml        |   2 +
 generators/cli/scripts/strip-fixture-tests.py | 484 ++++++++++++++++++
 generators/cli/scripts/sync-sdk.sh            |   9 +
 generators/cli/sdk/src/graphql/binding.rs     |  57 ---
 generators/cli/sdk/src/graphql/parser.rs      |  17 -
 generators/cli/sdk/src/openapi/app.rs         |  11 -
 generators/cli/sdk/src/openapi/overlay.rs     | 101 ----
 generators/cli/sdk/src/openapi/parser.rs      | 160 ------
 8 files changed, 495 insertions(+), 346 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 generators/cli/changes/unreleased/strip-fixture-tests.yml
 create mode 100644 generators/cli/scripts/strip-fixture-tests.py

diff --git a/generators/cli/changes/unreleased/strip-fixture-tests.yml b/generators/cli/changes/unreleased/strip-fixture-tests.yml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..e56c469d19a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/generators/cli/changes/unreleased/strip-fixture-tests.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+- summary: Strip fixture-dependent inline tests from vendored cli-sdk so `cargo test` passes in both the SDK and generated CLIs
+  type: fix
diff --git a/generators/cli/scripts/strip-fixture-tests.py b/generators/cli/scripts/strip-fixture-tests.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..7dda5097fa4f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/generators/cli/scripts/strip-fixture-tests.py
@@ -0,0 +1,484 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+"""Strip fixture-dependent inline test code from vendored cli-sdk sources.
+
+Usage:
+    python3 generators/cli/scripts/strip-fixture-tests.py <src-dir>
+
+Removes #[test] functions, #[cfg(test)] helper items, and entire
+#[cfg(test)] modules that reference fixture files via
+include_str!("../../cli/...") paths. Those fixtures exist in the source
+cli-sdk repo but are NOT synced into the vendored copy, so they break
+`cargo test` compilation.
+
+Non-fixture tests are preserved. If stripping leaves a #[cfg(test)]
+module with no remaining #[test] functions, the entire module is removed.
+
+Called by sync-sdk.sh after rsyncing cli-sdk src/ into
+generators/cli/sdk/src/.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import re
+import sys
+from pathlib import Path
+
+FIXTURE_RE = re.compile(r'include_str!\s*\(\s*"[^"]*\.\./\.\./cli/')
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Rust lexer — character-by-character scanner that properly handles
+# strings (regular + raw), char literals, line/block comments.
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+class RustScanner:
+    """Scans Rust source, tracking brace depth and string/comment state."""
+
+    def __init__(self, lines: list[str], start_line: int = 0, start_col: int = 0):
+        self.lines = lines
+        self.i = start_line
+        self.j = start_col
+        self.depth = 0
+        self._in_string = False
+        self._in_char = False
+        self._escape = False
+
+    def _advance_line(self) -> bool:
+        self.i += 1
+        self.j = 0
+        return self.i < len(self.lines)
+
+    def find_matching_brace(self) -> int:
+        """Scan forward until depth returns to 0 after going positive.
+        Returns the line index of the matching closing brace."""
+        found_open = False
+        while self.i < len(self.lines):
+            line = self.lines[self.i]
+            while self.j < len(line):
+                ch = line[self.j]
+
+                if self._escape:
+                    self._escape = False
+                    self.j += 1
+                    continue
+
+                if self._in_char:
+                    if ch == '\\':
+                        self._escape = True
+                    elif ch == "'":
+                        self._in_char = False
+                    self.j += 1
+                    continue
+
+                if self._in_string:
+                    if ch == '\\':
+                        self._escape = True
+                    elif ch == '"':
+                        self._in_string = False
+                    self.j += 1
+                    continue
+
+                # Outside strings/chars
+                if ch == '\\':
+                    self._escape = True
+                    self.j += 1
+                    continue
+
+                # Line comment
+                if ch == '/' and self.j + 1 < len(line) and line[self.j + 1] == '/':
+                    break  # skip rest of line
+
+                # Block comment
+                if ch == '/' and self.j + 1 < len(line) and line[self.j + 1] == '*':
+                    self.j += 2
+                    while True:
+                        while self.j < len(self.lines[self.i]):
+                            if (self.lines[self.i][self.j] == '*'
+                                    and self.j + 1 < len(self.lines[self.i])
+                                    and self.lines[self.i][self.j + 1] == '/'):
+                                self.j += 2
+                                break
+                            self.j += 1
+                        else:
+                            if not self._advance_line():
+                                return len(self.lines) - 1
+                            continue
+                        break
+                    line = self.lines[self.i]
+                    continue
+
+                # Raw string r#"..."#
+                if ch == '"':
+                    raw_hashes = 0
+                    k = self.j - 1
+                    while k >= 0 and line[k] == '#':
+                        raw_hashes += 1
+                        k -= 1
+                    if k >= 0 and line[k] == 'r':
+                        close_pat = '"' + '#' * raw_hashes
+                        self.j += 1
+                        while True:
+                            pos = self.lines[self.i].find(close_pat, self.j)
+                            if pos >= 0:
+                                self.j = pos + len(close_pat)
+                                break
+                            if not self._advance_line():
+                                return len(self.lines) - 1
+                        line = self.lines[self.i]
+                        continue
+                    self._in_string = True
+                    self.j += 1
+                    continue
+
+                # Char literal vs lifetime
+                if ch == "'" and self.j + 1 < len(line):
+                    rest = line[self.j + 1: self.j + 5]
+                    if rest and (rest[0] == '\\' or "'" in rest[1:4]):
+                        self._in_char = True
+                        self.j += 1
+                        continue
+                    self.j += 1
+                    continue
+
+                if ch == '{':
+                    self.depth += 1
+                    found_open = True
+                elif ch == '}':
+                    self.depth -= 1
+                    if found_open and self.depth == 0:
+                        return self.i
+
+                self.j += 1
+
+            if not self._advance_line():
+                break
+        return len(self.lines) - 1
+
+    def find_item_end(self, max_line: int) -> int:
+        """Find end of a Rust item: first `}` at depth 0 (if braces seen)
+        or first `;` at depth 0 (if no braces yet). Respects strings."""
+        found_brace = False
+        while self.i <= max_line:
+            line = self.lines[self.i]
+            while self.j < len(line):
+                ch = line[self.j]
+
+                if self._escape:
+                    self._escape = False
+                    self.j += 1
+                    continue
+
+                if self._in_char:
+                    if ch == '\\':
+                        self._escape = True
+                    elif ch == "'":
+                        self._in_char = False
+                    self.j += 1
+                    continue
+
+                if self._in_string:
+                    if ch == '\\':
+                        self._escape = True
+                    elif ch == '"':
+                        self._in_string = False
+                    self.j += 1
+                    continue
+
+                if ch == '\\':
+                    self._escape = True
+                    self.j += 1
+                    continue
+
+                if ch == '/' and self.j + 1 < len(line) and line[self.j + 1] == '/':
+                    break
+
+                if ch == '/' and self.j + 1 < len(line) and line[self.j + 1] == '*':
+                    self.j += 2
+                    while True:
+                        while self.j < len(self.lines[self.i]):
+                            if (self.lines[self.i][self.j] == '*'
+                                    and self.j + 1 < len(self.lines[self.i])
+                                    and self.lines[self.i][self.j + 1] == '/'):
+                                self.j += 2
+                                break
+                            self.j += 1
+                        else:
+                            self.i += 1
+                            self.j = 0
+                            if self.i > max_line:
+                                return max_line
+                            continue
+                        break
+                    line = self.lines[self.i]
+                    continue
+
+                if ch == '"':
+                    raw_hashes = 0
+                    k = self.j - 1
+                    while k >= 0 and line[k] == '#':
+                        raw_hashes += 1
+                        k -= 1
+                    if k >= 0 and line[k] == 'r':
+                        close_pat = '"' + '#' * raw_hashes
+                        self.j += 1
+                        while True:
+                            pos = self.lines[self.i].find(close_pat, self.j)
+                            if pos >= 0:
+                                self.j = pos + len(close_pat)
+                                break
+                            self.i += 1
+                            self.j = 0
+                            if self.i > max_line:
+                                return max_line
+                        line = self.lines[self.i]
+                        continue
+                    self._in_string = True
+                    self.j += 1
+                    continue
+
+                if ch == "'" and self.j + 1 < len(line):
+                    rest = line[self.j + 1: self.j + 5]
+                    if rest and (rest[0] == '\\' or "'" in rest[1:4]):
+                        self._in_char = True
+                        self.j += 1
+                        continue
+                    self.j += 1
+                    continue
+
+                if ch == '{':
+                    self.depth += 1
+                    found_brace = True
+                elif ch == '}':
+                    self.depth -= 1
+                    if found_brace and self.depth == 0:
+                        return self.i
+                elif ch == ';' and self.depth == 0 and not found_brace:
+                    return self.i
+
+                self.j += 1
+
+            self.i += 1
+            self.j = 0
+        return max_line
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Item extraction & processing
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+def _extract_items(lines: list[str], body_start: int, body_end: int) -> list[dict]:
+    """Extract top-level items from within a #[cfg(test)] module body."""
+    items = []
+    i = body_start
+    while i <= body_end:
+        stripped = lines[i].strip()
+        if not stripped or stripped.startswith("//"):
+            i += 1
+            continue
+
+        # Walk back to include preceding doc-comments and attributes.
+        item_start = i
+        while item_start > body_start:
+            prev = lines[item_start - 1].strip()
+            if prev.startswith("//") or prev.startswith("#["):
+                item_start -= 1
+            else:
+                break
+
+        # Find item end using the scanner.
+        scanner = RustScanner(lines, i, 0)
+        item_end = scanner.find_item_end(body_end)
+
+        text = "\n".join(lines[item_start: item_end + 1])
+        is_test = "#[test]" in text
+        has_fixture = bool(FIXTURE_RE.search(text))
+        name_match = re.search(
+            r'\b(?:fn|const|static|struct|enum|mod|type)\s+(\w+)', text
+        )
+        name = name_match.group(1) if name_match else ""
+
+        items.append({
+            "start": item_start,
+            "end": item_end,
+            "text": text,
+            "name": name,
+            "is_test": is_test,
+            "has_fixture_ref": has_fixture,
+        })
+        i = item_end + 1
+
+    return items
+
+
+def process_file(path: Path) -> bool:
+    """Process a single .rs file. Returns True if the file was modified."""
+    content = path.read_text()
+    if '../../cli/' not in content:
+        return False
+
+    lines = content.split('\n')
+    regions_to_remove: list[tuple[int, int]] = []
+
+    i = 0
+    while i < len(lines):
+        stripped = lines[i].strip()
+
+        if stripped != '#[cfg(test)]':
+            i += 1
+            continue
+
+        cfg_line = i
+
+        # Find the next non-blank, non-comment, non-attribute line
+        j = i + 1
+        while j < len(lines) and (
+            not lines[j].strip()
+            or lines[j].strip().startswith("//")
+            or lines[j].strip().startswith("#[")
+        ):
+            j += 1
+
+        if j >= len(lines):
+            i += 1
+            continue
+
+        next_line = lines[j].strip()
+
+        # Case 1: #[cfg(test)] mod ... { }
+        if re.match(r'(pub\s+)?mod\s+\w+', next_line):
+            scanner = RustScanner(lines, j, 0)
+            mod_close = scanner.find_matching_brace()
+
+            mod_text = "\n".join(lines[cfg_line: mod_close + 1])
+            if not FIXTURE_RE.search(mod_text):
+                i = mod_close + 1
+                continue
+
+            # Module body = lines between opening { and closing }
+            # Find the { on the mod line
+            brace_col = lines[j].index('{') if '{' in lines[j] else -1
+            if brace_col < 0:
+                i = mod_close + 1
+                continue
+            body_start = j + 1
+            body_end = mod_close - 1
+
+            if body_start > body_end:
+                regions_to_remove.append((cfg_line, mod_close))
+                i = mod_close + 1
+                continue
+
+            items = _extract_items(lines, body_start, body_end)
+
+            # Transitive closure: propagate fixture-dependency.
+            changed = True
+            while changed:
+                changed = False
+                tainted = {
+                    it["name"] for it in items
+                    if it["has_fixture_ref"] and it["name"]
+                }
+                for it in items:
+                    if it["has_fixture_ref"]:
+                        continue
+                    for tn in tainted:
+                        if tn and tn in it["text"]:
+                            it["has_fixture_ref"] = True
+                            changed = True
+                            break
+
+            items_to_remove = [it for it in items if it["has_fixture_ref"]]
+            if not items_to_remove:
+                i = mod_close + 1
+                continue
+
+            remaining_tests = [
+                it for it in items
+                if it["is_test"] and not it["has_fixture_ref"]
+            ]
+            remaining_non_use = [
+                it for it in items
+                if not it["has_fixture_ref"]
+                and not it["text"].strip().startswith("use ")
+            ]
+
+            if not remaining_tests and not remaining_non_use:
+                # Remove entire module
+                start = cfg_line
+                while start > 0:
+                    prev = lines[start - 1].strip()
+                    if not prev or prev.startswith("//"):
+                        start -= 1
+                    else:
+                        break
+                regions_to_remove.append((start, mod_close))
+            else:
+                for it in items_to_remove:
+                    start = it["start"]
+                    while start > body_start and not lines[start - 1].strip():
+                        start -= 1
+                    if start < it["start"]:
+                        start += 1
+                    regions_to_remove.append((start, it["end"]))
+
+            i = mod_close + 1
+            continue
+
+        # Case 2: #[cfg(test)] on a single item
+        else:
+            scanner = RustScanner(lines, j, 0)
+            item_end = scanner.find_item_end(len(lines) - 1)
+            item_text = "\n".join(lines[cfg_line: item_end + 1])
+            if FIXTURE_RE.search(item_text):
+                regions_to_remove.append((cfg_line, item_end))
+            i = item_end + 1
+            continue
+
+    if not regions_to_remove:
+        return False
+
+    # Remove from bottom to top
+    regions_to_remove.sort(key=lambda r: r[0], reverse=True)
+    for start, end in regions_to_remove:
+        del lines[start: end + 1]
+        if 0 < start < len(lines):
+            if not lines[start - 1].strip() and not lines[start].strip():
+                del lines[start]
+
+    # Ensure single trailing newline
+    while lines and not lines[-1].strip():
+        lines.pop()
+    lines.append("")
+
+    new_content = "\n".join(lines)
+    if new_content != content:
+        path.write_text(new_content)
+        return True
+    return False
+
+
+def main() -> None:
+    if len(sys.argv) != 2:
+        print(f"Usage: {sys.argv[0]} <src-dir>", file=sys.stderr)
+        sys.exit(1)
+
+    src_dir = Path(sys.argv[1])
+    if not src_dir.is_dir():
+        print(f"Error: {src_dir} is not a directory", file=sys.stderr)
+        sys.exit(1)
+
+    modified = []
+    for rs_file in sorted(src_dir.rglob("*.rs")):
+        if process_file(rs_file):
+            modified.append(rs_file)
+
+    if modified:
+        print(f"Stripped fixture-dependent tests from {len(modified)} file(s):")
+        for f in modified:
+            print(f"  {f}")
+    else:
+        print("No fixture-dependent tests found.")
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()
diff --git a/generators/cli/scripts/sync-sdk.sh b/generators/cli/scripts/sync-sdk.sh
index 887090ffd44d..d98474d99b9f 100755
--- a/generators/cli/scripts/sync-sdk.sh
+++ b/generators/cli/scripts/sync-sdk.sh
@@ -59,6 +59,15 @@ if [[ -d "$SDK_DIR/tests" ]]; then
   rm -rf "$SDK_DIR/tests"
 fi
 
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# 1b. Strip fixture-dependent inline tests from src/
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# cli-sdk's #[cfg(test)] modules reference fixture specs via
+# include_str!("../../cli/<dir>/...") that are NOT synced. Removing them
+# keeps `cargo test` clean in both the vendored SDK and generated CLIs.
+echo "--- Stripping fixture-dependent inline tests from src/ ..."
+python3 "$SCRIPT_DIR/strip-fixture-tests.py" "$SDK_DIR/src/"
+
 # ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # 2. Project Cargo.toml (not a naive copy — workspace → single-package)
 # ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/generators/cli/sdk/src/graphql/binding.rs b/generators/cli/sdk/src/graphql/binding.rs
index b74d78f58946..1551cb08c203 100644
--- a/generators/cli/sdk/src/graphql/binding.rs
+++ b/generators/cli/sdk/src/graphql/binding.rs
@@ -384,60 +384,3 @@ impl Binding for GraphqlBinding {
         }
     }
 }
-
-#[cfg(test)]
-mod tests {
-    use super::*;
-    use crate::binding::Binding;
-
-    // A compact GraphQL introspection schema (the graphql-fixture surface)
-    // with two top-level resources: `node` and `filtered-node`.
-    const FIXTURE_SCHEMA: &str = include_str!("../../cli/graphql-fixture/schema.json");
-
-    fn prepared_binding(prefix: Option<&str>) -> GraphqlBinding {
-        let mut b = GraphqlBinding::new()
-            .spec(FIXTURE_SCHEMA)
-            .endpoint("http://localhost/graphql");
-        if let Some(p) = prefix {
-            b = b.under(p);
-        }
-        b.set_cli_name("fixture");
-        b
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn without_prefix_resources_are_top_level() {
-        let cmd = prepared_binding(None).build_command().unwrap();
-        let names: Vec<_> = cmd.get_subcommands().map(|c| c.get_name()).collect();
-        assert!(names.contains(&"node"), "expected `node` at root, got {names:?}");
-        assert!(
-            !names.contains(&"graphql"),
-            "did not expect a `graphql` wrapper without .under(), got {names:?}"
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn under_prefix_nests_all_resources() {
-        let cmd = prepared_binding(Some("graphql")).build_command().unwrap();
-        let names: Vec<_> = cmd.get_subcommands().map(|c| c.get_name()).collect();
-        assert!(
-            names.contains(&"graphql"),
-            "expected a top-level `graphql` wrapper, got {names:?}"
-        );
-        assert!(
-            !names.contains(&"node"),
-            "resources should be nested under `graphql`, not at root: {names:?}"
-        );
-
-        // The original resources live one level down, under the wrapper.
-        let wrapper = cmd
-            .get_subcommands()
-            .find(|c| c.get_name() == "graphql")
-            .expect("graphql wrapper present");
-        let nested: Vec<_> = wrapper.get_subcommands().map(|c| c.get_name()).collect();
-        assert!(
-            nested.contains(&"node") && nested.contains(&"filtered-node"),
-            "expected node/filtered-node nested under graphql, got {nested:?}"
-        );
-    }
-}
diff --git a/generators/cli/sdk/src/graphql/parser.rs b/generators/cli/sdk/src/graphql/parser.rs
index 1318e44ab9ec..2b956c4bbe08 100644
--- a/generators/cli/sdk/src/graphql/parser.rs
+++ b/generators/cli/sdk/src/graphql/parser.rs
@@ -971,21 +971,4 @@ mod tests {
         );
     }
 
-    #[test]
-    fn test_load_linear_schema() {
-        let json = include_str!("../../cli/linear/schema.json");
-        let doc = load_graphql_schema(json, "linear", "https://api.linear.app/graphql").unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(doc.name, "linear");
-
-        let issue = doc.resources.get("issue").expect("issue resource missing");
-        assert!(issue.methods.contains_key("get"), "missing issue.get");
-        assert!(issue.methods.contains_key("list"), "missing issue.list");
-        assert!(issue.methods.contains_key("create"), "missing issue.create");
-
-        assert!(
-            doc.resources.len() > 20,
-            "expected >20 resources, got {}",
-            doc.resources.len()
-        );
-    }
 }
diff --git a/generators/cli/sdk/src/openapi/app.rs b/generators/cli/sdk/src/openapi/app.rs
index 8daf8441732d..45c6dc36b04b 100644
--- a/generators/cli/sdk/src/openapi/app.rs
+++ b/generators/cli/sdk/src/openapi/app.rs
@@ -2948,17 +2948,6 @@ mod tests {
         );
     }
 
-    #[test]
-    fn test_load_spec_via_cli_app() {
-        let yaml = include_str!("../../cli/box/openapi.yaml");
-        let app = CliApp::new("box").spec(yaml);
-        assert_eq!(app.name, "box");
-        // Verify the spec can be parsed via build_doc
-        let doc = app.build_doc().unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(doc.name, "box");
-        assert!(doc.resources.len() >= 14);
-    }
-
     // ------------------------------------------------------------------
     // CliApp::idempotency_header_env — generator-side env-var wiring for
     // FER-9852, implemented in cli-sdk for FER-9864 P1. Verifies the
diff --git a/generators/cli/sdk/src/openapi/overlay.rs b/generators/cli/sdk/src/openapi/overlay.rs
index 85659b5da950..2cac9fbb3d09 100644
--- a/generators/cli/sdk/src/openapi/overlay.rs
+++ b/generators/cli/sdk/src/openapi/overlay.rs
@@ -1830,105 +1830,4 @@ actions:
     // Item 5: Integration test — apply overlay to fixture spec, verify result
     // -----------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-    #[test]
-    fn test_overlay_on_fixture_spec() {
-        let spec = include_str!("../../cli/openapi-fixture/openapi.yaml");
-        let overlay = r#"
-overlay: "1.0.0"
-info:
-  title: fixture-overlay
-  version: "1.0.0"
-actions:
-  - target: "$.info"
-    update:
-      description: "Modified by overlay"
-  - target: "$.paths['/users'].get"
-    update:
-      x-fern-sdk-method-name: listAllUsers
-  - target: "$.paths['/users'].get.parameters"
-    update:
-      name: offset
-      in: query
-      schema:
-        type: integer
-  - target: "$.paths['/files/{file_id}/thumbnail']"
-    remove: true
-"#;
-        let result =
-            apply_overlays_to_spec(spec, &[overlay.to_string()]).unwrap();
-        let doc: serde_json::Value = serde_yaml::from_str(&result).unwrap();
-
-        // Verify info.description was set
-        assert_eq!(doc["info"]["description"], "Modified by overlay");
-
-        // Verify method rename
-        assert_eq!(
-            doc["paths"]["/users"]["get"]["x-fern-sdk-method-name"],
-            "listAllUsers"
-        );
-
-        // Verify array append (new parameter added)
-        let params = doc["paths"]["/users"]["get"]["parameters"]
-            .as_array()
-            .unwrap();
-        let has_offset = params.iter().any(|p| p["name"] == "offset");
-        assert!(has_offset, "offset param should be appended: {params:?}");
-
-        // Verify remove
-        assert!(
-            doc["paths"]["/files/{file_id}/thumbnail"].is_null(),
-            "thumbnail path should be removed"
-        );
-
-        // Verify untouched paths still exist
-        assert!(
-            !doc["paths"]["/files/{file_id}"].is_null(),
-            "other file paths should remain"
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_overlay_on_fixture_spec_builds_cli_app() {
-        use crate::openapi::CliApp;
-
-        let spec = include_str!("../../cli/openapi-fixture/openapi.yaml");
-        let overlay = r#"
-overlay: "1.0.0"
-info:
-  title: fixture-overlay
-  version: "1.0.0"
-actions:
-  - target: "$.paths['/files/{file_id}/thumbnail']"
-    remove: true
-"#;
-
-        let app = CliApp::new("overlay-fixture")
-            .spec(spec)
-            .overlay(overlay);
-        let doc = app.build_doc().unwrap();
-
-        // files and folders groups should still exist
-        assert!(doc.resources.contains_key("files"), "files group missing");
-        assert!(doc.resources.contains_key("folders"), "folders group missing");
-        assert!(doc.resources.contains_key("users"), "users group missing");
-
-        // getThumbnail should be gone from the files resource
-        let files = &doc.resources["files"];
-        assert!(
-            !files.methods.contains_key("getThumbnail"),
-            "getThumbnail should be removed: {:?}",
-            files.methods.keys().collect::<Vec<_>>()
-        );
-        // Other file operations should still exist
-        assert!(
-            files.methods.contains_key("get"),
-            "get should remain: {:?}",
-            files.methods.keys().collect::<Vec<_>>()
-        );
-        assert!(
-            files.methods.contains_key("update"),
-            "update should remain: {:?}",
-            files.methods.keys().collect::<Vec<_>>()
-        );
-    }
 }
diff --git a/generators/cli/sdk/src/openapi/parser.rs b/generators/cli/sdk/src/openapi/parser.rs
index 97bd10971431..0aed0a720b20 100644
--- a/generators/cli/sdk/src/openapi/parser.rs
+++ b/generators/cli/sdk/src/openapi/parser.rs
@@ -4816,69 +4816,6 @@ paths:
         assert_eq!(users.root_url, "https://api.example.com");
     }
 
-    #[test]
-    fn test_box_upload_operations_use_upload_server() {
-        let yaml = include_str!("../../cli/box/openapi.yaml");
-        let doc = load_openapi_spec(yaml, "box").unwrap();
-        // At least one resource must have methods that route to upload.box.com
-        let upload_methods: Vec<_> = doc.resources.values()
-            .flat_map(|r| r.methods.values())
-            .filter(|m| m.root_url.contains("upload.box.com"))
-            .collect();
-        assert!(
-            !upload_methods.is_empty(),
-            "expected at least one method routing to upload.box.com, found none"
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_load_box_spec() {
-        let yaml = include_str!("../../cli/box/openapi.yaml");
-        let doc = load_openapi_spec(yaml, "box").unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(doc.name, "box");
-        assert_eq!(doc.root_url, "https://api.box.com/2.0");
-
-        // Box spec has 73 top-level resource groups: 72 with x-fern-sdk-group-name,
-        // plus one ("metadata taxonomies") surfaced by the tag-based fallback.
-        assert_eq!(doc.resources.len(), 73);
-
-        // Check specific groups exist
-        assert!(doc.resources.contains_key("files"));
-        assert!(doc.resources.contains_key("folders"));
-        assert!(doc.resources.contains_key("users"));
-        assert!(doc.resources.contains_key("collaborations"));
-
-        // Check users has 6 methods
-        let users = &doc.resources["users"];
-        assert_eq!(users.methods.len(), 6);
-        assert!(users.methods.contains_key("get"));
-        assert!(users.methods.contains_key("list"));
-        assert!(users.methods.contains_key("create"));
-        assert!(users.methods.contains_key("getCurrent"));
-
-        // Check a method's HTTP method and path
-        let get_user = &users.methods["get"];
-        assert_eq!(get_user.http_method, "GET");
-        assert_eq!(get_user.path, "/users/{user_id}");
-
-        // Check parameters
-        assert!(get_user.parameters.contains_key("user_id"));
-        let user_id_param = &get_user.parameters["user_id"];
-        assert_eq!(user_id_param.location.as_deref(), Some("path"));
-        assert!(user_id_param.required);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_load_bigcommerce_spec() {
-        // BigCommerce ships per-domain specs (vendored from docs-v2). Pick a
-        // representative one to verify the parser handles them — the CLI binary
-        // wires up all 36 of them via `spec_under` namespaces.
-        let yaml = include_str!("../../cli/bigcommerce/specs/management/customers.v3.yml");
-        let doc = load_openapi_spec(yaml, "bigcommerce").unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(doc.name, "bigcommerce");
-        assert!(doc.root_url.contains("api.bigcommerce.com"));
-    }
-
     // ------------------------------------------------------------------
     // x-fern-idempotent + x-fern-idempotency-headers (FER-9864 P1).
     // ------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -6597,54 +6534,6 @@ paths:
 
     // -- Verification: from_str vs from_value round-trip --------------------
 
-    /// Compare `load_openapi_spec` (from_str → Value → from_value) against
-    /// each real spec to ensure the round-trip path doesn't lose or corrupt
-    /// any operations, resources, or schemas.
-    #[test]
-    fn test_roundtrip_bigcommerce_customers_v3() {
-        let yaml = include_str!("../../cli/bigcommerce/specs/management/customers.v3.yml");
-        let doc = load_openapi_spec(yaml, "bigcommerce").unwrap();
-        assert!(!doc.resources.is_empty(), "customers.v3 should have resources");
-        assert!(!doc.schemas.is_empty(), "customers.v3 should have schemas");
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_roundtrip_bigcommerce_orders_v2() {
-        let yaml = include_str!("../../cli/bigcommerce/specs/management/orders.v2.yml");
-        let doc = load_openapi_spec(yaml, "bigcommerce").unwrap();
-        assert!(!doc.resources.is_empty(), "orders.v2 should have resources");
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_roundtrip_box_spec() {
-        let yaml = include_str!("../../cli/box/openapi.yaml");
-        let doc = load_openapi_spec(yaml, "box").unwrap();
-        assert!(!doc.resources.is_empty(), "box should have resources");
-        assert!(!doc.schemas.is_empty(), "box should have schemas");
-    }
-
-    /// Verify the from_str → from_value path produces identical results to
-    /// what the old direct from_str path would have produced. We compare
-    /// resource keys and method counts to ensure no operations are lost.
-    #[test]
-    fn test_roundtrip_consistency_all_bigcommerce_specs() {
-        let specs: &[(&str, &str)] = &[
-            ("customers.v3", include_str!("../../cli/bigcommerce/specs/management/customers.v3.yml")),
-            ("orders.v3", include_str!("../../cli/bigcommerce/specs/management/orders.v3.yml")),
-            ("orders.v2", include_str!("../../cli/bigcommerce/specs/management/orders.v2.yml")),
-            ("checkouts.v3", include_str!("../../cli/bigcommerce/specs/management/checkouts.v3.yml")),
-            ("channels.v3", include_str!("../../cli/bigcommerce/specs/management/channels.v3.yml")),
-            ("carts.v3", include_str!("../../cli/bigcommerce/specs/management/carts.v3.yml")),
-            ("shipping.v3", include_str!("../../cli/bigcommerce/specs/management/shipping.v3.yml")),
-        ];
-        for (name, yaml) in specs {
-            let doc = load_openapi_spec(yaml, "bigcommerce");
-            assert!(doc.is_ok(), "spec {name} should parse without error: {:?}", doc.err());
-            let doc = doc.unwrap();
-            assert!(!doc.resources.is_empty(), "spec {name} should have resources");
-        }
-    }
-
     // -- Verification: allowNullKeys covers all Fern CLI keys ---------------
 
     #[test]
@@ -6697,37 +6586,6 @@ paths:
 
     // -- Verification: real overrides e2e -----------------------------------
 
-    #[test]
-    fn test_real_overrides_e2e_bigcommerce_customers_v3() {
-        let base_yaml = include_str!("../../cli/bigcommerce/specs/management/customers.v3.yml");
-        let overrides_yaml = r#"
-paths:
-  /customers:
-    get:
-      x-fern-sdk-group-name: [customers]
-      x-fern-sdk-method-name: list
-    post:
-      x-fern-sdk-group-name: [customers]
-      x-fern-sdk-method-name: create
-  /customers/{customerId}:
-    put:
-      x-fern-sdk-group-name: [customers]
-      x-fern-sdk-method-name: update
-    delete:
-      x-fern-sdk-group-name: [customers]
-      x-fern-sdk-method-name: delete
-"#;
-        let base: serde_yaml::Value = serde_yaml::from_str(base_yaml).unwrap();
-        let ovr: serde_yaml::Value = serde_yaml::from_str(overrides_yaml).unwrap();
-        let merged = deep_merge_yaml(base, ovr);
-        let doc = load_openapi_spec_from_value(merged, "bigcommerce").unwrap();
-        let customers = &doc.resources["customers"];
-        assert!(customers.methods.contains_key("list"), "override should create 'list' method");
-        assert!(customers.methods.contains_key("create"), "override should create 'create' method");
-        assert!(customers.methods.contains_key("update"), "override should create 'update' method");
-        assert!(customers.methods.contains_key("delete"), "override should create 'delete' method");
-    }
-
     // -- Verification: all_objects heuristic --------------------------------
 
     #[test]
@@ -8645,24 +8503,6 @@ paths:
     // numeric exclusive bounds, const, composition, webhooks, schema-level
     // examples) against actual wire shapes rather than synthetic snippets.
 
-    #[test]
-    fn test_real_31_devin_spec_parses() {
-        let yaml = include_str!("../../cli/devin/openapi.yaml");
-        load_openapi_spec(yaml, "devin").expect("devin 3.1 spec should parse");
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_real_31_paid_spec_parses() {
-        let yaml = include_str!("../../cli/paid/specs/openapi.yml");
-        load_openapi_spec(yaml, "paid").expect("paid 3.1 spec should parse");
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_real_31_assemblyai_spec_parses() {
-        let yaml = include_str!("../../cli/assemblyai/specs/openapi.yml");
-        load_openapi_spec(yaml, "assemblyai").expect("assemblyai 3.1 spec should parse");
-    }
-
     // -- JSON Schema composition (oneOf / anyOf / allOf) -----------------
 
     #[test]

From 36fbb49660c2ae4e6c466326c2d8bb0f4c0cc6bd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: jsklan <100491078+jsklan@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 2 Jun 2026 16:51:18 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 06/14] chore(internal): Fix test snapshots for v3 parser
 (#16196)

Fix test snapshots for v3 parser
---
 .../baseline-sdks/url-reference.json          | 3011 ++++++++++++--
 .../__snapshots__/v3-sdks/url-reference.json  | 3697 ++++++++++++++++-
 2 files changed, 6219 insertions(+), 489 deletions(-)

diff --git a/packages/cli/api-importers/v3-importer-tests/src/__test__/__snapshots__/baseline-sdks/url-reference.json b/packages/cli/api-importers/v3-importer-tests/src/__test__/__snapshots__/baseline-sdks/url-reference.json
index f4d26f1b94d4..d9591a802d3b 100644
--- a/packages/cli/api-importers/v3-importer-tests/src/__test__/__snapshots__/baseline-sdks/url-reference.json
+++ b/packages/cli/api-importers/v3-importer-tests/src/__test__/__snapshots__/baseline-sdks/url-reference.json
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 {
   "selfHosted": false,
   "apiName": "api",
+  "apiDisplayName": "URL Reference API",
   "auth": {
     "requirement": "ALL",
     "schemes": []
@@ -210,6 +211,241 @@
       "userProvidedExamples": [],
       "autogeneratedExamples": []
     },
+    "type_:Mammal": {
+      "name": {
+        "name": "Mammal",
+        "fernFilepath": {
+          "allParts": [],
+          "packagePath": []
+        },
+        "typeId": "type_:Mammal"
+      },
+      "shape": {
+        "members": [
+          {
+            "type": {
+              "name": "Pet",
+              "fernFilepath": {
+                "allParts": [],
+                "packagePath": []
+              },
+              "displayName": "Pet",
+              "typeId": "type_:Pet",
+              "type": "named"
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "type": {
+              "name": "User",
+              "fernFilepath": {
+                "allParts": [],
+                "packagePath": []
+              },
+              "displayName": "User",
+              "typeId": "type_:User",
+              "type": "named"
+            }
+          }
+        ],
+        "type": "undiscriminatedUnion"
+      },
+      "referencedTypes": {},
+      "encoding": {
+        "json": {}
+      },
+      "userProvidedExamples": [],
+      "autogeneratedExamples": []
+    },
+    "type_:PetStatus": {
+      "docs": "pet status in the store",
+      "inline": true,
+      "name": {
+        "name": "PetStatus",
+        "fernFilepath": {
+          "allParts": [],
+          "packagePath": []
+        },
+        "typeId": "type_:PetStatus"
+      },
+      "shape": {
+        "values": [
+          {
+            "name": "available"
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "pending"
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "sold"
+          }
+        ],
+        "type": "enum"
+      },
+      "referencedTypes": {},
+      "encoding": {
+        "json": {}
+      },
+      "userProvidedExamples": [],
+      "autogeneratedExamples": []
+    },
+    "type_:Pet": {
+      "docs": "A pet for sale in the pet store",
+      "name": {
+        "name": "Pet",
+        "fernFilepath": {
+          "allParts": [],
+          "packagePath": []
+        },
+        "typeId": "type_:Pet"
+      },
+      "shape": {
+        "extends": [],
+        "properties": [
+          {
+            "name": "id",
+            "valueType": {
+              "container": {
+                "optional": {
+                  "primitive": {
+                    "v1": "LONG",
+                    "v2": {
+                      "type": "long"
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "type": "primitive"
+                },
+                "type": "optional"
+              },
+              "type": "container"
+            },
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {}
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "category",
+            "valueType": {
+              "container": {
+                "optional": {
+                  "name": "Category",
+                  "fernFilepath": {
+                    "allParts": [],
+                    "packagePath": []
+                  },
+                  "typeId": "type_:Category",
+                  "type": "named"
+                },
+                "type": "optional"
+              },
+              "type": "container"
+            },
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {}
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "name",
+            "valueType": {
+              "primitive": {
+                "v1": "STRING",
+                "v2": {
+                  "type": "string"
+                }
+              },
+              "type": "primitive"
+            },
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {}
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "photoUrls",
+            "valueType": {
+              "container": {
+                "list": {
+                  "primitive": {
+                    "v1": "STRING",
+                    "v2": {
+                      "type": "string"
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "type": "primitive"
+                },
+                "type": "list"
+              },
+              "type": "container"
+            },
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {}
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "tags",
+            "valueType": {
+              "container": {
+                "optional": {
+                  "container": {
+                    "list": {
+                      "name": "Tag",
+                      "fernFilepath": {
+                        "allParts": [],
+                        "packagePath": []
+                      },
+                      "typeId": "type_:Tag",
+                      "type": "named"
+                    },
+                    "type": "list"
+                  },
+                  "type": "container"
+                },
+                "type": "optional"
+              },
+              "type": "container"
+            },
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {}
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "docs": "pet status in the store",
+            "name": "status",
+            "valueType": {
+              "container": {
+                "optional": {
+                  "name": "PetStatus",
+                  "fernFilepath": {
+                    "allParts": [],
+                    "packagePath": []
+                  },
+                  "typeId": "type_:PetStatus",
+                  "type": "named"
+                },
+                "type": "optional"
+              },
+              "type": "container"
+            },
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {}
+            }
+          }
+        ],
+        "extraProperties": false,
+        "extendedProperties": [],
+        "type": "object"
+      },
+      "referencedTypes": {},
+      "encoding": {
+        "json": {}
+      },
+      "userProvidedExamples": [],
+      "autogeneratedExamples": []
+    },
     "type_:PetOwner": {
       "name": {
         "name": "PetOwner",
@@ -234,419 +470,2392 @@
       },
       "userProvidedExamples": [],
       "autogeneratedExamples": []
-    }
-  },
-  "errors": {},
-  "services": {},
-  "constants": {
-    "errorInstanceIdKey": "errorInstanceId"
-  },
-  "errorDiscriminationStrategy": {
-    "type": "statusCode"
-  },
-  "pathParameters": [],
-  "variables": [],
-  "serviceTypeReferenceInfo": {
-    "typesReferencedOnlyByService": {},
-    "sharedTypes": [
-      "type_petowners:PetownersSubscribeParamsChannel",
-      "type_petowners:PetownersSubscribeParamsData",
-      "type_petowners:PetownersSubscribeParams",
-      "type_petowners:PetownersSubscribe",
-      "type_:PetOwner"
-    ]
-  },
-  "webhookGroups": {},
-  "websocketChannels": {
-    "channel_petowners": {
-      "path": {
-        "head": "/petowners",
-        "parts": []
+    },
+    "type_:OrderStatus": {
+      "docs": "Order Status",
+      "inline": true,
+      "name": {
+        "name": "OrderStatus",
+        "fernFilepath": {
+          "allParts": [],
+          "packagePath": []
+        },
+        "typeId": "type_:OrderStatus"
       },
-      "auth": false,
-      "name": "petowners",
-      "headers": [],
-      "docs": "Private websocket channel for receiving updates about pet owners and their pets",
-      "pathParameters": [],
-      "queryParameters": [],
-      "messages": [
-        {
-          "type": "subscribe",
-          "origin": "server",
-          "body": {
-            "bodyType": {
-              "name": "PetownersSubscribe",
-              "fernFilepath": {
-                "allParts": [
-                  "petowners"
-                ],
-                "packagePath": [],
-                "file": "petowners"
+      "shape": {
+        "values": [
+          {
+            "name": "placed"
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "approved"
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "delivered"
+          }
+        ],
+        "type": "enum"
+      },
+      "referencedTypes": {},
+      "encoding": {
+        "json": {}
+      },
+      "userProvidedExamples": [],
+      "autogeneratedExamples": []
+    },
+    "type_:Order": {
+      "docs": "An order for a pets from the pet store",
+      "name": {
+        "name": "Order",
+        "fernFilepath": {
+          "allParts": [],
+          "packagePath": []
+        },
+        "typeId": "type_:Order"
+      },
+      "shape": {
+        "extends": [],
+        "properties": [
+          {
+            "name": "id",
+            "valueType": {
+              "container": {
+                "optional": {
+                  "primitive": {
+                    "v1": "LONG",
+                    "v2": {
+                      "type": "long"
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "type": "primitive"
+                },
+                "type": "optional"
               },
-              "typeId": "type_petowners:PetownersSubscribe",
-              "type": "named"
+              "type": "container"
             },
-            "type": "reference"
-          }
-        }
-      ],
-      "examples": [
-        {
-          "url": "/petowners",
-          "pathParameters": [],
-          "headers": [],
-          "queryParameters": [],
-          "messages": [
-            {
-              "type": "subscribe",
-              "body": {
-                "shape": {
-                  "typeName": {
-                    "typeId": "type_petowners:PetownersSubscribe",
-                    "fernFilepath": {
-                      "allParts": [
-                        "petowners"
-                      ],
-                      "packagePath": [],
-                      "file": "petowners"
-                    },
-                    "name": "PetownersSubscribe"
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {}
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "petId",
+            "valueType": {
+              "container": {
+                "optional": {
+                  "primitive": {
+                    "v1": "LONG",
+                    "v2": {
+                      "type": "long"
+                    }
                   },
-                  "shape": {
-                    "properties": [],
-                    "type": "object"
+                  "type": "primitive"
+                },
+                "type": "optional"
+              },
+              "type": "container"
+            },
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {}
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "quantity",
+            "valueType": {
+              "container": {
+                "optional": {
+                  "primitive": {
+                    "v1": "INTEGER",
+                    "v2": {
+                      "type": "integer"
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "type": "primitive"
+                },
+                "type": "optional"
+              },
+              "type": "container"
+            },
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {}
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "shipDate",
+            "valueType": {
+              "container": {
+                "optional": {
+                  "primitive": {
+                    "v1": "DATE_TIME"
                   },
+                  "type": "primitive"
+                },
+                "type": "optional"
+              },
+              "type": "container"
+            },
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {}
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "docs": "Order Status",
+            "name": "status",
+            "valueType": {
+              "container": {
+                "optional": {
+                  "name": "OrderStatus",
+                  "fernFilepath": {
+                    "allParts": [],
+                    "packagePath": []
+                  },
+                  "typeId": "type_:OrderStatus",
                   "type": "named"
                 },
-                "jsonExample": {},
-                "type": "reference"
+                "type": "optional"
+              },
+              "type": "container"
+            },
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {}
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "complete",
+            "valueType": {
+              "container": {
+                "optional": {
+                  "primitive": {
+                    "v1": "BOOLEAN",
+                    "v2": {
+                      "default": false,
+                      "type": "boolean"
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "type": "primitive"
+                },
+                "type": "optional"
+              },
+              "type": "container"
+            },
+            "defaultValue": false,
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {}
+            }
+          }
+        ],
+        "extraProperties": false,
+        "extendedProperties": [],
+        "type": "object"
+      },
+      "referencedTypes": {},
+      "encoding": {
+        "json": {}
+      },
+      "userProvidedExamples": [],
+      "autogeneratedExamples": []
+    },
+    "type_:Category": {
+      "docs": "A category for a pet",
+      "name": {
+        "name": "Category",
+        "fernFilepath": {
+          "allParts": [],
+          "packagePath": []
+        },
+        "typeId": "type_:Category"
+      },
+      "shape": {
+        "extends": [],
+        "properties": [
+          {
+            "name": "id",
+            "valueType": {
+              "container": {
+                "optional": {
+                  "primitive": {
+                    "v1": "LONG",
+                    "v2": {
+                      "type": "long"
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "type": "primitive"
+                },
+                "type": "optional"
+              },
+              "type": "container"
+            },
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {}
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "name",
+            "valueType": {
+              "container": {
+                "optional": {
+                  "primitive": {
+                    "v1": "STRING",
+                    "v2": {
+                      "type": "string"
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "type": "primitive"
+                },
+                "type": "optional"
+              },
+              "type": "container"
+            },
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {}
+            }
+          }
+        ],
+        "extraProperties": false,
+        "extendedProperties": [],
+        "type": "object"
+      },
+      "referencedTypes": {},
+      "encoding": {
+        "json": {}
+      },
+      "userProvidedExamples": [],
+      "autogeneratedExamples": []
+    },
+    "type_:Tag": {
+      "docs": "A tag for a pet",
+      "name": {
+        "name": "Tag",
+        "fernFilepath": {
+          "allParts": [],
+          "packagePath": []
+        },
+        "typeId": "type_:Tag"
+      },
+      "shape": {
+        "extends": [],
+        "properties": [
+          {
+            "name": "id",
+            "valueType": {
+              "container": {
+                "optional": {
+                  "primitive": {
+                    "v1": "LONG",
+                    "v2": {
+                      "type": "long"
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "type": "primitive"
+                },
+                "type": "optional"
+              },
+              "type": "container"
+            },
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {}
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "name",
+            "valueType": {
+              "container": {
+                "optional": {
+                  "primitive": {
+                    "v1": "STRING",
+                    "v2": {
+                      "type": "string"
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "type": "primitive"
+                },
+                "type": "optional"
+              },
+              "type": "container"
+            },
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {}
+            }
+          }
+        ],
+        "extraProperties": false,
+        "extendedProperties": [],
+        "type": "object"
+      },
+      "referencedTypes": {},
+      "encoding": {
+        "json": {}
+      },
+      "userProvidedExamples": [],
+      "autogeneratedExamples": []
+    },
+    "type_:User": {
+      "docs": "A User who is purchasing from the pet store",
+      "name": {
+        "name": "User",
+        "fernFilepath": {
+          "allParts": [],
+          "packagePath": []
+        },
+        "typeId": "type_:User"
+      },
+      "shape": {
+        "extends": [],
+        "properties": [
+          {
+            "name": "id",
+            "valueType": {
+              "container": {
+                "optional": {
+                  "primitive": {
+                    "v1": "LONG",
+                    "v2": {
+                      "type": "long"
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "type": "primitive"
+                },
+                "type": "optional"
+              },
+              "type": "container"
+            },
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {}
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "username",
+            "valueType": {
+              "container": {
+                "optional": {
+                  "primitive": {
+                    "v1": "STRING",
+                    "v2": {
+                      "type": "string"
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "type": "primitive"
+                },
+                "type": "optional"
+              },
+              "type": "container"
+            },
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {}
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "firstName",
+            "valueType": {
+              "container": {
+                "optional": {
+                  "primitive": {
+                    "v1": "STRING",
+                    "v2": {
+                      "type": "string"
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "type": "primitive"
+                },
+                "type": "optional"
+              },
+              "type": "container"
+            },
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {}
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "lastName",
+            "valueType": {
+              "container": {
+                "optional": {
+                  "primitive": {
+                    "v1": "STRING",
+                    "v2": {
+                      "type": "string"
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "type": "primitive"
+                },
+                "type": "optional"
+              },
+              "type": "container"
+            },
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {}
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "email",
+            "valueType": {
+              "container": {
+                "optional": {
+                  "primitive": {
+                    "v1": "STRING",
+                    "v2": {
+                      "type": "string"
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "type": "primitive"
+                },
+                "type": "optional"
+              },
+              "type": "container"
+            },
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {}
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "password",
+            "valueType": {
+              "container": {
+                "optional": {
+                  "primitive": {
+                    "v1": "STRING",
+                    "v2": {
+                      "type": "string"
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "type": "primitive"
+                },
+                "type": "optional"
+              },
+              "type": "container"
+            },
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {}
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "phone",
+            "valueType": {
+              "container": {
+                "optional": {
+                  "primitive": {
+                    "v1": "STRING",
+                    "v2": {
+                      "type": "string"
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "type": "primitive"
+                },
+                "type": "optional"
+              },
+              "type": "container"
+            },
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {}
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "docs": "User Status",
+            "name": "userStatus",
+            "valueType": {
+              "container": {
+                "optional": {
+                  "primitive": {
+                    "v1": "INTEGER",
+                    "v2": {
+                      "type": "integer"
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "type": "primitive"
+                },
+                "type": "optional"
+              },
+              "type": "container"
+            },
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {}
+            }
+          }
+        ],
+        "extraProperties": false,
+        "extendedProperties": [],
+        "type": "object"
+      },
+      "referencedTypes": {},
+      "encoding": {
+        "json": {}
+      },
+      "userProvidedExamples": [],
+      "autogeneratedExamples": []
+    }
+  },
+  "errors": {},
+  "services": {
+    "service_pet": {
+      "name": {
+        "fernFilepath": {
+          "allParts": [
+            "pet"
+          ],
+          "packagePath": [],
+          "file": "pet"
+        }
+      },
+      "basePath": {
+        "head": "",
+        "parts": []
+      },
+      "headers": [],
+      "pathParameters": [],
+      "encoding": {
+        "json": {}
+      },
+      "transport": {
+        "type": "http"
+      },
+      "endpoints": [
+        {
+          "id": "endpoint_pet.updateAnExistingPet",
+          "name": "updateAnExistingPet",
+          "displayName": "Update an existing pet",
+          "auth": false,
+          "idempotent": false,
+          "method": "PUT",
+          "path": {
+            "head": "/pet",
+            "parts": []
+          },
+          "fullPath": {
+            "head": "pet",
+            "parts": []
+          },
+          "pathParameters": [],
+          "allPathParameters": [],
+          "queryParameters": [],
+          "headers": [],
+          "requestBody": {
+            "requestBodyType": {
+              "name": "Pet",
+              "fernFilepath": {
+                "allParts": [],
+                "packagePath": []
+              },
+              "typeId": "type_:Pet",
+              "type": "named"
+            },
+            "contentType": "application/json",
+            "type": "reference"
+          },
+          "sdkRequest": {
+            "shape": {
+              "value": {
+                "requestBodyType": {
+                  "name": "Pet",
+                  "fernFilepath": {
+                    "allParts": [],
+                    "packagePath": []
+                  },
+                  "typeId": "type_:Pet",
+                  "type": "named"
+                },
+                "type": "typeReference"
+              },
+              "type": "justRequestBody"
+            },
+            "requestParameterName": "request"
+          },
+          "response": {
+            "body": {
+              "value": {
+                "docs": "A list of pets",
+                "responseBodyType": {
+                  "name": "Pet",
+                  "fernFilepath": {
+                    "allParts": [],
+                    "packagePath": []
+                  },
+                  "typeId": "type_:Pet",
+                  "type": "named"
+                },
+                "type": "response"
+              },
+              "type": "json"
+            },
+            "statusCode": 200,
+            "docs": "A list of pets"
+          },
+          "errors": [],
+          "userSpecifiedExamples": [],
+          "autogeneratedExamples": [],
+          "responseHeaders": []
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "service_order": {
+      "name": {
+        "fernFilepath": {
+          "allParts": [
+            "order"
+          ],
+          "packagePath": [],
+          "file": "order"
+        }
+      },
+      "basePath": {
+        "head": "",
+        "parts": []
+      },
+      "headers": [],
+      "pathParameters": [],
+      "encoding": {
+        "json": {}
+      },
+      "transport": {
+        "type": "http"
+      },
+      "endpoints": [
+        {
+          "id": "endpoint_order.getAnOrder",
+          "name": "getAnOrder",
+          "displayName": "Get an order",
+          "auth": false,
+          "idempotent": false,
+          "method": "GET",
+          "path": {
+            "head": "/order",
+            "parts": []
+          },
+          "fullPath": {
+            "head": "order",
+            "parts": []
+          },
+          "pathParameters": [],
+          "allPathParameters": [],
+          "queryParameters": [],
+          "headers": [],
+          "response": {
+            "body": {
+              "value": {
+                "docs": "An order object",
+                "responseBodyType": {
+                  "name": "Order",
+                  "fernFilepath": {
+                    "allParts": [],
+                    "packagePath": []
+                  },
+                  "typeId": "type_:Order",
+                  "type": "named"
+                },
+                "type": "response"
+              },
+              "type": "json"
+            },
+            "statusCode": 200,
+            "docs": "An order object"
+          },
+          "errors": [],
+          "userSpecifiedExamples": [],
+          "autogeneratedExamples": [],
+          "responseHeaders": []
+        }
+      ]
+    }
+  },
+  "constants": {
+    "errorInstanceIdKey": "errorInstanceId"
+  },
+  "errorDiscriminationStrategy": {
+    "type": "statusCode"
+  },
+  "pathParameters": [],
+  "variables": [],
+  "serviceTypeReferenceInfo": {
+    "typesReferencedOnlyByService": {
+      "service_pet": [
+        "type_:PetStatus",
+        "type_:Pet",
+        "type_:Category",
+        "type_:Tag"
+      ],
+      "service_order": [
+        "type_:OrderStatus",
+        "type_:Order"
+      ]
+    },
+    "sharedTypes": [
+      "type_petowners:PetownersSubscribeParamsChannel",
+      "type_petowners:PetownersSubscribeParamsData",
+      "type_petowners:PetownersSubscribeParams",
+      "type_petowners:PetownersSubscribe",
+      "type_:Mammal",
+      "type_:PetOwner",
+      "type_:User"
+    ]
+  },
+  "webhookGroups": {},
+  "websocketChannels": {
+    "channel_petowners": {
+      "path": {
+        "head": "/petowners",
+        "parts": []
+      },
+      "auth": false,
+      "name": "petowners",
+      "headers": [],
+      "docs": "Private websocket channel for receiving updates about pet owners and their pets",
+      "pathParameters": [],
+      "queryParameters": [],
+      "messages": [
+        {
+          "type": "subscribe",
+          "origin": "server",
+          "body": {
+            "bodyType": {
+              "name": "PetownersSubscribe",
+              "fernFilepath": {
+                "allParts": [
+                  "petowners"
+                ],
+                "packagePath": [],
+                "file": "petowners"
+              },
+              "typeId": "type_petowners:PetownersSubscribe",
+              "type": "named"
+            },
+            "type": "reference"
+          }
+        }
+      ],
+      "examples": [
+        {
+          "url": "/petowners",
+          "pathParameters": [],
+          "headers": [],
+          "queryParameters": [],
+          "messages": [
+            {
+              "type": "subscribe",
+              "body": {
+                "shape": {
+                  "typeName": {
+                    "typeId": "type_petowners:PetownersSubscribe",
+                    "fernFilepath": {
+                      "allParts": [
+                        "petowners"
+                      ],
+                      "packagePath": [],
+                      "file": "petowners"
+                    },
+                    "name": "PetownersSubscribe"
+                  },
+                  "shape": {
+                    "properties": [],
+                    "type": "object"
+                  },
+                  "type": "named"
+                },
+                "jsonExample": {},
+                "type": "reference"
+              }
+            }
+          ]
+        }
+      ],
+      "v2Examples": {
+        "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+        "autogeneratedExamples": {}
+      }
+    }
+  },
+  "dynamic": {
+    "version": "1.0.0",
+    "types": {
+      "type_petowners:PetownersSubscribeParamsChannel": {
+        "declaration": {
+          "name": {
+            "originalName": "PetownersSubscribeParamsChannel",
+            "camelCase": {
+              "unsafeName": "petownersSubscribeParamsChannel",
+              "safeName": "petownersSubscribeParamsChannel"
+            },
+            "snakeCase": {
+              "unsafeName": "petowners_subscribe_params_channel",
+              "safeName": "petowners_subscribe_params_channel"
+            },
+            "screamingSnakeCase": {
+              "unsafeName": "PETOWNERS_SUBSCRIBE_PARAMS_CHANNEL",
+              "safeName": "PETOWNERS_SUBSCRIBE_PARAMS_CHANNEL"
+            },
+            "pascalCase": {
+              "unsafeName": "PetownersSubscribeParamsChannel",
+              "safeName": "PetownersSubscribeParamsChannel"
+            }
+          },
+          "fernFilepath": {
+            "allParts": [
+              {
+                "originalName": "petowners",
+                "camelCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "petowners",
+                  "safeName": "petowners"
+                },
+                "snakeCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "petowners",
+                  "safeName": "petowners"
+                },
+                "screamingSnakeCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "PETOWNERS",
+                  "safeName": "PETOWNERS"
+                },
+                "pascalCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "Petowners",
+                  "safeName": "Petowners"
+                }
+              }
+            ],
+            "packagePath": [],
+            "file": {
+              "originalName": "petowners",
+              "camelCase": {
+                "unsafeName": "petowners",
+                "safeName": "petowners"
+              },
+              "snakeCase": {
+                "unsafeName": "petowners",
+                "safeName": "petowners"
+              },
+              "screamingSnakeCase": {
+                "unsafeName": "PETOWNERS",
+                "safeName": "PETOWNERS"
+              },
+              "pascalCase": {
+                "unsafeName": "Petowners",
+                "safeName": "Petowners"
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        },
+        "values": [
+          {
+            "wireValue": "petowners",
+            "name": {
+              "originalName": "petowners",
+              "camelCase": {
+                "unsafeName": "petowners",
+                "safeName": "petowners"
+              },
+              "snakeCase": {
+                "unsafeName": "petowners",
+                "safeName": "petowners"
+              },
+              "screamingSnakeCase": {
+                "unsafeName": "PETOWNERS",
+                "safeName": "PETOWNERS"
+              },
+              "pascalCase": {
+                "unsafeName": "Petowners",
+                "safeName": "Petowners"
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        ],
+        "type": "enum"
+      },
+      "type_petowners:PetownersSubscribeParamsData": {
+        "declaration": {
+          "name": {
+            "originalName": "PetownersSubscribeParamsData",
+            "camelCase": {
+              "unsafeName": "petownersSubscribeParamsData",
+              "safeName": "petownersSubscribeParamsData"
+            },
+            "snakeCase": {
+              "unsafeName": "petowners_subscribe_params_data",
+              "safeName": "petowners_subscribe_params_data"
+            },
+            "screamingSnakeCase": {
+              "unsafeName": "PETOWNERS_SUBSCRIBE_PARAMS_DATA",
+              "safeName": "PETOWNERS_SUBSCRIBE_PARAMS_DATA"
+            },
+            "pascalCase": {
+              "unsafeName": "PetownersSubscribeParamsData",
+              "safeName": "PetownersSubscribeParamsData"
+            }
+          },
+          "fernFilepath": {
+            "allParts": [
+              {
+                "originalName": "petowners",
+                "camelCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "petowners",
+                  "safeName": "petowners"
+                },
+                "snakeCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "petowners",
+                  "safeName": "petowners"
+                },
+                "screamingSnakeCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "PETOWNERS",
+                  "safeName": "PETOWNERS"
+                },
+                "pascalCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "Petowners",
+                  "safeName": "Petowners"
+                }
+              }
+            ],
+            "packagePath": [],
+            "file": {
+              "originalName": "petowners",
+              "camelCase": {
+                "unsafeName": "petowners",
+                "safeName": "petowners"
+              },
+              "snakeCase": {
+                "unsafeName": "petowners",
+                "safeName": "petowners"
+              },
+              "screamingSnakeCase": {
+                "unsafeName": "PETOWNERS",
+                "safeName": "PETOWNERS"
+              },
+              "pascalCase": {
+                "unsafeName": "Petowners",
+                "safeName": "Petowners"
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        },
+        "properties": [
+          {
+            "name": {
+              "wireValue": "petOwner",
+              "name": {
+                "originalName": "petOwner",
+                "camelCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "petOwner",
+                  "safeName": "petOwner"
+                },
+                "snakeCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "pet_owner",
+                  "safeName": "pet_owner"
+                },
+                "screamingSnakeCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "PET_OWNER",
+                  "safeName": "PET_OWNER"
+                },
+                "pascalCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "PetOwner",
+                  "safeName": "PetOwner"
+                }
+              }
+            },
+            "typeReference": {
+              "value": "type_:PetOwner",
+              "type": "named"
+            }
+          }
+        ],
+        "additionalProperties": false,
+        "type": "object"
+      },
+      "type_petowners:PetownersSubscribeParams": {
+        "declaration": {
+          "name": {
+            "originalName": "PetownersSubscribeParams",
+            "camelCase": {
+              "unsafeName": "petownersSubscribeParams",
+              "safeName": "petownersSubscribeParams"
+            },
+            "snakeCase": {
+              "unsafeName": "petowners_subscribe_params",
+              "safeName": "petowners_subscribe_params"
+            },
+            "screamingSnakeCase": {
+              "unsafeName": "PETOWNERS_SUBSCRIBE_PARAMS",
+              "safeName": "PETOWNERS_SUBSCRIBE_PARAMS"
+            },
+            "pascalCase": {
+              "unsafeName": "PetownersSubscribeParams",
+              "safeName": "PetownersSubscribeParams"
+            }
+          },
+          "fernFilepath": {
+            "allParts": [
+              {
+                "originalName": "petowners",
+                "camelCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "petowners",
+                  "safeName": "petowners"
+                },
+                "snakeCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "petowners",
+                  "safeName": "petowners"
+                },
+                "screamingSnakeCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "PETOWNERS",
+                  "safeName": "PETOWNERS"
+                },
+                "pascalCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "Petowners",
+                  "safeName": "Petowners"
+                }
+              }
+            ],
+            "packagePath": [],
+            "file": {
+              "originalName": "petowners",
+              "camelCase": {
+                "unsafeName": "petowners",
+                "safeName": "petowners"
+              },
+              "snakeCase": {
+                "unsafeName": "petowners",
+                "safeName": "petowners"
+              },
+              "screamingSnakeCase": {
+                "unsafeName": "PETOWNERS",
+                "safeName": "PETOWNERS"
+              },
+              "pascalCase": {
+                "unsafeName": "Petowners",
+                "safeName": "Petowners"
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        },
+        "properties": [
+          {
+            "name": {
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+              "name": {
+                "originalName": "channel",
+                "camelCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "channel",
+                  "safeName": "channel"
+                },
+                "snakeCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "channel",
+                  "safeName": "channel"
+                },
+                "screamingSnakeCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "CHANNEL",
+                  "safeName": "CHANNEL"
+                },
+                "pascalCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "Channel",
+                  "safeName": "Channel"
+                }
+              }
+            },
+            "typeReference": {
+              "value": {
+                "value": "type_petowners:PetownersSubscribeParamsChannel",
+                "type": "named"
+              },
+              "type": "optional"
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": {
+              "wireValue": "data",
+              "name": {
+                "originalName": "data",
+                "camelCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "data",
+                  "safeName": "data"
+                },
+                "snakeCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "data",
+                  "safeName": "data"
+                },
+                "screamingSnakeCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "DATA",
+                  "safeName": "DATA"
+                },
+                "pascalCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "Data",
+                  "safeName": "Data"
+                }
+              }
+            },
+            "typeReference": {
+              "value": {
+                "value": "type_petowners:PetownersSubscribeParamsData",
+                "type": "named"
+              },
+              "type": "optional"
+            }
+          }
+        ],
+        "additionalProperties": false,
+        "type": "object"
+      },
+      "type_petowners:PetownersSubscribe": {
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+            "camelCase": {
+              "unsafeName": "petownersSubscribe",
+              "safeName": "petownersSubscribe"
+            },
+            "snakeCase": {
+              "unsafeName": "petowners_subscribe",
+              "safeName": "petowners_subscribe"
+            },
+            "screamingSnakeCase": {
+              "unsafeName": "PETOWNERS_SUBSCRIBE",
+              "safeName": "PETOWNERS_SUBSCRIBE"
+            },
+            "pascalCase": {
+              "unsafeName": "PetownersSubscribe",
+              "safeName": "PetownersSubscribe"
+            }
+          },
+          "fernFilepath": {
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+              {
+                "originalName": "petowners",
+                "camelCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "petowners",
+                  "safeName": "petowners"
+                },
+                "snakeCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "petowners",
+                  "safeName": "petowners"
+                },
+                "screamingSnakeCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "PETOWNERS",
+                  "safeName": "PETOWNERS"
+                },
+                "pascalCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "Petowners",
+                  "safeName": "Petowners"
+                }
+              }
+            ],
+            "packagePath": [],
+            "file": {
+              "originalName": "petowners",
+              "camelCase": {
+                "unsafeName": "petowners",
+                "safeName": "petowners"
+              },
+              "snakeCase": {
+                "unsafeName": "petowners",
+                "safeName": "petowners"
+              },
+              "screamingSnakeCase": {
+                "unsafeName": "PETOWNERS",
+                "safeName": "PETOWNERS"
+              },
+              "pascalCase": {
+                "unsafeName": "Petowners",
+                "safeName": "Petowners"
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        },
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+                  "safeName": "params"
+                },
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+                  "unsafeName": "params",
+                  "safeName": "params"
+                },
+                "screamingSnakeCase": {
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+                  "safeName": "PARAMS"
+                },
+                "pascalCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "Params",
+                  "safeName": "Params"
+                }
+              }
+            },
+            "typeReference": {
+              "value": {
+                "value": "type_petowners:PetownersSubscribeParams",
+                "type": "named"
+              },
+              "type": "optional"
+            }
+          }
+        ],
+        "additionalProperties": false,
+        "type": "object"
+      },
+      "type_:Mammal": {
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+            "camelCase": {
+              "unsafeName": "mammal",
+              "safeName": "mammal"
+            },
+            "snakeCase": {
+              "unsafeName": "mammal",
+              "safeName": "mammal"
+            },
+            "screamingSnakeCase": {
+              "unsafeName": "MAMMAL",
+              "safeName": "MAMMAL"
+            },
+            "pascalCase": {
+              "unsafeName": "Mammal",
+              "safeName": "Mammal"
+            }
+          },
+          "fernFilepath": {
+            "allParts": [],
+            "packagePath": []
+          }
+        },
+        "types": [
+          {
+            "value": "type_:Pet",
+            "type": "named"
+          },
+          {
+            "value": "type_:User",
+            "type": "named"
+          }
+        ],
+        "type": "undiscriminatedUnion"
+      },
+      "type_:PetStatus": {
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+          "name": {
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+            "camelCase": {
+              "unsafeName": "petStatus",
+              "safeName": "petStatus"
+            },
+            "snakeCase": {
+              "unsafeName": "pet_status",
+              "safeName": "pet_status"
+            },
+            "screamingSnakeCase": {
+              "unsafeName": "PET_STATUS",
+              "safeName": "PET_STATUS"
+            },
+            "pascalCase": {
+              "unsafeName": "PetStatus",
+              "safeName": "PetStatus"
+            }
+          },
+          "fernFilepath": {
+            "allParts": [],
+            "packagePath": []
+          }
+        },
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+            "wireValue": "available",
+            "name": {
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+              "camelCase": {
+                "unsafeName": "available",
+                "safeName": "available"
+              },
+              "snakeCase": {
+                "unsafeName": "available",
+                "safeName": "available"
+              },
+              "screamingSnakeCase": {
+                "unsafeName": "AVAILABLE",
+                "safeName": "AVAILABLE"
+              },
+              "pascalCase": {
+                "unsafeName": "Available",
+                "safeName": "Available"
+              }
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "wireValue": "pending",
+            "name": {
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+              "camelCase": {
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+                "safeName": "pending"
+              },
+              "snakeCase": {
+                "unsafeName": "pending",
+                "safeName": "pending"
+              },
+              "screamingSnakeCase": {
+                "unsafeName": "PENDING",
+                "safeName": "PENDING"
+              },
+              "pascalCase": {
+                "unsafeName": "Pending",
+                "safeName": "Pending"
+              }
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "wireValue": "sold",
+            "name": {
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+              "camelCase": {
+                "unsafeName": "sold",
+                "safeName": "sold"
+              },
+              "snakeCase": {
+                "unsafeName": "sold",
+                "safeName": "sold"
+              },
+              "screamingSnakeCase": {
+                "unsafeName": "SOLD",
+                "safeName": "SOLD"
+              },
+              "pascalCase": {
+                "unsafeName": "Sold",
+                "safeName": "Sold"
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        ],
+        "type": "enum"
+      },
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+              "unsafeName": "pet",
+              "safeName": "pet"
+            },
+            "snakeCase": {
+              "unsafeName": "pet",
+              "safeName": "pet"
+            },
+            "screamingSnakeCase": {
+              "unsafeName": "PET",
+              "safeName": "PET"
+            },
+            "pascalCase": {
+              "unsafeName": "Pet",
+              "safeName": "Pet"
+            }
+          },
+          "fernFilepath": {
+            "allParts": [],
+            "packagePath": []
+          }
+        },
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+                  "safeName": "id"
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+                  "safeName": "id"
+                },
+                "screamingSnakeCase": {
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+                  "safeName": "ID"
+                },
+                "pascalCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "ID",
+                  "safeName": "ID"
+                }
+              }
+            },
+            "typeReference": {
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+                "type": "primitive"
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+              "type": "optional"
+            }
+          },
+          {
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+              "name": {
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+                  "safeName": "category"
+                },
+                "snakeCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "category",
+                  "safeName": "category"
+                },
+                "screamingSnakeCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "CATEGORY",
+                  "safeName": "CATEGORY"
+                },
+                "pascalCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "Category",
+                  "safeName": "Category"
+                }
+              }
+            },
+            "typeReference": {
+              "value": {
+                "value": "type_:Category",
+                "type": "named"
+              },
+              "type": "optional"
+            }
+          },
+          {
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+              "name": {
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+                "camelCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "name",
+                  "safeName": "name"
+                },
+                "snakeCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "name",
+                  "safeName": "name"
+                },
+                "screamingSnakeCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "NAME",
+                  "safeName": "NAME"
+                },
+                "pascalCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "Name",
+                  "safeName": "Name"
+                }
+              }
+            },
+            "typeReference": {
+              "value": "STRING",
+              "type": "primitive"
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": {
+              "wireValue": "photoUrls",
+              "name": {
+                "originalName": "photoUrls",
+                "camelCase": {
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+                  "safeName": "photoURLs"
+                },
+                "snakeCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "photo_urls",
+                  "safeName": "photo_urls"
+                },
+                "screamingSnakeCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "PHOTO_URLS",
+                  "safeName": "PHOTO_URLS"
+                },
+                "pascalCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "PhotoURLs",
+                  "safeName": "PhotoURLs"
+                }
+              }
+            },
+            "typeReference": {
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+                "value": "STRING",
+                "type": "primitive"
+              },
+              "type": "list"
+            }
+          },
+          {
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+              "name": {
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+                  "safeName": "tags"
+                },
+                "snakeCase": {
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+                  "safeName": "tags"
+                },
+                "screamingSnakeCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "TAGS",
+                  "safeName": "TAGS"
+                },
+                "pascalCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "Tags",
+                  "safeName": "Tags"
+                }
+              }
+            },
+            "typeReference": {
+              "value": {
+                "value": {
+                  "value": "type_:Tag",
+                  "type": "named"
+                },
+                "type": "list"
+              },
+              "type": "optional"
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": {
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+                  "safeName": "status"
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+                "snakeCase": {
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+                  "safeName": "status"
+                },
+                "screamingSnakeCase": {
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+                  "safeName": "STATUS"
+                },
+                "pascalCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "Status",
+                  "safeName": "Status"
+                }
+              }
+            },
+            "typeReference": {
+              "value": {
+                "value": "type_:PetStatus",
+                "type": "named"
+              },
+              "type": "optional"
+            }
+          }
+        ],
+        "additionalProperties": false,
+        "type": "object"
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+      "type_:PetOwner": {
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+            "camelCase": {
+              "unsafeName": "petOwner",
+              "safeName": "petOwner"
+            },
+            "snakeCase": {
+              "unsafeName": "pet_owner",
+              "safeName": "pet_owner"
+            },
+            "screamingSnakeCase": {
+              "unsafeName": "PET_OWNER",
+              "safeName": "PET_OWNER"
+            },
+            "pascalCase": {
+              "unsafeName": "PetOwner",
+              "safeName": "PetOwner"
+            }
+          },
+          "fernFilepath": {
+            "allParts": [],
+            "packagePath": []
+          }
+        },
+        "typeReference": {
+          "type": "unknown"
+        },
+        "type": "alias"
+      },
+      "type_:OrderStatus": {
+        "declaration": {
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+            "camelCase": {
+              "unsafeName": "orderStatus",
+              "safeName": "orderStatus"
+            },
+            "snakeCase": {
+              "unsafeName": "order_status",
+              "safeName": "order_status"
+            },
+            "screamingSnakeCase": {
+              "unsafeName": "ORDER_STATUS",
+              "safeName": "ORDER_STATUS"
+            },
+            "pascalCase": {
+              "unsafeName": "OrderStatus",
+              "safeName": "OrderStatus"
+            }
+          },
+          "fernFilepath": {
+            "allParts": [],
+            "packagePath": []
+          }
+        },
+        "values": [
+          {
+            "wireValue": "placed",
+            "name": {
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+              "camelCase": {
+                "unsafeName": "placed",
+                "safeName": "placed"
+              },
+              "snakeCase": {
+                "unsafeName": "placed",
+                "safeName": "placed"
+              },
+              "screamingSnakeCase": {
+                "unsafeName": "PLACED",
+                "safeName": "PLACED"
+              },
+              "pascalCase": {
+                "unsafeName": "Placed",
+                "safeName": "Placed"
+              }
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "wireValue": "approved",
+            "name": {
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+              "camelCase": {
+                "unsafeName": "approved",
+                "safeName": "approved"
+              },
+              "snakeCase": {
+                "unsafeName": "approved",
+                "safeName": "approved"
+              },
+              "screamingSnakeCase": {
+                "unsafeName": "APPROVED",
+                "safeName": "APPROVED"
+              },
+              "pascalCase": {
+                "unsafeName": "Approved",
+                "safeName": "Approved"
+              }
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "wireValue": "delivered",
+            "name": {
+              "originalName": "delivered",
+              "camelCase": {
+                "unsafeName": "delivered",
+                "safeName": "delivered"
+              },
+              "snakeCase": {
+                "unsafeName": "delivered",
+                "safeName": "delivered"
+              },
+              "screamingSnakeCase": {
+                "unsafeName": "DELIVERED",
+                "safeName": "DELIVERED"
+              },
+              "pascalCase": {
+                "unsafeName": "Delivered",
+                "safeName": "Delivered"
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        ],
+        "type": "enum"
+      },
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+            "camelCase": {
+              "unsafeName": "order",
+              "safeName": "order"
+            },
+            "snakeCase": {
+              "unsafeName": "order",
+              "safeName": "order"
+            },
+            "screamingSnakeCase": {
+              "unsafeName": "ORDER",
+              "safeName": "ORDER"
+            },
+            "pascalCase": {
+              "unsafeName": "Order",
+              "safeName": "Order"
+            }
+          },
+          "fernFilepath": {
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+            "packagePath": []
+          }
+        },
+        "properties": [
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+              "name": {
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+                  "safeName": "id"
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+                  "safeName": "id"
+                },
+                "screamingSnakeCase": {
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+                  "safeName": "ID"
+                },
+                "pascalCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "ID",
+                  "safeName": "ID"
+                }
+              }
+            },
+            "typeReference": {
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+                "type": "primitive"
+              },
+              "type": "optional"
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": {
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+              "name": {
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+                "camelCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "petID",
+                  "safeName": "petID"
+                },
+                "snakeCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "pet_id",
+                  "safeName": "pet_id"
+                },
+                "screamingSnakeCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "PET_ID",
+                  "safeName": "PET_ID"
+                },
+                "pascalCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "PetID",
+                  "safeName": "PetID"
+                }
+              }
+            },
+            "typeReference": {
+              "value": {
+                "value": "LONG",
+                "type": "primitive"
+              },
+              "type": "optional"
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": {
+              "wireValue": "quantity",
+              "name": {
+                "originalName": "quantity",
+                "camelCase": {
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+                  "safeName": "quantity"
+                },
+                "snakeCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "quantity",
+                  "safeName": "quantity"
+                },
+                "screamingSnakeCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "QUANTITY",
+                  "safeName": "QUANTITY"
+                },
+                "pascalCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "Quantity",
+                  "safeName": "Quantity"
+                }
+              }
+            },
+            "typeReference": {
+              "value": {
+                "value": "INTEGER",
+                "type": "primitive"
+              },
+              "type": "optional"
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": {
+              "wireValue": "shipDate",
+              "name": {
+                "originalName": "shipDate",
+                "camelCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "shipDate",
+                  "safeName": "shipDate"
+                },
+                "snakeCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "ship_date",
+                  "safeName": "ship_date"
+                },
+                "screamingSnakeCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "SHIP_DATE",
+                  "safeName": "SHIP_DATE"
+                },
+                "pascalCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "ShipDate",
+                  "safeName": "ShipDate"
+                }
+              }
+            },
+            "typeReference": {
+              "value": {
+                "value": "DATE_TIME",
+                "type": "primitive"
+              },
+              "type": "optional"
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": {
+              "wireValue": "status",
+              "name": {
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+                "camelCase": {
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+                  "safeName": "status"
+                },
+                "snakeCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "status",
+                  "safeName": "status"
+                },
+                "screamingSnakeCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "STATUS",
+                  "safeName": "STATUS"
+                },
+                "pascalCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "Status",
+                  "safeName": "Status"
+                }
+              }
+            },
+            "typeReference": {
+              "value": {
+                "value": "type_:OrderStatus",
+                "type": "named"
+              },
+              "type": "optional"
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": {
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+              "name": {
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+                "camelCase": {
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+                  "safeName": "complete"
+                },
+                "snakeCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "complete",
+                  "safeName": "complete"
+                },
+                "screamingSnakeCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "COMPLETE",
+                  "safeName": "COMPLETE"
+                },
+                "pascalCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "Complete",
+                  "safeName": "Complete"
+                }
               }
+            },
+            "typeReference": {
+              "value": {
+                "value": "BOOLEAN",
+                "type": "primitive"
+              },
+              "type": "optional"
             }
-          ]
-        }
-      ],
-      "v2Examples": {
-        "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
-        "autogeneratedExamples": {}
-      }
-    }
-  },
-  "dynamic": {
-    "version": "1.0.0",
-    "types": {
-      "type_petowners:PetownersSubscribeParamsChannel": {
+          }
+        ],
+        "additionalProperties": false,
+        "type": "object"
+      },
+      "type_:Category": {
         "declaration": {
           "name": {
-            "originalName": "PetownersSubscribeParamsChannel",
+            "originalName": "Category",
             "camelCase": {
-              "unsafeName": "petownersSubscribeParamsChannel",
-              "safeName": "petownersSubscribeParamsChannel"
+              "unsafeName": "category",
+              "safeName": "category"
             },
             "snakeCase": {
-              "unsafeName": "petowners_subscribe_params_channel",
-              "safeName": "petowners_subscribe_params_channel"
+              "unsafeName": "category",
+              "safeName": "category"
             },
             "screamingSnakeCase": {
-              "unsafeName": "PETOWNERS_SUBSCRIBE_PARAMS_CHANNEL",
-              "safeName": "PETOWNERS_SUBSCRIBE_PARAMS_CHANNEL"
+              "unsafeName": "CATEGORY",
+              "safeName": "CATEGORY"
             },
             "pascalCase": {
-              "unsafeName": "PetownersSubscribeParamsChannel",
-              "safeName": "PetownersSubscribeParamsChannel"
+              "unsafeName": "Category",
+              "safeName": "Category"
             }
           },
           "fernFilepath": {
-            "allParts": [
-              {
-                "originalName": "petowners",
+            "allParts": [],
+            "packagePath": []
+          }
+        },
+        "properties": [
+          {
+            "name": {
+              "wireValue": "id",
+              "name": {
+                "originalName": "id",
                 "camelCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "petowners",
-                  "safeName": "petowners"
+                  "unsafeName": "id",
+                  "safeName": "id"
                 },
                 "snakeCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "petowners",
-                  "safeName": "petowners"
+                  "unsafeName": "id",
+                  "safeName": "id"
                 },
                 "screamingSnakeCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "PETOWNERS",
-                  "safeName": "PETOWNERS"
+                  "unsafeName": "ID",
+                  "safeName": "ID"
                 },
                 "pascalCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "Petowners",
-                  "safeName": "Petowners"
+                  "unsafeName": "ID",
+                  "safeName": "ID"
                 }
               }
-            ],
-            "packagePath": [],
-            "file": {
-              "originalName": "petowners",
-              "camelCase": {
-                "unsafeName": "petowners",
-                "safeName": "petowners"
-              },
-              "snakeCase": {
-                "unsafeName": "petowners",
-                "safeName": "petowners"
-              },
-              "screamingSnakeCase": {
-                "unsafeName": "PETOWNERS",
-                "safeName": "PETOWNERS"
+            },
+            "typeReference": {
+              "value": {
+                "value": "LONG",
+                "type": "primitive"
               },
-              "pascalCase": {
-                "unsafeName": "Petowners",
-                "safeName": "Petowners"
+              "type": "optional"
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": {
+              "wireValue": "name",
+              "name": {
+                "originalName": "name",
+                "camelCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "name",
+                  "safeName": "name"
+                },
+                "snakeCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "name",
+                  "safeName": "name"
+                },
+                "screamingSnakeCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "NAME",
+                  "safeName": "NAME"
+                },
+                "pascalCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "Name",
+                  "safeName": "Name"
+                }
               }
+            },
+            "typeReference": {
+              "value": {
+                "value": "STRING",
+                "type": "primitive"
+              },
+              "type": "optional"
+            }
+          }
+        ],
+        "additionalProperties": false,
+        "type": "object"
+      },
+      "type_:Tag": {
+        "declaration": {
+          "name": {
+            "originalName": "Tag",
+            "camelCase": {
+              "unsafeName": "tag",
+              "safeName": "tag"
+            },
+            "snakeCase": {
+              "unsafeName": "tag",
+              "safeName": "tag"
+            },
+            "screamingSnakeCase": {
+              "unsafeName": "TAG",
+              "safeName": "TAG"
+            },
+            "pascalCase": {
+              "unsafeName": "Tag",
+              "safeName": "Tag"
             }
+          },
+          "fernFilepath": {
+            "allParts": [],
+            "packagePath": []
           }
         },
-        "values": [
+        "properties": [
           {
-            "wireValue": "petowners",
             "name": {
-              "originalName": "petowners",
-              "camelCase": {
-                "unsafeName": "petowners",
-                "safeName": "petowners"
-              },
-              "snakeCase": {
-                "unsafeName": "petowners",
-                "safeName": "petowners"
-              },
-              "screamingSnakeCase": {
-                "unsafeName": "PETOWNERS",
-                "safeName": "PETOWNERS"
+              "wireValue": "id",
+              "name": {
+                "originalName": "id",
+                "camelCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "id",
+                  "safeName": "id"
+                },
+                "snakeCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "id",
+                  "safeName": "id"
+                },
+                "screamingSnakeCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "ID",
+                  "safeName": "ID"
+                },
+                "pascalCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "ID",
+                  "safeName": "ID"
+                }
+              }
+            },
+            "typeReference": {
+              "value": {
+                "value": "LONG",
+                "type": "primitive"
               },
-              "pascalCase": {
-                "unsafeName": "Petowners",
-                "safeName": "Petowners"
+              "type": "optional"
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": {
+              "wireValue": "name",
+              "name": {
+                "originalName": "name",
+                "camelCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "name",
+                  "safeName": "name"
+                },
+                "snakeCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "name",
+                  "safeName": "name"
+                },
+                "screamingSnakeCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "NAME",
+                  "safeName": "NAME"
+                },
+                "pascalCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "Name",
+                  "safeName": "Name"
+                }
               }
+            },
+            "typeReference": {
+              "value": {
+                "value": "STRING",
+                "type": "primitive"
+              },
+              "type": "optional"
             }
           }
         ],
-        "type": "enum"
+        "additionalProperties": false,
+        "type": "object"
       },
-      "type_petowners:PetownersSubscribeParamsData": {
+      "type_:User": {
         "declaration": {
           "name": {
-            "originalName": "PetownersSubscribeParamsData",
+            "originalName": "User",
             "camelCase": {
-              "unsafeName": "petownersSubscribeParamsData",
-              "safeName": "petownersSubscribeParamsData"
+              "unsafeName": "user",
+              "safeName": "user"
             },
             "snakeCase": {
-              "unsafeName": "petowners_subscribe_params_data",
-              "safeName": "petowners_subscribe_params_data"
+              "unsafeName": "user",
+              "safeName": "user"
             },
             "screamingSnakeCase": {
-              "unsafeName": "PETOWNERS_SUBSCRIBE_PARAMS_DATA",
-              "safeName": "PETOWNERS_SUBSCRIBE_PARAMS_DATA"
+              "unsafeName": "USER",
+              "safeName": "USER"
             },
             "pascalCase": {
-              "unsafeName": "PetownersSubscribeParamsData",
-              "safeName": "PetownersSubscribeParamsData"
+              "unsafeName": "User",
+              "safeName": "User"
             }
           },
           "fernFilepath": {
-            "allParts": [
-              {
-                "originalName": "petowners",
+            "allParts": [],
+            "packagePath": []
+          }
+        },
+        "properties": [
+          {
+            "name": {
+              "wireValue": "id",
+              "name": {
+                "originalName": "id",
                 "camelCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "petowners",
-                  "safeName": "petowners"
+                  "unsafeName": "id",
+                  "safeName": "id"
                 },
                 "snakeCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "petowners",
-                  "safeName": "petowners"
+                  "unsafeName": "id",
+                  "safeName": "id"
                 },
                 "screamingSnakeCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "PETOWNERS",
-                  "safeName": "PETOWNERS"
+                  "unsafeName": "ID",
+                  "safeName": "ID"
                 },
                 "pascalCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "Petowners",
-                  "safeName": "Petowners"
+                  "unsafeName": "ID",
+                  "safeName": "ID"
                 }
               }
-            ],
-            "packagePath": [],
-            "file": {
-              "originalName": "petowners",
-              "camelCase": {
-                "unsafeName": "petowners",
-                "safeName": "petowners"
-              },
-              "snakeCase": {
-                "unsafeName": "petowners",
-                "safeName": "petowners"
+            },
+            "typeReference": {
+              "value": {
+                "value": "LONG",
+                "type": "primitive"
               },
-              "screamingSnakeCase": {
-                "unsafeName": "PETOWNERS",
-                "safeName": "PETOWNERS"
+              "type": "optional"
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": {
+              "wireValue": "username",
+              "name": {
+                "originalName": "username",
+                "camelCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "username",
+                  "safeName": "username"
+                },
+                "snakeCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "username",
+                  "safeName": "username"
+                },
+                "screamingSnakeCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "USERNAME",
+                  "safeName": "USERNAME"
+                },
+                "pascalCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "Username",
+                  "safeName": "Username"
+                }
+              }
+            },
+            "typeReference": {
+              "value": {
+                "value": "STRING",
+                "type": "primitive"
               },
-              "pascalCase": {
-                "unsafeName": "Petowners",
-                "safeName": "Petowners"
+              "type": "optional"
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": {
+              "wireValue": "firstName",
+              "name": {
+                "originalName": "firstName",
+                "camelCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "firstName",
+                  "safeName": "firstName"
+                },
+                "snakeCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "first_name",
+                  "safeName": "first_name"
+                },
+                "screamingSnakeCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "FIRST_NAME",
+                  "safeName": "FIRST_NAME"
+                },
+                "pascalCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "FirstName",
+                  "safeName": "FirstName"
+                }
               }
+            },
+            "typeReference": {
+              "value": {
+                "value": "STRING",
+                "type": "primitive"
+              },
+              "type": "optional"
             }
-          }
-        },
-        "properties": [
+          },
           {
             "name": {
-              "wireValue": "petOwner",
+              "wireValue": "lastName",
               "name": {
-                "originalName": "petOwner",
+                "originalName": "lastName",
                 "camelCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "petOwner",
-                  "safeName": "petOwner"
+                  "unsafeName": "lastName",
+                  "safeName": "lastName"
                 },
                 "snakeCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "pet_owner",
-                  "safeName": "pet_owner"
+                  "unsafeName": "last_name",
+                  "safeName": "last_name"
                 },
                 "screamingSnakeCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "PET_OWNER",
-                  "safeName": "PET_OWNER"
+                  "unsafeName": "LAST_NAME",
+                  "safeName": "LAST_NAME"
                 },
                 "pascalCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "PetOwner",
-                  "safeName": "PetOwner"
+                  "unsafeName": "LastName",
+                  "safeName": "LastName"
                 }
               }
             },
             "typeReference": {
-              "value": "type_:PetOwner",
-              "type": "named"
+              "value": {
+                "value": "STRING",
+                "type": "primitive"
+              },
+              "type": "optional"
             }
-          }
-        ],
-        "additionalProperties": false,
-        "type": "object"
-      },
-      "type_petowners:PetownersSubscribeParams": {
-        "declaration": {
-          "name": {
-            "originalName": "PetownersSubscribeParams",
-            "camelCase": {
-              "unsafeName": "petownersSubscribeParams",
-              "safeName": "petownersSubscribeParams"
-            },
-            "snakeCase": {
-              "unsafeName": "petowners_subscribe_params",
-              "safeName": "petowners_subscribe_params"
-            },
-            "screamingSnakeCase": {
-              "unsafeName": "PETOWNERS_SUBSCRIBE_PARAMS",
-              "safeName": "PETOWNERS_SUBSCRIBE_PARAMS"
+          },
+          {
+            "name": {
+              "wireValue": "email",
+              "name": {
+                "originalName": "email",
+                "camelCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "email",
+                  "safeName": "email"
+                },
+                "snakeCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "email",
+                  "safeName": "email"
+                },
+                "screamingSnakeCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "EMAIL",
+                  "safeName": "EMAIL"
+                },
+                "pascalCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "Email",
+                  "safeName": "Email"
+                }
+              }
             },
-            "pascalCase": {
-              "unsafeName": "PetownersSubscribeParams",
-              "safeName": "PetownersSubscribeParams"
+            "typeReference": {
+              "value": {
+                "value": "STRING",
+                "type": "primitive"
+              },
+              "type": "optional"
             }
           },
-          "fernFilepath": {
-            "allParts": [
-              {
-                "originalName": "petowners",
+          {
+            "name": {
+              "wireValue": "password",
+              "name": {
+                "originalName": "password",
                 "camelCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "petowners",
-                  "safeName": "petowners"
+                  "unsafeName": "password",
+                  "safeName": "password"
                 },
                 "snakeCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "petowners",
-                  "safeName": "petowners"
+                  "unsafeName": "password",
+                  "safeName": "password"
                 },
                 "screamingSnakeCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "PETOWNERS",
-                  "safeName": "PETOWNERS"
+                  "unsafeName": "PASSWORD",
+                  "safeName": "PASSWORD"
                 },
                 "pascalCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "Petowners",
-                  "safeName": "Petowners"
+                  "unsafeName": "Password",
+                  "safeName": "Password"
                 }
               }
-            ],
-            "packagePath": [],
-            "file": {
-              "originalName": "petowners",
-              "camelCase": {
-                "unsafeName": "petowners",
-                "safeName": "petowners"
-              },
-              "snakeCase": {
-                "unsafeName": "petowners",
-                "safeName": "petowners"
-              },
-              "screamingSnakeCase": {
-                "unsafeName": "PETOWNERS",
-                "safeName": "PETOWNERS"
+            },
+            "typeReference": {
+              "value": {
+                "value": "STRING",
+                "type": "primitive"
               },
-              "pascalCase": {
-                "unsafeName": "Petowners",
-                "safeName": "Petowners"
-              }
+              "type": "optional"
             }
-          }
-        },
-        "properties": [
+          },
           {
             "name": {
-              "wireValue": "channel",
+              "wireValue": "phone",
               "name": {
-                "originalName": "channel",
+                "originalName": "phone",
                 "camelCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "channel",
-                  "safeName": "channel"
+                  "unsafeName": "phone",
+                  "safeName": "phone"
                 },
                 "snakeCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "channel",
-                  "safeName": "channel"
+                  "unsafeName": "phone",
+                  "safeName": "phone"
                 },
                 "screamingSnakeCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "CHANNEL",
-                  "safeName": "CHANNEL"
+                  "unsafeName": "PHONE",
+                  "safeName": "PHONE"
                 },
                 "pascalCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "Channel",
-                  "safeName": "Channel"
+                  "unsafeName": "Phone",
+                  "safeName": "Phone"
                 }
               }
             },
             "typeReference": {
               "value": {
-                "value": "type_petowners:PetownersSubscribeParamsChannel",
-                "type": "named"
+                "value": "STRING",
+                "type": "primitive"
               },
               "type": "optional"
             }
           },
           {
             "name": {
-              "wireValue": "data",
+              "wireValue": "userStatus",
               "name": {
-                "originalName": "data",
+                "originalName": "userStatus",
                 "camelCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "data",
-                  "safeName": "data"
+                  "unsafeName": "userStatus",
+                  "safeName": "userStatus"
                 },
                 "snakeCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "data",
-                  "safeName": "data"
+                  "unsafeName": "user_status",
+                  "safeName": "user_status"
                 },
                 "screamingSnakeCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "DATA",
-                  "safeName": "DATA"
+                  "unsafeName": "USER_STATUS",
+                  "safeName": "USER_STATUS"
                 },
                 "pascalCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "Data",
-                  "safeName": "Data"
+                  "unsafeName": "UserStatus",
+                  "safeName": "UserStatus"
                 }
               }
             },
             "typeReference": {
               "value": {
-                "value": "type_petowners:PetownersSubscribeParamsData",
-                "type": "named"
+                "value": "INTEGER",
+                "type": "primitive"
               },
               "type": "optional"
             }
@@ -654,142 +2863,174 @@
         ],
         "additionalProperties": false,
         "type": "object"
-      },
-      "type_petowners:PetownersSubscribe": {
+      }
+    },
+    "headers": [],
+    "endpoints": {
+      "endpoint_pet.updateAnExistingPet": {
         "declaration": {
           "name": {
-            "originalName": "PetownersSubscribe",
+            "originalName": "updateAnExistingPet",
             "camelCase": {
-              "unsafeName": "petownersSubscribe",
-              "safeName": "petownersSubscribe"
+              "unsafeName": "updateAnExistingPet",
+              "safeName": "updateAnExistingPet"
             },
             "snakeCase": {
-              "unsafeName": "petowners_subscribe",
-              "safeName": "petowners_subscribe"
+              "unsafeName": "update_an_existing_pet",
+              "safeName": "update_an_existing_pet"
             },
             "screamingSnakeCase": {
-              "unsafeName": "PETOWNERS_SUBSCRIBE",
-              "safeName": "PETOWNERS_SUBSCRIBE"
+              "unsafeName": "UPDATE_AN_EXISTING_PET",
+              "safeName": "UPDATE_AN_EXISTING_PET"
             },
             "pascalCase": {
-              "unsafeName": "PetownersSubscribe",
-              "safeName": "PetownersSubscribe"
+              "unsafeName": "UpdateAnExistingPet",
+              "safeName": "UpdateAnExistingPet"
             }
           },
           "fernFilepath": {
             "allParts": [
               {
-                "originalName": "petowners",
+                "originalName": "pet",
                 "camelCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "petowners",
-                  "safeName": "petowners"
+                  "unsafeName": "pet",
+                  "safeName": "pet"
                 },
                 "snakeCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "petowners",
-                  "safeName": "petowners"
+                  "unsafeName": "pet",
+                  "safeName": "pet"
                 },
                 "screamingSnakeCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "PETOWNERS",
-                  "safeName": "PETOWNERS"
+                  "unsafeName": "PET",
+                  "safeName": "PET"
                 },
                 "pascalCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "Petowners",
-                  "safeName": "Petowners"
+                  "unsafeName": "Pet",
+                  "safeName": "Pet"
                 }
               }
             ],
             "packagePath": [],
             "file": {
-              "originalName": "petowners",
+              "originalName": "pet",
               "camelCase": {
-                "unsafeName": "petowners",
-                "safeName": "petowners"
+                "unsafeName": "pet",
+                "safeName": "pet"
               },
               "snakeCase": {
-                "unsafeName": "petowners",
-                "safeName": "petowners"
+                "unsafeName": "pet",
+                "safeName": "pet"
               },
               "screamingSnakeCase": {
-                "unsafeName": "PETOWNERS",
-                "safeName": "PETOWNERS"
+                "unsafeName": "PET",
+                "safeName": "PET"
               },
               "pascalCase": {
-                "unsafeName": "Petowners",
-                "safeName": "Petowners"
+                "unsafeName": "Pet",
+                "safeName": "Pet"
               }
             }
           }
         },
-        "properties": [
-          {
-            "name": {
-              "wireValue": "params",
-              "name": {
-                "originalName": "params",
-                "camelCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "params",
-                  "safeName": "params"
-                },
-                "snakeCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "params",
-                  "safeName": "params"
-                },
-                "screamingSnakeCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "PARAMS",
-                  "safeName": "PARAMS"
-                },
-                "pascalCase": {
-                  "unsafeName": "Params",
-                  "safeName": "Params"
-                }
-              }
+        "location": {
+          "method": "PUT",
+          "path": "/pet"
+        },
+        "request": {
+          "pathParameters": [],
+          "body": {
+            "value": {
+              "value": "type_:Pet",
+              "type": "named"
             },
-            "typeReference": {
-              "value": {
-                "value": "type_petowners:PetownersSubscribeParams",
-                "type": "named"
-              },
-              "type": "optional"
-            }
-          }
-        ],
-        "additionalProperties": false,
-        "type": "object"
+            "type": "typeReference"
+          },
+          "type": "body"
+        },
+        "response": {
+          "type": "json"
+        },
+        "examples": []
       },
-      "type_:PetOwner": {
+      "endpoint_order.getAnOrder": {
         "declaration": {
           "name": {
-            "originalName": "PetOwner",
+            "originalName": "getAnOrder",
             "camelCase": {
-              "unsafeName": "petOwner",
-              "safeName": "petOwner"
+              "unsafeName": "getAnOrder",
+              "safeName": "getAnOrder"
             },
             "snakeCase": {
-              "unsafeName": "pet_owner",
-              "safeName": "pet_owner"
+              "unsafeName": "get_an_order",
+              "safeName": "get_an_order"
             },
             "screamingSnakeCase": {
-              "unsafeName": "PET_OWNER",
-              "safeName": "PET_OWNER"
+              "unsafeName": "GET_AN_ORDER",
+              "safeName": "GET_AN_ORDER"
             },
             "pascalCase": {
-              "unsafeName": "PetOwner",
-              "safeName": "PetOwner"
+              "unsafeName": "GetAnOrder",
+              "safeName": "GetAnOrder"
             }
           },
           "fernFilepath": {
-            "allParts": [],
-            "packagePath": []
+            "allParts": [
+              {
+                "originalName": "order",
+                "camelCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "order",
+                  "safeName": "order"
+                },
+                "snakeCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "order",
+                  "safeName": "order"
+                },
+                "screamingSnakeCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "ORDER",
+                  "safeName": "ORDER"
+                },
+                "pascalCase": {
+                  "unsafeName": "Order",
+                  "safeName": "Order"
+                }
+              }
+            ],
+            "packagePath": [],
+            "file": {
+              "originalName": "order",
+              "camelCase": {
+                "unsafeName": "order",
+                "safeName": "order"
+              },
+              "snakeCase": {
+                "unsafeName": "order",
+                "safeName": "order"
+              },
+              "screamingSnakeCase": {
+                "unsafeName": "ORDER",
+                "safeName": "ORDER"
+              },
+              "pascalCase": {
+                "unsafeName": "Order",
+                "safeName": "Order"
+              }
+            }
           }
         },
-        "typeReference": {
-          "type": "unknown"
+        "location": {
+          "method": "GET",
+          "path": "/order"
         },
-        "type": "alias"
+        "request": {
+          "pathParameters": [],
+          "type": "body"
+        },
+        "response": {
+          "type": "json"
+        },
+        "examples": []
       }
     },
-    "headers": [],
-    "endpoints": {},
     "pathParameters": []
   },
   "apiPlayground": true,
@@ -797,6 +3038,38 @@
     "smartCasing": true
   },
   "subpackages": {
+    "subpackage_pet": {
+      "fernFilepath": {
+        "allParts": [
+          "pet"
+        ],
+        "packagePath": [],
+        "file": "pet"
+      },
+      "name": "pet",
+      "service": "service_pet",
+      "types": [],
+      "errors": [],
+      "subpackages": [],
+      "hasEndpointsInTree": true,
+      "hasWebSocketInTree": false
+    },
+    "subpackage_order": {
+      "fernFilepath": {
+        "allParts": [
+          "order"
+        ],
+        "packagePath": [],
+        "file": "order"
+      },
+      "name": "order",
+      "service": "service_order",
+      "types": [],
+      "errors": [],
+      "subpackages": [],
+      "hasEndpointsInTree": true,
+      "hasWebSocketInTree": false
+    },
     "subpackage_petowners": {
       "fernFilepath": {
         "allParts": [
@@ -825,13 +3098,23 @@
       "packagePath": []
     },
     "types": [
-      "type_:PetOwner"
+      "type_:Mammal",
+      "type_:PetStatus",
+      "type_:Pet",
+      "type_:PetOwner",
+      "type_:OrderStatus",
+      "type_:Order",
+      "type_:Category",
+      "type_:Tag",
+      "type_:User"
     ],
     "errors": [],
     "subpackages": [
+      "subpackage_pet",
+      "subpackage_order",
       "subpackage_petowners"
     ],
-    "hasEndpointsInTree": false,
+    "hasEndpointsInTree": true,
     "hasWebSocketInTree": true
   },
   "sdkConfig": {
diff --git a/packages/cli/api-importers/v3-importer-tests/src/__test__/__snapshots__/v3-sdks/url-reference.json b/packages/cli/api-importers/v3-importer-tests/src/__test__/__snapshots__/v3-sdks/url-reference.json
index f2941416e284..b5d325b4f34e 100644
--- a/packages/cli/api-importers/v3-importer-tests/src/__test__/__snapshots__/v3-sdks/url-reference.json
+++ b/packages/cli/api-importers/v3-importer-tests/src/__test__/__snapshots__/v3-sdks/url-reference.json
@@ -36,7 +36,36 @@
         "name": "Mammal"
       },
       "shape": {
-        "members": [],
+        "members": [
+          {
+            "type": {
+              "fernFilepath": {
+                "allParts": [],
+                "packagePath": []
+              },
+              "name": "Pet",
+              "typeId": "Pet",
+              "inline": false,
+              "displayName": "a Pet",
+              "type": "named"
+            },
+            "docs": "A pet for sale in the pet store"
+          },
+          {
+            "type": {
+              "fernFilepath": {
+                "allParts": [],
+                "packagePath": []
+              },
+              "name": "User",
+              "typeId": "User",
+              "inline": false,
+              "displayName": "a User",
+              "type": "named"
+            },
+            "docs": "A User who is purchasing from the pet store"
+          }
+        ],
         "type": "undiscriminatedUnion"
       },
       "autogeneratedExamples": [],
@@ -46,7 +75,64 @@
       "v2Examples": {
         "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
         "autogeneratedExamples": {
-          "Mammal_example_autogenerated": null
+          "Mammal_example_autogenerated": {
+            "id": 0,
+            "category": {
+              "id": 6,
+              "name": "name"
+            },
+            "name": "doggie",
+            "photoUrls": [
+              "photoUrls",
+              "photoUrls"
+            ],
+            "tags": [
+              {
+                "id": 1,
+                "name": "name"
+              },
+              {
+                "id": 1,
+                "name": "name"
+              }
+            ],
+            "status": "available"
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    },
+    "PetStatus": {
+      "name": {
+        "typeId": "PetStatus",
+        "fernFilepath": {
+          "allParts": [],
+          "packagePath": []
+        },
+        "name": "PetStatus"
+      },
+      "shape": {
+        "values": [
+          {
+            "name": "available"
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "pending"
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "sold"
+          }
+        ],
+        "type": "enum"
+      },
+      "autogeneratedExamples": [],
+      "userProvidedExamples": [],
+      "docs": "pet status in the store",
+      "referencedTypes": {},
+      "inline": false,
+      "v2Examples": {
+        "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+        "autogeneratedExamples": {
+          "PetStatus_example_autogenerated": "available"
         }
       }
     },
@@ -60,22 +146,239 @@
         "name": "Pet"
       },
       "shape": {
-        "aliasOf": {
-          "type": "unknown"
+        "properties": [
+          {
+            "name": "id",
+            "valueType": {
+              "container": {
+                "optional": {
+                  "primitive": {
+                    "v1": "LONG",
+                    "v2": {
+                      "validation": {},
+                      "type": "long"
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "type": "primitive"
+                },
+                "type": "optional"
+              },
+              "type": "container"
+            },
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {
+                "PetId_example_autogenerated": 1
+              }
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "category",
+            "valueType": {
+              "container": {
+                "optional": {
+                  "fernFilepath": {
+                    "allParts": [],
+                    "packagePath": []
+                  },
+                  "name": "Category",
+                  "typeId": "Category",
+                  "inline": false,
+                  "displayName": "Pet category",
+                  "type": "named"
+                },
+                "type": "optional"
+              },
+              "type": "container"
+            },
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {
+                "PetCategory_example_0": {
+                  "id": 6,
+                  "name": "name"
+                }
+              },
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {}
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "name",
+            "valueType": {
+              "primitive": {
+                "v1": "STRING",
+                "v2": {
+                  "validation": {},
+                  "type": "string"
+                }
+              },
+              "type": "primitive"
+            },
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {
+                "PetName_example_0": "doggie"
+              },
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {}
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "photoUrls",
+            "valueType": {
+              "container": {
+                "list": {
+                  "primitive": {
+                    "v1": "STRING",
+                    "v2": {
+                      "validation": {},
+                      "type": "string"
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "type": "primitive"
+                },
+                "type": "list"
+              },
+              "type": "container"
+            },
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {
+                "PetPhotoUrls_example_autogenerated": [
+                  "string"
+                ]
+              }
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "tags",
+            "valueType": {
+              "container": {
+                "optional": {
+                  "container": {
+                    "list": {
+                      "fernFilepath": {
+                        "allParts": [],
+                        "packagePath": []
+                      },
+                      "name": "Tag",
+                      "typeId": "Tag",
+                      "inline": false,
+                      "displayName": "Pet Tag",
+                      "type": "named"
+                    },
+                    "type": "list"
+                  },
+                  "type": "container"
+                },
+                "type": "optional"
+              },
+              "type": "container"
+            },
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {
+                "PetTags_example_autogenerated": [
+                  {}
+                ]
+              }
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "status",
+            "valueType": {
+              "container": {
+                "optional": {
+                  "fernFilepath": {
+                    "allParts": [],
+                    "packagePath": []
+                  },
+                  "name": "PetStatus",
+                  "typeId": "PetStatus",
+                  "inline": false,
+                  "type": "named"
+                },
+                "type": "optional"
+              },
+              "type": "container"
+            },
+            "docs": "pet status in the store",
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {
+                "PetStatus_example_autogenerated": "available"
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        ],
+        "extends": [],
+        "extendedProperties": [],
+        "extraProperties": false,
+        "type": "object"
+      },
+      "autogeneratedExamples": [],
+      "userProvidedExamples": [],
+      "docs": "A pet for sale in the pet store",
+      "referencedTypes": {},
+      "inline": false,
+      "v2Examples": {
+        "userSpecifiedExamples": {
+          "Pet_example_0": {
+            "id": 0,
+            "category": {
+              "id": 6,
+              "name": "name"
+            },
+            "name": "doggie",
+            "photoUrls": [
+              "photoUrls",
+              "photoUrls"
+            ],
+            "tags": [
+              {
+                "id": 1,
+                "name": "name"
+              },
+              {
+                "id": 1,
+                "name": "name"
+              }
+            ],
+            "status": "available"
+          }
         },
-        "resolvedType": {
-          "type": "unknown"
+        "autogeneratedExamples": {}
+      }
+    },
+    "PetOwnerStatus": {
+      "name": {
+        "typeId": "PetOwnerStatus",
+        "fernFilepath": {
+          "allParts": [],
+          "packagePath": []
         },
-        "type": "alias"
+        "name": "PetOwnerStatus"
+      },
+      "shape": {
+        "values": [
+          {
+            "name": "available"
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "pending"
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "sold"
+          }
+        ],
+        "type": "enum"
       },
       "autogeneratedExamples": [],
       "userProvidedExamples": [],
+      "docs": "pet status in the store",
       "referencedTypes": {},
       "inline": false,
       "v2Examples": {
         "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
         "autogeneratedExamples": {
-          "Pet_example_autogenerated": null
+          "PetOwnerStatus_example_autogenerated": "available"
         }
       }
     },
@@ -89,7 +392,1585 @@
         "name": "PetOwner"
       },
       "shape": {
-        "properties": [],
+        "properties": [
+          {
+            "name": "id",
+            "valueType": {
+              "container": {
+                "optional": {
+                  "primitive": {
+                    "v1": "LONG",
+                    "v2": {
+                      "validation": {},
+                      "type": "long"
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "type": "primitive"
+                },
+                "type": "optional"
+              },
+              "type": "container"
+            },
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {
+                "PetOwnerId_example_autogenerated": 1
+              }
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "username",
+            "valueType": {
+              "container": {
+                "optional": {
+                  "primitive": {
+                    "v1": "STRING",
+                    "v2": {
+                      "validation": {},
+                      "type": "string"
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "type": "primitive"
+                },
+                "type": "optional"
+              },
+              "type": "container"
+            },
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {
+                "PetOwnerUsername_example_autogenerated": "string"
+              }
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "firstName",
+            "valueType": {
+              "container": {
+                "optional": {
+                  "primitive": {
+                    "v1": "STRING",
+                    "v2": {
+                      "validation": {},
+                      "type": "string"
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "type": "primitive"
+                },
+                "type": "optional"
+              },
+              "type": "container"
+            },
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {
+                "PetOwnerFirstName_example_autogenerated": "string"
+              }
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "lastName",
+            "valueType": {
+              "container": {
+                "optional": {
+                  "primitive": {
+                    "v1": "STRING",
+                    "v2": {
+                      "validation": {},
+                      "type": "string"
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "type": "primitive"
+                },
+                "type": "optional"
+              },
+              "type": "container"
+            },
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {
+                "PetOwnerLastName_example_autogenerated": "string"
+              }
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "email",
+            "valueType": {
+              "container": {
+                "optional": {
+                  "primitive": {
+                    "v1": "STRING",
+                    "v2": {
+                      "validation": {},
+                      "type": "string"
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "type": "primitive"
+                },
+                "type": "optional"
+              },
+              "type": "container"
+            },
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {
+                "PetOwnerEmail_example_autogenerated": "string"
+              }
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "password",
+            "valueType": {
+              "container": {
+                "optional": {
+                  "primitive": {
+                    "v1": "STRING",
+                    "v2": {
+                      "validation": {},
+                      "type": "string"
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "type": "primitive"
+                },
+                "type": "optional"
+              },
+              "type": "container"
+            },
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {
+                "PetOwnerPassword_example_autogenerated": "string"
+              }
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "phone",
+            "valueType": {
+              "container": {
+                "optional": {
+                  "primitive": {
+                    "v1": "STRING",
+                    "v2": {
+                      "validation": {},
+                      "type": "string"
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "type": "primitive"
+                },
+                "type": "optional"
+              },
+              "type": "container"
+            },
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {
+                "PetOwnerPhone_example_autogenerated": "string"
+              }
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "userStatus",
+            "valueType": {
+              "container": {
+                "optional": {
+                  "primitive": {
+                    "v1": "INTEGER",
+                    "v2": {
+                      "validation": {},
+                      "type": "integer"
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "type": "primitive"
+                },
+                "type": "optional"
+              },
+              "type": "container"
+            },
+            "docs": "User Status",
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {
+                "PetOwnerUserStatus_example_autogenerated": 1
+              }
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "category",
+            "valueType": {
+              "container": {
+                "optional": {
+                  "fernFilepath": {
+                    "allParts": [],
+                    "packagePath": []
+                  },
+                  "name": "PetOwnerCategory",
+                  "typeId": "PetOwnerCategory",
+                  "inline": false,
+                  "type": "named"
+                },
+                "type": "optional"
+              },
+              "type": "container"
+            },
+            "docs": "A category for a pet",
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {
+                "PetOwnerCategory_example_0": {
+                  "id": 6,
+                  "name": "name"
+                }
+              },
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {}
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "name",
+            "valueType": {
+              "primitive": {
+                "v1": "STRING",
+                "v2": {
+                  "validation": {},
+                  "type": "string"
+                }
+              },
+              "type": "primitive"
+            },
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {
+                "PetOwnerName_example_0": "doggie"
+              },
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {}
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "photoUrls",
+            "valueType": {
+              "container": {
+                "list": {
+                  "primitive": {
+                    "v1": "STRING",
+                    "v2": {
+                      "validation": {},
+                      "type": "string"
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "type": "primitive"
+                },
+                "type": "list"
+              },
+              "type": "container"
+            },
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {
+                "PetOwnerPhotoUrls_example_autogenerated": [
+                  "string"
+                ]
+              }
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "tags",
+            "valueType": {
+              "container": {
+                "optional": {
+                  "container": {
+                    "list": {
+                      "fernFilepath": {
+                        "allParts": [],
+                        "packagePath": []
+                      },
+                      "name": "PetOwnerTagsItems",
+                      "typeId": "PetOwnerTagsItems",
+                      "inline": false,
+                      "type": "named"
+                    },
+                    "type": "list"
+                  },
+                  "type": "container"
+                },
+                "type": "optional"
+              },
+              "type": "container"
+            },
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {
+                "PetOwnerTags_example_autogenerated": [
+                  {}
+                ]
+              }
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "status",
+            "valueType": {
+              "container": {
+                "optional": {
+                  "fernFilepath": {
+                    "allParts": [],
+                    "packagePath": []
+                  },
+                  "name": "PetOwnerStatus",
+                  "typeId": "PetOwnerStatus",
+                  "inline": false,
+                  "type": "named"
+                },
+                "type": "optional"
+              },
+              "type": "container"
+            },
+            "docs": "pet status in the store",
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {
+                "PetOwnerStatus_example_autogenerated": "available"
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        ],
+        "extends": [],
+        "extendedProperties": [],
+        "extraProperties": false,
+        "type": "object"
+      },
+      "autogeneratedExamples": [],
+      "userProvidedExamples": [],
+      "docs": "A tag for a pet",
+      "referencedTypes": {},
+      "inline": false,
+      "v2Examples": {
+        "userSpecifiedExamples": {
+          "PetOwner_example_0": {
+            "id": 1,
+            "username": "username",
+            "firstName": "firstName",
+            "lastName": "lastName",
+            "email": "email",
+            "password": "password",
+            "phone": "phone",
+            "userStatus": 6,
+            "category": {
+              "id": 6,
+              "name": "name"
+            },
+            "name": "name",
+            "photoUrls": [
+              "photoUrls",
+              "photoUrls"
+            ],
+            "tags": [
+              {
+                "id": 1,
+                "name": "name"
+              },
+              {
+                "id": 1,
+                "name": "name"
+              }
+            ],
+            "status": "available"
+          }
+        },
+        "autogeneratedExamples": {}
+      }
+    },
+    "OrderStatus": {
+      "name": {
+        "typeId": "OrderStatus",
+        "fernFilepath": {
+          "allParts": [],
+          "packagePath": []
+        },
+        "name": "OrderStatus"
+      },
+      "shape": {
+        "values": [
+          {
+            "name": "placed"
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "approved"
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "delivered"
+          }
+        ],
+        "type": "enum"
+      },
+      "autogeneratedExamples": [],
+      "userProvidedExamples": [],
+      "docs": "Order Status",
+      "referencedTypes": {},
+      "inline": false,
+      "v2Examples": {
+        "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+        "autogeneratedExamples": {
+          "OrderStatus_example_autogenerated": "placed"
+        }
+      }
+    },
+    "Order": {
+      "name": {
+        "typeId": "Order",
+        "fernFilepath": {
+          "allParts": [],
+          "packagePath": []
+        },
+        "name": "Order"
+      },
+      "shape": {
+        "properties": [
+          {
+            "name": "id",
+            "valueType": {
+              "container": {
+                "optional": {
+                  "primitive": {
+                    "v1": "LONG",
+                    "v2": {
+                      "validation": {},
+                      "type": "long"
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "type": "primitive"
+                },
+                "type": "optional"
+              },
+              "type": "container"
+            },
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {
+                "OrderId_example_autogenerated": 1
+              }
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "petId",
+            "valueType": {
+              "container": {
+                "optional": {
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+                    "v1": "LONG",
+                    "v2": {
+                      "validation": {},
+                      "type": "long"
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "type": "primitive"
+                },
+                "type": "optional"
+              },
+              "type": "container"
+            },
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {
+                "OrderPetId_example_autogenerated": 1
+              }
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "quantity",
+            "valueType": {
+              "container": {
+                "optional": {
+                  "primitive": {
+                    "v1": "INTEGER",
+                    "v2": {
+                      "validation": {},
+                      "type": "integer"
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "type": "primitive"
+                },
+                "type": "optional"
+              },
+              "type": "container"
+            },
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {
+                "OrderQuantity_example_autogenerated": 1
+              }
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "shipDate",
+            "valueType": {
+              "container": {
+                "optional": {
+                  "primitive": {
+                    "v1": "DATE_TIME",
+                    "v2": {
+                      "type": "dateTime"
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "type": "primitive"
+                },
+                "type": "optional"
+              },
+              "type": "container"
+            },
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {
+                "OrderShipDate_example_autogenerated": "2024-01-15T09:30:00Z"
+              }
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "status",
+            "valueType": {
+              "container": {
+                "optional": {
+                  "fernFilepath": {
+                    "allParts": [],
+                    "packagePath": []
+                  },
+                  "name": "OrderStatus",
+                  "typeId": "OrderStatus",
+                  "inline": false,
+                  "type": "named"
+                },
+                "type": "optional"
+              },
+              "type": "container"
+            },
+            "docs": "Order Status",
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {
+                "OrderStatus_example_autogenerated": "placed"
+              }
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "complete",
+            "valueType": {
+              "container": {
+                "optional": {
+                  "primitive": {
+                    "v1": "BOOLEAN",
+                    "v2": {
+                      "default": false,
+                      "type": "boolean"
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "type": "primitive"
+                },
+                "type": "optional"
+              },
+              "type": "container"
+            },
+            "defaultValue": false,
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {
+                "OrderComplete_example_autogenerated": false
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        ],
+        "extends": [],
+        "extendedProperties": [],
+        "extraProperties": false,
+        "type": "object"
+      },
+      "autogeneratedExamples": [],
+      "userProvidedExamples": [],
+      "docs": "An order for a pets from the pet store",
+      "referencedTypes": {},
+      "inline": false,
+      "v2Examples": {
+        "userSpecifiedExamples": {
+          "Order_example_0": {
+            "id": 0,
+            "petId": 6,
+            "quantity": 1,
+            "shipDate": "2000-01-23T04:56:07.000+00:00",
+            "status": "placed",
+            "complete": false
+          }
+        },
+        "autogeneratedExamples": {}
+      }
+    },
+    "Category": {
+      "name": {
+        "typeId": "Category",
+        "fernFilepath": {
+          "allParts": [],
+          "packagePath": []
+        },
+        "name": "Category"
+      },
+      "shape": {
+        "properties": [
+          {
+            "name": "id",
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+                      "type": "long"
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "type": "primitive"
+                },
+                "type": "optional"
+              },
+              "type": "container"
+            },
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {
+                "CategoryId_example_autogenerated": 1
+              }
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "name",
+            "valueType": {
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+                      "validation": {},
+                      "type": "string"
+                    }
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+                },
+                "type": "optional"
+              },
+              "type": "container"
+            },
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {
+                "CategoryName_example_autogenerated": "string"
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        ],
+        "extends": [],
+        "extendedProperties": [],
+        "extraProperties": false,
+        "type": "object"
+      },
+      "autogeneratedExamples": [],
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+      "docs": "A category for a pet",
+      "referencedTypes": {},
+      "inline": false,
+      "v2Examples": {
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+          "Category_example_0": {
+            "id": 6,
+            "name": "name"
+          }
+        },
+        "autogeneratedExamples": {}
+      }
+    },
+    "Tag": {
+      "name": {
+        "typeId": "Tag",
+        "fernFilepath": {
+          "allParts": [],
+          "packagePath": []
+        },
+        "name": "Tag"
+      },
+      "shape": {
+        "properties": [
+          {
+            "name": "id",
+            "valueType": {
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+                      "type": "long"
+                    }
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+                },
+                "type": "optional"
+              },
+              "type": "container"
+            },
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {
+                "TagId_example_autogenerated": 1
+              }
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "name",
+            "valueType": {
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+                      "validation": {},
+                      "type": "string"
+                    }
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+                  "type": "primitive"
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+                "type": "optional"
+              },
+              "type": "container"
+            },
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {
+                "TagName_example_autogenerated": "string"
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        ],
+        "extends": [],
+        "extendedProperties": [],
+        "extraProperties": false,
+        "type": "object"
+      },
+      "autogeneratedExamples": [],
+      "userProvidedExamples": [],
+      "docs": "A tag for a pet",
+      "referencedTypes": {},
+      "inline": false,
+      "v2Examples": {
+        "userSpecifiedExamples": {
+          "Tag_example_0": {
+            "id": 1,
+            "name": "name"
+          }
+        },
+        "autogeneratedExamples": {}
+      }
+    },
+    "User": {
+      "name": {
+        "typeId": "User",
+        "fernFilepath": {
+          "allParts": [],
+          "packagePath": []
+        },
+        "name": "User"
+      },
+      "shape": {
+        "properties": [
+          {
+            "name": "id",
+            "valueType": {
+              "container": {
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+                    "v1": "LONG",
+                    "v2": {
+                      "validation": {},
+                      "type": "long"
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "type": "primitive"
+                },
+                "type": "optional"
+              },
+              "type": "container"
+            },
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {
+                "UserId_example_autogenerated": 1
+              }
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "username",
+            "valueType": {
+              "container": {
+                "optional": {
+                  "primitive": {
+                    "v1": "STRING",
+                    "v2": {
+                      "validation": {},
+                      "type": "string"
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "type": "primitive"
+                },
+                "type": "optional"
+              },
+              "type": "container"
+            },
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {
+                "UserUsername_example_autogenerated": "string"
+              }
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "firstName",
+            "valueType": {
+              "container": {
+                "optional": {
+                  "primitive": {
+                    "v1": "STRING",
+                    "v2": {
+                      "validation": {},
+                      "type": "string"
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "type": "primitive"
+                },
+                "type": "optional"
+              },
+              "type": "container"
+            },
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {
+                "UserFirstName_example_autogenerated": "string"
+              }
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "lastName",
+            "valueType": {
+              "container": {
+                "optional": {
+                  "primitive": {
+                    "v1": "STRING",
+                    "v2": {
+                      "validation": {},
+                      "type": "string"
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "type": "primitive"
+                },
+                "type": "optional"
+              },
+              "type": "container"
+            },
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {
+                "UserLastName_example_autogenerated": "string"
+              }
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "email",
+            "valueType": {
+              "container": {
+                "optional": {
+                  "primitive": {
+                    "v1": "STRING",
+                    "v2": {
+                      "validation": {},
+                      "type": "string"
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "type": "primitive"
+                },
+                "type": "optional"
+              },
+              "type": "container"
+            },
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {
+                "UserEmail_example_autogenerated": "string"
+              }
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "password",
+            "valueType": {
+              "container": {
+                "optional": {
+                  "primitive": {
+                    "v1": "STRING",
+                    "v2": {
+                      "validation": {},
+                      "type": "string"
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "type": "primitive"
+                },
+                "type": "optional"
+              },
+              "type": "container"
+            },
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {
+                "UserPassword_example_autogenerated": "string"
+              }
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "phone",
+            "valueType": {
+              "container": {
+                "optional": {
+                  "primitive": {
+                    "v1": "STRING",
+                    "v2": {
+                      "validation": {},
+                      "type": "string"
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "type": "primitive"
+                },
+                "type": "optional"
+              },
+              "type": "container"
+            },
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {
+                "UserPhone_example_autogenerated": "string"
+              }
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "userStatus",
+            "valueType": {
+              "container": {
+                "optional": {
+                  "primitive": {
+                    "v1": "INTEGER",
+                    "v2": {
+                      "validation": {},
+                      "type": "integer"
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "type": "primitive"
+                },
+                "type": "optional"
+              },
+              "type": "container"
+            },
+            "docs": "User Status",
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {
+                "UserUserStatus_example_autogenerated": 1
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        ],
+        "extends": [],
+        "extendedProperties": [],
+        "extraProperties": false,
+        "type": "object"
+      },
+      "autogeneratedExamples": [],
+      "userProvidedExamples": [],
+      "docs": "A User who is purchasing from the pet store",
+      "referencedTypes": {},
+      "inline": false,
+      "v2Examples": {
+        "userSpecifiedExamples": {
+          "User_example_0": {
+            "id": 0,
+            "username": "username",
+            "firstName": "firstName",
+            "lastName": "lastName",
+            "email": "email",
+            "password": "password",
+            "phone": "phone",
+            "userStatus": 6
+          }
+        },
+        "autogeneratedExamples": {}
+      }
+    },
+    "PetOwnerCategory": {
+      "name": {
+        "typeId": "PetOwnerCategory",
+        "fernFilepath": {
+          "allParts": [],
+          "packagePath": []
+        },
+        "name": "PetOwnerCategory"
+      },
+      "shape": {
+        "properties": [
+          {
+            "name": "id",
+            "valueType": {
+              "container": {
+                "optional": {
+                  "primitive": {
+                    "v1": "LONG",
+                    "v2": {
+                      "validation": {},
+                      "type": "long"
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "type": "primitive"
+                },
+                "type": "optional"
+              },
+              "type": "container"
+            },
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {
+                "PetOwnerCategoryId_example_autogenerated": 1
+              }
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "name",
+            "valueType": {
+              "container": {
+                "optional": {
+                  "primitive": {
+                    "v1": "STRING",
+                    "v2": {
+                      "validation": {},
+                      "type": "string"
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "type": "primitive"
+                },
+                "type": "optional"
+              },
+              "type": "container"
+            },
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {
+                "PetOwnerCategoryName_example_autogenerated": "string"
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        ],
+        "extends": [],
+        "extendedProperties": [],
+        "extraProperties": false,
+        "type": "object"
+      },
+      "autogeneratedExamples": [],
+      "userProvidedExamples": [],
+      "docs": "A category for a pet",
+      "referencedTypes": {},
+      "inline": false,
+      "v2Examples": {
+        "userSpecifiedExamples": {
+          "PetOwnerCategory_example_0": {
+            "id": 6,
+            "name": "name"
+          }
+        },
+        "autogeneratedExamples": {}
+      }
+    },
+    "PetOwnerTagsItems": {
+      "name": {
+        "typeId": "PetOwnerTagsItems",
+        "fernFilepath": {
+          "allParts": [],
+          "packagePath": []
+        },
+        "name": "PetOwnerTagsItems"
+      },
+      "shape": {
+        "properties": [
+          {
+            "name": "id",
+            "valueType": {
+              "container": {
+                "optional": {
+                  "primitive": {
+                    "v1": "LONG",
+                    "v2": {
+                      "validation": {},
+                      "type": "long"
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "type": "primitive"
+                },
+                "type": "optional"
+              },
+              "type": "container"
+            },
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {
+                "PetOwnerTagsItemsId_example_autogenerated": 1
+              }
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "name",
+            "valueType": {
+              "container": {
+                "optional": {
+                  "primitive": {
+                    "v1": "STRING",
+                    "v2": {
+                      "validation": {},
+                      "type": "string"
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "type": "primitive"
+                },
+                "type": "optional"
+              },
+              "type": "container"
+            },
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {
+                "PetOwnerTagsItemsName_example_autogenerated": "string"
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        ],
+        "extends": [],
+        "extendedProperties": [],
+        "extraProperties": false,
+        "type": "object"
+      },
+      "autogeneratedExamples": [],
+      "userProvidedExamples": [],
+      "docs": "A tag for a pet",
+      "referencedTypes": {},
+      "inline": false,
+      "v2Examples": {
+        "userSpecifiedExamples": {
+          "PetOwnerTagsItems_example_0": {
+            "id": 1,
+            "name": "name"
+          }
+        },
+        "autogeneratedExamples": {}
+      }
+    },
+    "ChannelsPetownersSubscribeParamsData": {
+      "name": {
+        "typeId": "ChannelsPetownersSubscribeParamsData",
+        "fernFilepath": {
+          "allParts": [],
+          "packagePath": []
+        },
+        "name": "ChannelsPetownersSubscribeParamsData"
+      },
+      "shape": {
+        "properties": [
+          {
+            "name": "petOwner",
+            "valueType": {
+              "fernFilepath": {
+                "allParts": [],
+                "packagePath": []
+              },
+              "name": "PetOwner",
+              "typeId": "PetOwner",
+              "displayName": "PetOwner",
+              "inline": false,
+              "type": "named"
+            },
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {
+                "ChannelsPetownersSubscribeParamsDataPetOwner_example_autogenerated": {
+                  "id": 1,
+                  "username": "string",
+                  "firstName": "string",
+                  "lastName": "string",
+                  "email": "string",
+                  "password": "string",
+                  "phone": "string",
+                  "userStatus": 1,
+                  "category": {
+                    "id": 6,
+                    "name": "name"
+                  },
+                  "name": "doggie",
+                  "photoUrls": [
+                    "string"
+                  ],
+                  "tags": [
+                    {
+                      "id": 1,
+                      "name": "string"
+                    }
+                  ],
+                  "status": "available"
+                }
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        ],
+        "extends": [],
+        "extendedProperties": [],
+        "extraProperties": false,
+        "type": "object"
+      },
+      "autogeneratedExamples": [],
+      "userProvidedExamples": [],
+      "referencedTypes": {},
+      "inline": false,
+      "v2Examples": {
+        "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+        "autogeneratedExamples": {
+          "ChannelsPetownersSubscribeParamsData_example_autogenerated": {
+            "petOwner": {
+              "name": "doggie",
+              "photoUrls": [
+                "string"
+              ]
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    },
+    "ChannelsPetownersSubscribeParams": {
+      "name": {
+        "typeId": "ChannelsPetownersSubscribeParams",
+        "fernFilepath": {
+          "allParts": [],
+          "packagePath": []
+        },
+        "name": "ChannelsPetownersSubscribeParams"
+      },
+      "shape": {
+        "properties": [
+          {
+            "name": "channel",
+            "valueType": {
+              "container": {
+                "optional": {
+                  "container": {
+                    "literal": {
+                      "string": "petowners",
+                      "type": "string"
+                    },
+                    "type": "literal"
+                  },
+                  "type": "container"
+                },
+                "type": "optional"
+              },
+              "type": "container"
+            },
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {
+                "ChannelsPetownersSubscribeParamsChannel_example_autogenerated": "string"
+              }
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "data",
+            "valueType": {
+              "container": {
+                "optional": {
+                  "fernFilepath": {
+                    "allParts": [],
+                    "packagePath": []
+                  },
+                  "name": "ChannelsPetownersSubscribeParamsData",
+                  "typeId": "ChannelsPetownersSubscribeParamsData",
+                  "inline": false,
+                  "type": "named"
+                },
+                "type": "optional"
+              },
+              "type": "container"
+            },
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {
+                "ChannelsPetownersSubscribeParamsData_example_autogenerated": {
+                  "petOwner": {
+                    "name": "doggie",
+                    "photoUrls": [
+                      "string"
+                    ]
+                  }
+                }
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        ],
+        "extends": [],
+        "extendedProperties": [],
+        "extraProperties": false,
+        "type": "object"
+      },
+      "autogeneratedExamples": [],
+      "userProvidedExamples": [],
+      "referencedTypes": {},
+      "inline": false,
+      "v2Examples": {
+        "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+        "autogeneratedExamples": {
+          "ChannelsPetownersSubscribeParams_example_autogenerated": {}
+        }
+      }
+    },
+    "PetownersSubscribe": {
+      "name": {
+        "typeId": "PetownersSubscribe",
+        "fernFilepath": {
+          "allParts": [],
+          "packagePath": []
+        },
+        "name": "PetownersSubscribe"
+      },
+      "shape": {
+        "properties": [
+          {
+            "name": "params",
+            "valueType": {
+              "container": {
+                "optional": {
+                  "fernFilepath": {
+                    "allParts": [],
+                    "packagePath": []
+                  },
+                  "name": "ChannelsPetownersSubscribeParams",
+                  "typeId": "ChannelsPetownersSubscribeParams",
+                  "inline": false,
+                  "type": "named"
+                },
+                "type": "optional"
+              },
+              "type": "container"
+            },
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {
+                "ChannelsPetownersSubscribeParams_example_autogenerated": {}
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        ],
+        "extends": [],
+        "extendedProperties": [],
+        "extraProperties": false,
+        "type": "object"
+      },
+      "autogeneratedExamples": [],
+      "userProvidedExamples": [],
+      "referencedTypes": {},
+      "inline": false,
+      "v2Examples": {
+        "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+        "autogeneratedExamples": {
+          "PetownersSubscribe_example_autogenerated": {}
+        }
+      }
+    },
+    "ChannelsTestChannelMessagesSendMessageDataData": {
+      "name": {
+        "typeId": "ChannelsTestChannelMessagesSendMessageDataData",
+        "fernFilepath": {
+          "allParts": [],
+          "packagePath": []
+        },
+        "name": "ChannelsTestChannelMessagesSendMessageDataData"
+      },
+      "shape": {
+        "properties": [
+          {
+            "name": "id",
+            "valueType": {
+              "container": {
+                "optional": {
+                  "primitive": {
+                    "v1": "STRING",
+                    "v2": {
+                      "validation": {},
+                      "type": "string"
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "type": "primitive"
+                },
+                "type": "optional"
+              },
+              "type": "container"
+            },
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {
+                "ChannelsTestChannelMessagesSendMessageDataDataId_example_autogenerated": "string"
+              }
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "name",
+            "valueType": {
+              "container": {
+                "optional": {
+                  "primitive": {
+                    "v1": "STRING",
+                    "v2": {
+                      "validation": {},
+                      "type": "string"
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "type": "primitive"
+                },
+                "type": "optional"
+              },
+              "type": "container"
+            },
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {
+                "ChannelsTestChannelMessagesSendMessageDataDataName_example_autogenerated": "string"
+              }
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "age",
+            "valueType": {
+              "container": {
+                "optional": {
+                  "primitive": {
+                    "v1": "INTEGER",
+                    "v2": {
+                      "validation": {},
+                      "type": "integer"
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "type": "primitive"
+                },
+                "type": "optional"
+              },
+              "type": "container"
+            },
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {
+                "ChannelsTestChannelMessagesSendMessageDataDataAge_example_autogenerated": 1
+              }
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "address",
+            "valueType": {
+              "container": {
+                "optional": {
+                  "primitive": {
+                    "v1": "STRING",
+                    "v2": {
+                      "validation": {},
+                      "type": "string"
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "type": "primitive"
+                },
+                "type": "optional"
+              },
+              "type": "container"
+            },
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {
+                "ChannelsTestChannelMessagesSendMessageDataDataAddress_example_autogenerated": "string"
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        ],
+        "extends": [],
+        "extendedProperties": [],
+        "extraProperties": false,
+        "type": "object"
+      },
+      "autogeneratedExamples": [],
+      "userProvidedExamples": [],
+      "referencedTypes": {},
+      "inline": false,
+      "v2Examples": {
+        "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+        "autogeneratedExamples": {
+          "ChannelsTestChannelMessagesSendMessageDataData_example_autogenerated": {}
+        }
+      }
+    },
+    "ChannelsTestChannelMessagesSendMessageData": {
+      "name": {
+        "typeId": "ChannelsTestChannelMessagesSendMessageData",
+        "fernFilepath": {
+          "allParts": [],
+          "packagePath": []
+        },
+        "name": "ChannelsTestChannelMessagesSendMessageData"
+      },
+      "shape": {
+        "properties": [
+          {
+            "name": "message",
+            "valueType": {
+              "container": {
+                "optional": {
+                  "primitive": {
+                    "v1": "STRING",
+                    "v2": {
+                      "validation": {},
+                      "type": "string"
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "type": "primitive"
+                },
+                "type": "optional"
+              },
+              "type": "container"
+            },
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {
+                "ChannelsTestChannelMessagesSendMessageDataMessage_example_autogenerated": "string"
+              }
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "data",
+            "valueType": {
+              "container": {
+                "optional": {
+                  "fernFilepath": {
+                    "allParts": [],
+                    "packagePath": []
+                  },
+                  "name": "ChannelsTestChannelMessagesSendMessageDataData",
+                  "typeId": "ChannelsTestChannelMessagesSendMessageDataData",
+                  "inline": false,
+                  "type": "named"
+                },
+                "type": "optional"
+              },
+              "type": "container"
+            },
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {
+                "ChannelsTestChannelMessagesSendMessageDataData_example_autogenerated": {}
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        ],
         "extends": [],
         "extendedProperties": [],
         "extraProperties": false,
@@ -102,67 +1983,68 @@
       "v2Examples": {
         "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
         "autogeneratedExamples": {
-          "PetOwner_example_autogenerated": null
-        }
-      }
-    },
-    "Order": {
-      "name": {
-        "typeId": "Order",
-        "fernFilepath": {
-          "allParts": [],
-          "packagePath": []
-        },
-        "name": "Order"
-      },
-      "shape": {
-        "aliasOf": {
-          "type": "unknown"
-        },
-        "resolvedType": {
-          "type": "unknown"
-        },
-        "type": "alias"
-      },
-      "autogeneratedExamples": [],
-      "userProvidedExamples": [],
-      "referencedTypes": {},
-      "inline": false,
-      "v2Examples": {
-        "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
-        "autogeneratedExamples": {
-          "Order_example_autogenerated": null
+          "ChannelsTestChannelMessagesSendMessageData_example_autogenerated": {}
         }
       }
     },
-    "ChannelsPetownersSubscribeParamsData": {
+    "testChannel_sendMessage": {
       "name": {
-        "typeId": "ChannelsPetownersSubscribeParamsData",
+        "typeId": "testChannel_sendMessage",
         "fernFilepath": {
           "allParts": [],
           "packagePath": []
         },
-        "name": "ChannelsPetownersSubscribeParamsData"
+        "name": "testChannel_sendMessage"
       },
       "shape": {
         "properties": [
           {
-            "name": "petOwner",
+            "name": "message",
             "valueType": {
-              "fernFilepath": {
-                "allParts": [],
-                "packagePath": []
+              "container": {
+                "optional": {
+                  "primitive": {
+                    "v1": "STRING",
+                    "v2": {
+                      "validation": {},
+                      "type": "string"
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "type": "primitive"
+                },
+                "type": "optional"
               },
-              "name": "PetOwner",
-              "typeId": "PetOwner",
-              "displayName": "PetOwner",
-              "inline": false,
-              "type": "named"
+              "type": "container"
+            },
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {
+                "ChannelsTestChannelMessagesSendMessageMessage_example_autogenerated": "string"
+              }
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "data",
+            "valueType": {
+              "container": {
+                "optional": {
+                  "fernFilepath": {
+                    "allParts": [],
+                    "packagePath": []
+                  },
+                  "name": "ChannelsTestChannelMessagesSendMessageData",
+                  "typeId": "ChannelsTestChannelMessagesSendMessageData",
+                  "inline": false,
+                  "type": "named"
+                },
+                "type": "optional"
+              },
+              "type": "container"
             },
             "v2Examples": {
               "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
               "autogeneratedExamples": {
-                "ChannelsPetownersSubscribeParamsDataPetOwner_example_autogenerated": null
+                "ChannelsTestChannelMessagesSendMessageData_example_autogenerated": {}
               }
             }
           }
@@ -179,36 +2061,34 @@
       "v2Examples": {
         "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
         "autogeneratedExamples": {
-          "ChannelsPetownersSubscribeParamsData_example_autogenerated": {
-            "petOwner": null
-          }
+          "testChannel_sendMessage_example_autogenerated": {}
         }
       }
     },
-    "ChannelsPetownersSubscribeParams": {
+    "ChannelsTestChannelMessagesSendMessage2Data": {
       "name": {
-        "typeId": "ChannelsPetownersSubscribeParams",
+        "typeId": "ChannelsTestChannelMessagesSendMessage2Data",
         "fernFilepath": {
           "allParts": [],
           "packagePath": []
         },
-        "name": "ChannelsPetownersSubscribeParams"
+        "name": "ChannelsTestChannelMessagesSendMessage2Data"
       },
       "shape": {
         "properties": [
           {
-            "name": "channel",
+            "name": "id",
             "valueType": {
               "container": {
                 "optional": {
-                  "container": {
-                    "literal": {
-                      "string": "petowners",
+                  "primitive": {
+                    "v1": "STRING",
+                    "v2": {
+                      "validation": {},
                       "type": "string"
-                    },
-                    "type": "literal"
+                    }
                   },
-                  "type": "container"
+                  "type": "primitive"
                 },
                 "type": "optional"
               },
@@ -217,23 +2097,23 @@
             "v2Examples": {
               "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
               "autogeneratedExamples": {
-                "ChannelsPetownersSubscribeParamsChannel_example_autogenerated": "string"
+                "ChannelsTestChannelMessagesSendMessage2DataId_example_autogenerated": "string"
               }
             }
           },
           {
-            "name": "data",
+            "name": "name",
             "valueType": {
               "container": {
                 "optional": {
-                  "fernFilepath": {
-                    "allParts": [],
-                    "packagePath": []
+                  "primitive": {
+                    "v1": "STRING",
+                    "v2": {
+                      "validation": {},
+                      "type": "string"
+                    }
                   },
-                  "name": "ChannelsPetownersSubscribeParamsData",
-                  "typeId": "ChannelsPetownersSubscribeParamsData",
-                  "inline": false,
-                  "type": "named"
+                  "type": "primitive"
                 },
                 "type": "optional"
               },
@@ -242,9 +2122,57 @@
             "v2Examples": {
               "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
               "autogeneratedExamples": {
-                "ChannelsPetownersSubscribeParamsData_example_autogenerated": {
-                  "petOwner": null
-                }
+                "ChannelsTestChannelMessagesSendMessage2DataName_example_autogenerated": "string"
+              }
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "age",
+            "valueType": {
+              "container": {
+                "optional": {
+                  "primitive": {
+                    "v1": "INTEGER",
+                    "v2": {
+                      "validation": {},
+                      "type": "integer"
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "type": "primitive"
+                },
+                "type": "optional"
+              },
+              "type": "container"
+            },
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {
+                "ChannelsTestChannelMessagesSendMessage2DataAge_example_autogenerated": 1
+              }
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "address",
+            "valueType": {
+              "container": {
+                "optional": {
+                  "primitive": {
+                    "v1": "STRING",
+                    "v2": {
+                      "validation": {},
+                      "type": "string"
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "type": "primitive"
+                },
+                "type": "optional"
+              },
+              "type": "container"
+            },
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {
+                "ChannelsTestChannelMessagesSendMessage2DataAddress_example_autogenerated": "string"
               }
             }
           }
@@ -261,23 +2189,48 @@
       "v2Examples": {
         "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
         "autogeneratedExamples": {
-          "ChannelsPetownersSubscribeParams_example_autogenerated": {}
+          "ChannelsTestChannelMessagesSendMessage2Data_example_autogenerated": {}
         }
       }
     },
-    "PetownersSubscribe": {
+    "testChannel_sendMessage2": {
       "name": {
-        "typeId": "PetownersSubscribe",
+        "typeId": "testChannel_sendMessage2",
         "fernFilepath": {
           "allParts": [],
           "packagePath": []
         },
-        "name": "PetownersSubscribe"
+        "name": "testChannel_sendMessage2"
       },
       "shape": {
         "properties": [
           {
-            "name": "params",
+            "name": "message",
+            "valueType": {
+              "container": {
+                "optional": {
+                  "primitive": {
+                    "v1": "STRING",
+                    "v2": {
+                      "validation": {},
+                      "type": "string"
+                    }
+                  },
+                  "type": "primitive"
+                },
+                "type": "optional"
+              },
+              "type": "container"
+            },
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {
+                "ChannelsTestChannelMessagesSendMessage2Message_example_autogenerated": "string"
+              }
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "data",
             "valueType": {
               "container": {
                 "optional": {
@@ -285,8 +2238,8 @@
                     "allParts": [],
                     "packagePath": []
                   },
-                  "name": "ChannelsPetownersSubscribeParams",
-                  "typeId": "ChannelsPetownersSubscribeParams",
+                  "name": "ChannelsTestChannelMessagesSendMessage2Data",
+                  "typeId": "ChannelsTestChannelMessagesSendMessage2Data",
                   "inline": false,
                   "type": "named"
                 },
@@ -297,7 +2250,7 @@
             "v2Examples": {
               "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
               "autogeneratedExamples": {
-                "ChannelsPetownersSubscribeParams_example_autogenerated": {}
+                "ChannelsTestChannelMessagesSendMessage2Data_example_autogenerated": {}
               }
             }
           }
@@ -314,7 +2267,7 @@
       "v2Examples": {
         "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
         "autogeneratedExamples": {
-          "PetownersSubscribe_example_autogenerated": {}
+          "testChannel_sendMessage2_example_autogenerated": {}
         }
       }
     }
@@ -359,7 +2312,7 @@
           "autogeneratedExamples": [
             {
               "example": {
-                "id": "91844161",
+                "id": "661615ca",
                 "url": "/pet",
                 "endpointHeaders": [],
                 "endpointPathParameters": [],
@@ -367,26 +2320,862 @@
                 "servicePathParameters": [],
                 "serviceHeaders": [],
                 "rootPathParameters": [],
+                "request": {
+                  "jsonExample": {
+                    "name": "name",
+                    "photoUrls": [
+                      "photoUrls",
+                      "photoUrls"
+                    ]
+                  },
+                  "shape": {
+                    "shape": {
+                      "properties": [
+                        {
+                          "name": "id",
+                          "originalTypeDeclaration": {
+                            "typeId": "Pet",
+                            "fernFilepath": {
+                              "allParts": [],
+                              "packagePath": []
+                            },
+                            "name": "Pet"
+                          },
+                          "value": {
+                            "shape": {
+                              "container": {
+                                "valueType": {
+                                  "primitive": {
+                                    "v1": "LONG",
+                                    "v2": {
+                                      "validation": {},
+                                      "type": "long"
+                                    }
+                                  },
+                                  "type": "primitive"
+                                },
+                                "type": "optional"
+                              },
+                              "type": "container"
+                            }
+                          }
+                        },
+                        {
+                          "name": "category",
+                          "originalTypeDeclaration": {
+                            "typeId": "Pet",
+                            "fernFilepath": {
+                              "allParts": [],
+                              "packagePath": []
+                            },
+                            "name": "Pet"
+                          },
+                          "value": {
+                            "shape": {
+                              "container": {
+                                "valueType": {
+                                  "fernFilepath": {
+                                    "allParts": [],
+                                    "packagePath": []
+                                  },
+                                  "name": "Category",
+                                  "typeId": "Category",
+                                  "inline": false,
+                                  "displayName": "Pet category",
+                                  "type": "named"
+                                },
+                                "type": "optional"
+                              },
+                              "type": "container"
+                            }
+                          }
+                        },
+                        {
+                          "name": "name",
+                          "originalTypeDeclaration": {
+                            "typeId": "Pet",
+                            "fernFilepath": {
+                              "allParts": [],
+                              "packagePath": []
+                            },
+                            "name": "Pet"
+                          },
+                          "value": {
+                            "jsonExample": "name",
+                            "shape": {
+                              "primitive": {
+                                "string": {
+                                  "original": "name"
+                                },
+                                "type": "string"
+                              },
+                              "type": "primitive"
+                            }
+                          }
+                        },
+                        {
+                          "name": "photoUrls",
+                          "originalTypeDeclaration": {
+                            "typeId": "Pet",
+                            "fernFilepath": {
+                              "allParts": [],
+                              "packagePath": []
+                            },
+                            "name": "Pet"
+                          },
+                          "value": {
+                            "jsonExample": [
+                              "photoUrls",
+                              "photoUrls"
+                            ],
+                            "shape": {
+                              "container": {
+                                "list": [
+                                  {
+                                    "jsonExample": "photoUrls",
+                                    "shape": {
+                                      "primitive": {
+                                        "string": {
+                                          "original": "photoUrls"
+                                        },
+                                        "type": "string"
+                                      },
+                                      "type": "primitive"
+                                    }
+                                  },
+                                  {
+                                    "jsonExample": "photoUrls",
+                                    "shape": {
+                                      "primitive": {
+                                        "string": {
+                                          "original": "photoUrls"
+                                        },
+                                        "type": "string"
+                                      },
+                                      "type": "primitive"
+                                    }
+                                  }
+                                ],
+                                "itemType": {
+                                  "primitive": {
+                                    "v1": "STRING",
+                                    "v2": {
+                                      "validation": {},
+                                      "type": "string"
+                                    }
+                                  },
+                                  "type": "primitive"
+                                },
+                                "type": "list"
+                              },
+                              "type": "container"
+                            }
+                          }
+                        },
+                        {
+                          "name": "tags",
+                          "originalTypeDeclaration": {
+                            "typeId": "Pet",
+                            "fernFilepath": {
+                              "allParts": [],
+                              "packagePath": []
+                            },
+                            "name": "Pet"
+                          },
+                          "value": {
+                            "shape": {
+                              "container": {
+                                "valueType": {
+                                  "container": {
+                                    "list": {
+                                      "fernFilepath": {
+                                        "allParts": [],
+                                        "packagePath": []
+                                      },
+                                      "name": "Tag",
+                                      "typeId": "Tag",
+                                      "inline": false,
+                                      "displayName": "Pet Tag",
+                                      "type": "named"
+                                    },
+                                    "type": "list"
+                                  },
+                                  "type": "container"
+                                },
+                                "type": "optional"
+                              },
+                              "type": "container"
+                            }
+                          }
+                        },
+                        {
+                          "name": "status",
+                          "originalTypeDeclaration": {
+                            "typeId": "Pet",
+                            "fernFilepath": {
+                              "allParts": [],
+                              "packagePath": []
+                            },
+                            "name": "Pet"
+                          },
+                          "value": {
+                            "shape": {
+                              "container": {
+                                "valueType": {
+                                  "fernFilepath": {
+                                    "allParts": [],
+                                    "packagePath": []
+                                  },
+                                  "name": "PetStatus",
+                                  "typeId": "PetStatus",
+                                  "inline": false,
+                                  "type": "named"
+                                },
+                                "type": "optional"
+                              },
+                              "type": "container"
+                            }
+                          }
+                        }
+                      ],
+                      "type": "object"
+                    },
+                    "typeName": {
+                      "typeId": "Pet",
+                      "fernFilepath": {
+                        "allParts": [],
+                        "packagePath": []
+                      },
+                      "name": "Pet"
+                    },
+                    "type": "named"
+                  },
+                  "type": "reference"
+                },
                 "response": {
                   "value": {
                     "value": {
                       "jsonExample": {
-                        "key": "value"
+                        "id": 1000000,
+                        "category": {
+                          "id": 1000000,
+                          "name": "name"
+                        },
+                        "name": "name",
+                        "photoUrls": [
+                          "photoUrls",
+                          "photoUrls"
+                        ],
+                        "tags": [
+                          {
+                            "id": 1000000,
+                            "name": "name"
+                          },
+                          {
+                            "id": 1000000,
+                            "name": "name"
+                          }
+                        ],
+                        "status": "available"
                       },
                       "shape": {
                         "shape": {
-                          "value": {
-                            "jsonExample": {
-                              "key": "value"
+                          "properties": [
+                            {
+                              "name": "id",
+                              "originalTypeDeclaration": {
+                                "typeId": "Pet",
+                                "fernFilepath": {
+                                  "allParts": [],
+                                  "packagePath": []
+                                },
+                                "name": "Pet"
+                              },
+                              "value": {
+                                "jsonExample": 1000000,
+                                "shape": {
+                                  "container": {
+                                    "optional": {
+                                      "jsonExample": 1000000,
+                                      "shape": {
+                                        "primitive": {
+                                          "long": 1000000,
+                                          "type": "long"
+                                        },
+                                        "type": "primitive"
+                                      }
+                                    },
+                                    "valueType": {
+                                      "primitive": {
+                                        "v1": "LONG",
+                                        "v2": {
+                                          "validation": {},
+                                          "type": "long"
+                                        }
+                                      },
+                                      "type": "primitive"
+                                    },
+                                    "type": "optional"
+                                  },
+                                  "type": "container"
+                                }
+                              }
                             },
-                            "shape": {
-                              "unknown": {
-                                "key": "value"
+                            {
+                              "name": "category",
+                              "originalTypeDeclaration": {
+                                "typeId": "Pet",
+                                "fernFilepath": {
+                                  "allParts": [],
+                                  "packagePath": []
+                                },
+                                "name": "Pet"
+                              },
+                              "value": {
+                                "jsonExample": {
+                                  "id": 1000000,
+                                  "name": "name"
+                                },
+                                "shape": {
+                                  "container": {
+                                    "optional": {
+                                      "jsonExample": {
+                                        "id": 1000000,
+                                        "name": "name"
+                                      },
+                                      "shape": {
+                                        "shape": {
+                                          "properties": [
+                                            {
+                                              "name": "id",
+                                              "originalTypeDeclaration": {
+                                                "typeId": "Category",
+                                                "fernFilepath": {
+                                                  "allParts": [],
+                                                  "packagePath": []
+                                                },
+                                                "name": "Category"
+                                              },
+                                              "value": {
+                                                "jsonExample": 1000000,
+                                                "shape": {
+                                                  "container": {
+                                                    "optional": {
+                                                      "jsonExample": 1000000,
+                                                      "shape": {
+                                                        "primitive": {
+                                                          "long": 1000000,
+                                                          "type": "long"
+                                                        },
+                                                        "type": "primitive"
+                                                      }
+                                                    },
+                                                    "valueType": {
+                                                      "primitive": {
+                                                        "v1": "LONG",
+                                                        "v2": {
+                                                          "validation": {},
+                                                          "type": "long"
+                                                        }
+                                                      },
+                                                      "type": "primitive"
+                                                    },
+                                                    "type": "optional"
+                                                  },
+                                                  "type": "container"
+                                                }
+                                              }
+                                            },
+                                            {
+                                              "name": "name",
+                                              "originalTypeDeclaration": {
+                                                "typeId": "Category",
+                                                "fernFilepath": {
+                                                  "allParts": [],
+                                                  "packagePath": []
+                                                },
+                                                "name": "Category"
+                                              },
+                                              "value": {
+                                                "jsonExample": "name",
+                                                "shape": {
+                                                  "container": {
+                                                    "optional": {
+                                                      "jsonExample": "name",
+                                                      "shape": {
+                                                        "primitive": {
+                                                          "string": {
+                                                            "original": "name"
+                                                          },
+                                                          "type": "string"
+                                                        },
+                                                        "type": "primitive"
+                                                      }
+                                                    },
+                                                    "valueType": {
+                                                      "primitive": {
+                                                        "v1": "STRING",
+                                                        "v2": {
+                                                          "validation": {},
+                                                          "type": "string"
+                                                        }
+                                                      },
+                                                      "type": "primitive"
+                                                    },
+                                                    "type": "optional"
+                                                  },
+                                                  "type": "container"
+                                                }
+                                              }
+                                            }
+                                          ],
+                                          "type": "object"
+                                        },
+                                        "typeName": {
+                                          "typeId": "Category",
+                                          "fernFilepath": {
+                                            "allParts": [],
+                                            "packagePath": []
+                                          },
+                                          "name": "Category"
+                                        },
+                                        "type": "named"
+                                      }
+                                    },
+                                    "valueType": {
+                                      "fernFilepath": {
+                                        "allParts": [],
+                                        "packagePath": []
+                                      },
+                                      "name": "Category",
+                                      "typeId": "Category",
+                                      "inline": false,
+                                      "displayName": "Pet category",
+                                      "type": "named"
+                                    },
+                                    "type": "optional"
+                                  },
+                                  "type": "container"
+                                }
+                              }
+                            },
+                            {
+                              "name": "name",
+                              "originalTypeDeclaration": {
+                                "typeId": "Pet",
+                                "fernFilepath": {
+                                  "allParts": [],
+                                  "packagePath": []
+                                },
+                                "name": "Pet"
+                              },
+                              "value": {
+                                "jsonExample": "name",
+                                "shape": {
+                                  "primitive": {
+                                    "string": {
+                                      "original": "name"
+                                    },
+                                    "type": "string"
+                                  },
+                                  "type": "primitive"
+                                }
+                              }
+                            },
+                            {
+                              "name": "photoUrls",
+                              "originalTypeDeclaration": {
+                                "typeId": "Pet",
+                                "fernFilepath": {
+                                  "allParts": [],
+                                  "packagePath": []
+                                },
+                                "name": "Pet"
+                              },
+                              "value": {
+                                "jsonExample": [
+                                  "photoUrls",
+                                  "photoUrls"
+                                ],
+                                "shape": {
+                                  "container": {
+                                    "list": [
+                                      {
+                                        "jsonExample": "photoUrls",
+                                        "shape": {
+                                          "primitive": {
+                                            "string": {
+                                              "original": "photoUrls"
+                                            },
+                                            "type": "string"
+                                          },
+                                          "type": "primitive"
+                                        }
+                                      },
+                                      {
+                                        "jsonExample": "photoUrls",
+                                        "shape": {
+                                          "primitive": {
+                                            "string": {
+                                              "original": "photoUrls"
+                                            },
+                                            "type": "string"
+                                          },
+                                          "type": "primitive"
+                                        }
+                                      }
+                                    ],
+                                    "itemType": {
+                                      "primitive": {
+                                        "v1": "STRING",
+                                        "v2": {
+                                          "validation": {},
+                                          "type": "string"
+                                        }
+                                      },
+                                      "type": "primitive"
+                                    },
+                                    "type": "list"
+                                  },
+                                  "type": "container"
+                                }
+                              }
+                            },
+                            {
+                              "name": "tags",
+                              "originalTypeDeclaration": {
+                                "typeId": "Pet",
+                                "fernFilepath": {
+                                  "allParts": [],
+                                  "packagePath": []
+                                },
+                                "name": "Pet"
+                              },
+                              "value": {
+                                "jsonExample": [
+                                  {
+                                    "id": 1000000,
+                                    "name": "name"
+                                  },
+                                  {
+                                    "id": 1000000,
+                                    "name": "name"
+                                  }
+                                ],
+                                "shape": {
+                                  "container": {
+                                    "optional": {
+                                      "jsonExample": [
+                                        {
+                                          "id": 1000000,
+                                          "name": "name"
+                                        },
+                                        {
+                                          "id": 1000000,
+                                          "name": "name"
+                                        }
+                                      ],
+                                      "shape": {
+                                        "container": {
+                                          "list": [
+                                            {
+                                              "jsonExample": {
+                                                "id": 1000000,
+                                                "name": "name"
+                                              },
+                                              "shape": {
+                                                "shape": {
+                                                  "properties": [
+                                                    {
+                                                      "name": "id",
+                                                      "originalTypeDeclaration": {
+                                                        "typeId": "Tag",
+                                                        "fernFilepath": {
+                                                          "allParts": [],
+                                                          "packagePath": []
+                                                        },
+                                                        "name": "Tag"
+                                                      },
+                                                      "value": {
+                                                        "jsonExample": 1000000,
+                                                        "shape": {
+                                                          "container": {
+                                                            "optional": {
+                                                              "jsonExample": 1000000,
+                                                              "shape": {
+                                                                "primitive": {
+                                                                  "long": 1000000,
+                                                                  "type": "long"
+                                                                },
+                                                                "type": "primitive"
+                                                              }
+                                                            },
+                                                            "valueType": {
+                                                              "primitive": {
+                                                                "v1": "LONG",
+                                                                "v2": {
+                                                                  "validation": {},
+                                                                  "type": "long"
+                                                                }
+                                                              },
+                                                              "type": "primitive"
+                                                            },
+                                                            "type": "optional"
+                                                          },
+                                                          "type": "container"
+                                                        }
+                                                      }
+                                                    },
+                                                    {
+                                                      "name": "name",
+                                                      "originalTypeDeclaration": {
+                                                        "typeId": "Tag",
+                                                        "fernFilepath": {
+                                                          "allParts": [],
+                                                          "packagePath": []
+                                                        },
+                                                        "name": "Tag"
+                                                      },
+                                                      "value": {
+                                                        "jsonExample": "name",
+                                                        "shape": {
+                                                          "container": {
+                                                            "optional": {
+                                                              "jsonExample": "name",
+                                                              "shape": {
+                                                                "primitive": {
+                                                                  "string": {
+                                                                    "original": "name"
+                                                                  },
+                                                                  "type": "string"
+                                                                },
+                                                                "type": "primitive"
+                                                              }
+                                                            },
+                                                            "valueType": {
+                                                              "primitive": {
+                                                                "v1": "STRING",
+                                                                "v2": {
+                                                                  "validation": {},
+                                                                  "type": "string"
+                                                                }
+                                                              },
+                                                              "type": "primitive"
+                                                            },
+                                                            "type": "optional"
+                                                          },
+                                                          "type": "container"
+                                                        }
+                                                      }
+                                                    }
+                                                  ],
+                                                  "type": "object"
+                                                },
+                                                "typeName": {
+                                                  "typeId": "Tag",
+                                                  "fernFilepath": {
+                                                    "allParts": [],
+                                                    "packagePath": []
+                                                  },
+                                                  "name": "Tag"
+                                                },
+                                                "type": "named"
+                                              }
+                                            },
+                                            {
+                                              "jsonExample": {
+                                                "id": 1000000,
+                                                "name": "name"
+                                              },
+                                              "shape": {
+                                                "shape": {
+                                                  "properties": [
+                                                    {
+                                                      "name": "id",
+                                                      "originalTypeDeclaration": {
+                                                        "typeId": "Tag",
+                                                        "fernFilepath": {
+                                                          "allParts": [],
+                                                          "packagePath": []
+                                                        },
+                                                        "name": "Tag"
+                                                      },
+                                                      "value": {
+                                                        "jsonExample": 1000000,
+                                                        "shape": {
+                                                          "container": {
+                                                            "optional": {
+                                                              "jsonExample": 1000000,
+                                                              "shape": {
+                                                                "primitive": {
+                                                                  "long": 1000000,
+                                                                  "type": "long"
+                                                                },
+                                                                "type": "primitive"
+                                                              }
+                                                            },
+                                                            "valueType": {
+                                                              "primitive": {
+                                                                "v1": "LONG",
+                                                                "v2": {
+                                                                  "validation": {},
+                                                                  "type": "long"
+                                                                }
+                                                              },
+                                                              "type": "primitive"
+                                                            },
+                                                            "type": "optional"
+                                                          },
+                                                          "type": "container"
+                                                        }
+                                                      }
+                                                    },
+                                                    {
+                                                      "name": "name",
+                                                      "originalTypeDeclaration": {
+                                                        "typeId": "Tag",
+                                                        "fernFilepath": {
+                                                          "allParts": [],
+                                                          "packagePath": []
+                                                        },
+                                                        "name": "Tag"
+                                                      },
+                                                      "value": {
+                                                        "jsonExample": "name",
+                                                        "shape": {
+                                                          "container": {
+                                                            "optional": {
+                                                              "jsonExample": "name",
+                                                              "shape": {
+                                                                "primitive": {
+                                                                  "string": {
+                                                                    "original": "name"
+                                                                  },
+                                                                  "type": "string"
+                                                                },
+                                                                "type": "primitive"
+                                                              }
+                                                            },
+                                                            "valueType": {
+                                                              "primitive": {
+                                                                "v1": "STRING",
+                                                                "v2": {
+                                                                  "validation": {},
+                                                                  "type": "string"
+                                                                }
+                                                              },
+                                                              "type": "primitive"
+                                                            },
+                                                            "type": "optional"
+                                                          },
+                                                          "type": "container"
+                                                        }
+                                                      }
+                                                    }
+                                                  ],
+                                                  "type": "object"
+                                                },
+                                                "typeName": {
+                                                  "typeId": "Tag",
+                                                  "fernFilepath": {
+                                                    "allParts": [],
+                                                    "packagePath": []
+                                                  },
+                                                  "name": "Tag"
+                                                },
+                                                "type": "named"
+                                              }
+                                            }
+                                          ],
+                                          "itemType": {
+                                            "fernFilepath": {
+                                              "allParts": [],
+                                              "packagePath": []
+                                            },
+                                            "name": "Tag",
+                                            "typeId": "Tag",
+                                            "inline": false,
+                                            "displayName": "Pet Tag",
+                                            "type": "named"
+                                          },
+                                          "type": "list"
+                                        },
+                                        "type": "container"
+                                      }
+                                    },
+                                    "valueType": {
+                                      "container": {
+                                        "list": {
+                                          "fernFilepath": {
+                                            "allParts": [],
+                                            "packagePath": []
+                                          },
+                                          "name": "Tag",
+                                          "typeId": "Tag",
+                                          "inline": false,
+                                          "displayName": "Pet Tag",
+                                          "type": "named"
+                                        },
+                                        "type": "list"
+                                      },
+                                      "type": "container"
+                                    },
+                                    "type": "optional"
+                                  },
+                                  "type": "container"
+                                }
+                              }
+                            },
+                            {
+                              "name": "status",
+                              "originalTypeDeclaration": {
+                                "typeId": "Pet",
+                                "fernFilepath": {
+                                  "allParts": [],
+                                  "packagePath": []
+                                },
+                                "name": "Pet"
                               },
-                              "type": "unknown"
+                              "value": {
+                                "jsonExample": "available",
+                                "shape": {
+                                  "container": {
+                                    "optional": {
+                                      "jsonExample": "available",
+                                      "shape": {
+                                        "shape": {
+                                          "value": "available",
+                                          "type": "enum"
+                                        },
+                                        "typeName": {
+                                          "typeId": "PetStatus",
+                                          "fernFilepath": {
+                                            "allParts": [],
+                                            "packagePath": []
+                                          },
+                                          "name": "PetStatus"
+                                        },
+                                        "type": "named"
+                                      }
+                                    },
+                                    "valueType": {
+                                      "fernFilepath": {
+                                        "allParts": [],
+                                        "packagePath": []
+                                      },
+                                      "name": "PetStatus",
+                                      "typeId": "PetStatus",
+                                      "inline": false,
+                                      "type": "named"
+                                    },
+                                    "type": "optional"
+                                  },
+                                  "type": "container"
+                                }
+                              }
                             }
-                          },
-                          "type": "alias"
+                          ],
+                          "type": "object"
                         },
                         "typeName": {
                           "typeId": "Pet",
@@ -418,7 +3207,142 @@
           "audiences": [],
           "id": "endpoint_pet.updateAnExistingPet",
           "name": "updateAnExistingPet",
-          "v2RequestBodies": {},
+          "requestBody": {
+            "contentType": "application/json",
+            "docs": "Pet object that needs to be added to the store",
+            "requestBodyType": {
+              "fernFilepath": {
+                "allParts": [],
+                "packagePath": []
+              },
+              "name": "Pet",
+              "typeId": "Pet",
+              "inline": false,
+              "displayName": "a Pet",
+              "type": "named"
+            },
+            "v2Examples": {
+              "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+              "autogeneratedExamples": {
+                "petUpdateAnExistingPetExample": {
+                  "id": 0,
+                  "category": {
+                    "id": 6,
+                    "name": "name"
+                  },
+                  "name": "doggie",
+                  "photoUrls": [
+                    "photoUrls",
+                    "photoUrls"
+                  ],
+                  "tags": [
+                    {
+                      "id": 1,
+                      "name": "name"
+                    },
+                    {
+                      "id": 1,
+                      "name": "name"
+                    }
+                  ],
+                  "status": "available"
+                }
+              }
+            },
+            "type": "reference"
+          },
+          "v2RequestBodies": {
+            "requestBodies": [
+              {
+                "contentType": "application/json",
+                "docs": "Pet object that needs to be added to the store",
+                "requestBodyType": {
+                  "fernFilepath": {
+                    "allParts": [],
+                    "packagePath": []
+                  },
+                  "name": "Pet",
+                  "typeId": "Pet",
+                  "inline": false,
+                  "displayName": "a Pet",
+                  "type": "named"
+                },
+                "v2Examples": {
+                  "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+                  "autogeneratedExamples": {
+                    "petUpdateAnExistingPetExample": {
+                      "id": 0,
+                      "category": {
+                        "id": 6,
+                        "name": "name"
+                      },
+                      "name": "doggie",
+                      "photoUrls": [
+                        "photoUrls",
+                        "photoUrls"
+                      ],
+                      "tags": [
+                        {
+                          "id": 1,
+                          "name": "name"
+                        },
+                        {
+                          "id": 1,
+                          "name": "name"
+                        }
+                      ],
+                      "status": "available"
+                    }
+                  }
+                },
+                "type": "reference"
+              },
+              {
+                "contentType": "application/xml",
+                "docs": "Pet object that needs to be added to the store",
+                "requestBodyType": {
+                  "fernFilepath": {
+                    "allParts": [],
+                    "packagePath": []
+                  },
+                  "name": "Pet",
+                  "typeId": "Pet",
+                  "inline": false,
+                  "displayName": "a Pet",
+                  "type": "named"
+                },
+                "v2Examples": {
+                  "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
+                  "autogeneratedExamples": {
+                    "petUpdateAnExistingPetExample": {
+                      "id": 0,
+                      "category": {
+                        "id": 6,
+                        "name": "name"
+                      },
+                      "name": "doggie",
+                      "photoUrls": [
+                        "photoUrls",
+                        "photoUrls"
+                      ],
+                      "tags": [
+                        {
+                          "id": 1,
+                          "name": "name"
+                        },
+                        {
+                          "id": 1,
+                          "name": "name"
+                        }
+                      ],
+                      "status": "available"
+                    }
+                  }
+                },
+                "type": "reference"
+              }
+            ]
+          },
           "response": {
             "statusCode": 200,
             "body": {
@@ -431,14 +3355,36 @@
                   "name": "Pet",
                   "typeId": "Pet",
                   "inline": false,
-                  "displayName": "Pet",
+                  "displayName": "a Pet",
                   "type": "named"
                 },
                 "docs": "A list of pets",
                 "v2Examples": {
                   "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
                   "autogeneratedExamples": {
-                    "petUpdateAnExistingPetExample": null
+                    "petUpdateAnExistingPetExample": {
+                      "id": 0,
+                      "category": {
+                        "id": 6,
+                        "name": "name"
+                      },
+                      "name": "doggie",
+                      "photoUrls": [
+                        "photoUrls",
+                        "photoUrls"
+                      ],
+                      "tags": [
+                        {
+                          "id": 1,
+                          "name": "name"
+                        },
+                        {
+                          "id": 1,
+                          "name": "name"
+                        }
+                      ],
+                      "status": "available"
+                    }
                   }
                 },
                 "type": "response"
@@ -449,8 +3395,8 @@
           },
           "v2Examples": {
             "autogeneratedExamples": {
-              "base_petUpdateAnExistingPetExample_200": {
-                "displayName": "updateAnExistingPetExample",
+              "petUpdateAnExistingPetExample_200": {
+                "displayName": "petUpdateAnExistingPetExample",
                 "request": {
                   "endpoint": {
                     "method": "PUT",
@@ -458,12 +3404,57 @@
                   },
                   "pathParameters": {},
                   "queryParameters": {},
-                  "headers": {}
+                  "headers": {},
+                  "requestBody": {
+                    "id": 0,
+                    "category": {
+                      "id": 6,
+                      "name": "name"
+                    },
+                    "name": "doggie",
+                    "photoUrls": [
+                      "photoUrls",
+                      "photoUrls"
+                    ],
+                    "tags": [
+                      {
+                        "id": 1,
+                        "name": "name"
+                      },
+                      {
+                        "id": 1,
+                        "name": "name"
+                      }
+                    ],
+                    "status": "available"
+                  }
                 },
                 "response": {
                   "statusCode": 200,
                   "body": {
-                    "value": null,
+                    "value": {
+                      "id": 0,
+                      "category": {
+                        "id": 6,
+                        "name": "name"
+                      },
+                      "name": "doggie",
+                      "photoUrls": [
+                        "photoUrls",
+                        "photoUrls"
+                      ],
+                      "tags": [
+                        {
+                          "id": 1,
+                          "name": "name"
+                        },
+                        {
+                          "id": 1,
+                          "name": "name"
+                        }
+                      ],
+                      "status": "available"
+                    },
                     "type": "json"
                   }
                 }
@@ -485,14 +3476,36 @@
                       "name": "Pet",
                       "typeId": "Pet",
                       "inline": false,
-                      "displayName": "Pet",
+                      "displayName": "a Pet",
                       "type": "named"
                     },
                     "docs": "A list of pets",
                     "v2Examples": {
                       "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
                       "autogeneratedExamples": {
-                        "petUpdateAnExistingPetExample": null
+                        "petUpdateAnExistingPetExample": {
+                          "id": 0,
+                          "category": {
+                            "id": 6,
+                            "name": "name"
+                          },
+                          "name": "doggie",
+                          "photoUrls": [
+                            "photoUrls",
+                            "photoUrls"
+                          ],
+                          "tags": [
+                            {
+                              "id": 1,
+                              "name": "name"
+                            },
+                            {
+                              "id": 1,
+                              "name": "name"
+                            }
+                          ],
+                          "status": "available"
+                        }
                       }
                     },
                     "type": "response"
@@ -541,7 +3554,7 @@
           "autogeneratedExamples": [
             {
               "example": {
-                "id": "eef2efd3",
+                "id": "984010f",
                 "url": "/order",
                 "endpointHeaders": [],
                 "endpointPathParameters": [],
@@ -553,22 +3566,266 @@
                   "value": {
                     "value": {
                       "jsonExample": {
-                        "key": "value"
+                        "id": 1000000,
+                        "petId": 1000000,
+                        "quantity": 1,
+                        "shipDate": "2024-01-15T09:30:00Z",
+                        "status": "placed",
+                        "complete": true
                       },
                       "shape": {
                         "shape": {
-                          "value": {
-                            "jsonExample": {
-                              "key": "value"
+                          "properties": [
+                            {
+                              "name": "id",
+                              "originalTypeDeclaration": {
+                                "typeId": "Order",
+                                "fernFilepath": {
+                                  "allParts": [],
+                                  "packagePath": []
+                                },
+                                "name": "Order"
+                              },
+                              "value": {
+                                "jsonExample": 1000000,
+                                "shape": {
+                                  "container": {
+                                    "optional": {
+                                      "jsonExample": 1000000,
+                                      "shape": {
+                                        "primitive": {
+                                          "long": 1000000,
+                                          "type": "long"
+                                        },
+                                        "type": "primitive"
+                                      }
+                                    },
+                                    "valueType": {
+                                      "primitive": {
+                                        "v1": "LONG",
+                                        "v2": {
+                                          "validation": {},
+                                          "type": "long"
+                                        }
+                                      },
+                                      "type": "primitive"
+                                    },
+                                    "type": "optional"
+                                  },
+                                  "type": "container"
+                                }
+                              }
                             },
-                            "shape": {
-                              "unknown": {
-                                "key": "value"
+                            {
+                              "name": "petId",
+                              "originalTypeDeclaration": {
+                                "typeId": "Order",
+                                "fernFilepath": {
+                                  "allParts": [],
+                                  "packagePath": []
+                                },
+                                "name": "Order"
+                              },
+                              "value": {
+                                "jsonExample": 1000000,
+                                "shape": {
+                                  "container": {
+                                    "optional": {
+                                      "jsonExample": 1000000,
+                                      "shape": {
+                                        "primitive": {
+                                          "long": 1000000,
+                                          "type": "long"
+                                        },
+                                        "type": "primitive"
+                                      }
+                                    },
+                                    "valueType": {
+                                      "primitive": {
+                                        "v1": "LONG",
+                                        "v2": {
+                                          "validation": {},
+                                          "type": "long"
+                                        }
+                                      },
+                                      "type": "primitive"
+                                    },
+                                    "type": "optional"
+                                  },
+                                  "type": "container"
+                                }
+                              }
+                            },
+                            {
+                              "name": "quantity",
+                              "originalTypeDeclaration": {
+                                "typeId": "Order",
+                                "fernFilepath": {
+                                  "allParts": [],
+                                  "packagePath": []
+                                },
+                                "name": "Order"
+                              },
+                              "value": {
+                                "jsonExample": 1,
+                                "shape": {
+                                  "container": {
+                                    "optional": {
+                                      "jsonExample": 1,
+                                      "shape": {
+                                        "primitive": {
+                                          "integer": 1,
+                                          "type": "integer"
+                                        },
+                                        "type": "primitive"
+                                      }
+                                    },
+                                    "valueType": {
+                                      "primitive": {
+                                        "v1": "INTEGER",
+                                        "v2": {
+                                          "validation": {},
+                                          "type": "integer"
+                                        }
+                                      },
+                                      "type": "primitive"
+                                    },
+                                    "type": "optional"
+                                  },
+                                  "type": "container"
+                                }
+                              }
+                            },
+                            {
+                              "name": "shipDate",
+                              "originalTypeDeclaration": {
+                                "typeId": "Order",
+                                "fernFilepath": {
+                                  "allParts": [],
+                                  "packagePath": []
+                                },
+                                "name": "Order"
+                              },
+                              "value": {
+                                "jsonExample": "2024-01-15T09:30:00Z",
+                                "shape": {
+                                  "container": {
+                                    "optional": {
+                                      "jsonExample": "2024-01-15T09:30:00Z",
+                                      "shape": {
+                                        "primitive": {
+                                          "datetime": "2024-01-15T09:30:00.000Z",
+                                          "raw": "2024-01-15T09:30:00Z",
+                                          "type": "datetime"
+                                        },
+                                        "type": "primitive"
+                                      }
+                                    },
+                                    "valueType": {
+                                      "primitive": {
+                                        "v1": "DATE_TIME",
+                                        "v2": {
+                                          "type": "dateTime"
+                                        }
+                                      },
+                                      "type": "primitive"
+                                    },
+                                    "type": "optional"
+                                  },
+                                  "type": "container"
+                                }
+                              }
+                            },
+                            {
+                              "name": "status",
+                              "originalTypeDeclaration": {
+                                "typeId": "Order",
+                                "fernFilepath": {
+                                  "allParts": [],
+                                  "packagePath": []
+                                },
+                                "name": "Order"
+                              },
+                              "value": {
+                                "jsonExample": "placed",
+                                "shape": {
+                                  "container": {
+                                    "optional": {
+                                      "jsonExample": "placed",
+                                      "shape": {
+                                        "shape": {
+                                          "value": "placed",
+                                          "type": "enum"
+                                        },
+                                        "typeName": {
+                                          "typeId": "OrderStatus",
+                                          "fernFilepath": {
+                                            "allParts": [],
+                                            "packagePath": []
+                                          },
+                                          "name": "OrderStatus"
+                                        },
+                                        "type": "named"
+                                      }
+                                    },
+                                    "valueType": {
+                                      "fernFilepath": {
+                                        "allParts": [],
+                                        "packagePath": []
+                                      },
+                                      "name": "OrderStatus",
+                                      "typeId": "OrderStatus",
+                                      "inline": false,
+                                      "type": "named"
+                                    },
+                                    "type": "optional"
+                                  },
+                                  "type": "container"
+                                }
+                              }
+                            },
+                            {
+                              "name": "complete",
+                              "originalTypeDeclaration": {
+                                "typeId": "Order",
+                                "fernFilepath": {
+                                  "allParts": [],
+                                  "packagePath": []
+                                },
+                                "name": "Order"
                               },
-                              "type": "unknown"
+                              "value": {
+                                "jsonExample": true,
+                                "shape": {
+                                  "container": {
+                                    "optional": {
+                                      "jsonExample": true,
+                                      "shape": {
+                                        "primitive": {
+                                          "boolean": true,
+                                          "type": "boolean"
+                                        },
+                                        "type": "primitive"
+                                      }
+                                    },
+                                    "valueType": {
+                                      "primitive": {
+                                        "v1": "BOOLEAN",
+                                        "v2": {
+                                          "default": false,
+                                          "type": "boolean"
+                                        }
+                                      },
+                                      "type": "primitive"
+                                    },
+                                    "type": "optional"
+                                  },
+                                  "type": "container"
+                                }
+                              }
                             }
-                          },
-                          "type": "alias"
+                          ],
+                          "type": "object"
                         },
                         "typeName": {
                           "typeId": "Order",
@@ -613,14 +3870,21 @@
                   "name": "Order",
                   "typeId": "Order",
                   "inline": false,
-                  "displayName": "Order",
+                  "displayName": "Pet Order",
                   "type": "named"
                 },
                 "docs": "An order object",
                 "v2Examples": {
                   "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
                   "autogeneratedExamples": {
-                    "orderGetAnOrderExample": null
+                    "orderGetAnOrderExample": {
+                      "id": 0,
+                      "petId": 6,
+                      "quantity": 1,
+                      "shipDate": "2000-01-23T04:56:07.000+00:00",
+                      "status": "placed",
+                      "complete": false
+                    }
                   }
                 },
                 "type": "response"
@@ -645,7 +3909,14 @@
                 "response": {
                   "statusCode": 200,
                   "body": {
-                    "value": null,
+                    "value": {
+                      "id": 0,
+                      "petId": 6,
+                      "quantity": 1,
+                      "shipDate": "2000-01-23T04:56:07.000+00:00",
+                      "status": "placed",
+                      "complete": false
+                    },
                     "type": "json"
                   }
                 }
@@ -667,14 +3938,21 @@
                       "name": "Order",
                       "typeId": "Order",
                       "inline": false,
-                      "displayName": "Order",
+                      "displayName": "Pet Order",
                       "type": "named"
                     },
                     "docs": "An order object",
                     "v2Examples": {
                       "userSpecifiedExamples": {},
                       "autogeneratedExamples": {
-                        "orderGetAnOrderExample": null
+                        "orderGetAnOrderExample": {
+                          "id": 0,
+                          "petId": 6,
+                          "quantity": 1,
+                          "shipDate": "2000-01-23T04:56:07.000+00:00",
+                          "status": "placed",
+                          "complete": false
+                        }
                       }
                     },
                     "type": "response"
@@ -968,14 +4246,178 @@
           "pathParameters": [],
           "headers": [],
           "queryParameters": [],
-          "messages": [],
+          "messages": [
+            {
+              "type": "send",
+              "body": {
+                "jsonExample": {},
+                "shape": {
+                  "shape": {
+                    "properties": [
+                      {
+                        "name": "message",
+                        "originalTypeDeclaration": {
+                          "typeId": "testChannel_sendMessage",
+                          "fernFilepath": {
+                            "allParts": [],
+                            "packagePath": []
+                          },
+                          "name": "testChannel_sendMessage"
+                        },
+                        "value": {
+                          "shape": {
+                            "container": {
+                              "valueType": {
+                                "primitive": {
+                                  "v1": "STRING",
+                                  "v2": {
+                                    "validation": {},
+                                    "type": "string"
+                                  }
+                                },
+                                "type": "primitive"
+                              },
+                              "type": "optional"
+                            },
+                            "type": "container"
+                          }
+                        }
+                      },
+                      {
+                        "name": "data",
+                        "originalTypeDeclaration": {
+                          "typeId": "testChannel_sendMessage",
+                          "fernFilepath": {
+                            "allParts": [],
+                            "packagePath": []
+                          },
+                          "name": "testChannel_sendMessage"
+                        },
+                        "value": {
+                          "shape": {
+                            "container": {
+                              "valueType": {
+                                "fernFilepath": {
+                                  "allParts": [],
+                                  "packagePath": []
+                                },
+                                "name": "ChannelsTestChannelMessagesSendMessageData",
+                                "typeId": "ChannelsTestChannelMessagesSendMessageData",
+                                "inline": false,
+                                "type": "named"
+                              },
+                              "type": "optional"
+                            },
+                            "type": "container"
+                          }
+                        }
+                      }
+                    ],
+                    "type": "object"
+                  },
+                  "typeName": {
+                    "typeId": "testChannel_sendMessage",
+                    "fernFilepath": {
+                      "allParts": [],
+                      "packagePath": []
+                    },
+                    "name": "testChannel_sendMessage"
+                  },
+                  "type": "named"
+                },
+                "type": "reference"
+              }
+            }
+          ],
           "url": "/test"
         },
         {
           "pathParameters": [],
           "headers": [],
           "queryParameters": [],
-          "messages": [],
+          "messages": [
+            {
+              "type": "send",
+              "body": {
+                "jsonExample": {},
+                "shape": {
+                  "shape": {
+                    "properties": [
+                      {
+                        "name": "message",
+                        "originalTypeDeclaration": {
+                          "typeId": "testChannel_sendMessage",
+                          "fernFilepath": {
+                            "allParts": [],
+                            "packagePath": []
+                          },
+                          "name": "testChannel_sendMessage"
+                        },
+                        "value": {
+                          "shape": {
+                            "container": {
+                              "valueType": {
+                                "primitive": {
+                                  "v1": "STRING",
+                                  "v2": {
+                                    "validation": {},
+                                    "type": "string"
+                                  }
+                                },
+                                "type": "primitive"
+                              },
+                              "type": "optional"
+                            },
+                            "type": "container"
+                          }
+                        }
+                      },
+                      {
+                        "name": "data",
+                        "originalTypeDeclaration": {
+                          "typeId": "testChannel_sendMessage",
+                          "fernFilepath": {
+                            "allParts": [],
+                            "packagePath": []
+                          },
+                          "name": "testChannel_sendMessage"
+                        },
+                        "value": {
+                          "shape": {
+                            "container": {
+                              "valueType": {
+                                "fernFilepath": {
+                                  "allParts": [],
+                                  "packagePath": []
+                                },
+                                "name": "ChannelsTestChannelMessagesSendMessageData",
+                                "typeId": "ChannelsTestChannelMessagesSendMessageData",
+                                "inline": false,
+                                "type": "named"
+                              },
+                              "type": "optional"
+                            },
+                            "type": "container"
+                          }
+                        }
+                      }
+                    ],
+                    "type": "object"
+                  },
+                  "typeName": {
+                    "typeId": "testChannel_sendMessage",
+                    "fernFilepath": {
+                      "allParts": [],
+                      "packagePath": []
+                    },
+                    "name": "testChannel_sendMessage"
+                  },
+                  "type": "named"
+                },
+                "type": "reference"
+              }
+            }
+          ],
           "url": "/test"
         }
       ],
@@ -991,7 +4433,12 @@
       "Pet",
       "PetOwner",
       "Order",
-      "PetOwner"
+      "Category",
+      "Tag",
+      "User",
+      "PetOwner",
+      "testChannel_sendMessage",
+      "testChannel_sendMessage2"
     ],
     "errors": [],
     "subpackages": [

From 4009024e80d30d5abce2ee689e4a13e9bdd41ddf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: jsklan <100491078+jsklan@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 2 Jun 2026 17:08:51 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 07/14] fix(internal): Update ir-to-jsonschema snapshots
 (#16197)

Update snapshots
---
 .../allof-inline/type__PlantBase.json         | 55 +++++++++++++++
 .../type__PlantBaseWateringFrequency.json     | 10 +++
 .../type__PlantPostSunExposure.json           | 10 +++
 .../type__PlantPostWateringFrequency.json     | 10 +++
 .../allof-inline/type__PlantStrict.json       | 24 +++++++
 .../allof-inline/type__TreeBase.json          | 58 +++++++++++++++
 .../allof-inline/type__TreeDescribable.json   | 29 ++++++++
 .../allof-inline/type__TreeIdentifiable.json  | 14 ++++
 .../allof-inline/type__TreeRecord.json        | 58 +++++++++++++++
 .../__snapshots__/allof/type__PlantBase.json  | 55 +++++++++++++++
 .../type__PlantBaseWateringFrequency.json     | 10 +++
 .../allof/type__PlantPostSunExposure.json     | 10 +++
 .../allof/type__PlantStrict.json              | 24 +++++++
 .../__snapshots__/allof/type__TreeBase.json   | 58 +++++++++++++++
 .../allof/type__TreeDescribable.json          | 29 ++++++++
 .../allof/type__TreeIdentifiable.json         | 14 ++++
 .../__snapshots__/allof/type__TreeRecord.json | 70 +++++++++++++++++++
 17 files changed, 538 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 packages/cli/fern-definition/ir-to-jsonschema/src/__test__/__snapshots__/allof-inline/type__PlantBase.json
 create mode 100644 packages/cli/fern-definition/ir-to-jsonschema/src/__test__/__snapshots__/allof-inline/type__PlantBaseWateringFrequency.json
 create mode 100644 packages/cli/fern-definition/ir-to-jsonschema/src/__test__/__snapshots__/allof-inline/type__PlantPostSunExposure.json
 create mode 100644 packages/cli/fern-definition/ir-to-jsonschema/src/__test__/__snapshots__/allof-inline/type__PlantPostWateringFrequency.json
 create mode 100644 packages/cli/fern-definition/ir-to-jsonschema/src/__test__/__snapshots__/allof-inline/type__PlantStrict.json
 create mode 100644 packages/cli/fern-definition/ir-to-jsonschema/src/__test__/__snapshots__/allof-inline/type__TreeBase.json
 create mode 100644 packages/cli/fern-definition/ir-to-jsonschema/src/__test__/__snapshots__/allof-inline/type__TreeDescribable.json
 create mode 100644 packages/cli/fern-definition/ir-to-jsonschema/src/__test__/__snapshots__/allof-inline/type__TreeIdentifiable.json
 create mode 100644 packages/cli/fern-definition/ir-to-jsonschema/src/__test__/__snapshots__/allof-inline/type__TreeRecord.json
 create mode 100644 packages/cli/fern-definition/ir-to-jsonschema/src/__test__/__snapshots__/allof/type__PlantBase.json
 create mode 100644 packages/cli/fern-definition/ir-to-jsonschema/src/__test__/__snapshots__/allof/type__PlantBaseWateringFrequency.json
 create mode 100644 packages/cli/fern-definition/ir-to-jsonschema/src/__test__/__snapshots__/allof/type__PlantPostSunExposure.json
 create mode 100644 packages/cli/fern-definition/ir-to-jsonschema/src/__test__/__snapshots__/allof/type__PlantStrict.json
 create mode 100644 packages/cli/fern-definition/ir-to-jsonschema/src/__test__/__snapshots__/allof/type__TreeBase.json
 create mode 100644 packages/cli/fern-definition/ir-to-jsonschema/src/__test__/__snapshots__/allof/type__TreeDescribable.json
 create mode 100644 packages/cli/fern-definition/ir-to-jsonschema/src/__test__/__snapshots__/allof/type__TreeIdentifiable.json
 create mode 100644 packages/cli/fern-definition/ir-to-jsonschema/src/__test__/__snapshots__/allof/type__TreeRecord.json

diff --git a/packages/cli/fern-definition/ir-to-jsonschema/src/__test__/__snapshots__/allof-inline/type__PlantBase.json b/packages/cli/fern-definition/ir-to-jsonschema/src/__test__/__snapshots__/allof-inline/type__PlantBase.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..2c237c8a4157
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/cli/fern-definition/ir-to-jsonschema/src/__test__/__snapshots__/allof-inline/type__PlantBase.json
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+{
+  "type": "object",
+  "properties": {
+    "species": {
+      "type": "string",
+      "description": "The botanical species name."
+    },
+    "family": {
+      "type": "string",
+      "description": "The botanical family."
+    },
+    "genus": {
+      "type": "string",
+      "description": "The botanical genus."
+    },
+    "commonName": {
+      "oneOf": [
+        {
+          "type": "string"
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "null"
+        }
+      ],
+      "description": "The common name of the plant."
+    },
+    "wateringFrequency": {
+      "oneOf": [
+        {
+          "$ref": "#/definitions/PlantBaseWateringFrequency"
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "null"
+        }
+      ]
+    }
+  },
+  "required": [
+    "species",
+    "family",
+    "genus"
+  ],
+  "additionalProperties": false,
+  "definitions": {
+    "PlantBaseWateringFrequency": {
+      "type": "string",
+      "enum": [
+        "daily",
+        "weekly",
+        "biweekly",
+        "monthly"
+      ]
+    }
+  }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/packages/cli/fern-definition/ir-to-jsonschema/src/__test__/__snapshots__/allof-inline/type__PlantBaseWateringFrequency.json b/packages/cli/fern-definition/ir-to-jsonschema/src/__test__/__snapshots__/allof-inline/type__PlantBaseWateringFrequency.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..0f431750d0d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/cli/fern-definition/ir-to-jsonschema/src/__test__/__snapshots__/allof-inline/type__PlantBaseWateringFrequency.json
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+{
+  "type": "string",
+  "enum": [
+    "daily",
+    "weekly",
+    "biweekly",
+    "monthly"
+  ],
+  "definitions": {}
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/packages/cli/fern-definition/ir-to-jsonschema/src/__test__/__snapshots__/allof-inline/type__PlantPostSunExposure.json b/packages/cli/fern-definition/ir-to-jsonschema/src/__test__/__snapshots__/allof-inline/type__PlantPostSunExposure.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..3156d68b0c81
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/cli/fern-definition/ir-to-jsonschema/src/__test__/__snapshots__/allof-inline/type__PlantPostSunExposure.json
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+{
+  "type": "string",
+  "enum": [
+    "full",
+    "partial",
+    "shade"
+  ],
+  "description": "Required sun exposure level.",
+  "definitions": {}
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/packages/cli/fern-definition/ir-to-jsonschema/src/__test__/__snapshots__/allof-inline/type__PlantPostWateringFrequency.json b/packages/cli/fern-definition/ir-to-jsonschema/src/__test__/__snapshots__/allof-inline/type__PlantPostWateringFrequency.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..0f431750d0d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/cli/fern-definition/ir-to-jsonschema/src/__test__/__snapshots__/allof-inline/type__PlantPostWateringFrequency.json
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+{
+  "type": "string",
+  "enum": [
+    "daily",
+    "weekly",
+    "biweekly",
+    "monthly"
+  ],
+  "definitions": {}
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/packages/cli/fern-definition/ir-to-jsonschema/src/__test__/__snapshots__/allof-inline/type__PlantStrict.json b/packages/cli/fern-definition/ir-to-jsonschema/src/__test__/__snapshots__/allof-inline/type__PlantStrict.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..64018b03014b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/cli/fern-definition/ir-to-jsonschema/src/__test__/__snapshots__/allof-inline/type__PlantStrict.json
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+{
+  "type": "object",
+  "properties": {
+    "species": {
+      "type": "string",
+      "description": "The botanical species name."
+    },
+    "family": {
+      "type": "string",
+      "description": "The botanical family."
+    },
+    "genus": {
+      "type": "string",
+      "description": "The botanical genus."
+    }
+  },
+  "required": [
+    "species",
+    "family",
+    "genus"
+  ],
+  "additionalProperties": false,
+  "definitions": {}
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/packages/cli/fern-definition/ir-to-jsonschema/src/__test__/__snapshots__/allof-inline/type__TreeBase.json b/packages/cli/fern-definition/ir-to-jsonschema/src/__test__/__snapshots__/allof-inline/type__TreeBase.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..63902f8672cd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/cli/fern-definition/ir-to-jsonschema/src/__test__/__snapshots__/allof-inline/type__TreeBase.json
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+{
+  "type": "object",
+  "properties": {
+    "id": {
+      "type": "string",
+      "description": "Unique tree identifier."
+    },
+    "treeName": {
+      "oneOf": [
+        {
+          "type": "string"
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "null"
+        }
+      ],
+      "description": "Display name of the tree."
+    },
+    "treeDescription": {
+      "oneOf": [
+        {
+          "type": "string"
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "null"
+        }
+      ],
+      "description": "A description of the tree."
+    },
+    "treeSpecies": {
+      "oneOf": [
+        {
+          "type": "string"
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "null"
+        }
+      ],
+      "description": "The species of tree."
+    },
+    "heightInFeet": {
+      "oneOf": [
+        {
+          "type": "number"
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "null"
+        }
+      ],
+      "description": "Height of the tree in feet."
+    }
+  },
+  "required": [
+    "id"
+  ],
+  "additionalProperties": false,
+  "definitions": {}
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/packages/cli/fern-definition/ir-to-jsonschema/src/__test__/__snapshots__/allof-inline/type__TreeDescribable.json b/packages/cli/fern-definition/ir-to-jsonschema/src/__test__/__snapshots__/allof-inline/type__TreeDescribable.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..de2f20f4d44a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/cli/fern-definition/ir-to-jsonschema/src/__test__/__snapshots__/allof-inline/type__TreeDescribable.json
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+{
+  "type": "object",
+  "properties": {
+    "treeName": {
+      "oneOf": [
+        {
+          "type": "string"
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "null"
+        }
+      ],
+      "description": "Display name of the tree."
+    },
+    "treeDescription": {
+      "oneOf": [
+        {
+          "type": "string"
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "null"
+        }
+      ],
+      "description": "A description of the tree."
+    }
+  },
+  "additionalProperties": false,
+  "definitions": {}
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/packages/cli/fern-definition/ir-to-jsonschema/src/__test__/__snapshots__/allof-inline/type__TreeIdentifiable.json b/packages/cli/fern-definition/ir-to-jsonschema/src/__test__/__snapshots__/allof-inline/type__TreeIdentifiable.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..81f066352263
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/cli/fern-definition/ir-to-jsonschema/src/__test__/__snapshots__/allof-inline/type__TreeIdentifiable.json
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+{
+  "type": "object",
+  "properties": {
+    "id": {
+      "type": "string",
+      "description": "Unique tree identifier."
+    }
+  },
+  "required": [
+    "id"
+  ],
+  "additionalProperties": false,
+  "definitions": {}
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/packages/cli/fern-definition/ir-to-jsonschema/src/__test__/__snapshots__/allof-inline/type__TreeRecord.json b/packages/cli/fern-definition/ir-to-jsonschema/src/__test__/__snapshots__/allof-inline/type__TreeRecord.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..201ccee5a15f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/cli/fern-definition/ir-to-jsonschema/src/__test__/__snapshots__/allof-inline/type__TreeRecord.json
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+{
+  "type": "object",
+  "properties": {
+    "id": {
+      "type": "string",
+      "description": "Unique tree identifier."
+    },
+    "treeName": {
+      "type": "string",
+      "description": "Display name of the tree."
+    },
+    "treeDescription": {
+      "oneOf": [
+        {
+          "type": "string"
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "null"
+        }
+      ],
+      "description": "A description of the tree."
+    },
+    "treeSpecies": {
+      "type": "string",
+      "description": "The species of tree."
+    },
+    "heightInFeet": {
+      "oneOf": [
+        {
+          "type": "number"
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "null"
+        }
+      ],
+      "description": "Height of the tree in feet."
+    },
+    "plantedDate": {
+      "oneOf": [
+        {
+          "type": "string",
+          "format": "date"
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "null"
+        }
+      ],
+      "description": "Date the tree was planted."
+    }
+  },
+  "required": [
+    "id",
+    "treeName",
+    "treeSpecies"
+  ],
+  "additionalProperties": false,
+  "definitions": {}
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/packages/cli/fern-definition/ir-to-jsonschema/src/__test__/__snapshots__/allof/type__PlantBase.json b/packages/cli/fern-definition/ir-to-jsonschema/src/__test__/__snapshots__/allof/type__PlantBase.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..2c237c8a4157
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/cli/fern-definition/ir-to-jsonschema/src/__test__/__snapshots__/allof/type__PlantBase.json
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+{
+  "type": "object",
+  "properties": {
+    "species": {
+      "type": "string",
+      "description": "The botanical species name."
+    },
+    "family": {
+      "type": "string",
+      "description": "The botanical family."
+    },
+    "genus": {
+      "type": "string",
+      "description": "The botanical genus."
+    },
+    "commonName": {
+      "oneOf": [
+        {
+          "type": "string"
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "null"
+        }
+      ],
+      "description": "The common name of the plant."
+    },
+    "wateringFrequency": {
+      "oneOf": [
+        {
+          "$ref": "#/definitions/PlantBaseWateringFrequency"
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "null"
+        }
+      ]
+    }
+  },
+  "required": [
+    "species",
+    "family",
+    "genus"
+  ],
+  "additionalProperties": false,
+  "definitions": {
+    "PlantBaseWateringFrequency": {
+      "type": "string",
+      "enum": [
+        "daily",
+        "weekly",
+        "biweekly",
+        "monthly"
+      ]
+    }
+  }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/packages/cli/fern-definition/ir-to-jsonschema/src/__test__/__snapshots__/allof/type__PlantBaseWateringFrequency.json b/packages/cli/fern-definition/ir-to-jsonschema/src/__test__/__snapshots__/allof/type__PlantBaseWateringFrequency.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..0f431750d0d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/cli/fern-definition/ir-to-jsonschema/src/__test__/__snapshots__/allof/type__PlantBaseWateringFrequency.json
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+{
+  "type": "string",
+  "enum": [
+    "daily",
+    "weekly",
+    "biweekly",
+    "monthly"
+  ],
+  "definitions": {}
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/packages/cli/fern-definition/ir-to-jsonschema/src/__test__/__snapshots__/allof/type__PlantPostSunExposure.json b/packages/cli/fern-definition/ir-to-jsonschema/src/__test__/__snapshots__/allof/type__PlantPostSunExposure.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..3156d68b0c81
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/cli/fern-definition/ir-to-jsonschema/src/__test__/__snapshots__/allof/type__PlantPostSunExposure.json
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+{
+  "type": "string",
+  "enum": [
+    "full",
+    "partial",
+    "shade"
+  ],
+  "description": "Required sun exposure level.",
+  "definitions": {}
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/packages/cli/fern-definition/ir-to-jsonschema/src/__test__/__snapshots__/allof/type__PlantStrict.json b/packages/cli/fern-definition/ir-to-jsonschema/src/__test__/__snapshots__/allof/type__PlantStrict.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..64018b03014b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/cli/fern-definition/ir-to-jsonschema/src/__test__/__snapshots__/allof/type__PlantStrict.json
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+{
+  "type": "object",
+  "properties": {
+    "species": {
+      "type": "string",
+      "description": "The botanical species name."
+    },
+    "family": {
+      "type": "string",
+      "description": "The botanical family."
+    },
+    "genus": {
+      "type": "string",
+      "description": "The botanical genus."
+    }
+  },
+  "required": [
+    "species",
+    "family",
+    "genus"
+  ],
+  "additionalProperties": false,
+  "definitions": {}
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/packages/cli/fern-definition/ir-to-jsonschema/src/__test__/__snapshots__/allof/type__TreeBase.json b/packages/cli/fern-definition/ir-to-jsonschema/src/__test__/__snapshots__/allof/type__TreeBase.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..63902f8672cd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/cli/fern-definition/ir-to-jsonschema/src/__test__/__snapshots__/allof/type__TreeBase.json
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+{
+  "type": "object",
+  "properties": {
+    "id": {
+      "type": "string",
+      "description": "Unique tree identifier."
+    },
+    "treeName": {
+      "oneOf": [
+        {
+          "type": "string"
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "null"
+        }
+      ],
+      "description": "Display name of the tree."
+    },
+    "treeDescription": {
+      "oneOf": [
+        {
+          "type": "string"
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "null"
+        }
+      ],
+      "description": "A description of the tree."
+    },
+    "treeSpecies": {
+      "oneOf": [
+        {
+          "type": "string"
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "null"
+        }
+      ],
+      "description": "The species of tree."
+    },
+    "heightInFeet": {
+      "oneOf": [
+        {
+          "type": "number"
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "null"
+        }
+      ],
+      "description": "Height of the tree in feet."
+    }
+  },
+  "required": [
+    "id"
+  ],
+  "additionalProperties": false,
+  "definitions": {}
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/packages/cli/fern-definition/ir-to-jsonschema/src/__test__/__snapshots__/allof/type__TreeDescribable.json b/packages/cli/fern-definition/ir-to-jsonschema/src/__test__/__snapshots__/allof/type__TreeDescribable.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..de2f20f4d44a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/cli/fern-definition/ir-to-jsonschema/src/__test__/__snapshots__/allof/type__TreeDescribable.json
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+{
+  "type": "object",
+  "properties": {
+    "treeName": {
+      "oneOf": [
+        {
+          "type": "string"
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "null"
+        }
+      ],
+      "description": "Display name of the tree."
+    },
+    "treeDescription": {
+      "oneOf": [
+        {
+          "type": "string"
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "null"
+        }
+      ],
+      "description": "A description of the tree."
+    }
+  },
+  "additionalProperties": false,
+  "definitions": {}
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/packages/cli/fern-definition/ir-to-jsonschema/src/__test__/__snapshots__/allof/type__TreeIdentifiable.json b/packages/cli/fern-definition/ir-to-jsonschema/src/__test__/__snapshots__/allof/type__TreeIdentifiable.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..81f066352263
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/cli/fern-definition/ir-to-jsonschema/src/__test__/__snapshots__/allof/type__TreeIdentifiable.json
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+{
+  "type": "object",
+  "properties": {
+    "id": {
+      "type": "string",
+      "description": "Unique tree identifier."
+    }
+  },
+  "required": [
+    "id"
+  ],
+  "additionalProperties": false,
+  "definitions": {}
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/packages/cli/fern-definition/ir-to-jsonschema/src/__test__/__snapshots__/allof/type__TreeRecord.json b/packages/cli/fern-definition/ir-to-jsonschema/src/__test__/__snapshots__/allof/type__TreeRecord.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..6d4930afeef6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/cli/fern-definition/ir-to-jsonschema/src/__test__/__snapshots__/allof/type__TreeRecord.json
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+{
+  "type": "object",
+  "properties": {
+    "treeSpecies": {
+      "oneOf": [
+        {
+          "type": "string"
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "null"
+        }
+      ],
+      "description": "The species of tree."
+    },
+    "heightInFeet": {
+      "oneOf": [
+        {
+          "type": "number"
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "null"
+        }
+      ],
+      "description": "Height of the tree in feet."
+    },
+    "id": {
+      "type": "string",
+      "description": "Unique tree identifier."
+    },
+    "treeName": {
+      "oneOf": [
+        {
+          "type": "string"
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "null"
+        }
+      ],
+      "description": "Display name of the tree."
+    },
+    "treeDescription": {
+      "oneOf": [
+        {
+          "type": "string"
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "null"
+        }
+      ],
+      "description": "A description of the tree."
+    },
+    "plantedDate": {
+      "oneOf": [
+        {
+          "type": "string",
+          "format": "date"
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "null"
+        }
+      ],
+      "description": "Date the tree was planted."
+    }
+  },
+  "required": [
+    "id"
+  ],
+  "additionalProperties": false,
+  "definitions": {}
+}
\ No newline at end of file

From 88665448547fcae23be7d254a1aa6138971d888b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: jsklan <100491078+jsklan@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 2 Jun 2026 17:31:28 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 08/14] feat(cli): emit npm publishing workflows in generated
 CLIs (#16167)

* feat(cli): emit npm publishing workflows in generated CLIs

When output mode is github with npm publishInfo, the CLI generator now
emits .github/workflows/ci.yml containing:
- check/compile/test jobs on every push
- cross-platform binary matrix (x86_64/aarch64 linux, darwin, windows)
- per-platform embedded-binary npm packages + thin launcher
- npm publish gated on tag push, authed via secrets.NPM_TOKEN

Also stamps the resolved version into Cargo.toml [package] version
(safe for cargo build --locked since only [package] version changes).

Resolves FER-10875

* style: format with biome

* fix(cli): also patch Cargo.lock version to match Cargo.toml for --locked compat

* fix(cli): use assertNeverNoThrow in resolveOutputConfig switch defaults

* fix(cli): update pnpm-lock.yaml for core-utils dependency

* fix(cli): guard empty token env var, add OIDC support, add standalone tests

- resolveNpmPublishInfo now falls back to NPM_TOKEN when
  tokenEnvironmentVariable is empty (fixes broken workflow YAML in
  local generation mode)
- Add useOidc flag to ResolvedNpmPublishInfo; emitPublishWorkflow
  renders OIDC permissions and omits NODE_AUTH_TOKEN when active
- Add resolveOutputConfig.test.ts (7 tests): github/downloadFiles
  modes, empty token fallback, OIDC sentinel, shouldGenerate: false,
  non-npm publish type
- Add emitPublishWorkflow.test.ts (8 tests): standard token, custom
  token, OIDC mode, empty-token guard, structural checks

* style(cli): fix biome formatting

* style(cli): fix biome lint errors in resolveOutputConfig test

* fix(cli): harden emitted npm publish workflow

- fail-fast: false on the publish matrix so a transient single-platform
  failure can't leave npm with some platform packages published and no
  launcher (the already-published versions reject re-publish).
- Require the semver "-" separator for pre-release dist-tag detection
  (*-alpha* / *-beta*) so a release tag for a package whose version
  string happens to contain "alpha"/"beta" isn't mis-tagged on npm.
- Derive the launcher's PLATFORMS map and optionalDependencies lines
  from TARGETS so adding a target updates the matrix, the platform
  packages, and the launcher in one place.

---------

Co-authored-by: Devin AI <158243242+devin-ai-integration[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: patrick thornton <70873350+patrickthornton@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: patrick thornton <patrickthornton@g.harvard.edu>
---
 generators/cli/package.json                   |    1 +
 .../unreleased/emit-npm-publish-workflow.yml  |    6 +
 .../src/__test__/emitPublishWorkflow.test.ts  |  124 +
 .../cli/src/__test__/patchCargoToml.test.ts   |   59 +-
 .../src/__test__/resolveOutputConfig.test.ts  |  143 +
 .../cli/src/__test__/runPipeline.test.ts      |  106 +-
 generators/cli/src/cli.ts                     |    5 +-
 generators/cli/src/emitPublishWorkflow.ts     |  299 +
 generators/cli/src/index.ts                   |    8 +-
 generators/cli/src/patchCargoToml.ts          |   51 +-
 generators/cli/src/resolveOutputConfig.ts     |  106 +
 generators/cli/src/runPipeline.ts             |   17 +-
 pnpm-lock.yaml                                |    3 +
 seed/cli/allof-inline/Cargo.lock              |    2 +-
 seed/cli/allof-inline/Cargo.toml              |    2 +-
 seed/cli/allof/Cargo.lock                     |    2 +-
 seed/cli/allof/Cargo.toml                     |    2 +-
 .../Cargo.lock                                |    2 +-
 .../Cargo.toml                                |    2 +-
 .../no-custom-config/Cargo.lock               |    2 +-
 .../no-custom-config/Cargo.toml               |    2 +-
 .../no-custom-config/Cargo.lock               |    2 +-
 .../no-custom-config/Cargo.toml               |    2 +-
 seed/cli/file-upload-openapi/Cargo.lock       |    2 +-
 seed/cli/file-upload-openapi/Cargo.toml       |    2 +-
 seed/cli/imdb/Cargo.lock                      |    2 +-
 seed/cli/imdb/Cargo.toml                      |    2 +-
 .../Cargo.lock                                |    2 +-
 .../Cargo.toml                                |    2 +-
 seed/cli/no-content-response/Cargo.lock       |    2 +-
 seed/cli/no-content-response/Cargo.toml       |    2 +-
 seed/cli/null-type/Cargo.lock                 |    2 +-
 seed/cli/null-type/Cargo.toml                 |    2 +-
 seed/cli/nullable-allof-extends/Cargo.lock    |    2 +-
 seed/cli/nullable-allof-extends/Cargo.toml    |    2 +-
 seed/cli/nullable-request-body/Cargo.lock     |    2 +-
 seed/cli/nullable-request-body/Cargo.toml     |    2 +-
 .../Cargo.lock                                |    2 +-
 .../Cargo.toml                                |    2 +-
 seed/cli/openapi-request-body-ref/Cargo.lock  |    2 +-
 seed/cli/openapi-request-body-ref/Cargo.toml  |    2 +-
 seed/cli/query-param-name-conflict/Cargo.lock |    2 +-
 seed/cli/query-param-name-conflict/Cargo.toml |    2 +-
 .../Cargo.lock                                |    2 +-
 .../Cargo.toml                                |    2 +-
 .../github-npm/.github/workflows/ci.yml       |  243 +
 .../github-npm/.gitignore                     |    4 +
 .../github-npm/Cargo.lock                     | 2817 ++++++
 .../github-npm/Cargo.toml                     |   85 +
 .../github-npm/LICENSE                        |  202 +
 .../cli/query-parameters-api/main.rs          |   14 +
 .../cli/query-parameters-api/openapi0.json    |    1 +
 .../github-npm/dist-workspace.toml            |   34 +
 .../github-npm/src/app.rs                     |  851 ++
 .../github-npm/src/arg_source.rs              |  229 +
 .../github-npm/src/auth/builder.rs            |  861 ++
 .../github-npm/src/auth/compose.rs            |  589 ++
 .../github-npm/src/auth/credential.rs         |  549 ++
 .../github-npm/src/auth/error.rs              |  190 +
 .../github-npm/src/auth/mod.rs                |   61 +
 .../github-npm/src/auth/oauth2.rs             | 1210 +++
 .../github-npm/src/auth/provider.rs           |  192 +
 .../github-npm/src/auth/root_builder.rs       |  419 +
 .../github-npm/src/auth/schemes.rs            |  433 +
 .../github-npm/src/auth/test_helpers.rs       |   53 +
 .../github-npm/src/binding.rs                 |  119 +
 .../github-npm/src/cli_args.rs                |  352 +
 .../github-npm/src/completions.rs             |  175 +
 .../github-npm/src/custom_commands.rs         |  298 +
 .../github-npm/src/early_intercept.rs         |  185 +
 .../github-npm/src/error.rs                   |  467 +
 .../github-npm/src/formatter.rs               |  944 ++
 .../github-npm/src/graphql/app.rs             |  482 +
 .../github-npm/src/graphql/binding.rs         |  355 +
 .../github-npm/src/graphql/commands.rs        |  394 +
 .../github-npm/src/graphql/discovery.rs       |  145 +
 .../github-npm/src/graphql/executor.rs        |  909 ++
 .../github-npm/src/graphql/help.rs            |  373 +
 .../github-npm/src/graphql/mod.rs             |   12 +
 .../github-npm/src/graphql/parser.rs          |  974 ++
 .../github-npm/src/hooks.rs                   |  297 +
 .../github-npm/src/http.rs                    |  845 ++
 .../github-npm/src/lib.rs                     |   68 +
 .../github-npm/src/logging.rs                 |  123 +
 .../github-npm/src/man.rs                     |  101 +
 .../github-npm/src/openapi/app.rs             | 3656 +++++++
 .../github-npm/src/openapi/binding.rs         |  597 ++
 .../github-npm/src/openapi/commands.rs        | 1563 +++
 .../github-npm/src/openapi/discovery.rs       | 1129 +++
 .../github-npm/src/openapi/executor.rs        | 6847 +++++++++++++
 .../github-npm/src/openapi/help.rs            |  530 +
 .../github-npm/src/openapi/mod.rs             |   15 +
 .../github-npm/src/openapi/overlay.rs         | 1829 ++++
 .../github-npm/src/openapi/parser.rs          | 8592 +++++++++++++++++
 .../github-npm/src/openapi/skill_emitter.rs   |  731 ++
 .../github-npm/src/output.rs                  |  231 +
 .../github-npm/src/stability.rs               |  127 +
 .../github-npm/src/text.rs                    |  327 +
 .../github-npm/src/validate.rs                |  839 ++
 .../github-npm/src/websocket/auth.rs          |  532 +
 .../github-npm/src/websocket/client.rs        |  667 ++
 .../github-npm/src/websocket/error.rs         |  247 +
 .../github-npm/src/websocket/mod.rs           |   48 +
 .../no-custom-config/Cargo.lock               |    2 +-
 .../no-custom-config/Cargo.toml               |    2 +-
 .../Cargo.lock                                |    2 +-
 .../Cargo.toml                                |    2 +-
 seed/cli/seed.yml                             |   12 +
 .../cli/server-sent-events-openapi/Cargo.lock |    2 +-
 .../cli/server-sent-events-openapi/Cargo.toml |    2 +-
 seed/cli/server-url-templating/Cargo.lock     |    2 +-
 seed/cli/server-url-templating/Cargo.toml     |    2 +-
 seed/cli/url-form-encoded/Cargo.lock          |    2 +-
 seed/cli/url-form-encoded/Cargo.toml          |    2 +-
 seed/cli/webhook-audience/Cargo.lock          |    2 +-
 seed/cli/webhook-audience/Cargo.toml          |    2 +-
 seed/cli/x-fern-default/Cargo.lock            |    2 +-
 seed/cli/x-fern-default/Cargo.toml            |    2 +-
 118 files changed, 46121 insertions(+), 73 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 generators/cli/sdk/changes/unreleased/emit-npm-publish-workflow.yml
 create mode 100644 generators/cli/src/__test__/emitPublishWorkflow.test.ts
 create mode 100644 generators/cli/src/__test__/resolveOutputConfig.test.ts
 create mode 100644 generators/cli/src/emitPublishWorkflow.ts
 create mode 100644 generators/cli/src/resolveOutputConfig.ts
 create mode 100644 seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/.github/workflows/ci.yml
 create mode 100644 seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/.gitignore
 create mode 100644 seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/Cargo.lock
 create mode 100644 seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/Cargo.toml
 create mode 100644 seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/LICENSE
 create mode 100644 seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/cli/query-parameters-api/main.rs
 create mode 100644 seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/cli/query-parameters-api/openapi0.json
 create mode 100644 seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/dist-workspace.toml
 create mode 100644 seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/app.rs
 create mode 100644 seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/arg_source.rs
 create mode 100644 seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/auth/builder.rs
 create mode 100644 seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/auth/compose.rs
 create mode 100644 seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/auth/credential.rs
 create mode 100644 seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/auth/error.rs
 create mode 100644 seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/auth/mod.rs
 create mode 100644 seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/auth/oauth2.rs
 create mode 100644 seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/auth/provider.rs
 create mode 100644 seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/auth/root_builder.rs
 create mode 100644 seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/auth/schemes.rs
 create mode 100644 seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/auth/test_helpers.rs
 create mode 100644 seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/binding.rs
 create mode 100644 seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/cli_args.rs
 create mode 100644 seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/completions.rs
 create mode 100644 seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/custom_commands.rs
 create mode 100644 seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/early_intercept.rs
 create mode 100644 seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/error.rs
 create mode 100644 seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/formatter.rs
 create mode 100644 seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/graphql/app.rs
 create mode 100644 seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/graphql/binding.rs
 create mode 100644 seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/graphql/commands.rs
 create mode 100644 seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/graphql/discovery.rs
 create mode 100644 seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/graphql/executor.rs
 create mode 100644 seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/graphql/help.rs
 create mode 100644 seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/graphql/mod.rs
 create mode 100644 seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/graphql/parser.rs
 create mode 100644 seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/hooks.rs
 create mode 100644 seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/http.rs
 create mode 100644 seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/lib.rs
 create mode 100644 seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/logging.rs
 create mode 100644 seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/man.rs
 create mode 100644 seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/openapi/app.rs
 create mode 100644 seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/openapi/binding.rs
 create mode 100644 seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/openapi/commands.rs
 create mode 100644 seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/openapi/discovery.rs
 create mode 100644 seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/openapi/executor.rs
 create mode 100644 seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/openapi/help.rs
 create mode 100644 seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/openapi/mod.rs
 create mode 100644 seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/openapi/overlay.rs
 create mode 100644 seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/openapi/parser.rs
 create mode 100644 seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/openapi/skill_emitter.rs
 create mode 100644 seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/output.rs
 create mode 100644 seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/stability.rs
 create mode 100644 seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/text.rs
 create mode 100644 seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/validate.rs
 create mode 100644 seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/websocket/auth.rs
 create mode 100644 seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/websocket/client.rs
 create mode 100644 seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/websocket/error.rs
 create mode 100644 seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/websocket/mod.rs

diff --git a/generators/cli/package.json b/generators/cli/package.json
index 95320c14fc36..a94b23470bc7 100644
--- a/generators/cli/package.json
+++ b/generators/cli/package.json
@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@
   "devDependencies": {
     "@fern-api/base-generator": "workspace:*",
     "@fern-api/configs": "workspace:*",
+    "@fern-api/core-utils": "workspace:*",
     "@fern-api/fs-utils": "workspace:*",
     "@fern-fern/ir-sdk": "67.0.0",
     "@types/node": "catalog:",
diff --git a/generators/cli/sdk/changes/unreleased/emit-npm-publish-workflow.yml b/generators/cli/sdk/changes/unreleased/emit-npm-publish-workflow.yml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..3dc7c8d44416
--- /dev/null
+++ b/generators/cli/sdk/changes/unreleased/emit-npm-publish-workflow.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+- summary: |
+    Emit npm publishing workflow (.github/workflows/ci.yml) in github output mode.
+    Cross-platform binary matrix builds per-OS/arch npm packages with an embedded
+    binary and a thin Node.js launcher, gated on tag push with NPM_TOKEN auth.
+    Stamp resolved version into Cargo.toml and npm manifests.
+  type: feat
diff --git a/generators/cli/src/__test__/emitPublishWorkflow.test.ts b/generators/cli/src/__test__/emitPublishWorkflow.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..a0b3cbe3811e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/generators/cli/src/__test__/emitPublishWorkflow.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+import { mkdir, mkdtemp, readFile, rm } from "fs/promises";
+import os from "os";
+import path from "path";
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it } from "vitest";
+import { emitPublishWorkflow } from "../emitPublishWorkflow.js";
+import type { ResolvedNpmPublishInfo } from "../resolveOutputConfig.js";
+
+/**
+ * Direct unit tests for `emitPublishWorkflow`. Validates the emitted
+ * `.github/workflows/ci.yml` content for token handling, OIDC
+ * permissions, and correct interpolation of binary/package names.
+ */
+describe("emitPublishWorkflow", () => {
+    let tmpDir: string;
+    let outputDir: string;
+
+    beforeEach(async () => {
+        tmpDir = await mkdtemp(path.join(os.tmpdir(), "emitPublishWorkflow-"));
+        outputDir = path.join(tmpDir, "out");
+        await mkdir(outputDir, { recursive: true });
+    });
+
+    afterEach(async () => {
+        await rm(tmpDir, { recursive: true, force: true });
+    });
+
+    async function emitAndRead(npmPublishInfo: ResolvedNpmPublishInfo, binaryName = "acme"): Promise<string> {
+        await emitPublishWorkflow({ outputDir, binaryName, npmPublishInfo });
+        return readFile(path.join(outputDir, ".github", "workflows", "ci.yml"), "utf-8");
+    }
+
+    const baseInfo: ResolvedNpmPublishInfo = {
+        packageName: "@acme/cli",
+        registryUrl: "https://registry.npmjs.org",
+        tokenEnvironmentVariable: "NPM_TOKEN",
+        useOidc: false
+    };
+
+    // ── Standard token-based publishing ────────────────────────────
+
+    it("emits NODE_AUTH_TOKEN referencing the configured secret", async () => {
+        const yaml = await emitAndRead(baseInfo);
+
+        expect(yaml).toContain("NODE_AUTH_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.NPM_TOKEN }}");
+        expect(yaml).not.toContain("id-token: write");
+    });
+
+    it("uses a custom token variable name in the secret reference", async () => {
+        const yaml = await emitAndRead({
+            ...baseInfo,
+            tokenEnvironmentVariable: "CUSTOM_REGISTRY_TOKEN"
+        });
+
+        expect(yaml).toContain("NODE_AUTH_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.CUSTOM_REGISTRY_TOKEN }}");
+    });
+
+    // ── OIDC-based publishing ──────────────────────────────────────
+
+    it("OIDC mode omits NODE_AUTH_TOKEN and adds id-token permissions", async () => {
+        const yaml = await emitAndRead({
+            ...baseInfo,
+            tokenEnvironmentVariable: "<USE_OIDC>",
+            useOidc: true
+        });
+
+        expect(yaml).not.toContain("NODE_AUTH_TOKEN");
+        expect(yaml).not.toContain("secrets.");
+        expect(yaml).toContain("id-token: write");
+        expect(yaml).toContain("contents: read");
+    });
+
+    // ── Empty token fallback (the bug from item 1) ─────────────────
+
+    it("does not produce an empty secrets reference (guards the empty-token bug)", async () => {
+        // In local mode the token can resolve to "" before reaching the
+        // generator. resolveNpmPublishInfo now normalises this to
+        // "NPM_TOKEN", but even if the caller passed "" directly the
+        // workflow template must never contain `secrets. }}`
+        const yaml = await emitAndRead({
+            ...baseInfo,
+            tokenEnvironmentVariable: "NPM_TOKEN",
+            useOidc: false
+        });
+
+        // Should NOT match the broken pattern `secrets. }}`
+        expect(yaml).not.toMatch(/secrets\.\s*\}\}/);
+    });
+
+    // ── Structural assertions ──────────────────────────────────────
+
+    it("contains the expected CI jobs (check, compile, test, publish, publish-launcher)", async () => {
+        const yaml = await emitAndRead(baseInfo);
+
+        expect(yaml).toContain("check:");
+        expect(yaml).toContain("compile:");
+        expect(yaml).toContain("test:");
+        expect(yaml).toContain("publish:");
+        expect(yaml).toContain("publish-launcher:");
+    });
+
+    it("interpolates the binary name and package name into the workflow", async () => {
+        const yaml = await emitAndRead(baseInfo, "my-tool");
+
+        expect(yaml).toContain('BINARY_NAME="my-tool"');
+        expect(yaml).toContain("@acme/cli");
+        expect(yaml).toContain("x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu");
+        expect(yaml).toContain("aarch64-apple-darwin");
+    });
+
+    it("uses the configured registry URL in setup-node", async () => {
+        const yaml = await emitAndRead({
+            ...baseInfo,
+            registryUrl: "https://npm.pkg.github.com"
+        });
+
+        expect(yaml).toContain('registry-url: "https://npm.pkg.github.com"');
+    });
+
+    it("tag-based publishing only triggers on tag pushes", async () => {
+        const yaml = await emitAndRead(baseInfo);
+
+        expect(yaml).toContain("contains(github.ref, 'refs/tags/')");
+    });
+});
diff --git a/generators/cli/src/__test__/patchCargoToml.test.ts b/generators/cli/src/__test__/patchCargoToml.test.ts
index beb45e05d917..c2df710badf9 100644
--- a/generators/cli/src/__test__/patchCargoToml.test.ts
+++ b/generators/cli/src/__test__/patchCargoToml.test.ts
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ import os from "os";
 import path from "path";
 import url from "url";
 import { afterEach, beforeAll, beforeEach, describe, expect, it } from "vitest";
-import { applyCargoTomlPatch, patchCargoToml } from "../index.js";
+import { applyCargoTomlPatch, patchCargoLockVersion, patchCargoToml } from "../index.js";
 
 /**
  * Test against the real SDK template's `Cargo.toml`, not a hand-authored
@@ -11,16 +11,20 @@ import { applyCargoTomlPatch, patchCargoToml } from "../index.js";
  * these tests fail loudly — exactly when the patcher would silently
  * stop working in production.
  */
-const SDK_CARGO_TOML_PATH = path.resolve(path.dirname(url.fileURLToPath(import.meta.url)), "../../sdk/Cargo.toml");
+const SDK_DIR = path.resolve(path.dirname(url.fileURLToPath(import.meta.url)), "../../sdk");
+const SDK_CARGO_TOML_PATH = path.join(SDK_DIR, "Cargo.toml");
+const SDK_CARGO_LOCK_PATH = path.join(SDK_DIR, "Cargo.lock");
 
 let TEMPLATE_CARGO_TOML: string;
+let TEMPLATE_CARGO_LOCK: string;
 beforeAll(async () => {
     TEMPLATE_CARGO_TOML = await readFile(SDK_CARGO_TOML_PATH, "utf-8");
+    TEMPLATE_CARGO_LOCK = await readFile(SDK_CARGO_LOCK_PATH, "utf-8");
 });
 
 describe("applyCargoTomlPatch", () => {
     it("rewrites the openapi-fixture [[bin]] name + path to the derived binary name", () => {
-        const patched = applyCargoTomlPatch(TEMPLATE_CARGO_TOML, "acme-cli");
+        const patched = applyCargoTomlPatch(TEMPLATE_CARGO_TOML, "acme-cli", "1.2.3");
         expect(patched).toContain('name = "acme-cli"');
         expect(patched).toContain('path = "cli/acme-cli/main.rs"');
         expect(patched).not.toContain('name = "openapi-fixture"');
@@ -28,17 +32,17 @@ describe("applyCargoTomlPatch", () => {
     });
 
     it("leaves the [package] name (fern-cli-sdk) untouched — Cargo.lock pins it and --locked would reject a rename", () => {
-        const patched = applyCargoTomlPatch(TEMPLATE_CARGO_TOML, "acme-cli");
+        const patched = applyCargoTomlPatch(TEMPLATE_CARGO_TOML, "acme-cli", "1.2.3");
         expect(patched).toContain('name = "fern-cli-sdk"');
     });
 
     it("leaves the [lib] name (fern_cli_sdk, snake_case) untouched — every src/ import depends on it", () => {
-        const patched = applyCargoTomlPatch(TEMPLATE_CARGO_TOML, "acme-cli");
+        const patched = applyCargoTomlPatch(TEMPLATE_CARGO_TOML, "acme-cli", "1.2.3");
         expect(patched).toContain('name = "fern_cli_sdk"');
     });
 
     it("strips the strip-schema [[bin]] block — Fern-internal CI helper, paired with src/bin/strip_schema.rs in SDK_IGNORE", () => {
-        const patched = applyCargoTomlPatch(TEMPLATE_CARGO_TOML, "acme-cli");
+        const patched = applyCargoTomlPatch(TEMPLATE_CARGO_TOML, "acme-cli", "1.2.3");
         expect(patched).not.toContain('name = "strip-schema"');
         expect(patched).not.toContain('path = "src/bin/strip_schema.rs"');
     });
@@ -46,31 +50,36 @@ describe("applyCargoTomlPatch", () => {
     it("strips the template-author comment about Fern's package metadata", () => {
         // The comment block at the top of the file is meant for SDK
         // template authors, not customers.
-        const patched = applyCargoTomlPatch(TEMPLATE_CARGO_TOML, "acme-cli");
+        const patched = applyCargoTomlPatch(TEMPLATE_CARGO_TOML, "acme-cli", "1.2.3");
         expect(patched).not.toContain("The fern-cli generator does NOT rewrite this block");
         expect(patched).not.toContain("identify the SDK template's source on crates.io");
     });
 
     it("strips the template-author comment above the [[bin]] block", () => {
-        const patched = applyCargoTomlPatch(TEMPLATE_CARGO_TOML, "acme-cli");
+        const patched = applyCargoTomlPatch(TEMPLATE_CARGO_TOML, "acme-cli", "1.2.3");
         expect(patched).not.toContain("Rewritten by the fern-cli generator's `patchCargoToml` step");
     });
 
     it('drops `readme = "README.md"` — no README ships in user output and the missing file breaks cargo package', () => {
-        const patched = applyCargoTomlPatch(TEMPLATE_CARGO_TOML, "acme-cli");
+        const patched = applyCargoTomlPatch(TEMPLATE_CARGO_TOML, "acme-cli", "1.2.3");
         expect(patched).not.toContain('readme = "README.md"');
     });
 
     it("flips [package.metadata.dist] dist = false to true so cargo-dist will package the user's CLI", () => {
-        const patched = applyCargoTomlPatch(TEMPLATE_CARGO_TOML, "acme-cli");
+        const patched = applyCargoTomlPatch(TEMPLATE_CARGO_TOML, "acme-cli", "1.2.3");
         expect(patched).not.toContain("dist = false");
         expect(patched).toContain(`[package.metadata.dist]
 dist = true`);
     });
 
+    it("stamps the resolved version into [package] version", () => {
+        const patched = applyCargoTomlPatch(TEMPLATE_CARGO_TOML, "acme-cli", "1.2.3");
+        expect(patched).toContain('version = "1.2.3"');
+        expect(patched).not.toContain('version = "0.18.1"');
+    });
+
     it("preserves dependency versions, the [features] block, and [profile.dist]", () => {
-        const patched = applyCargoTomlPatch(TEMPLATE_CARGO_TOML, "acme-cli");
-        expect(patched).toContain('version = "0.18.1"');
+        const patched = applyCargoTomlPatch(TEMPLATE_CARGO_TOML, "acme-cli", "1.2.3");
         expect(patched).toContain('repository = "https://github.com/fern-api/cli-sdk"');
         expect(patched).toContain('anyhow = "1"');
         expect(patched).toContain('default = ["native-tls"]');
@@ -78,12 +87,24 @@ dist = true`);
     });
 
     it("throws with a clear pointer when an anchor is missing — guards against silent template drift", () => {
-        expect(() => applyCargoTomlPatch('[package]\nname = "unrelated"\n', "acme-cli")).toThrow(
+        expect(() => applyCargoTomlPatch('[package]\nname = "unrelated"\n', "acme-cli", "1.0.0")).toThrow(
             /patchCargoToml anchor missing/
         );
     });
 });
 
+describe("patchCargoLockVersion", () => {
+    it("replaces the fern-cli-sdk version in Cargo.lock", () => {
+        const patched = patchCargoLockVersion(TEMPLATE_CARGO_LOCK, "3.0.0");
+        expect(patched).toContain('name = "fern-cli-sdk"\nversion = "3.0.0"');
+        expect(patched).not.toContain('name = "fern-cli-sdk"\nversion = "0.18.1"');
+    });
+
+    it("throws when fern-cli-sdk entry is missing", () => {
+        expect(() => patchCargoLockVersion("version = 4\n", "1.0.0")).toThrow(/could not find fern-cli-sdk/);
+    });
+});
+
 describe("patchCargoToml (filesystem)", () => {
     let tmpDir: string;
 
@@ -95,10 +116,11 @@ describe("patchCargoToml (filesystem)", () => {
         await rm(tmpDir, { recursive: true, force: true });
     });
 
-    it("reads, patches, and writes Cargo.toml in the output dir", async () => {
+    it("reads, patches, and writes Cargo.toml and Cargo.lock in the output dir", async () => {
         await writeFile(path.join(tmpDir, "Cargo.toml"), TEMPLATE_CARGO_TOML);
+        await writeFile(path.join(tmpDir, "Cargo.lock"), TEMPLATE_CARGO_LOCK);
 
-        await patchCargoToml({ outputDir: tmpDir, binaryName: "acme-cli" });
+        await patchCargoToml({ outputDir: tmpDir, binaryName: "acme-cli", version: "2.0.0" });
 
         const result = await readFile(path.join(tmpDir, "Cargo.toml"), "utf-8");
         expect(result).toContain('name = "acme-cli"');
@@ -106,12 +128,17 @@ describe("patchCargoToml (filesystem)", () => {
         expect(result).toContain("dist = true");
         expect(result).not.toContain('readme = "README.md"');
         expect(result).not.toContain('name = "strip-schema"');
+
+        const lockResult = await readFile(path.join(tmpDir, "Cargo.lock"), "utf-8");
+        expect(lockResult).toContain('name = "fern-cli-sdk"\nversion = "2.0.0"');
+        expect(lockResult).not.toContain('name = "fern-cli-sdk"\nversion = "0.18.1"');
     });
 
     it("throws when none of the template anchors are present", async () => {
         await writeFile(path.join(tmpDir, "Cargo.toml"), '[package]\nname = "unrelated"\n');
+        await writeFile(path.join(tmpDir, "Cargo.lock"), TEMPLATE_CARGO_LOCK);
 
-        await expect(patchCargoToml({ outputDir: tmpDir, binaryName: "acme-cli" })).rejects.toThrow(
+        await expect(patchCargoToml({ outputDir: tmpDir, binaryName: "acme-cli", version: "1.0.0" })).rejects.toThrow(
             /anchor missing|did not match/
         );
     });
diff --git a/generators/cli/src/__test__/resolveOutputConfig.test.ts b/generators/cli/src/__test__/resolveOutputConfig.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..00bbecf8b0e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/generators/cli/src/__test__/resolveOutputConfig.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,143 @@
+import { FernGeneratorExec } from "@fern-api/base-generator";
+import { describe, expect, it } from "vitest";
+import { type ResolvedNpmPublishInfo, resolveOutputConfig } from "../resolveOutputConfig.js";
+
+/**
+ * Direct unit tests for `resolveOutputConfig`. Exercises every output
+ * mode variant and the npm-publish-info edge cases (empty token,
+ * OIDC sentinel, shouldGeneratePublishWorkflow: false).
+ *
+ * Uses the `FernGeneratorExec` SDK constructors (`OutputMode.github`,
+ * `GithubPublishInfo.npm`, `EnvironmentVariable`) so that test inputs
+ * carry the `_visit` methods the union types require.
+ */
+describe("resolveOutputConfig", () => {
+    const env = FernGeneratorExec.EnvironmentVariable;
+
+    function githubOutput(args: {
+        version: string;
+        publishInfo?: FernGeneratorExec.GithubPublishInfo;
+    }): FernGeneratorExec.GeneratorOutputConfig {
+        return {
+            path: "/out",
+            mode: FernGeneratorExec.OutputMode.github({
+                version: args.version,
+                repoUrl: "https://github.com/acme/cli",
+                publishInfo: args.publishInfo
+            })
+        };
+    }
+
+    // ── output mode: github ────────────────────────────────────────
+
+    it("github mode with npm publishInfo returns version + npmPublishInfo", () => {
+        const result = resolveOutputConfig(
+            githubOutput({
+                version: "2.0.0",
+                publishInfo: FernGeneratorExec.GithubPublishInfo.npm({
+                    packageName: "@acme/cli",
+                    registryUrl: "https://registry.npmjs.org",
+                    tokenEnvironmentVariable: env("MY_NPM_TOKEN"),
+                    shouldGeneratePublishWorkflow: true
+                })
+            })
+        );
+
+        expect(result.version).toBe("2.0.0");
+        expect(result.npmPublishInfo).toEqual<ResolvedNpmPublishInfo>({
+            packageName: "@acme/cli",
+            registryUrl: "https://registry.npmjs.org",
+            tokenEnvironmentVariable: "MY_NPM_TOKEN",
+            useOidc: false
+        });
+    });
+
+    it("github mode without publishInfo returns version + no npmPublishInfo", () => {
+        const result = resolveOutputConfig(githubOutput({ version: "1.0.0" }));
+
+        expect(result.version).toBe("1.0.0");
+        expect(result.npmPublishInfo).toBeUndefined();
+    });
+
+    // ── output mode: downloadFiles ─────────────────────────────────
+
+    it("downloadFiles mode returns default version with no npmPublishInfo", () => {
+        const result = resolveOutputConfig({
+            path: "/out",
+            mode: FernGeneratorExec.OutputMode.downloadFiles()
+        });
+
+        expect(result.version).toBe("0.0.0");
+        expect(result.npmPublishInfo).toBeUndefined();
+    });
+
+    // ── npm publish info edge cases ────────────────────────────────
+
+    it("empty tokenEnvironmentVariable falls back to NPM_TOKEN", () => {
+        const result = resolveOutputConfig(
+            githubOutput({
+                version: "1.0.0",
+                publishInfo: FernGeneratorExec.GithubPublishInfo.npm({
+                    packageName: "@acme/cli",
+                    registryUrl: "https://registry.npmjs.org",
+                    tokenEnvironmentVariable: env(""),
+                    shouldGeneratePublishWorkflow: true
+                })
+            })
+        );
+
+        expect(result.npmPublishInfo).toBeDefined();
+        expect(result.npmPublishInfo?.tokenEnvironmentVariable).toBe("NPM_TOKEN");
+        expect(result.npmPublishInfo?.useOidc).toBe(false);
+    });
+
+    it("<USE_OIDC> sentinel sets useOidc = true and preserves the sentinel value", () => {
+        const result = resolveOutputConfig(
+            githubOutput({
+                version: "1.0.0",
+                publishInfo: FernGeneratorExec.GithubPublishInfo.npm({
+                    packageName: "@acme/cli",
+                    registryUrl: "https://registry.npmjs.org",
+                    tokenEnvironmentVariable: env("<USE_OIDC>"),
+                    shouldGeneratePublishWorkflow: true
+                })
+            })
+        );
+
+        expect(result.npmPublishInfo).toBeDefined();
+        expect(result.npmPublishInfo?.tokenEnvironmentVariable).toBe("<USE_OIDC>");
+        expect(result.npmPublishInfo?.useOidc).toBe(true);
+    });
+
+    it("shouldGeneratePublishWorkflow: false suppresses npm publish info", () => {
+        const result = resolveOutputConfig(
+            githubOutput({
+                version: "1.0.0",
+                publishInfo: FernGeneratorExec.GithubPublishInfo.npm({
+                    packageName: "@acme/cli",
+                    registryUrl: "https://registry.npmjs.org",
+                    tokenEnvironmentVariable: env("NPM_TOKEN"),
+                    shouldGeneratePublishWorkflow: false
+                })
+            })
+        );
+
+        expect(result.npmPublishInfo).toBeUndefined();
+    });
+
+    it("non-npm publish type (maven) is ignored by the CLI generator", () => {
+        const result = resolveOutputConfig(
+            githubOutput({
+                version: "1.0.0",
+                publishInfo: FernGeneratorExec.GithubPublishInfo.maven({
+                    registryUrl: "https://maven.example.com",
+                    coordinate: "com.acme:cli",
+                    usernameEnvironmentVariable: env("MAVEN_USER"),
+                    passwordEnvironmentVariable: env("MAVEN_PASS")
+                })
+            })
+        );
+
+        expect(result.npmPublishInfo).toBeUndefined();
+    });
+});
diff --git a/generators/cli/src/__test__/runPipeline.test.ts b/generators/cli/src/__test__/runPipeline.test.ts
index c23c248acc30..b639e4e43a20 100644
--- a/generators/cli/src/__test__/runPipeline.test.ts
+++ b/generators/cli/src/__test__/runPipeline.test.ts
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import os from "os";
 import path from "path";
 import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it } from "vitest";
 import type { IrSummary } from "../ir.js";
+import type { ResolvedOutputConfig } from "../resolveOutputConfig.js";
 import { runPipeline } from "../runPipeline.js";
 
 /**
@@ -66,6 +67,19 @@ describe("runPipeline", () => {
                 ""
             ].join("\n")
         );
+        await writeFile(
+            path.join(sdkTemplateDir, "Cargo.lock"),
+            [
+                "# This file is automatically @generated by Cargo.",
+                "# It is not intended for manual editing.",
+                "version = 4",
+                "",
+                "[[package]]",
+                'name = "fern-cli-sdk"',
+                'version = "0.0.0"',
+                ""
+            ].join("\n")
+        );
         await writeFile(path.join(sdkTemplateDir, "LICENSE"), "Apache-2.0");
         await mkdir(path.join(sdkTemplateDir, "src"), { recursive: true });
         await writeFile(path.join(sdkTemplateDir, "src", "lib.rs"), "// SDK lib");
@@ -91,6 +105,21 @@ describe("runPipeline", () => {
         auth: overrides.auth ?? { schemes: [] }
     });
 
+    const localFilesConfig: ResolvedOutputConfig = {
+        version: "0.0.0",
+        npmPublishInfo: undefined
+    };
+
+    const githubConfig: ResolvedOutputConfig = {
+        version: "1.5.0",
+        npmPublishInfo: {
+            packageName: "@acme/cli",
+            registryUrl: "https://registry.npmjs.org",
+            tokenEnvironmentVariable: "NPM_TOKEN",
+            useOidc: false
+        }
+    };
+
     it("returns skipped when no OpenAPI specs are mounted; never touches the output dir", async () => {
         await stageSdkTemplate();
 
@@ -99,6 +128,7 @@ describe("runPipeline", () => {
             outputDir,
             customConfig: {},
             ir: ir(),
+            outputConfig: localFilesConfig,
             sdkTemplateDir,
             specsDir
         });
@@ -117,6 +147,7 @@ describe("runPipeline", () => {
             outputDir,
             customConfig: {},
             ir: ir({ apiDisplayName: "My API" }),
+            outputConfig: localFilesConfig,
             sdkTemplateDir,
             specsDir
         });
@@ -150,6 +181,7 @@ describe("runPipeline", () => {
             outputDir,
             customConfig: { binaryName: "Override CLI" },
             ir: ir({ apiDisplayName: "Should Not Win" }),
+            outputConfig: localFilesConfig,
             sdkTemplateDir,
             specsDir
         });
@@ -191,6 +223,7 @@ describe("runPipeline", () => {
                     ]
                 }
             }),
+            outputConfig: localFilesConfig,
             sdkTemplateDir,
             specsDir
         });
@@ -208,11 +241,78 @@ describe("runPipeline", () => {
         await stageSdkTemplate();
         await stageSpecs([{ filename: "openapi0.json", body: { openapi: "3.0.0" } }]);
 
-        await expect(runPipeline({ outputDir, customConfig: {}, ir: ir(), sdkTemplateDir, specsDir })).rejects.toThrow(
-            /Set `customConfig.binaryName`/
-        );
+        await expect(
+            runPipeline({
+                outputDir,
+                customConfig: {},
+                ir: ir(),
+                outputConfig: localFilesConfig,
+                sdkTemplateDir,
+                specsDir
+            })
+        ).rejects.toThrow(/Set `customConfig.binaryName`/);
 
         // The error came BEFORE any output got created.
         await expect(access(outputDir)).rejects.toThrow();
     });
+
+    it("stamps the resolved version into Cargo.toml [package] version", async () => {
+        await stageSdkTemplate();
+        await stageSpecs([{ filename: "openapi0.json", body: { openapi: "3.0.0" } }]);
+
+        const versionedConfig: ResolvedOutputConfig = { version: "2.3.1", npmPublishInfo: undefined };
+        await runPipeline({
+            outputDir,
+            customConfig: { binaryName: "acme" },
+            ir: ir({ apiDisplayName: "Acme" }),
+            outputConfig: versionedConfig,
+            sdkTemplateDir,
+            specsDir
+        });
+
+        const cargo = await readFile(path.join(outputDir, "Cargo.toml"), "utf-8");
+        expect(cargo).toContain('version = "2.3.1"');
+
+        const lock = await readFile(path.join(outputDir, "Cargo.lock"), "utf-8");
+        expect(lock).toContain('name = "fern-cli-sdk"\nversion = "2.3.1"');
+    });
+
+    it("does NOT emit .github/ when output mode is local_files (no npmPublishInfo)", async () => {
+        await stageSdkTemplate();
+        await stageSpecs([{ filename: "openapi0.json", body: { openapi: "3.0.0" } }]);
+
+        await runPipeline({
+            outputDir,
+            customConfig: { binaryName: "acme" },
+            ir: ir({ apiDisplayName: "Acme" }),
+            outputConfig: localFilesConfig,
+            sdkTemplateDir,
+            specsDir
+        });
+
+        await expect(access(path.join(outputDir, ".github"))).rejects.toThrow();
+    });
+
+    it("emits .github/workflows/ci.yml when github mode with npm publish info", async () => {
+        await stageSdkTemplate();
+        await stageSpecs([{ filename: "openapi0.json", body: { openapi: "3.0.0" } }]);
+
+        await runPipeline({
+            outputDir,
+            customConfig: { binaryName: "acme" },
+            ir: ir({ apiDisplayName: "Acme" }),
+            outputConfig: githubConfig,
+            sdkTemplateDir,
+            specsDir
+        });
+
+        const ciYml = await readFile(path.join(outputDir, ".github", "workflows", "ci.yml"), "utf-8");
+        expect(ciYml).toContain("name: ci");
+        expect(ciYml).toContain("contains(github.ref, 'refs/tags/')");
+        expect(ciYml).toContain("NPM_TOKEN");
+        expect(ciYml).toContain("@acme/cli");
+        expect(ciYml).toContain("npm publish");
+        expect(ciYml).toContain("x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu");
+        expect(ciYml).toContain("aarch64-apple-darwin");
+    });
 });
diff --git a/generators/cli/src/cli.ts b/generators/cli/src/cli.ts
index e8640c2f4684..249d078c08b6 100644
--- a/generators/cli/src/cli.ts
+++ b/generators/cli/src/cli.ts
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ import {
 } from "@fern-api/base-generator";
 import { getCustomConfig } from "./customConfig.js";
 import { readIrSummary } from "./ir.js";
+import { resolveOutputConfig } from "./resolveOutputConfig.js";
 import { runPipeline } from "./runPipeline.js";
 
 const pathToConfig = process.argv[process.argv.length - 1];
@@ -45,10 +46,12 @@ async function generate(configPath: string): Promise<void> {
             );
 
             const ir = await readIrSummary(config.irFilepath);
+            const outputConfig = resolveOutputConfig(config.output);
             const outcome = await runPipeline({
                 outputDir: config.output.path,
                 customConfig: getCustomConfig(config),
-                ir
+                ir,
+                outputConfig
             });
 
             if (outcome.status === "skipped") {
diff --git a/generators/cli/src/emitPublishWorkflow.ts b/generators/cli/src/emitPublishWorkflow.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..833e4f8b6d84
--- /dev/null
+++ b/generators/cli/src/emitPublishWorkflow.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,299 @@
+import { mkdir, writeFile } from "fs/promises";
+import path from "path";
+import type { ResolvedNpmPublishInfo } from "./resolveOutputConfig.js";
+
+/**
+ * Cross-compilation targets for the CLI binary. Each entry maps a
+ * Rust target triple to the npm platform package suffix that cargo-dist
+ * / the npm embedded-binary convention expects.
+ */
+const TARGETS: ReadonlyArray<{
+    rustTarget: string;
+    runner: string;
+    npmPlatformSuffix: string;
+}> = [
+    { rustTarget: "x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu", runner: "ubuntu-latest", npmPlatformSuffix: "linux-x64" },
+    { rustTarget: "aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu", runner: "ubuntu-latest", npmPlatformSuffix: "linux-arm64" },
+    { rustTarget: "x86_64-apple-darwin", runner: "macos-latest", npmPlatformSuffix: "darwin-x64" },
+    { rustTarget: "aarch64-apple-darwin", runner: "macos-latest", npmPlatformSuffix: "darwin-arm64" },
+    { rustTarget: "x86_64-pc-windows-msvc", runner: "windows-latest", npmPlatformSuffix: "win32-x64" }
+];
+
+/**
+ * Emit `.github/workflows/ci.yml` into the generated CLI output.
+ *
+ * The workflow:
+ *   - **check / compile / test** jobs run on every push (mirror the
+ *     Rust SDK's emitted `ci.yml`).
+ *   - **publish** job runs only on tag pushes, builds cross-platform
+ *     binaries, packages each as an embedded-binary npm platform
+ *     package, assembles a thin launcher package, and publishes all
+ *     to npm via `secrets.NPM_TOKEN`.
+ *
+ * The embedded-binary packaging model (the esbuild/swc pattern) means
+ * the binary bytes live *inside* the npm tarball. This decouples
+ * artifact distribution from GitHub source-repo visibility — a
+ * customer can keep their CLI source private and still have a freely
+ * `npm i -g` / `npx`-installable CLI.
+ */
+export async function emitPublishWorkflow(args: {
+    outputDir: string;
+    binaryName: string;
+    npmPublishInfo: ResolvedNpmPublishInfo;
+}): Promise<void> {
+    const { outputDir, binaryName, npmPublishInfo } = args;
+    const workflowsDir = path.join(outputDir, ".github", "workflows");
+    await mkdir(workflowsDir, { recursive: true });
+    const yaml = constructWorkflowYaml({ binaryName, npmPublishInfo });
+    await writeFile(path.join(workflowsDir, "ci.yml"), yaml);
+}
+
+function constructWorkflowYaml(args: { binaryName: string; npmPublishInfo: ResolvedNpmPublishInfo }): string {
+    const { binaryName, npmPublishInfo } = args;
+    const { useOidc } = npmPublishInfo;
+    const tokenVar = npmPublishInfo.tokenEnvironmentVariable;
+
+    const oidcPermissions = useOidc ? `\n    permissions:\n      contents: read\n      id-token: write` : "";
+    const tokenEnvBlock = useOidc ? "" : `\n        env:\n          NODE_AUTH_TOKEN: \${{ secrets.${tokenVar} }}`;
+
+    const matrixIncludes = TARGETS.map(
+        (t) =>
+            `          - rust-target: ${t.rustTarget}\n` +
+            `            runner: ${t.runner}\n` +
+            `            npm-platform-suffix: ${t.npmPlatformSuffix}`
+    ).join("\n");
+
+    // Bash lines that build up the launcher's optionalDependencies map.
+    // Each entry ends with a trailing comma except the last — JSON
+    // forbids trailing commas inside `{ ... }`.
+    const optionalDepsLines = TARGETS.map((t, i) => {
+        const trailingComma = i === TARGETS.length - 1 ? "" : ",";
+        return `          OPTIONAL_DEPS="\${OPTIONAL_DEPS}\\"${npmPublishInfo.packageName}-${t.npmPlatformSuffix}\\": \\"\${VERSION}\\"${trailingComma}"`;
+    }).join("\n");
+
+    // JavaScript object-literal entries for the launcher's PLATFORMS
+    // map. Trailing commas are legal in ES5+ object literals so every
+    // entry gets one — keeps diffs small when targets are added.
+    const launcherPlatformEntries = TARGETS.map(
+        (t) => `            "${t.npmPlatformSuffix}": "${npmPublishInfo.packageName}-${t.npmPlatformSuffix}",`
+    ).join("\n");
+
+    return `name: ci
+
+on: [push]
+
+concurrency:
+  group: \${{ github.workflow }}-\${{ github.ref }}
+  cancel-in-progress: false
+
+env:
+  RUSTFLAGS: "-A warnings"
+
+jobs:
+  check:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - name: Checkout repo
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+
+      - name: Set up Rust
+        uses: actions-rust-lang/setup-rust-toolchain@v1
+
+      - name: Check
+        run: cargo check
+
+  compile:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - name: Checkout repo
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+
+      - name: Set up Rust
+        uses: actions-rust-lang/setup-rust-toolchain@v1
+
+      - name: Compile
+        run: cargo build
+
+  test:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - name: Checkout repo
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+
+      - name: Set up Rust
+        uses: actions-rust-lang/setup-rust-toolchain@v1
+
+      - name: Test
+        run: cargo test
+
+  publish:
+    needs: [check, compile, test]
+    if: github.event_name == 'push' && contains(github.ref, 'refs/tags/')
+    runs-on: \${{ matrix.runner }}${oidcPermissions}
+    strategy:
+      # Don't cancel sibling matrix jobs on first failure — a transient
+      # failure on one platform would otherwise leave npm in a partial
+      # state (some platform packages published, others not, launcher
+      # never published), with no clean re-run since the already-
+      # published versions reject re-publish.
+      fail-fast: false
+      matrix:
+        include:
+${matrixIncludes}
+    steps:
+      - name: Checkout repo
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+
+      - name: Set up Rust
+        uses: actions-rust-lang/setup-rust-toolchain@v1
+        with:
+          target: \${{ matrix.rust-target }}
+
+      - name: Set up Node.js
+        uses: actions/setup-node@v4
+        with:
+          registry-url: "${npmPublishInfo.registryUrl}"
+
+      - name: Install cross-compilation tools
+        if: matrix.rust-target == 'aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu'
+        run: |
+          sudo apt-get update
+          sudo apt-get install -y gcc-aarch64-linux-gnu
+          echo "CARGO_TARGET_AARCH64_UNKNOWN_LINUX_GNU_LINKER=aarch64-linux-gnu-gcc" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+
+      - name: Build release binary
+        run: cargo build --release --locked --target \${{ matrix.rust-target }}
+
+      - name: Package and publish npm platform package${tokenEnvBlock}
+        shell: bash
+        run: |
+          set -euo pipefail
+
+          VERSION="\${GITHUB_REF_NAME#v}"
+          PLATFORM_PKG="${npmPublishInfo.packageName}-\${{ matrix.npm-platform-suffix }}"
+          PKG_DIR="npm-pkg/\${PLATFORM_PKG}"
+          mkdir -p "\${PKG_DIR}"
+
+          # Locate the compiled binary
+          BINARY_NAME="${binaryName}"
+          if [[ "\${{ matrix.rust-target }}" == *"windows"* ]]; then
+            BINARY_NAME="${binaryName}.exe"
+          fi
+          cp "target/\${{ matrix.rust-target }}/release/\${BINARY_NAME}" "\${PKG_DIR}/"
+
+          # Write platform package.json
+          cat > "\${PKG_DIR}/package.json" <<PKGJSON
+          {
+            "name": "\${PLATFORM_PKG}",
+            "version": "\${VERSION}",
+            "description": "Platform-specific binary for ${binaryName} (\${{ matrix.npm-platform-suffix }})",
+            "os": ["\$(echo \${{ matrix.npm-platform-suffix }} | cut -d- -f1)"],
+            "cpu": ["\$(echo \${{ matrix.npm-platform-suffix }} | cut -d- -f2)"],
+            "main": "\${BINARY_NAME}",
+            "files": ["\${BINARY_NAME}"]
+          }
+          PKGJSON
+
+          cd "\${PKG_DIR}"
+          # Pre-release detection — require the semver "-" separator so a
+          # release tag like v1.0.0 for a package whose version string
+          # happens to contain "alpha"/"beta" as a substring isn't
+          # mis-tagged on npm.
+          if [[ "\${VERSION}" == *-alpha* ]]; then
+            npm publish --access public --tag alpha
+          elif [[ "\${VERSION}" == *-beta* ]]; then
+            npm publish --access public --tag beta
+          else
+            npm publish --access public
+          fi
+
+  publish-launcher:
+    needs: [publish]
+    if: github.event_name == 'push' && contains(github.ref, 'refs/tags/')
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest${oidcPermissions}
+    steps:
+      - name: Checkout repo
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+
+      - name: Set up Node.js
+        uses: actions/setup-node@v4
+        with:
+          registry-url: "${npmPublishInfo.registryUrl}"
+
+      - name: Publish launcher package${tokenEnvBlock}
+        shell: bash
+        run: |
+          set -euo pipefail
+
+          VERSION="\${GITHUB_REF_NAME#v}"
+          PKG_DIR="npm-pkg/launcher"
+          mkdir -p "\${PKG_DIR}"
+
+          BINARY_NAME="${binaryName}"
+
+          # Build optionalDependencies map
+          OPTIONAL_DEPS=""
+${optionalDepsLines}
+
+          cat > "\${PKG_DIR}/package.json" <<PKGJSON
+          {
+            "name": "${npmPublishInfo.packageName}",
+            "version": "\${VERSION}",
+            "description": "CLI for ${binaryName}",
+            "bin": {
+              "${binaryName}": "bin/cli.js"
+            },
+            "optionalDependencies": {
+              \${OPTIONAL_DEPS}
+            },
+            "files": ["bin/"]
+          }
+          PKGJSON
+
+          # Write launcher script
+          mkdir -p "\${PKG_DIR}/bin"
+          cat > "\${PKG_DIR}/bin/cli.js" <<'LAUNCHER'
+          #!/usr/bin/env node
+          "use strict";
+          const { execFileSync } = require("child_process");
+          const path = require("path");
+          const os = require("os");
+
+          const PLATFORMS = {
+${launcherPlatformEntries}
+          };
+
+          const platformKey = os.platform() + "-" + os.arch();
+          const pkg = PLATFORMS[platformKey];
+          if (!pkg) {
+            console.error("Unsupported platform: " + platformKey);
+            process.exit(1);
+          }
+
+          const binName = os.platform() === "win32" ? "${binaryName}.exe" : "${binaryName}";
+          const binPath = path.join(require.resolve(pkg + "/package.json"), "..", binName);
+
+          try {
+            execFileSync(binPath, process.argv.slice(2), { stdio: "inherit" });
+          } catch (e) {
+            if (e && typeof e === "object" && "status" in e) {
+              process.exit(e.status);
+            }
+            throw e;
+          }
+          LAUNCHER
+
+          cd "\${PKG_DIR}"
+          # Pre-release detection — require the semver "-" separator so a
+          # release tag like v1.0.0 for a package whose version string
+          # happens to contain "alpha"/"beta" as a substring isn't
+          # mis-tagged on npm.
+          if [[ "\${VERSION}" == *-alpha* ]]; then
+            npm publish --access public --tag alpha
+          elif [[ "\${VERSION}" == *-beta* ]]; then
+            npm publish --access public --tag beta
+          else
+            npm publish --access public
+          fi
+`;
+}
diff --git a/generators/cli/src/index.ts b/generators/cli/src/index.ts
index 2cfbfe1eb7cf..3cdcbff2de16 100644
--- a/generators/cli/src/index.ts
+++ b/generators/cli/src/index.ts
@@ -10,8 +10,14 @@ export {
 } from "./copySpecs.js";
 export { type FernCliCustomConfig, getCustomConfig } from "./customConfig.js";
 export { type DetectedAuthBinding, detectAuthBindings } from "./detectAuth.js";
+export { emitPublishWorkflow } from "./emitPublishWorkflow.js";
 export { deriveBinaryName, TEMPLATE_BINARY_NAME, toEnvVarPrefix, toKebabCase } from "./identity.js";
 export { type IrSummary, readIrSummary } from "./ir.js";
-export { applyCargoTomlPatch, patchCargoToml } from "./patchCargoToml.js";
+export { applyCargoTomlPatch, patchCargoLockVersion, patchCargoToml } from "./patchCargoToml.js";
 export { applyDistWorkspacePatch, patchDistWorkspaceToml } from "./patchDistWorkspace.js";
+export {
+    type ResolvedNpmPublishInfo,
+    type ResolvedOutputConfig,
+    resolveOutputConfig
+} from "./resolveOutputConfig.js";
 export { type PipelineOutcome, runPipeline } from "./runPipeline.js";
diff --git a/generators/cli/src/patchCargoToml.ts b/generators/cli/src/patchCargoToml.ts
index 25874dc321ce..db8f60bdcaa4 100644
--- a/generators/cli/src/patchCargoToml.ts
+++ b/generators/cli/src/patchCargoToml.ts
@@ -30,11 +30,11 @@ import { TEMPLATE_BINARY_NAME } from "./identity.js";
  *     in the shipped src/ tree depends on it.
  *   - All dependency versions, features, and the `[profile.dist]` block.
  */
-export async function patchCargoToml(args: { outputDir: string; binaryName: string }): Promise<void> {
-    const { outputDir, binaryName } = args;
+export async function patchCargoToml(args: { outputDir: string; binaryName: string; version: string }): Promise<void> {
+    const { outputDir, binaryName, version } = args;
     const cargoTomlPath = path.join(outputDir, "Cargo.toml");
     const contents = await readFile(cargoTomlPath, "utf-8");
-    const patched = applyCargoTomlPatch(contents, binaryName);
+    const patched = applyCargoTomlPatch(contents, binaryName, version);
     if (patched === contents) {
         throw new Error(
             `Cargo.toml at ${cargoTomlPath} did not match the expected template — no substitutions made. ` +
@@ -42,6 +42,15 @@ export async function patchCargoToml(args: { outputDir: string; binaryName: stri
         );
     }
     await writeFile(cargoTomlPath, patched);
+
+    // Cargo.lock records the package's own version alongside its
+    // dependencies.  When we stamp a resolved version into Cargo.toml,
+    // the lockfile entry must match — otherwise `cargo build --locked`
+    // rejects the build.
+    const cargoLockPath = path.join(outputDir, "Cargo.lock");
+    const lockContents = await readFile(cargoLockPath, "utf-8");
+    const patchedLock = patchCargoLockVersion(lockContents, version);
+    await writeFile(cargoLockPath, patchedLock);
 }
 
 /**
@@ -50,7 +59,7 @@ export async function patchCargoToml(args: { outputDir: string; binaryName: stri
  * patcher's expectations becomes a test failure rather than a silent
  * skip.
  */
-export function applyCargoTomlPatch(cargoToml: string, binaryName: string): string {
+export function applyCargoTomlPatch(cargoToml: string, binaryName: string, version: string): string {
     let patched = cargoToml;
     patched = requireReplace(patched, TEMPLATE_TOP_COMMENT, "");
     patched = requireReplace(patched, TEMPLATE_BIN_COMMENT, "");
@@ -63,9 +72,43 @@ export function applyCargoTomlPatch(cargoToml: string, binaryName: string): stri
         `path = "cli/${TEMPLATE_BINARY_NAME}/main.rs"`,
         `path = "cli/${binaryName}/main.rs"`
     );
+    patched = replaceVersion(patched, version);
     return patched;
 }
 
+/**
+ * Replace the template's `version = "..."` field under `[package]`
+ * with the resolved version. Uses a regex anchored to the first
+ * occurrence so it won't accidentally match version fields inside
+ * `[dependencies]`.
+ */
+function replaceVersion(cargoToml: string, version: string): string {
+    const versionRe = /^(version\s*=\s*)"[^"]*"/m;
+    if (!versionRe.test(cargoToml)) {
+        throw new Error('patchCargoToml anchor missing — could not find version = "..." field');
+    }
+    return cargoToml.replace(versionRe, `$1"${version}"`);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Patch the `version` field of the `fern-cli-sdk` package entry in
+ * Cargo.lock to match the version stamped into Cargo.toml. Cargo.lock
+ * records each package as:
+ *
+ *   [[package]]
+ *   name = "fern-cli-sdk"
+ *   version = "0.18.1"
+ *
+ * We locate the `fern-cli-sdk` entry and replace its version.
+ */
+export function patchCargoLockVersion(cargoLock: string, version: string): string {
+    const pattern = /(name = "fern-cli-sdk"\nversion = ")([^"]*)(")/;
+    if (!pattern.test(cargoLock)) {
+        throw new Error("patchCargoToml: could not find fern-cli-sdk version entry in Cargo.lock");
+    }
+    return cargoLock.replace(pattern, `$1${version}$3`);
+}
+
 function requireReplace(haystack: string, needle: string, replacement: string): string {
     if (!haystack.includes(needle)) {
         throw new Error(`patchCargoToml anchor missing — could not find ${JSON.stringify(needle.slice(0, 60))}`);
diff --git a/generators/cli/src/resolveOutputConfig.ts b/generators/cli/src/resolveOutputConfig.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..1f50428bb779
--- /dev/null
+++ b/generators/cli/src/resolveOutputConfig.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
+import type { GeneratorConfig } from "@fern-api/base-generator";
+import { assertNeverNoThrow } from "@fern-api/core-utils";
+
+/**
+ * Resolved output configuration the CLI pipeline consumes.
+ *
+ * `version` follows the Rust SDK's `getCrateVersion()` precedence:
+ *   1. `customConfig` version override (future — not wired yet)
+ *   2. `config.output.mode` version (github / publish modes)
+ *   3. default "0.0.0"
+ *
+ * `npmPublishInfo` is present only in github output mode when the
+ * upstream config includes npm publish metadata. The pipeline uses it
+ * to gate workflow emission and stamp the npm package name.
+ */
+export interface ResolvedOutputConfig {
+    version: string;
+    /**
+     * Non-null only when output mode is `github` and the upstream
+     * config includes `publishInfo` of type `npm`. The pipeline
+     * emits `.github/workflows/ci.yml` only when this is set.
+     */
+    npmPublishInfo: ResolvedNpmPublishInfo | undefined;
+}
+
+export interface ResolvedNpmPublishInfo {
+    packageName: string;
+    registryUrl: string;
+    /**
+     * The name of the GitHub Actions secret holding the npm auth token.
+     * Set to `"<USE_OIDC>"` when OIDC-based publishing is configured.
+     */
+    tokenEnvironmentVariable: string;
+    useOidc: boolean;
+}
+
+const DEFAULT_VERSION = "0.0.0";
+
+type OutputMode = GeneratorConfig["output"]["mode"];
+
+/**
+ * Visit `config.output.mode` to extract version + npm publish info.
+ *
+ * Mirrors the Rust SDK's `getCrateVersion()` pattern: the resolved
+ * version comes from the mode union (`github.version`,
+ * `publish.version`), falling back to a default when no version is
+ * supplied (e.g. `downloadFiles` / `local_files` mode).
+ */
+export function resolveOutputConfig(output: GeneratorConfig["output"]): ResolvedOutputConfig {
+    const mode: OutputMode = output.mode;
+    switch (mode.type) {
+        case "github": {
+            return {
+                version: mode.version,
+                npmPublishInfo: resolveNpmPublishInfo(mode.publishInfo)
+            };
+        }
+        case "publish":
+            return {
+                version: mode.version,
+                npmPublishInfo: undefined
+            };
+        case "downloadFiles":
+            return {
+                version: DEFAULT_VERSION,
+                npmPublishInfo: undefined
+            };
+        default:
+            // Forward-compatible: unknown output modes fall back to default version with no npm publishing.
+            assertNeverNoThrow(mode as never);
+            return {
+                version: DEFAULT_VERSION,
+                npmPublishInfo: undefined
+            };
+    }
+}
+
+type GithubPublishInfo = NonNullable<Extract<OutputMode, { type: "github" }>["publishInfo"]>;
+
+function resolveNpmPublishInfo(publishInfo: GithubPublishInfo | undefined): ResolvedNpmPublishInfo | undefined {
+    if (publishInfo == null) {
+        return undefined;
+    }
+    switch (publishInfo.type) {
+        case "npm": {
+            if (publishInfo.shouldGeneratePublishWorkflow === false) {
+                return undefined;
+            }
+            const useOidc = publishInfo.tokenEnvironmentVariable === "<USE_OIDC>";
+            const tokenEnvironmentVariable =
+                useOidc || (publishInfo.tokenEnvironmentVariable != null && publishInfo.tokenEnvironmentVariable !== "")
+                    ? publishInfo.tokenEnvironmentVariable
+                    : "NPM_TOKEN";
+            return {
+                packageName: publishInfo.packageName,
+                registryUrl: publishInfo.registryUrl,
+                tokenEnvironmentVariable,
+                useOidc
+            };
+        }
+        default:
+            // Non-npm publish types (maven, pypi, nuget, etc.) are intentionally unsupported by the CLI generator.
+            assertNeverNoThrow(publishInfo as never);
+            return undefined;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/generators/cli/src/runPipeline.ts b/generators/cli/src/runPipeline.ts
index a5ff15107283..3514a59eb1b2 100644
--- a/generators/cli/src/runPipeline.ts
+++ b/generators/cli/src/runPipeline.ts
@@ -3,10 +3,12 @@ import { copySdk, SDK_TEMPLATE_DIRECTORY } from "./copySdk.js";
 import { copySpecs, hasOpenApiSpecs } from "./copySpecs.js";
 import type { FernCliCustomConfig } from "./customConfig.js";
 import { detectAuthBindings } from "./detectAuth.js";
+import { emitPublishWorkflow } from "./emitPublishWorkflow.js";
 import { deriveBinaryName } from "./identity.js";
 import type { IrSummary } from "./ir.js";
 import { patchCargoToml } from "./patchCargoToml.js";
 import { patchDistWorkspaceToml } from "./patchDistWorkspace.js";
+import type { ResolvedOutputConfig } from "./resolveOutputConfig.js";
 import { writeGitignore } from "./writeGitignore.js";
 
 export type PipelineOutcome =
@@ -31,10 +33,11 @@ export async function runPipeline(args: {
     outputDir: string;
     customConfig: FernCliCustomConfig;
     ir: IrSummary;
+    outputConfig: ResolvedOutputConfig;
     sdkTemplateDir?: string;
     specsDir?: string;
 }): Promise<PipelineOutcome> {
-    const { outputDir, customConfig, ir, sdkTemplateDir, specsDir } = args;
+    const { outputDir, customConfig, ir, outputConfig, sdkTemplateDir, specsDir } = args;
 
     if (!(await hasOpenApiSpecs(specsDir))) {
         return { status: "skipped", reason: "no-openapi-specs" };
@@ -57,11 +60,21 @@ export async function runPipeline(args: {
     //      identifying bits don't leak Fern's template-author branding.
     //   3. copySpecs writes the spec files + main.rs into
     //      `cli/<binaryName>/`, wiring the IR-derived auth bindings.
+    //   4. emitPublishWorkflow writes `.github/workflows/ci.yml` when
+    //      output mode is `github` with npm publish info.
     await copySdk(outputDir, sdkTemplateDir ?? SDK_TEMPLATE_DIRECTORY);
-    await patchCargoToml({ outputDir, binaryName });
+    await patchCargoToml({ outputDir, binaryName, version: outputConfig.version });
     await patchDistWorkspaceToml({ outputDir });
     await copySpecs({ outputDir, binaryName, authBindings, specsDir });
     await writeGitignore(outputDir);
 
+    if (outputConfig.npmPublishInfo != null) {
+        await emitPublishWorkflow({
+            outputDir,
+            binaryName,
+            npmPublishInfo: outputConfig.npmPublishInfo
+        });
+    }
+
     return { status: "generated", binaryName };
 }
diff --git a/pnpm-lock.yaml b/pnpm-lock.yaml
index d77720340582..edcd65b55174 100644
--- a/pnpm-lock.yaml
+++ b/pnpm-lock.yaml
@@ -792,6 +792,9 @@ importers:
       '@fern-api/configs':
         specifier: workspace:*
         version: link:../../packages/configs
+      '@fern-api/core-utils':
+        specifier: workspace:*
+        version: link:../../packages/commons/core-utils
       '@fern-api/fs-utils':
         specifier: workspace:*
         version: link:../../packages/commons/fs-utils
diff --git a/seed/cli/allof-inline/Cargo.lock b/seed/cli/allof-inline/Cargo.lock
index a5a694a2abd8..666fd8812728 100644
--- a/seed/cli/allof-inline/Cargo.lock
+++ b/seed/cli/allof-inline/Cargo.lock
@@ -344,7 +344,7 @@ checksum = "9f1f227452a390804cdb637b74a86990f2a7d7ba4b7d5693aac9b4dd6defd8d6"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "fern-cli-sdk"
-version = "0.18.1"
+version = "0.0.0"
 dependencies = [
  "anyhow",
  "base64",
diff --git a/seed/cli/allof-inline/Cargo.toml b/seed/cli/allof-inline/Cargo.toml
index 6b45c0e2e02a..cbbae800961c 100644
--- a/seed/cli/allof-inline/Cargo.toml
+++ b/seed/cli/allof-inline/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "fern-cli-sdk"
-version = "0.18.1"
+version = "0.0.0"
 edition = "2021"
 description = "CLI generator — dynamic command surface from OpenAPI and GraphQL schemas"
 license = "Apache-2.0"
diff --git a/seed/cli/allof/Cargo.lock b/seed/cli/allof/Cargo.lock
index a5a694a2abd8..666fd8812728 100644
--- a/seed/cli/allof/Cargo.lock
+++ b/seed/cli/allof/Cargo.lock
@@ -344,7 +344,7 @@ checksum = "9f1f227452a390804cdb637b74a86990f2a7d7ba4b7d5693aac9b4dd6defd8d6"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "fern-cli-sdk"
-version = "0.18.1"
+version = "0.0.0"
 dependencies = [
  "anyhow",
  "base64",
diff --git a/seed/cli/allof/Cargo.toml b/seed/cli/allof/Cargo.toml
index 6b45c0e2e02a..cbbae800961c 100644
--- a/seed/cli/allof/Cargo.toml
+++ b/seed/cli/allof/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "fern-cli-sdk"
-version = "0.18.1"
+version = "0.0.0"
 edition = "2021"
 description = "CLI generator — dynamic command surface from OpenAPI and GraphQL schemas"
 license = "Apache-2.0"
diff --git a/seed/cli/api-wide-base-path-with-default/Cargo.lock b/seed/cli/api-wide-base-path-with-default/Cargo.lock
index a5a694a2abd8..666fd8812728 100644
--- a/seed/cli/api-wide-base-path-with-default/Cargo.lock
+++ b/seed/cli/api-wide-base-path-with-default/Cargo.lock
@@ -344,7 +344,7 @@ checksum = "9f1f227452a390804cdb637b74a86990f2a7d7ba4b7d5693aac9b4dd6defd8d6"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "fern-cli-sdk"
-version = "0.18.1"
+version = "0.0.0"
 dependencies = [
  "anyhow",
  "base64",
diff --git a/seed/cli/api-wide-base-path-with-default/Cargo.toml b/seed/cli/api-wide-base-path-with-default/Cargo.toml
index 30ae02bd91eb..e7557975c1ed 100644
--- a/seed/cli/api-wide-base-path-with-default/Cargo.toml
+++ b/seed/cli/api-wide-base-path-with-default/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "fern-cli-sdk"
-version = "0.18.1"
+version = "0.0.0"
 edition = "2021"
 description = "CLI generator — dynamic command surface from OpenAPI and GraphQL schemas"
 license = "Apache-2.0"
diff --git a/seed/cli/cli-multi-spec-namespaced/no-custom-config/Cargo.lock b/seed/cli/cli-multi-spec-namespaced/no-custom-config/Cargo.lock
index a5a694a2abd8..666fd8812728 100644
--- a/seed/cli/cli-multi-spec-namespaced/no-custom-config/Cargo.lock
+++ b/seed/cli/cli-multi-spec-namespaced/no-custom-config/Cargo.lock
@@ -344,7 +344,7 @@ checksum = "9f1f227452a390804cdb637b74a86990f2a7d7ba4b7d5693aac9b4dd6defd8d6"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "fern-cli-sdk"
-version = "0.18.1"
+version = "0.0.0"
 dependencies = [
  "anyhow",
  "base64",
diff --git a/seed/cli/cli-multi-spec-namespaced/no-custom-config/Cargo.toml b/seed/cli/cli-multi-spec-namespaced/no-custom-config/Cargo.toml
index 2f722e02d681..c0cf9cf0c39a 100644
--- a/seed/cli/cli-multi-spec-namespaced/no-custom-config/Cargo.toml
+++ b/seed/cli/cli-multi-spec-namespaced/no-custom-config/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "fern-cli-sdk"
-version = "0.18.1"
+version = "0.0.0"
 edition = "2021"
 description = "CLI generator — dynamic command surface from OpenAPI and GraphQL schemas"
 license = "Apache-2.0"
diff --git a/seed/cli/cli-multi-spec/no-custom-config/Cargo.lock b/seed/cli/cli-multi-spec/no-custom-config/Cargo.lock
index a5a694a2abd8..666fd8812728 100644
--- a/seed/cli/cli-multi-spec/no-custom-config/Cargo.lock
+++ b/seed/cli/cli-multi-spec/no-custom-config/Cargo.lock
@@ -344,7 +344,7 @@ checksum = "9f1f227452a390804cdb637b74a86990f2a7d7ba4b7d5693aac9b4dd6defd8d6"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "fern-cli-sdk"
-version = "0.18.1"
+version = "0.0.0"
 dependencies = [
  "anyhow",
  "base64",
diff --git a/seed/cli/cli-multi-spec/no-custom-config/Cargo.toml b/seed/cli/cli-multi-spec/no-custom-config/Cargo.toml
index f8f095ee113f..d1719064dad1 100644
--- a/seed/cli/cli-multi-spec/no-custom-config/Cargo.toml
+++ b/seed/cli/cli-multi-spec/no-custom-config/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "fern-cli-sdk"
-version = "0.18.1"
+version = "0.0.0"
 edition = "2021"
 description = "CLI generator — dynamic command surface from OpenAPI and GraphQL schemas"
 license = "Apache-2.0"
diff --git a/seed/cli/file-upload-openapi/Cargo.lock b/seed/cli/file-upload-openapi/Cargo.lock
index a5a694a2abd8..666fd8812728 100644
--- a/seed/cli/file-upload-openapi/Cargo.lock
+++ b/seed/cli/file-upload-openapi/Cargo.lock
@@ -344,7 +344,7 @@ checksum = "9f1f227452a390804cdb637b74a86990f2a7d7ba4b7d5693aac9b4dd6defd8d6"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "fern-cli-sdk"
-version = "0.18.1"
+version = "0.0.0"
 dependencies = [
  "anyhow",
  "base64",
diff --git a/seed/cli/file-upload-openapi/Cargo.toml b/seed/cli/file-upload-openapi/Cargo.toml
index eb9c7d79c33b..487f62498058 100644
--- a/seed/cli/file-upload-openapi/Cargo.toml
+++ b/seed/cli/file-upload-openapi/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "fern-cli-sdk"
-version = "0.18.1"
+version = "0.0.0"
 edition = "2021"
 description = "CLI generator — dynamic command surface from OpenAPI and GraphQL schemas"
 license = "Apache-2.0"
diff --git a/seed/cli/imdb/Cargo.lock b/seed/cli/imdb/Cargo.lock
index a5a694a2abd8..666fd8812728 100644
--- a/seed/cli/imdb/Cargo.lock
+++ b/seed/cli/imdb/Cargo.lock
@@ -344,7 +344,7 @@ checksum = "9f1f227452a390804cdb637b74a86990f2a7d7ba4b7d5693aac9b4dd6defd8d6"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "fern-cli-sdk"
-version = "0.18.1"
+version = "0.0.0"
 dependencies = [
  "anyhow",
  "base64",
diff --git a/seed/cli/imdb/Cargo.toml b/seed/cli/imdb/Cargo.toml
index eb9c7d79c33b..487f62498058 100644
--- a/seed/cli/imdb/Cargo.toml
+++ b/seed/cli/imdb/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "fern-cli-sdk"
-version = "0.18.1"
+version = "0.0.0"
 edition = "2021"
 description = "CLI generator — dynamic command surface from OpenAPI and GraphQL schemas"
 license = "Apache-2.0"
diff --git a/seed/cli/multi-url-environment-reference/Cargo.lock b/seed/cli/multi-url-environment-reference/Cargo.lock
index a5a694a2abd8..666fd8812728 100644
--- a/seed/cli/multi-url-environment-reference/Cargo.lock
+++ b/seed/cli/multi-url-environment-reference/Cargo.lock
@@ -344,7 +344,7 @@ checksum = "9f1f227452a390804cdb637b74a86990f2a7d7ba4b7d5693aac9b4dd6defd8d6"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "fern-cli-sdk"
-version = "0.18.1"
+version = "0.0.0"
 dependencies = [
  "anyhow",
  "base64",
diff --git a/seed/cli/multi-url-environment-reference/Cargo.toml b/seed/cli/multi-url-environment-reference/Cargo.toml
index 7a22418ee9fd..c061e24d86de 100644
--- a/seed/cli/multi-url-environment-reference/Cargo.toml
+++ b/seed/cli/multi-url-environment-reference/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "fern-cli-sdk"
-version = "0.18.1"
+version = "0.0.0"
 edition = "2021"
 description = "CLI generator — dynamic command surface from OpenAPI and GraphQL schemas"
 license = "Apache-2.0"
diff --git a/seed/cli/no-content-response/Cargo.lock b/seed/cli/no-content-response/Cargo.lock
index a5a694a2abd8..666fd8812728 100644
--- a/seed/cli/no-content-response/Cargo.lock
+++ b/seed/cli/no-content-response/Cargo.lock
@@ -344,7 +344,7 @@ checksum = "9f1f227452a390804cdb637b74a86990f2a7d7ba4b7d5693aac9b4dd6defd8d6"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "fern-cli-sdk"
-version = "0.18.1"
+version = "0.0.0"
 dependencies = [
  "anyhow",
  "base64",
diff --git a/seed/cli/no-content-response/Cargo.toml b/seed/cli/no-content-response/Cargo.toml
index ca4a5fcc3635..32553d4b8881 100644
--- a/seed/cli/no-content-response/Cargo.toml
+++ b/seed/cli/no-content-response/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "fern-cli-sdk"
-version = "0.18.1"
+version = "0.0.0"
 edition = "2021"
 description = "CLI generator — dynamic command surface from OpenAPI and GraphQL schemas"
 license = "Apache-2.0"
diff --git a/seed/cli/null-type/Cargo.lock b/seed/cli/null-type/Cargo.lock
index a5a694a2abd8..666fd8812728 100644
--- a/seed/cli/null-type/Cargo.lock
+++ b/seed/cli/null-type/Cargo.lock
@@ -344,7 +344,7 @@ checksum = "9f1f227452a390804cdb637b74a86990f2a7d7ba4b7d5693aac9b4dd6defd8d6"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "fern-cli-sdk"
-version = "0.18.1"
+version = "0.0.0"
 dependencies = [
  "anyhow",
  "base64",
diff --git a/seed/cli/null-type/Cargo.toml b/seed/cli/null-type/Cargo.toml
index 1519663ef199..7f0ad69c3caa 100644
--- a/seed/cli/null-type/Cargo.toml
+++ b/seed/cli/null-type/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "fern-cli-sdk"
-version = "0.18.1"
+version = "0.0.0"
 edition = "2021"
 description = "CLI generator — dynamic command surface from OpenAPI and GraphQL schemas"
 license = "Apache-2.0"
diff --git a/seed/cli/nullable-allof-extends/Cargo.lock b/seed/cli/nullable-allof-extends/Cargo.lock
index a5a694a2abd8..666fd8812728 100644
--- a/seed/cli/nullable-allof-extends/Cargo.lock
+++ b/seed/cli/nullable-allof-extends/Cargo.lock
@@ -344,7 +344,7 @@ checksum = "9f1f227452a390804cdb637b74a86990f2a7d7ba4b7d5693aac9b4dd6defd8d6"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "fern-cli-sdk"
-version = "0.18.1"
+version = "0.0.0"
 dependencies = [
  "anyhow",
  "base64",
diff --git a/seed/cli/nullable-allof-extends/Cargo.toml b/seed/cli/nullable-allof-extends/Cargo.toml
index 788af76b1b07..11f06cda8b89 100644
--- a/seed/cli/nullable-allof-extends/Cargo.toml
+++ b/seed/cli/nullable-allof-extends/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "fern-cli-sdk"
-version = "0.18.1"
+version = "0.0.0"
 edition = "2021"
 description = "CLI generator — dynamic command surface from OpenAPI and GraphQL schemas"
 license = "Apache-2.0"
diff --git a/seed/cli/nullable-request-body/Cargo.lock b/seed/cli/nullable-request-body/Cargo.lock
index a5a694a2abd8..666fd8812728 100644
--- a/seed/cli/nullable-request-body/Cargo.lock
+++ b/seed/cli/nullable-request-body/Cargo.lock
@@ -344,7 +344,7 @@ checksum = "9f1f227452a390804cdb637b74a86990f2a7d7ba4b7d5693aac9b4dd6defd8d6"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "fern-cli-sdk"
-version = "0.18.1"
+version = "0.0.0"
 dependencies = [
  "anyhow",
  "base64",
diff --git a/seed/cli/nullable-request-body/Cargo.toml b/seed/cli/nullable-request-body/Cargo.toml
index 0a453b5adcd1..a04839aebaf0 100644
--- a/seed/cli/nullable-request-body/Cargo.toml
+++ b/seed/cli/nullable-request-body/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "fern-cli-sdk"
-version = "0.18.1"
+version = "0.0.0"
 edition = "2021"
 description = "CLI generator — dynamic command surface from OpenAPI and GraphQL schemas"
 license = "Apache-2.0"
diff --git a/seed/cli/oauth-client-credentials-openapi/Cargo.lock b/seed/cli/oauth-client-credentials-openapi/Cargo.lock
index a5a694a2abd8..666fd8812728 100644
--- a/seed/cli/oauth-client-credentials-openapi/Cargo.lock
+++ b/seed/cli/oauth-client-credentials-openapi/Cargo.lock
@@ -344,7 +344,7 @@ checksum = "9f1f227452a390804cdb637b74a86990f2a7d7ba4b7d5693aac9b4dd6defd8d6"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "fern-cli-sdk"
-version = "0.18.1"
+version = "0.0.0"
 dependencies = [
  "anyhow",
  "base64",
diff --git a/seed/cli/oauth-client-credentials-openapi/Cargo.toml b/seed/cli/oauth-client-credentials-openapi/Cargo.toml
index 2970a2601486..a15dee5e707e 100644
--- a/seed/cli/oauth-client-credentials-openapi/Cargo.toml
+++ b/seed/cli/oauth-client-credentials-openapi/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "fern-cli-sdk"
-version = "0.18.1"
+version = "0.0.0"
 edition = "2021"
 description = "CLI generator — dynamic command surface from OpenAPI and GraphQL schemas"
 license = "Apache-2.0"
diff --git a/seed/cli/openapi-request-body-ref/Cargo.lock b/seed/cli/openapi-request-body-ref/Cargo.lock
index a5a694a2abd8..666fd8812728 100644
--- a/seed/cli/openapi-request-body-ref/Cargo.lock
+++ b/seed/cli/openapi-request-body-ref/Cargo.lock
@@ -344,7 +344,7 @@ checksum = "9f1f227452a390804cdb637b74a86990f2a7d7ba4b7d5693aac9b4dd6defd8d6"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "fern-cli-sdk"
-version = "0.18.1"
+version = "0.0.0"
 dependencies = [
  "anyhow",
  "base64",
diff --git a/seed/cli/openapi-request-body-ref/Cargo.toml b/seed/cli/openapi-request-body-ref/Cargo.toml
index fb433c421e4b..3924dc6591e7 100644
--- a/seed/cli/openapi-request-body-ref/Cargo.toml
+++ b/seed/cli/openapi-request-body-ref/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "fern-cli-sdk"
-version = "0.18.1"
+version = "0.0.0"
 edition = "2021"
 description = "CLI generator — dynamic command surface from OpenAPI and GraphQL schemas"
 license = "Apache-2.0"
diff --git a/seed/cli/query-param-name-conflict/Cargo.lock b/seed/cli/query-param-name-conflict/Cargo.lock
index a5a694a2abd8..666fd8812728 100644
--- a/seed/cli/query-param-name-conflict/Cargo.lock
+++ b/seed/cli/query-param-name-conflict/Cargo.lock
@@ -344,7 +344,7 @@ checksum = "9f1f227452a390804cdb637b74a86990f2a7d7ba4b7d5693aac9b4dd6defd8d6"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "fern-cli-sdk"
-version = "0.18.1"
+version = "0.0.0"
 dependencies = [
  "anyhow",
  "base64",
diff --git a/seed/cli/query-param-name-conflict/Cargo.toml b/seed/cli/query-param-name-conflict/Cargo.toml
index 1901ceed7942..25da574bbbe8 100644
--- a/seed/cli/query-param-name-conflict/Cargo.toml
+++ b/seed/cli/query-param-name-conflict/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "fern-cli-sdk"
-version = "0.18.1"
+version = "0.0.0"
 edition = "2021"
 description = "CLI generator — dynamic command surface from OpenAPI and GraphQL schemas"
 license = "Apache-2.0"
diff --git a/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi-as-objects/Cargo.lock b/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi-as-objects/Cargo.lock
index a5a694a2abd8..666fd8812728 100644
--- a/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi-as-objects/Cargo.lock
+++ b/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi-as-objects/Cargo.lock
@@ -344,7 +344,7 @@ checksum = "9f1f227452a390804cdb637b74a86990f2a7d7ba4b7d5693aac9b4dd6defd8d6"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "fern-cli-sdk"
-version = "0.18.1"
+version = "0.0.0"
 dependencies = [
  "anyhow",
  "base64",
diff --git a/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi-as-objects/Cargo.toml b/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi-as-objects/Cargo.toml
index 5d3bcf79c003..a679b3c5223e 100644
--- a/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi-as-objects/Cargo.toml
+++ b/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi-as-objects/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "fern-cli-sdk"
-version = "0.18.1"
+version = "0.0.0"
 edition = "2021"
 description = "CLI generator — dynamic command surface from OpenAPI and GraphQL schemas"
 license = "Apache-2.0"
diff --git a/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/.github/workflows/ci.yml b/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/.github/workflows/ci.yml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..a885bbe7123d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/.github/workflows/ci.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,243 @@
+name: ci
+
+on: [push]
+
+concurrency:
+  group: ${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.ref }}
+  cancel-in-progress: false
+
+env:
+  RUSTFLAGS: "-A warnings"
+
+jobs:
+  check:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - name: Checkout repo
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+
+      - name: Set up Rust
+        uses: actions-rust-lang/setup-rust-toolchain@v1
+
+      - name: Check
+        run: cargo check
+
+  compile:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - name: Checkout repo
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+
+      - name: Set up Rust
+        uses: actions-rust-lang/setup-rust-toolchain@v1
+
+      - name: Compile
+        run: cargo build
+
+  test:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - name: Checkout repo
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+
+      - name: Set up Rust
+        uses: actions-rust-lang/setup-rust-toolchain@v1
+
+      - name: Test
+        run: cargo test
+
+  publish:
+    needs: [check, compile, test]
+    if: github.event_name == 'push' && contains(github.ref, 'refs/tags/')
+    runs-on: ${{ matrix.runner }}
+    strategy:
+      # Don't cancel sibling matrix jobs on first failure — a transient
+      # failure on one platform would otherwise leave npm in a partial
+      # state (some platform packages published, others not, launcher
+      # never published), with no clean re-run since the already-
+      # published versions reject re-publish.
+      fail-fast: false
+      matrix:
+        include:
+          - rust-target: x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu
+            runner: ubuntu-latest
+            npm-platform-suffix: linux-x64
+          - rust-target: aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu
+            runner: ubuntu-latest
+            npm-platform-suffix: linux-arm64
+          - rust-target: x86_64-apple-darwin
+            runner: macos-latest
+            npm-platform-suffix: darwin-x64
+          - rust-target: aarch64-apple-darwin
+            runner: macos-latest
+            npm-platform-suffix: darwin-arm64
+          - rust-target: x86_64-pc-windows-msvc
+            runner: windows-latest
+            npm-platform-suffix: win32-x64
+    steps:
+      - name: Checkout repo
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+
+      - name: Set up Rust
+        uses: actions-rust-lang/setup-rust-toolchain@v1
+        with:
+          target: ${{ matrix.rust-target }}
+
+      - name: Set up Node.js
+        uses: actions/setup-node@v4
+        with:
+          registry-url: "https://registry.npmjs.org"
+
+      - name: Install cross-compilation tools
+        if: matrix.rust-target == 'aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu'
+        run: |
+          sudo apt-get update
+          sudo apt-get install -y gcc-aarch64-linux-gnu
+          echo "CARGO_TARGET_AARCH64_UNKNOWN_LINUX_GNU_LINKER=aarch64-linux-gnu-gcc" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+
+      - name: Build release binary
+        run: cargo build --release --locked --target ${{ matrix.rust-target }}
+
+      - name: Package and publish npm platform package
+        env:
+          NODE_AUTH_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.NPM_TOKEN }}
+        shell: bash
+        run: |
+          set -euo pipefail
+
+          VERSION="${GITHUB_REF_NAME#v}"
+          PLATFORM_PKG="@fern/query-parameters-openapi-${{ matrix.npm-platform-suffix }}"
+          PKG_DIR="npm-pkg/${PLATFORM_PKG}"
+          mkdir -p "${PKG_DIR}"
+
+          # Locate the compiled binary
+          BINARY_NAME="query-parameters-api"
+          if [[ "${{ matrix.rust-target }}" == *"windows"* ]]; then
+            BINARY_NAME="query-parameters-api.exe"
+          fi
+          cp "target/${{ matrix.rust-target }}/release/${BINARY_NAME}" "${PKG_DIR}/"
+
+          # Write platform package.json
+          cat > "${PKG_DIR}/package.json" <<PKGJSON
+          {
+            "name": "${PLATFORM_PKG}",
+            "version": "${VERSION}",
+            "description": "Platform-specific binary for query-parameters-api (${{ matrix.npm-platform-suffix }})",
+            "os": ["$(echo ${{ matrix.npm-platform-suffix }} | cut -d- -f1)"],
+            "cpu": ["$(echo ${{ matrix.npm-platform-suffix }} | cut -d- -f2)"],
+            "main": "${BINARY_NAME}",
+            "files": ["${BINARY_NAME}"]
+          }
+          PKGJSON
+
+          cd "${PKG_DIR}"
+          # Pre-release detection — require the semver "-" separator so a
+          # release tag like v1.0.0 for a package whose version string
+          # happens to contain "alpha"/"beta" as a substring isn't
+          # mis-tagged on npm.
+          if [[ "${VERSION}" == *-alpha* ]]; then
+            npm publish --access public --tag alpha
+          elif [[ "${VERSION}" == *-beta* ]]; then
+            npm publish --access public --tag beta
+          else
+            npm publish --access public
+          fi
+
+  publish-launcher:
+    needs: [publish]
+    if: github.event_name == 'push' && contains(github.ref, 'refs/tags/')
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - name: Checkout repo
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+
+      - name: Set up Node.js
+        uses: actions/setup-node@v4
+        with:
+          registry-url: "https://registry.npmjs.org"
+
+      - name: Publish launcher package
+        env:
+          NODE_AUTH_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.NPM_TOKEN }}
+        shell: bash
+        run: |
+          set -euo pipefail
+
+          VERSION="${GITHUB_REF_NAME#v}"
+          PKG_DIR="npm-pkg/launcher"
+          mkdir -p "${PKG_DIR}"
+
+          BINARY_NAME="query-parameters-api"
+
+          # Build optionalDependencies map
+          OPTIONAL_DEPS=""
+          OPTIONAL_DEPS="${OPTIONAL_DEPS}\"@fern/query-parameters-openapi-linux-x64\": \"${VERSION}\","
+          OPTIONAL_DEPS="${OPTIONAL_DEPS}\"@fern/query-parameters-openapi-linux-arm64\": \"${VERSION}\","
+          OPTIONAL_DEPS="${OPTIONAL_DEPS}\"@fern/query-parameters-openapi-darwin-x64\": \"${VERSION}\","
+          OPTIONAL_DEPS="${OPTIONAL_DEPS}\"@fern/query-parameters-openapi-darwin-arm64\": \"${VERSION}\","
+          OPTIONAL_DEPS="${OPTIONAL_DEPS}\"@fern/query-parameters-openapi-win32-x64\": \"${VERSION}\""
+
+          cat > "${PKG_DIR}/package.json" <<PKGJSON
+          {
+            "name": "@fern/query-parameters-openapi",
+            "version": "${VERSION}",
+            "description": "CLI for query-parameters-api",
+            "bin": {
+              "query-parameters-api": "bin/cli.js"
+            },
+            "optionalDependencies": {
+              ${OPTIONAL_DEPS}
+            },
+            "files": ["bin/"]
+          }
+          PKGJSON
+
+          # Write launcher script
+          mkdir -p "${PKG_DIR}/bin"
+          cat > "${PKG_DIR}/bin/cli.js" <<'LAUNCHER'
+          #!/usr/bin/env node
+          "use strict";
+          const { execFileSync } = require("child_process");
+          const path = require("path");
+          const os = require("os");
+
+          const PLATFORMS = {
+            "linux-x64": "@fern/query-parameters-openapi-linux-x64",
+            "linux-arm64": "@fern/query-parameters-openapi-linux-arm64",
+            "darwin-x64": "@fern/query-parameters-openapi-darwin-x64",
+            "darwin-arm64": "@fern/query-parameters-openapi-darwin-arm64",
+            "win32-x64": "@fern/query-parameters-openapi-win32-x64",
+          };
+
+          const platformKey = os.platform() + "-" + os.arch();
+          const pkg = PLATFORMS[platformKey];
+          if (!pkg) {
+            console.error("Unsupported platform: " + platformKey);
+            process.exit(1);
+          }
+
+          const binName = os.platform() === "win32" ? "query-parameters-api.exe" : "query-parameters-api";
+          const binPath = path.join(require.resolve(pkg + "/package.json"), "..", binName);
+
+          try {
+            execFileSync(binPath, process.argv.slice(2), { stdio: "inherit" });
+          } catch (e) {
+            if (e && typeof e === "object" && "status" in e) {
+              process.exit(e.status);
+            }
+            throw e;
+          }
+          LAUNCHER
+
+          cd "${PKG_DIR}"
+          # Pre-release detection — require the semver "-" separator so a
+          # release tag like v1.0.0 for a package whose version string
+          # happens to contain "alpha"/"beta" as a substring isn't
+          # mis-tagged on npm.
+          if [[ "${VERSION}" == *-alpha* ]]; then
+            npm publish --access public --tag alpha
+          elif [[ "${VERSION}" == *-beta* ]]; then
+            npm publish --access public --tag beta
+          else
+            npm publish --access public
+          fi
diff --git a/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/.gitignore b/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/.gitignore
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..1bb66c2ceb3c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/.gitignore
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+/target
+**/*.rs.bk
+.DS_Store
+*.swp
diff --git a/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/Cargo.lock b/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/Cargo.lock
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..97525c932dbb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/Cargo.lock
@@ -0,0 +1,2817 @@
+# This file is automatically @generated by Cargo.
+# It is not intended for manual editing.
+version = 4
+
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+ "memchr",
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+checksum = "9d66ea20e9553b30172b5e831994e35fbde2d165325bec84fc43dbf6f4eb9cb2"
+dependencies = [
+ "anyhow",
+ "bitflags",
+ "indexmap",
+ "log",
+ "serde",
+ "serde_derive",
+ "serde_json",
+ "wasm-encoder",
+ "wasm-metadata",
+ "wasmparser",
+ "wit-parser",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "wit-parser"
+version = "0.244.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "ecc8ac4bc1dc3381b7f59c34f00b67e18f910c2c0f50015669dde7def656a736"
+dependencies = [
+ "anyhow",
+ "id-arena",
+ "indexmap",
+ "log",
+ "semver",
+ "serde",
+ "serde_derive",
+ "serde_json",
+ "unicode-xid",
+ "wasmparser",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "writeable"
+version = "0.6.3"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "1ffae5123b2d3fc086436f8834ae3ab053a283cfac8fe0a0b8eaae044768a4c4"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "yoke"
+version = "0.8.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "abe8c5fda708d9ca3df187cae8bfb9ceda00dd96231bed36e445a1a48e66f9ca"
+dependencies = [
+ "stable_deref_trait",
+ "yoke-derive",
+ "zerofrom",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "yoke-derive"
+version = "0.8.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "de844c262c8848816172cef550288e7dc6c7b7814b4ee56b3e1553f275f1858e"
+dependencies = [
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "syn",
+ "synstructure",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "zerocopy"
+version = "0.8.48"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "eed437bf9d6692032087e337407a86f04cd8d6a16a37199ed57949d415bd68e9"
+dependencies = [
+ "zerocopy-derive",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "zerocopy-derive"
+version = "0.8.48"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "70e3cd084b1788766f53af483dd21f93881ff30d7320490ec3ef7526d203bad4"
+dependencies = [
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "syn",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "zerofrom"
+version = "0.1.8"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "0ec05a11813ea801ff6d75110ad09cd0824ddba17dfe17128ea0d5f68e6c5272"
+dependencies = [
+ "zerofrom-derive",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "zerofrom-derive"
+version = "0.1.7"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "11532158c46691caf0f2593ea8358fed6bbf68a0315e80aae9bd41fbade684a1"
+dependencies = [
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "syn",
+ "synstructure",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "zeroize"
+version = "1.8.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "b97154e67e32c85465826e8bcc1c59429aaaf107c1e4a9e53c8d8ccd5eff88d0"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "zerotrie"
+version = "0.2.4"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "0f9152d31db0792fa83f70fb2f83148effb5c1f5b8c7686c3459e361d9bc20bf"
+dependencies = [
+ "displaydoc",
+ "yoke",
+ "zerofrom",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "zerovec"
+version = "0.11.6"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "90f911cbc359ab6af17377d242225f4d75119aec87ea711a880987b18cd7b239"
+dependencies = [
+ "yoke",
+ "zerofrom",
+ "zerovec-derive",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "zerovec-derive"
+version = "0.11.3"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "625dc425cab0dca6dc3c3319506e6593dcb08a9f387ea3b284dbd52a92c40555"
+dependencies = [
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "syn",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "zmij"
+version = "1.0.21"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "b8848ee67ecc8aedbaf3e4122217aff892639231befc6a1b58d29fff4c2cabaa"
diff --git a/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/Cargo.toml b/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..8ec57f7ed1d9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+[package]
+name = "fern-cli-sdk"
+version = "1.0.0"
+edition = "2021"
+description = "CLI generator — dynamic command surface from OpenAPI and GraphQL schemas"
+license = "Apache-2.0"
+repository = "https://github.com/fern-api/cli-sdk"
+homepage = "https://github.com/fern-api/cli-sdk"
+authors = ["Fern <hey@buildwithfern.com>"]
+keywords = ["cli", "openapi", "graphql", "fern", "codegen"]
+categories = ["command-line-utilities", "web-programming"]
+
+[lib]
+name = "fern_cli_sdk"
+path = "src/lib.rs"
+
+[[bin]]
+name = "query-parameters-api"
+path = "cli/query-parameters-api/main.rs"
+
+[features]
+# TLS backend selection.
+#
+#   default = ["native-tls"]
+#       Uses the OS's native TLS stack (Secure Transport on macOS, SChannel on
+#       Windows, OpenSSL on Linux). Honors the OS keychain / cert store —
+#       what users typically expect for an interactive CLI.
+#
+#   ["rustls"]   (cargo build --no-default-features --features rustls)
+#       Uses the pure-Rust rustls crate with Mozilla's bundled webpki roots.
+#       Produces self-contained static binaries that don't depend on system
+#       OpenSSL — preferred for distribution to varied Linux servers, scratch
+#       Docker images, and cross-compiled musl/ARM builds. Does NOT read the
+#       OS keychain; users must use `<NAME>_CA_BUNDLE` for custom roots.
+default = ["native-tls"]
+native-tls = ["reqwest/native-tls", "tokio-tungstenite/native-tls"]
+rustls = ["reqwest/rustls-tls-native-roots", "tokio-tungstenite/rustls-tls-native-roots"]
+
+[dependencies]
+anyhow = "1"
+base64 = "0.22"
+bytes = "1"
+clap = { version = "4", features = ["derive", "string", "env"] }
+clap_complete = "4"
+clap_mangen = "0.2"
+hmac = "0.12"
+dotenvy = "0.15"
+futures-util = "0.3"
+httpdate = "1"
+libc = "0.2"
+percent-encoding = "2.3.2"
+reqwest = { version = "0.12", features = ["json", "stream"], default-features = false }
+serde = { version = "1", features = ["derive"] }
+serde_json = "1"
+serde_json_path = "0.7"
+serde_yaml = "0.9.34"
+secrecy = "0.10"
+serde_qs = "1.1.1"
+sha2 = "0.10"
+thiserror = "2"
+tokio = { version = "1", features = ["full"] }
+tokio-tungstenite = { version = "0.24", default-features = false, features = ["connect", "handshake"] }
+tokio-util = { version = "0.7", features = ["io"] }
+tracing = "0.1"
+tracing-subscriber = { version = "0.3", features = ["env-filter", "json"] }
+tracing-appender = "0.2"
+form_urlencoded = "1"
+
+[package.metadata.dist]
+dist = true
+
+# The profile that 'cargo dist' will build with
+[profile.dist]
+inherits = "release"
+lto = "thin"
+
+[build-dependencies]
+serde = "1"
+serde_yaml = "0.9.34"
+
+[dev-dependencies]
+serial_test = "3.4.0"
+tempfile = "3"
+wiremock = "0.6"
+tokio = { version = "1", features = ["full"] }
diff --git a/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/LICENSE b/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/LICENSE
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..d64569567334
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/LICENSE
@@ -0,0 +1,202 @@
+
+                                 Apache License
+                           Version 2.0, January 2004
+                        http://www.apache.org/licenses/
+
+   TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR USE, REPRODUCTION, AND DISTRIBUTION
+
+   1. Definitions.
+
+      "License" shall mean the terms and conditions for use, reproduction,
+      and distribution as defined by Sections 1 through 9 of this document.
+
+      "Licensor" shall mean the copyright owner or entity authorized by
+      the copyright owner that is granting the License.
+
+      "Legal Entity" shall mean the union of the acting entity and all
+      other entities that control, are controlled by, or are under common
+      control with that entity. For the purposes of this definition,
+      "control" means (i) the power, direct or indirect, to cause the
+      direction or management of such entity, whether by contract or
+      otherwise, or (ii) ownership of fifty percent (50%) or more of the
+      outstanding shares, or (iii) beneficial ownership of such entity.
+
+      "You" (or "Your") shall mean an individual or Legal Entity
+      exercising permissions granted by this License.
+
+      "Source" form shall mean the preferred form for making modifications,
+      including but not limited to software source code, documentation
+      source, and configuration files.
+
+      "Object" form shall mean any form resulting from mechanical
+      transformation or translation of a Source form, including but
+      not limited to compiled object code, generated documentation,
+      and conversions to other media types.
+
+      "Work" shall mean the work of authorship, whether in Source or
+      Object form, made available under the License, as indicated by a
+      copyright notice that is included in or attached to the work
+      (an example is provided in the Appendix below).
+
+      "Derivative Works" shall mean any work, whether in Source or Object
+      form, that is based on (or derived from) the Work and for which the
+      editorial revisions, annotations, elaborations, or other modifications
+      represent, as a whole, an original work of authorship. For the purposes
+      of this License, Derivative Works shall not include works that remain
+      separable from, or merely link (or bind by name) to the interfaces of,
+      the Work and Derivative Works thereof.
+
+      "Contribution" shall mean any work of authorship, including
+      the original version of the Work and any modifications or additions
+      to that Work or Derivative Works thereof, that is intentionally
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+      to the Licensor or its representatives, including but not limited to
+      communication on electronic mailing lists, source code control systems,
+      and issue tracking systems that are managed by, or on behalf of, the
+      Licensor for the purpose of discussing and improving the Work, but
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+      designated in writing by the copyright owner as "Not a Contribution."
+
+      "Contributor" shall mean Licensor and any individual or Legal Entity
+      on behalf of whom a Contribution has been received by Licensor and
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+
+   2. Grant of Copyright License. Subject to the terms and conditions of
+      this License, each Contributor hereby grants to You a perpetual,
+      worldwide, non-exclusive, no-charge, royalty-free, irrevocable
+      copyright license to reproduce, prepare Derivative Works of,
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+      Work and such Derivative Works in Source or Object form.
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+   3. Grant of Patent License. Subject to the terms and conditions of
+      this License, each Contributor hereby grants to You a perpetual,
+      worldwide, non-exclusive, no-charge, royalty-free, irrevocable
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+      where such license applies only to those patent claims licensable
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+      institute patent litigation against any entity (including a
+      cross-claim or counterclaim in a lawsuit) alleging that the Work
+      or a Contribution incorporated within the Work constitutes direct
+      or contributory patent infringement, then any patent licenses
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+
+   4. Redistribution. You may reproduce and distribute copies of the
+      Work or Derivative Works thereof in any medium, with or without
+      modifications, and in Source or Object form, provided that You
+      meet the following conditions:
+
+      (a) You must give any other recipients of the Work or
+          Derivative Works a copy of this License; and
+
+      (b) You must cause any modified files to carry prominent notices
+          stating that You changed the files; and
+
+      (c) You must retain, in the Source form of any Derivative Works
+          that You distribute, all copyright, patent, trademark, and
+          attribution notices from the Source form of the Work,
+          excluding those notices that do not pertain to any part of
+          the Derivative Works; and
+
+      (d) If the Work includes a "NOTICE" text file as part of its
+          distribution, then any Derivative Works that You distribute must
+          include a readable copy of the attribution notices contained
+          within such NOTICE file, excluding those notices that do not
+          pertain to any part of the Derivative Works, in at least one
+          of the following places: within a NOTICE text file distributed
+          as part of the Derivative Works; within the Source form or
+          documentation, if provided along with the Derivative Works; or,
+          within a display generated by the Derivative Works, if and
+          wherever such third-party notices normally appear. The contents
+          of the NOTICE file are for informational purposes only and
+          do not modify the License. You may add Your own attribution
+          notices within Derivative Works that You distribute, alongside
+          or as an addendum to the NOTICE text from the Work, provided
+          that such additional attribution notices cannot be construed
+          as modifying the License.
+
+      You may add Your own copyright statement to Your modifications and
+      may provide additional or different license terms and conditions
+      for use, reproduction, or distribution of Your modifications, or
+      for any such Derivative Works as a whole, provided Your use,
+      reproduction, and distribution of the Work otherwise complies with
+      the conditions stated in this License.
+
+   5. Submission of Contributions. Unless You explicitly state otherwise,
+      any Contribution intentionally submitted for inclusion in the Work
+      by You to the Licensor shall be under the terms and conditions of
+      this License, without any additional terms or conditions.
+      Notwithstanding the above, nothing herein shall supersede or modify
+      the terms of any separate license agreement you may have executed
+      with Licensor regarding such Contributions.
+
+   6. Trademarks. This License does not grant permission to use the trade
+      names, trademarks, service marks, or product names of the Licensor,
+      except as required for reasonable and customary use in describing the
+      origin of the Work and reproducing the content of the NOTICE file.
+
+   7. Disclaimer of Warranty. Unless required by applicable law or
+      agreed to in writing, Licensor provides the Work (and each
+      Contributor provides its Contributions) on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+      WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or
+      implied, including, without limitation, any warranties or conditions
+      of TITLE, NON-INFRINGEMENT, MERCHANTABILITY, or FITNESS FOR A
+      PARTICULAR PURPOSE. You are solely responsible for determining the
+      appropriateness of using or redistributing the Work and assume any
+      risks associated with Your exercise of permissions under this License.
+
+   8. Limitation of Liability. In no event and under no legal theory,
+      whether in tort (including negligence), contract, or otherwise,
+      unless required by applicable law (such as deliberate and grossly
+      negligent acts) or agreed to in writing, shall any Contributor be
+      liable to You for damages, including any direct, indirect, special,
+      incidental, or consequential damages of any character arising as a
+      result of this License or out of the use or inability to use the
+      Work (including but not limited to damages for loss of goodwill,
+      work stoppage, computer failure or malfunction, or any and all
+      other commercial damages or losses), even if such Contributor
+      has been advised of the possibility of such damages.
+
+   9. Accepting Warranty or Additional Liability. While redistributing
+      the Work or Derivative Works thereof, You may choose to offer,
+      and charge a fee for, acceptance of support, warranty, indemnity,
+      or other liability obligations and/or rights consistent with this
+      License. However, in accepting such obligations, You may act only
+      on Your own behalf and on Your sole responsibility, not on behalf
+      of any other Contributor, and only if You agree to indemnify,
+      defend, and hold each Contributor harmless for any liability
+      incurred by, or claims asserted against, such Contributor by reason
+      of your accepting any such warranty or additional liability.
+
+   END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
+
+   APPENDIX: How to apply the Apache License to your work.
+
+      To apply the Apache License to your work, attach the following
+      boilerplate notice, with the fields enclosed by brackets "[]"
+      replaced with your own identifying information. (Don't include
+      the brackets!)  The text should be enclosed in the appropriate
+      comment syntax for the file format. We also recommend that a
+      file or class name and description of purpose be included on the
+      same "printed page" as the copyright notice for easier
+      identification within third-party archives.
+
+   Copyright [yyyy] [name of copyright owner]
+
+   Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+   you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+   You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+   Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+   distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+   WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+   See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+   limitations under the License.
diff --git a/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/cli/query-parameters-api/main.rs b/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/cli/query-parameters-api/main.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..255a5e98adfe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/cli/query-parameters-api/main.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+// Auto-generated by @fern-api/cli-generator's copySpecs step.
+// Edit the SDK template / generator if you need to change the shape.
+
+use fern_cli_sdk::app::CliApp;
+use fern_cli_sdk::openapi::OpenApiBinding;
+
+fn main() {
+    CliApp::new("query-parameters-api")
+        .binding(
+            OpenApiBinding::new()
+                .spec(include_str!("openapi0.json"))
+        )
+        .run()
+}
diff --git a/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/cli/query-parameters-api/openapi0.json b/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/cli/query-parameters-api/openapi0.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..1374bec8f0ae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/cli/query-parameters-api/openapi0.json
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"openapi":"3.0.0","info":{"title":"Query Parameters API","version":"1.0.0"},"paths":{"/user/getUsername":{"get":{"operationId":"search","parameters":[{"name":"limit","in":"query","required":true,"schema":{"type":"integer"}},{"name":"id","in":"query","required":true,"schema":{"type":"string"}},{"name":"date","in":"query","required":true,"schema":{"type":"string","format":"date"}},{"name":"deadline","in":"query","required":true,"schema":{"type":"string","format":"date-time"}},{"name":"bytes","in":"query","required":true,"schema":{"type":"string","format":"base64"}},{"name":"user","in":"query","required":true,"schema":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/User"}},{"name":"userList","in":"query","required":true,"schema":{"type":"array","items":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/User"}}},{"name":"optionalDeadline","in":"query","required":false,"schema":{"type":"string","format":"date-time"}},{"name":"keyValue","in":"query","required":false,"schema":{"type":"object","additionalProperties":{"type":"string"}}},{"name":"optionalString","in":"query","required":false},{"name":"nestedUser","in":"query","required":false,"schema":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/NestedUser"}},{"name":"optionalUser","in":"query","required":false,"schema":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/User"}},{"name":"excludeUser","in":"query","required":false,"schema":{"type":"array","items":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/User"}},"explode":true},{"name":"filter","in":"query","required":false,"schema":{"type":"array","items":{"type":"string"}},"explode":true},{"name":"tags","in":"query","required":true,"description":"List of tags. Serialized as a comma-separated list.","style":"form","explode":false,"schema":{"type":"array","items":{"type":"string"}},"example":["ACCESS_GRANTED","COPY"]},{"name":"optionalTags","in":"query","required":false,"description":"Optional list of tags. Serialized as a comma-separated list.","style":"form","explode":false,"schema":{"type":"array","items":{"type":"string"}},"example":["DELETE","MOVE"]},{"name":"neighbor","in":"query","required":false,"schema":{"oneOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/User"},{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/NestedUser"},{"type":"string"},{"type":"integer"}]}},{"name":"neighborRequired","in":"query","required":true,"schema":{"oneOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/User"},{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/NestedUser"},{"type":"string"},{"type":"integer"}]}}],"responses":{"200":{"description":"Successful response","content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"type":"object","properties":{"results":{"type":"array","items":{"type":"string"}}}}}}}}}}},"components":{"schemas":{"User":{"type":"object","properties":{"name":{"type":"string"},"tags":{"type":"array","items":{"type":"string"}}}},"NestedUser":{"type":"object","properties":{"name":{"type":"string"},"user":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/User"}}}}}}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/dist-workspace.toml b/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/dist-workspace.toml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..db9541483dde
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/dist-workspace.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+[workspace]
+members = ["cargo:."]
+
+# Config for 'dist'
+[dist]
+# The preferred dist version to use in CI (Cargo.toml SemVer syntax)
+cargo-dist-version = "0.31.0"
+# CI backends to support
+ci = "github"
+# Build each app with `cargo build --package` instead of a workspace-wide
+# build. Without this, cargo-dist also compiles the non-distributed root
+# crate, whose default features pull in native-tls/OpenSSL and break the
+# musl builds.
+precise-builds = true
+# The installers to generate for each app
+installers = ["shell", "powershell", "npm"]
+# Whether to enable GitHub Attestations
+github-attestations = true
+# Target platforms to build apps for (Rust target-triple syntax)
+targets = ["aarch64-apple-darwin", "aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu", "aarch64-unknown-linux-musl", "x86_64-apple-darwin", "x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu", "x86_64-unknown-linux-musl", "x86_64-pc-windows-msvc"]
+# Which actions to run on pull requests
+pr-run-mode = "plan"
+# Publish jobs to run (npm publishing deferred until pipeline is validated)
+publish-jobs = []
+# Don't overwrite release.yml on `dist init` (preserves customizations)
+allow-dirty = ["ci"]
+# The archive format to use for windows builds (defaults .zip)
+windows-archive = ".zip"
+# The archive format to use for non-windows builds (defaults .tar.xz)
+unix-archive = ".tar.gz"
+# Path that installers should place binaries in
+install-path = "CARGO_HOME"
+# Whether to install an updater program
+install-updater = false
diff --git a/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/app.rs b/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/app.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..c14009834a0a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/app.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,851 @@
+//! Root-level `CliApp` that composes one or more [`Binding`]s into a
+//! single CLI binary.
+//!
+//! **Architectural rule:** `CliApp::run()` always runs the full dispatch
+//! pipeline. There is no single-binding shortcut. A binary with one
+//! binding goes through exactly the same pipeline as a binary with five.
+//!
+//! The pipeline:
+//! 1. Parse argv → `ArgMatches`
+//! 2. Resolve operation path → matched `Binding`
+//! 3. Call `Binding::dispatch(...)` (fires transport-scope hooks)
+//! 4. Run CliApp-scope `transform_response` chain
+//! 5. On error from step 3, run CliApp-scope `recover_error` chain
+//! 6. Format and write output
+//!
+//! See [PR #62 review](https://github.com/fern-api/cli-sdk/pull/62#issuecomment-4484622766)
+//! for why the single-binding fast path was removed.
+
+use std::any::Any;
+
+use serde_json::Value;
+
+use crate::auth::root_builder::AuthSchemeBuilder;
+use crate::auth::SchemeBinding;
+use crate::binding::{Binding, DispatchResult};
+use crate::error::{write_error_json, CliError};
+use crate::formatter;
+use crate::hooks::HookRegistry;
+use crate::stability::Stability;
+
+/// Handler function for CLI-level custom commands.
+///
+/// Receives the parsed [`clap::ArgMatches`] for the subcommand and a
+/// type-erased binding context. Use [`OpenApiBinding::handler()`] or
+/// [`GraphqlBinding::handler()`] to wrap a typed handler function
+/// instead of downcasting manually.
+///
+/// [`OpenApiBinding::handler()`]: crate::openapi::OpenApiBinding::handler
+/// [`GraphqlBinding::handler()`]: crate::graphql::GraphqlBinding::handler
+pub type CliCommandHandler =
+    Box<dyn Fn(&clap::ArgMatches, &dyn Any) -> Result<(), CliError> + Send + Sync>;
+
+/// A CLI-level custom command: parent path, clap command, and handler.
+struct CliCommand {
+    path: Vec<String>,
+    cmd: clap::Command,
+    handler: CliCommandHandler,
+}
+
+/// Outcome of the dispatch pipeline — separates success from
+/// help/version display so `CliError` is reserved for real errors.
+enum PipelineOutcome {
+    Success,
+    HelpShown,
+}
+
+// ── Tier 1 deferred operations ──────────────────────────────────────
+
+/// A declarative modification to be applied to the clap command tree
+/// after all bindings have contributed their subtrees.
+enum DeferredOp {
+    Alias {
+        path: Vec<String>,
+        alias: String,
+    },
+    Hide {
+        path: Vec<String>,
+    },
+    Stability {
+        path: Vec<String>,
+        stability: Stability,
+    },
+}
+
+// ── Root CliApp ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+/// Root-level CLI application builder that composes [`Binding`]s.
+///
+/// ```rust,ignore
+/// use fern_cli_sdk::app::CliApp;
+/// use fern_cli_sdk::openapi::OpenApiBinding;
+///
+/// fn main() {
+///     CliApp::new("my-cli")
+///         .title("My CLI")
+///         .description("Interact with the My API from the command line.")
+///         .binding(
+///             OpenApiBinding::new()
+///                 .spec(include_str!("openapi.yaml"))
+///                 .auth_scheme_env("bearer", "MY_API_KEY"),
+///         )
+///         .run()
+/// }
+/// ```
+#[must_use]
+pub struct CliApp {
+    name: String,
+    title: Option<String>,
+    description: Option<String>,
+    bindings: Vec<Box<dyn Binding>>,
+    hooks: HookRegistry,
+    deferred_ops: Vec<DeferredOp>,
+    cli_commands: Vec<CliCommand>,
+    /// Root-level auth scheme bindings. These are shared across all
+    /// bindings — each binding's spec references schemes by name and
+    /// the credential source is looked up from this registry.
+    auth_bindings: Vec<(String, SchemeBinding)>,
+}
+
+impl CliApp {
+    pub fn new(name: &str) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            name: name.to_string(),
+            title: None,
+            description: None,
+            bindings: Vec::new(),
+            hooks: HookRegistry::new(),
+            deferred_ops: Vec::new(),
+            cli_commands: Vec::new(),
+            auth_bindings: Vec::new(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    // ── CLI metadata ────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+    /// Set the top-level `--help` title for this CLI.
+    pub fn title(mut self, t: &str) -> Self {
+        self.title = Some(t.to_string());
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Set the top-level `--help` description for this CLI.
+    pub fn description(mut self, d: &str) -> Self {
+        self.description = Some(d.to_string());
+        self
+    }
+
+    // ── Binding registration ────────────────────────────────────────
+
+    /// Add a binding (protocol adapter) to this CLI. The CLI name is
+    /// propagated to the binding for HTTP config, logging, and base-URL
+    /// resolution.
+    pub fn binding(mut self, mut binding: impl Binding + 'static) -> Self {
+        binding.set_cli_name(&self.name);
+        self.bindings.push(Box::new(binding));
+        self
+    }
+
+    // ── Auth registration ────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+    /// Register an auth scheme at the root CLI level.
+    ///
+    /// Auth declared here is shared across all bindings. Each binding's
+    /// spec references schemes by name (from its `securitySchemes`), and
+    /// credential resolution comes from this root registry.
+    ///
+    /// ```rust,ignore
+    /// use fern_cli_sdk::app::CliApp;
+    /// use fern_cli_sdk::auth::{BearerAuth, ApiKeyAuth};
+    ///
+    /// CliApp::new("my-cli")
+    ///     .auth(BearerAuth::new("bearerAuth").env("MY_TOKEN"))
+    ///     .auth(ApiKeyAuth::new("apiKey").env("API_KEY"))
+    ///     .binding(OpenApiBinding::new().spec(include_str!("openapi.yaml")))
+    ///     .run()
+    /// ```
+    pub fn auth(mut self, builder: impl AuthSchemeBuilder) -> Self {
+        self.auth_bindings.push(builder.into_binding());
+        self
+    }
+
+    // ── Custom commands ──────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+    /// Register a top-level custom command.
+    ///
+    /// Use [`OpenApiBinding::handler()`] or [`GraphqlBinding::handler()`]
+    /// to wrap a typed handler that receives the concrete binding context:
+    ///
+    /// ```rust,ignore
+    /// CliApp::new("my-cli")
+    ///     .binding(OpenApiBinding::new().spec(include_str!("openapi.yaml")))
+    ///     .command(my_command(), OpenApiBinding::handler(my_handler))
+    ///     .run()
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// **Note:** `transform_response` and `recover_error` hooks do not
+    /// apply to custom commands. Custom command handlers manage their
+    /// own output directly.
+    ///
+    /// [`OpenApiBinding::handler()`]: crate::openapi::OpenApiBinding::handler
+    /// [`GraphqlBinding::handler()`]: crate::graphql::GraphqlBinding::handler
+    pub fn command(mut self, cmd: clap::Command, handler: CliCommandHandler) -> Self {
+        self.cli_commands.push(CliCommand {
+            path: Vec::new(),
+            cmd,
+            handler,
+        });
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Register a custom command under an existing command path.
+    ///
+    /// ```rust,ignore
+    /// CliApp::new("my-cli")
+    ///     .binding(OpenApiBinding::new().spec(include_str!("openapi.yaml")))
+    ///     .command_under(
+    ///         &["webhooks"],
+    ///         verify_command(),
+    ///         OpenApiBinding::handler(handle_verify),
+    ///     )
+    ///     .run()
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// **Note:** `transform_response` and `recover_error` hooks do not
+    /// apply to custom commands. Custom command handlers manage their
+    /// own output directly.
+    pub fn command_under(
+        mut self,
+        path: &[&str],
+        cmd: clap::Command,
+        handler: CliCommandHandler,
+    ) -> Self {
+        self.cli_commands.push(CliCommand {
+            path: path.iter().map(|s| s.to_string()).collect(),
+            cmd,
+            handler,
+        });
+        self
+    }
+
+    // ── Tier 1: Declarative ─────────────────────────────────────────
+
+    /// Register an alias for a command at `path`. Invoking the alias
+    /// produces the same output as the canonical name.
+    pub fn alias(mut self, path: &[&str], alias: &str) -> Self {
+        self.deferred_ops.push(DeferredOp::Alias {
+            path: path.iter().map(|s| s.to_string()).collect(),
+            alias: alias.to_string(),
+        });
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Hide a command from `--help` output.
+    pub fn hide(mut self, path: &[&str]) -> Self {
+        self.deferred_ops.push(DeferredOp::Hide {
+            path: path.iter().map(|s| s.to_string()).collect(),
+        });
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Set the stability level for a command.
+    pub fn stability(mut self, path: &[&str], stability: Stability) -> Self {
+        self.deferred_ops.push(DeferredOp::Stability {
+            path: path.iter().map(|s| s.to_string()).collect(),
+            stability,
+        });
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Mark a command as deprecated with a message.
+    pub fn deprecate(self, path: &[&str], message: &str) -> Self {
+        self.stability(
+            path,
+            Stability::Deprecated {
+                message: message.to_string(),
+                replacement: None,
+                removed_in: None,
+            },
+        )
+    }
+
+    // ── Tier 2: Per-command hooks ───────────────────────────────────
+
+    /// Transform a decoded response value before format/output.
+    /// Glob path applies across many operations.
+    pub fn transform_response<F, Fut>(mut self, path: &[&str], f: F) -> Self
+    where
+        F: Fn(Value, Vec<String>) -> Fut + Send + Sync + 'static,
+        Fut: std::future::Future<Output = Result<Value, CliError>> + Send + 'static,
+    {
+        self.hooks.add_transform_response(
+            path,
+            Box::new(move |v, p| Box::pin(f(v, p))),
+        );
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Convert an API error into synthetic success. Returning
+    /// `Ok(Some(v))` short-circuits with `v` as the response;
+    /// `Ok(None)` lets the error propagate.
+    pub fn recover_error<F, Fut>(mut self, path: &[&str], f: F) -> Self
+    where
+        F: Fn(CliError, Vec<String>) -> Fut + Send + Sync + 'static,
+        Fut: std::future::Future<Output = Result<Option<Value>, CliError>> + Send + 'static,
+    {
+        self.hooks.add_recover_error(
+            path,
+            Box::new(move |e, p| Box::pin(f(e, p))),
+        );
+        self
+    }
+
+    // ── Run ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+    /// Run the CLI, consuming `self`. Builds the command tree, parses
+    /// argv, dispatches through the matched binding, applies hooks,
+    /// and formats output.
+    pub fn run(mut self) {
+        crate::reset_sigpipe();
+        let _ = dotenvy::dotenv();
+        crate::init_logging(&self.name);
+
+        self.propagate_root_auth();
+
+        let rt = tokio::runtime::Runtime::new().expect("Failed to create tokio runtime");
+        let mut out = std::io::stdout().lock();
+        let exit = rt.block_on(self.run_inner(std::env::args_os().collect(), &mut out));
+        drop(out);
+        std::process::exit(exit);
+    }
+
+    /// Testable entry point: runs the full pipeline against the given
+    /// argv and returns the exit code instead of calling
+    /// `std::process::exit`. Output is written to stdout.
+    pub fn try_run_from<I, T>(mut self, args: I) -> i32
+    where
+        I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
+        T: Into<std::ffi::OsString>,
+    {
+        self.propagate_root_auth();
+        let args: Vec<std::ffi::OsString> = args.into_iter().map(Into::into).collect();
+        let rt = tokio::runtime::Runtime::new().expect("Failed to create tokio runtime");
+        let mut out = std::io::stdout().lock();
+        rt.block_on(self.run_inner(args, &mut out))
+    }
+
+    /// Testable entry point that captures output into the provided
+    /// writer instead of stdout. Returns `(exit_code, bytes_written)`.
+    ///
+    /// This is the preferred method for behavior tests — it avoids
+    /// process-global stdout redirection (`gag`) which is racy under
+    /// parallel test execution.
+    pub fn try_run_from_with_output<I, T, W>(mut self, args: I, out: &mut W) -> i32
+    where
+        I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
+        T: Into<std::ffi::OsString>,
+        W: std::io::Write,
+    {
+        self.propagate_root_auth();
+        let args: Vec<std::ffi::OsString> = args.into_iter().map(Into::into).collect();
+        let rt = tokio::runtime::Runtime::new().expect("Failed to create tokio runtime");
+        rt.block_on(self.run_inner(args, out))
+    }
+
+    /// Pass root-level auth bindings to each registered binding and
+    /// validate that specs don't reference unregistered schemes.
+    /// Must be called before `run_inner` / `dispatch_pipeline`.
+    fn propagate_root_auth(&mut self) {
+        if !self.auth_bindings.is_empty() {
+            for binding in &mut self.bindings {
+                binding.set_root_auth(&self.auth_bindings);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Validate auth across all bindings. Hard-errors if any binding's
+    /// spec references a scheme not registered in auth_bindings.
+    fn validate_auth(&self) -> Result<(), CliError> {
+        for binding in &self.bindings {
+            binding.validate_auth()?;
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Core async pipeline. Returns exit code (0 = success).
+    ///
+    /// **NO SINGLE-BINDING SHORTCUT.** Every execution path goes through
+    /// the full dispatch pipeline regardless of binding count.
+    async fn run_inner<W: std::io::Write>(&self, args: Vec<std::ffi::OsString>, out: &mut W) -> i32 {
+        match self.dispatch_pipeline(args, out).await {
+            Ok(PipelineOutcome::Success) => 0,
+            Ok(PipelineOutcome::HelpShown) => 0,
+            Err(err) => {
+                write_error_json(&err, out);
+                err.exit_code()
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// The full dispatch pipeline.
+    async fn dispatch_pipeline<W: std::io::Write>(
+        &self,
+        args: Vec<std::ffi::OsString>,
+        out: &mut W,
+    ) -> Result<PipelineOutcome, CliError> {
+        if self.bindings.is_empty() {
+            return Err(CliError::Discovery(
+                "No bindings registered. Call .binding() on CliApp.".to_string(),
+            ));
+        }
+
+        // 0. Validate auth bindings — hard error if a binding's spec
+        // references a scheme not registered at root.
+        self.validate_auth()?;
+
+        // 0. Convert args to strings for early interception checks.
+        let str_args: Vec<String> = args.iter()
+            .filter_map(|a| a.to_str().map(String::from))
+            .collect();
+
+        // 0a. Intercept `<cli> errors` early — before loading specs.
+        if crate::cli_args::is_errors_subcommand(&str_args) {
+            crate::error::write_errors_to(&str_args, out);
+            return Ok(PipelineOutcome::HelpShown);
+        }
+
+        // 0b. Intercept `--help --format json` before clap parses.
+        if crate::cli_args::wants_json_help(&str_args) {
+            let path = crate::cli_args::extract_subcommand_path(&str_args);
+            for binding in &self.bindings {
+                if binding.render_json_help(&path, out)? {
+                    return Ok(PipelineOutcome::HelpShown);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        // 1. Build merged command tree from all bindings.
+        let mut cli = clap::Command::new(self.name.clone())
+            .version(env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION"))
+            .arg_required_else_help(true)
+            .subcommand_required(true)
+            .term_width(200);
+        if let Some(ref t) = self.title {
+            cli = cli.about(t.clone());
+        }
+        if let Some(ref d) = self.description {
+            cli = cli.long_about(d.clone());
+        }
+        cli = cli
+            .arg(
+                clap::Arg::new("format")
+                    .long("format")
+                    .help("Output format: json (default), table, yaml, csv")
+                    .value_name("FORMAT")
+                    .global(true),
+            )
+            .arg(
+                clap::Arg::new("base-url")
+                    .long("base-url")
+                    .help("Override the API base URL (e.g. for testing against a mock server)")
+                    .value_name("URL")
+                    .global(true),
+            );
+
+        // Collect each binding's subtree commands, global args, and help
+        // footer, then merge into the root.
+        let mut binding_commands: Vec<(usize, Vec<String>)> = Vec::new();
+        let mut after_help_sections: Vec<String> = Vec::new();
+        // Track registered arg IDs to avoid clap panic on duplicates
+        // when multiple bindings share the same global args (e.g.
+        // root-level CLI auth flags propagated to every binding).
+        let mut seen_arg_ids: std::collections::HashSet<String> = [
+            "format".to_string(),
+            "base-url".to_string(),
+            "help".to_string(),
+            "version".to_string(),
+        ]
+        .into();
+        for (idx, binding) in self.bindings.iter().enumerate() {
+            let subcmd = binding.build_command()?;
+            // Record which top-level subcommand names belong to which binding.
+            for sub in subcmd.get_subcommands() {
+                binding_commands.push((idx, vec![sub.get_name().to_string()]));
+            }
+            // Merge this binding's subcommands into the root.
+            for sub in subcmd.get_subcommands().cloned() {
+                cli = cli.subcommand(sub);
+            }
+            // Merge binding-level global args (server vars, SDK vars,
+            // global headers) into the root command.
+            for arg in subcmd.get_arguments() {
+                let id = arg.get_id().as_str();
+                if !seen_arg_ids.insert(id.to_string()) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                cli = cli.arg(arg.clone());
+            }
+            // Carry the binding's about into the root when CliApp
+            // doesn't override it.
+            if self.title.is_none() {
+                if let Some(about) = subcmd.get_about() {
+                    cli = cli.about(about.to_string());
+                }
+            }
+            // Collect after_help sections from all bindings for
+            // composition (concatenate, not overwrite).
+            if let Some(help) = subcmd.get_after_help() {
+                after_help_sections.push(help.to_string());
+            }
+        }
+        if !after_help_sections.is_empty() {
+            // Deduplicate lines across bindings (preserving order) so
+            // two bindings sharing the same env vars or auth schemes
+            // don't repeat identical footer lines.
+            let merged = deduplicate_after_help(&after_help_sections);
+            cli = cli.after_help(merged);
+        }
+
+        // 1b. Register CLI-level custom commands (may be nested).
+        for cc in &self.cli_commands {
+            cli = crate::custom_commands::graft_subcommand(cli, &cc.path, cc.cmd.clone());
+        }
+
+        // 1c. Register `completion` and `man` subcommands.
+        cli = cli
+            .subcommand(crate::completions::completion_command())
+            .subcommand(crate::man::man_command());
+
+        // 1d. Apply Tier 1 deferred operations (alias, hide, stability)
+        // before completion/man generation so aliases appear in tab-
+        // completion scripts and man pages reflect hidden/stability state.
+        for op in &self.deferred_ops {
+            match op {
+                DeferredOp::Alias { path, alias } => {
+                    cli = apply_alias(cli, path, alias);
+                }
+                DeferredOp::Hide { path } => {
+                    cli = apply_hide(cli, path);
+                }
+                DeferredOp::Stability { path, stability } => {
+                    cli = apply_stability(cli, path, stability);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        // 1e. Validate hook patterns against the command tree.
+        self.hooks.validate_patterns(&cli)?;
+
+        // 1f. Intercept `completion` and `man` before clap parses.
+        if crate::completions::wants_completion(&str_args) {
+            let raw_shell_arg =
+                crate::early_intercept::nth_positional(&str_args, 1);
+            match raw_shell_arg {
+                Some(s) => match crate::completions::parse_shell(s) {
+                    Some(shell) => {
+                        crate::completions::generate_completion_to(shell, &mut cli, &self.name, out)
+                            .map_err(|e| CliError::Other(e.into()))?;
+                        return Ok(PipelineOutcome::HelpShown);
+                    }
+                    None => {
+                        return Err(CliError::Validation(format!(
+                            "invalid shell: '{s}'. Expected one of: bash, zsh, fish, powershell, elvish"
+                        )));
+                    }
+                },
+                None => {
+                    if let Some(sub) = cli.find_subcommand_mut("completion") {
+                        let _ = sub.write_help(out);
+                    }
+                    return Ok(PipelineOutcome::HelpShown);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        if crate::man::wants_man(&str_args) {
+            let has_help = str_args.iter().skip(1)
+                .skip_while(|a| a.as_str() != "man").skip(1)
+                .any(|a| a == "--help" || a == "-h");
+            if has_help {
+                if let Some(sub) = cli.find_subcommand_mut("man") {
+                    let _ = sub.write_help(out);
+                }
+                return Ok(PipelineOutcome::HelpShown);
+            }
+            crate::man::generate_man_to(cli, &self.name, out)
+                .map_err(|e| CliError::Other(e.into()))?;
+            return Ok(PipelineOutcome::HelpShown);
+        }
+
+        // 3. Parse argv.
+        let matches = match cli.try_get_matches_from(&args) {
+            Ok(m) => m,
+            Err(e)
+                if e.kind() == clap::error::ErrorKind::DisplayHelp
+                    || e.kind()
+                        == clap::error::ErrorKind::DisplayHelpOnMissingArgumentOrSubcommand
+                    || e.kind() == clap::error::ErrorKind::DisplayVersion =>
+            {
+                let _ = std::io::Write::write_fmt(out, format_args!("{e}"));
+                let _ = out.flush();
+                return Ok(PipelineOutcome::HelpShown);
+            }
+            Err(e) => return Err(CliError::Validation(e.to_string())),
+        };
+
+        // 4. Resolve which binding owns the matched subcommand.
+        let (op_path, sub_matches) = resolve_op_path(&matches);
+
+        // 4a. Check CLI-level custom commands first.
+        for cc in &self.cli_commands {
+            if let Some(target) = crate::custom_commands::walk_matches_to_custom(
+                &matches, &cc.path, cc.cmd.get_name(),
+            ) {
+                // Collect contexts from ALL bindings so the handler can
+                // invoke operations from any binding transparently.
+                let mut ctx: Option<Box<dyn Any + Send + Sync>> = None;
+                for b in &self.bindings {
+                    ctx = b.merge_binding_context(&matches, ctx)?;
+                }
+                let ctx = ctx.unwrap_or_else(|| Box::new(()));
+                (cc.handler)(target, ctx.as_ref())?;
+                return Ok(PipelineOutcome::Success);
+            }
+        }
+
+        let binding_idx = resolve_binding_for_path(
+            &op_path,
+            &binding_commands,
+        ).ok_or_else(|| {
+            CliError::Discovery(format!(
+                "No binding found for command path: {}",
+                op_path.join(" "),
+            ))
+        })?;
+
+        // 5. Dispatch to the binding. NO SHORTCUT — always goes through
+        //    the full pipeline.
+        let dispatch_result = self.bindings[binding_idx]
+            .dispatch(&matches, sub_matches, &op_path)
+            .await;
+
+        // 6. Apply CliApp-scope hooks.
+        match dispatch_result {
+            Ok(DispatchResult::Value(value)) => {
+                // Run transform_response chain.
+                let transformed = self.hooks.run_transform_response(value, &op_path).await?;
+
+                // Format and write output.
+                let pipeline = formatter::OutputPipeline::from_matches(&matches)
+                    .map_err(|e| CliError::Validation(e.to_string()))?;
+                pipeline
+                    .emit(out, &transformed, false, true)
+                    .map_err(|e| CliError::Other(e.into()))?;
+                Ok(PipelineOutcome::Success)
+            }
+            Ok(DispatchResult::Handled) => {
+                // Binding already handled output (dry-run, streaming, etc.).
+                Ok(PipelineOutcome::Success)
+            }
+            Err(err) => {
+                // Run recover_error chain.
+                if self.hooks.has_recover_error() {
+                    match self.hooks.run_recover_error(err, &op_path).await {
+                        Ok(value) => {
+                            let pipeline = formatter::OutputPipeline::from_matches(&matches)
+                                .map_err(|e| CliError::Validation(e.to_string()))?;
+                            pipeline
+                                .emit(out, &value, false, true)
+                                .map_err(|e| CliError::Other(e.into()))?;
+                            Ok(PipelineOutcome::Success)
+                        }
+                        Err(e) => Err(e),
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    Err(err)
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+// ── Command tree helpers ────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+/// Walk the `ArgMatches` subcommand chain to extract the operation path
+/// and the leaf subcommand's matches.
+fn resolve_op_path(matches: &clap::ArgMatches) -> (Vec<String>, &clap::ArgMatches) {
+    let mut path = Vec::new();
+    let mut current = matches;
+    while let Some((name, sub)) = current.subcommand() {
+        path.push(name.to_string());
+        current = sub;
+    }
+    (path, current)
+}
+
+/// Find which binding index owns the first segment of the command path.
+fn resolve_binding_for_path(
+    op_path: &[String],
+    binding_commands: &[(usize, Vec<String>)],
+) -> Option<usize> {
+    if op_path.is_empty() {
+        return None;
+    }
+    // Last-registered binding wins (matches design: "last binding wins").
+    binding_commands
+        .iter()
+        .rev()
+        .find(|(_, cmd_path)| cmd_path.first() == op_path.first())
+        .map(|(idx, _)| *idx)
+}
+
+/// Apply a transform to the command at `path` using clap's
+/// `mut_subcommand` to walk the tree. Parent commands are never
+/// rebuilt — only the leaf is transformed — so all clap settings on
+/// every ancestor are preserved automatically, regardless of what
+/// settings clap adds in future versions.
+fn modify_at_path(
+    cmd: clap::Command,
+    path: &[String],
+    transform: &dyn Fn(clap::Command) -> clap::Command,
+) -> clap::Command {
+    if path.is_empty() {
+        return transform(cmd);
+    }
+    let head = path[0].clone();
+    let rest = path[1..].to_vec();
+    cmd.mut_subcommand(head, move |sub| modify_at_path(sub, &rest, transform))
+}
+
+/// Apply a clap alias to the command at `path`.
+fn apply_alias(cli: clap::Command, path: &[String], alias: &str) -> clap::Command {
+    let alias_owned = alias.to_string();
+    modify_at_path(cli, path, &|c| c.visible_alias(alias_owned.clone()))
+}
+
+/// Apply `hide(true)` to the command at `path`.
+fn apply_hide(cli: clap::Command, path: &[String]) -> clap::Command {
+    modify_at_path(cli, path, &|c| c.hide(true))
+}
+
+/// Apply a stability badge to the command at `path`.
+fn apply_stability(cli: clap::Command, path: &[String], stability: &Stability) -> clap::Command {
+    modify_at_path(cli, path, &|c| {
+        if let Some(badge) = stability.badge() {
+            let about = c
+                .get_about()
+                .map(|a| format!("{badge} {a}"))
+                .unwrap_or_else(|| badge.to_string());
+            c.about(about)
+        } else {
+            c
+        }
+    })
+}
+
+/// Merge multiple `after_help` sections, deduplicating identical blocks
+/// while preserving first-seen order. Blocks are delimited by blank
+/// lines (`\n\n`). This handles multi-line entries (e.g. auth sections
+/// spanning several lines) as atomic units — they're either kept or
+/// dropped as a whole, never split.
+fn deduplicate_after_help(sections: &[String]) -> String {
+    let mut seen = std::collections::HashSet::new();
+    let mut blocks = Vec::new();
+    for section in sections {
+        // Split each section into blank-line-delimited blocks.
+        for block in section.split("\n\n") {
+            let trimmed = block.trim();
+            if !trimmed.is_empty() && seen.insert(trimmed.to_string()) {
+                blocks.push(trimmed.to_string());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    blocks.join("\n\n")
+}
+
+// ── Tests ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn resolve_op_path_extracts_chain() {
+        let cmd = clap::Command::new("test")
+            .subcommand(
+                clap::Command::new("users").subcommand(clap::Command::new("get")),
+            );
+        let matches = cmd
+            .try_get_matches_from(["test", "users", "get"])
+            .unwrap();
+        let (path, _) = resolve_op_path(&matches);
+        assert_eq!(path, vec!["users".to_string(), "get".to_string()]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn resolve_binding_last_wins() {
+        let commands = vec![
+            (0, vec!["users".to_string()]),
+            (1, vec!["users".to_string()]),
+        ];
+        let path = vec!["users".to_string(), "get".to_string()];
+        assert_eq!(resolve_binding_for_path(&path, &commands), Some(1));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn resolve_binding_empty_path() {
+        let commands = vec![(0, vec!["users".to_string()])];
+        assert_eq!(resolve_binding_for_path(&[], &commands), None);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn cli_app_must_use() {
+        // This test verifies the builder compiles — #[must_use]
+        // would fire a warning if the value were dropped without use.
+        let _app = CliApp::new("test");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn deduplicate_after_help_removes_identical_blocks() {
+        let a = "Environment variables:\n  BOX_BASE_URL  Override\n  BOX_CA_BUNDLE  Path".to_string();
+        let b = "Environment variables:\n  BOX_BASE_URL  Override\n  BOX_CA_BUNDLE  Path".to_string();
+        let result = deduplicate_after_help(&[a, b]);
+        assert_eq!(
+            result,
+            "Environment variables:\n  BOX_BASE_URL  Override\n  BOX_CA_BUNDLE  Path",
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn deduplicate_after_help_preserves_unique_blocks() {
+        let a = "Auth:\n  bearer via API_KEY".to_string();
+        let b = "Environment variables:\n  BOX_BASE_URL  Override".to_string();
+        let result = deduplicate_after_help(&[a, b]);
+        assert_eq!(
+            result,
+            "Auth:\n  bearer via API_KEY\n\nEnvironment variables:\n  BOX_BASE_URL  Override",
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn deduplicate_after_help_multiline_blocks_are_atomic() {
+        // Two bindings with identical multi-line env block but
+        // different auth blocks — env block appears once, both auth kept.
+        let env_block = "Environment variables:\n  BOX_BASE_URL  Override\n  BOX_CA_BUNDLE  Path";
+        let a = format!("Auth:\n  bearer via API_KEY\n\n{env_block}");
+        let b = format!("Auth:\n  basic via SECRET\n\n{env_block}");
+        let result = deduplicate_after_help(&[a, b]);
+        assert_eq!(
+            result,
+            format!("Auth:\n  bearer via API_KEY\n\n{env_block}\n\nAuth:\n  basic via SECRET"),
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn deduplicate_after_help_real_world_footer() {
+        // Simulates two bindings with the same binary name producing
+        // identical env var + standard-env-var blocks.
+        let section = "Environment variables:\n  BOX_BASE_URL  Override\n  BOX_TIMEOUT_SECS  Timeout\n\nStandard env vars are also honored.";
+        let result = deduplicate_after_help(&[section.to_string(), section.to_string()]);
+        assert_eq!(result, section);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/arg_source.rs b/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/arg_source.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..3111c9520bf1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/arg_source.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,229 @@
+//! Strategy trait for argument defaults.
+//!
+//! [`ArgSource`] resolves a default value for a CLI flag at runtime.
+//! Named implementations cover env vars, files, literals, and chains.
+
+use serde_json::Value;
+
+use crate::binding::BoxFuture;
+use crate::error::CliError;
+
+/// Async strategy for resolving a default argument value.
+pub trait ArgSource: Send + Sync + 'static {
+    /// Resolve the default value. `None` means "no default available."
+    fn resolve(&self) -> BoxFuture<'_, Result<Option<Value>, CliError>>;
+}
+
+/// Read a trimmed env var. Empty string → `None`.
+pub struct EnvArg {
+    var: String,
+}
+
+impl EnvArg {
+    pub fn new(var: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
+        Self { var: var.into() }
+    }
+}
+
+impl ArgSource for EnvArg {
+    fn resolve(&self) -> BoxFuture<'_, Result<Option<Value>, CliError>> {
+        Box::pin(async move {
+            match std::env::var(&self.var) {
+                Ok(v) => {
+                    let trimmed = v.trim().to_string();
+                    if trimmed.is_empty() {
+                        Ok(None)
+                    } else {
+                        Ok(Some(Value::String(trimmed)))
+                    }
+                }
+                Err(_) => Ok(None),
+            }
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+/// Read and trim file contents. Missing file → `None`. `~` is expanded
+/// against `$HOME`.
+pub struct FileArg {
+    path: std::path::PathBuf,
+}
+
+impl FileArg {
+    pub fn new(path: impl Into<std::path::PathBuf>) -> Self {
+        Self { path: path.into() }
+    }
+
+    fn expand_tilde(path: &std::path::Path) -> std::path::PathBuf {
+        if let Ok(stripped) = path.strip_prefix("~") {
+            if let Ok(home) = std::env::var("HOME") {
+                return std::path::PathBuf::from(home).join(stripped);
+            }
+        }
+        path.to_path_buf()
+    }
+}
+
+impl ArgSource for FileArg {
+    fn resolve(&self) -> BoxFuture<'_, Result<Option<Value>, CliError>> {
+        let expanded = Self::expand_tilde(&self.path);
+        Box::pin(async move {
+            match tokio::fs::read_to_string(&expanded).await {
+                Ok(contents) => {
+                    let trimmed = contents.trim().to_string();
+                    if trimmed.is_empty() {
+                        Ok(None)
+                    } else {
+                        Ok(Some(Value::String(trimmed)))
+                    }
+                }
+                Err(e) if e.kind() == std::io::ErrorKind::NotFound => Ok(None),
+                Err(e) => Err(CliError::Other(anyhow::anyhow!(
+                    "Failed to read {}: {e}",
+                    expanded.display()
+                ))),
+            }
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+/// A baked-in default value.
+pub struct LiteralArg {
+    value: Value,
+}
+
+impl LiteralArg {
+    pub fn new(value: impl Into<Value>) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            value: value.into(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl ArgSource for LiteralArg {
+    fn resolve(&self) -> BoxFuture<'_, Result<Option<Value>, CliError>> {
+        let v = self.value.clone();
+        Box::pin(async move { Ok(Some(v)) })
+    }
+}
+
+/// First source returning `Some` wins.
+pub struct ChainArg {
+    sources: Vec<Box<dyn ArgSource>>,
+}
+
+impl ChainArg {
+    pub fn from_sources(sources: Vec<Box<dyn ArgSource>>) -> Self {
+        Self { sources }
+    }
+}
+
+impl ArgSource for ChainArg {
+    fn resolve(&self) -> BoxFuture<'_, Result<Option<Value>, CliError>> {
+        Box::pin(async move {
+            for source in &self.sources {
+                if let Some(v) = source.resolve().await? {
+                    return Ok(Some(v));
+                }
+            }
+            Ok(None)
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn env_arg_reads_value() {
+        std::env::set_var("TEST_ARG_SOURCE_1", "hello");
+        let source = EnvArg::new("TEST_ARG_SOURCE_1");
+        let result = source.resolve().await.unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(result, Some(Value::String("hello".into())));
+        std::env::remove_var("TEST_ARG_SOURCE_1");
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn env_arg_empty_returns_none() {
+        std::env::set_var("TEST_ARG_SOURCE_2", "  ");
+        let source = EnvArg::new("TEST_ARG_SOURCE_2");
+        let result = source.resolve().await.unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(result, None);
+        std::env::remove_var("TEST_ARG_SOURCE_2");
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn env_arg_missing_returns_none() {
+        let source = EnvArg::new("TEST_ARG_SOURCE_DEFINITELY_MISSING");
+        let result = source.resolve().await.unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(result, None);
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn file_arg_reads_and_trims() {
+        let dir = std::env::temp_dir().join("fern_test_arg_source");
+        let _ = std::fs::create_dir_all(&dir);
+        let path = dir.join("test_file.txt");
+        std::fs::write(&path, "  world  \n").unwrap();
+        let source = FileArg::new(&path);
+        let result = source.resolve().await.unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(result, Some(Value::String("world".into())));
+        let _ = std::fs::remove_file(&path);
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn file_arg_missing_returns_none() {
+        let source = FileArg::new("/tmp/fern_test_nonexistent_file_arg_source");
+        let result = source.resolve().await.unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(result, None);
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn file_arg_empty_returns_none() {
+        let dir = std::env::temp_dir().join("fern_test_arg_source");
+        let _ = std::fs::create_dir_all(&dir);
+        let path = dir.join("test_empty_file.txt");
+        std::fs::write(&path, "  \n").unwrap();
+        let source = FileArg::new(&path);
+        let result = source.resolve().await.unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(result, None);
+        let _ = std::fs::remove_file(&path);
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn literal_arg() {
+        let source = LiteralArg::new(42);
+        let result = source.resolve().await.unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(result, Some(Value::Number(42.into())));
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn chain_arg_first_wins() {
+        std::env::set_var("TEST_CHAIN_ARG_1", "from-env");
+        let chain = ChainArg::from_sources(vec![
+            Box::new(EnvArg::new("TEST_CHAIN_ARG_1")),
+            Box::new(LiteralArg::new("fallback")),
+        ]);
+        let result = chain.resolve().await.unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(result, Some(Value::String("from-env".into())));
+        std::env::remove_var("TEST_CHAIN_ARG_1");
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn chain_arg_falls_through() {
+        let chain = ChainArg::from_sources(vec![
+            Box::new(EnvArg::new("TEST_CHAIN_MISSING_ENV")),
+            Box::new(LiteralArg::new("fallback")),
+        ]);
+        let result = chain.resolve().await.unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(result, Some(Value::String("fallback".into())));
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn chain_arg_empty_returns_none() {
+        let chain = ChainArg::from_sources(vec![]);
+        let result = chain.resolve().await.unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(result, None);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/auth/builder.rs b/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/auth/builder.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..e629dd01553d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/auth/builder.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,861 @@
+//! Builder bindings: how the `CliApp` builder records "bind credential X to
+//! scheme Y" before the doc is parsed, and how those bindings are lowered
+//! into a concrete [`DynAuthProvider`] once the doc is available.
+
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use crate::auth::compose::{AllAuthProvider, AnyAuthProvider, RoutingAuthProvider};
+use crate::auth::credential::AuthCredentialSource;
+use crate::auth::provider::{DynAuthProvider, NoAuthProvider};
+use crate::auth::schemes::{BasicAuthProvider, BearerAuthProvider, HeaderAuthProvider};
+
+/// How the bound auth schemes should compose into a single
+/// [`DynAuthProvider`]. Generators that already know their API's auth
+/// model can pick the right strategy explicitly; hand-written CLIs can
+/// rely on `Auto` and let the spec decide.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Default)]
+pub enum AuthStrategy {
+    /// Default: derive the strategy from the spec. If any operation
+    /// declares per-endpoint `security:`, use [`Routing`](Self::Routing);
+    /// otherwise use [`Any`](Self::Any). Matches the behaviour from before
+    /// `auth_strategy()` existed.
+    #[default]
+    Auto,
+    /// Try each scheme in registration order; first one with credentials
+    /// applies. The "any of" semantics — common when an API accepts
+    /// multiple equivalent auth methods (e.g., bearer or API key).
+    Any,
+    /// Apply *every* scheme to every request. The "and" semantics — used
+    /// when an API requires multiple schemes simultaneously (e.g., HMAC
+    /// signature plus an API key).
+    All,
+    /// Per-endpoint dispatch via the operation's `security_requirements`.
+    /// Falls back to an [`AnyAuthProvider`] over the bound schemes for
+    /// operations that didn't declare requirements. If the spec has no
+    /// per-endpoint security at all, this behaves identically to `Any`.
+    Routing,
+}
+
+/// How a builder caller has bound credentials to a scheme name.
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub enum SchemeBinding {
+    /// Single-value source — bearer / apiKey / oauth2 schemes.
+    Token(AuthCredentialSource),
+    /// Two-value source — http basic. Both must resolve for the provider
+    /// to claim credentials.
+    Basic {
+        username: AuthCredentialSource,
+        password: AuthCredentialSource,
+    },
+    /// Caller built their own provider. Used as-is. Bypasses the
+    /// spec→provider lowering, so the binding's `name` is purely a routing
+    /// key into [`RoutingAuthProvider`].
+    Custom(DynAuthProvider),
+}
+
+impl std::fmt::Debug for SchemeBinding {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        match self {
+            SchemeBinding::Token(s) => f.debug_tuple("Token").field(s).finish(),
+            SchemeBinding::Basic { .. } => f.write_str("Basic { .. }"),
+            SchemeBinding::Custom(p) => write!(f, "Custom({})", p.name()),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl SchemeBinding {
+    /// Walk the binding's credential sources for every CLI arg name they
+    /// reference. CliApp uses this before clap parsing to register the
+    /// corresponding global `--<name>` flags. `Custom` bindings are opaque
+    /// (the user owns the provider) so they contribute nothing here.
+    pub fn cli_args(&self) -> Vec<&str> {
+        match self {
+            SchemeBinding::Token(src) => src.cli_args(),
+            SchemeBinding::Basic { username, password } => {
+                let mut out = username.cli_args();
+                out.extend(password.cli_args());
+                out
+            }
+            SchemeBinding::Custom(_) => Vec::new(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Finalize the binding's credential sources against the parsed clap
+    /// matches — replaces any `Cli(name)` variants with closures that read
+    /// from `matches`. Pass-through for `Custom` (the user already owns
+    /// the resolution path).
+    pub fn finalize(self, matches: &Arc<clap::ArgMatches>) -> Self {
+        match self {
+            SchemeBinding::Token(src) => SchemeBinding::Token(src.finalize(matches)),
+            SchemeBinding::Basic { username, password } => SchemeBinding::Basic {
+                username: username.finalize(matches),
+                password: password.finalize(matches),
+            },
+            SchemeBinding::Custom(p) => SchemeBinding::Custom(p),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Render a human-readable "Authentication:" section for `--help`
+/// describing each binding's scheme name and where it reads its value
+/// from. Returns `None` when there are no bindings (caller can omit the
+/// section entirely).
+///
+/// The output looks like:
+///
+/// ```text
+/// Authentication:
+///   bearerAuth   API_TOKEN env var
+///   apiKey       --api-key flag / API_KEY env var / ~/.api/key file
+/// ```
+///
+/// CLI flags and file paths are described in human terms. Closures and
+/// the `Custom` binding are reported as "custom" — their source isn't
+/// inspectable.
+pub fn render_auth_help_section(bindings: &[(String, SchemeBinding)]) -> Option<String> {
+    if bindings.is_empty() {
+        return None;
+    }
+    let max_name = bindings
+        .iter()
+        .map(|(n, _)| n.len())
+        .max()
+        .unwrap_or(0)
+        .max(8);
+
+    let mut out = String::from("Authentication:\n");
+    for (name, binding) in bindings {
+        let sources = describe_binding_sources(binding);
+        let _ = std::fmt::Write::write_fmt(
+            &mut out,
+            format_args!("  {name:<max_name$}   {sources}\n"),
+        );
+    }
+    Some(out)
+}
+
+fn describe_binding_sources(binding: &SchemeBinding) -> String {
+    match binding {
+        SchemeBinding::Token(src) => describe_credential_source(src),
+        SchemeBinding::Basic { username, password } => {
+            format!(
+                "basic auth · username: {} · password: {}",
+                describe_credential_source(username),
+                describe_credential_source(password),
+            )
+        }
+        SchemeBinding::Custom(_) => "custom auth provider".to_string(),
+    }
+}
+
+fn describe_credential_source(src: &AuthCredentialSource) -> String {
+    match src {
+        AuthCredentialSource::Env(name) => format!("{name} env var"),
+        AuthCredentialSource::Cli(arg) => format!("--{arg} flag"),
+        AuthCredentialSource::File(path) => format!("{} file", path.display()),
+        AuthCredentialSource::Literal(_) => "built-in literal".to_string(),
+        AuthCredentialSource::Closure(_) => "custom resolver".to_string(),
+        AuthCredentialSource::Chain(sources) => sources
+            .iter()
+            .map(describe_credential_source)
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+            .join(" / "),
+        AuthCredentialSource::Missing => "(unbound)".to_string(),
+    }
+}
+
+/// Walk every binding in `bindings` and collect the union of CLI arg
+/// names they reference. Deduplicated while preserving first-seen order.
+pub fn collect_binding_cli_args(bindings: &[(String, SchemeBinding)]) -> Vec<String> {
+    let mut seen: std::collections::HashSet<String> = std::collections::HashSet::new();
+    let mut out: Vec<String> = Vec::new();
+    for (_, b) in bindings {
+        for arg in b.cli_args() {
+            if seen.insert(arg.to_string()) {
+                out.push(arg.to_string());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    out
+}
+
+/// Finalize every binding against `matches`. Returns a new `Vec`; the
+/// originals are consumed.
+pub fn finalize_bindings(
+    bindings: Vec<(String, SchemeBinding)>,
+    matches: &Arc<clap::ArgMatches>,
+) -> Vec<(String, SchemeBinding)> {
+    bindings
+        .into_iter()
+        .map(|(name, b)| (name, b.finalize(matches)))
+        .collect()
+}
+
+/// Lower a single binding to a concrete provider, given the spec scheme
+/// declaration that names it (or `None` if the binding references a scheme
+/// not declared in `components.securitySchemes`).
+///
+/// Undeclared schemes (`declared == None`) default to bearer for token
+/// bindings and basic for two-value bindings — sensible defaults for
+/// callers who don't have a spec to lean on (e.g., GraphQL CLIs).
+///
+/// When a binding shape doesn't match its declared scheme (e.g., a Token
+/// bound to `HttpBasic`), the binding is dropped with a `tracing::warn!`
+/// so the misconfiguration shows up in the structured logs rather than
+/// silently sending requests with no auth.
+fn provider_for_binding(
+    scheme_name: &str,
+    binding: &SchemeBinding,
+    declared: Option<&crate::openapi::discovery::SecurityScheme>,
+) -> Option<DynAuthProvider> {
+    use crate::openapi::discovery::SecurityScheme as S;
+    match binding {
+        SchemeBinding::Custom(p) => Some(p.clone()),
+        SchemeBinding::Token(source) => match declared {
+            // Bearer/OAuth2 → standard Authorization: Bearer <token>.
+            // Undeclared schemes default to bearer (legacy parity).
+            Some(S::HttpBearer) | Some(S::OAuth2) | None => Some(Arc::new(
+                BearerAuthProvider::new(scheme_name, source.clone()),
+            )),
+            Some(S::ApiKeyHeader { name }) => Some(Arc::new(HeaderAuthProvider::new(
+                scheme_name,
+                name,
+                source.clone(),
+                false,
+            ))),
+            Some(S::ApiKeyQuery { .. }) => {
+                tracing::warn!(
+                    scheme = scheme_name,
+                    "auth_scheme: apiKey-in-query schemes are not yet supported; binding ignored",
+                );
+                None
+            }
+            Some(S::HttpBasic) => {
+                tracing::warn!(
+                    scheme = scheme_name,
+                    "auth_scheme: scheme is HTTP Basic but a single-value Token binding was supplied; \
+                     use auth_basic_scheme instead",
+                );
+                None
+            }
+            Some(S::Other(kind)) => {
+                tracing::warn!(
+                    scheme = scheme_name,
+                    kind = kind,
+                    "auth_scheme: unsupported scheme type; bind via auth_provider with a custom \
+                     provider instead",
+                );
+                None
+            }
+        },
+        SchemeBinding::Basic { username, password } => match declared {
+            Some(S::HttpBasic) | None => Some(Arc::new(BasicAuthProvider::new(
+                scheme_name,
+                username.clone(),
+                password.clone(),
+            ))),
+            _ => {
+                tracing::warn!(
+                    scheme = scheme_name,
+                    "auth_basic_scheme: scheme is not HTTP Basic; binding ignored",
+                );
+                None
+            }
+        },
+    }
+}
+
+/// Walk a `RestDescription` and decide whether any operation declares
+/// per-endpoint security requirements. Used to choose between
+/// `AnyAuthProvider` (no spec-level routing needed) and
+/// `RoutingAuthProvider` (some endpoints require specific schemes).
+fn doc_has_per_endpoint_security(doc: &crate::openapi::discovery::RestDescription) -> bool {
+    fn walk(res: &crate::openapi::discovery::RestResource) -> bool {
+        if res
+            .methods
+            .values()
+            .any(|m| m.security_requirements.is_some())
+        {
+            return true;
+        }
+        res.resources.values().any(walk)
+    }
+    doc.resources.values().any(walk)
+}
+
+/// Protocol-agnostic provider construction. Used directly by GraphQL
+/// (which has no spec-declared schemes and no per-endpoint metadata) and
+/// indirectly by [`build_provider_from_doc`] for OpenAPI.
+///
+/// Equivalent to [`build_provider_with_strategy`] called with
+/// [`AuthStrategy::Auto`]: the strategy is derived from
+/// `has_per_endpoint_security`. Use [`build_provider_with_strategy`]
+/// directly if your generator wants explicit control (e.g., the all-auth
+/// case the spec doesn't express).
+pub fn build_provider_from_bindings(
+    bindings: &[(String, SchemeBinding)],
+    security_schemes: &HashMap<String, crate::openapi::discovery::SecurityScheme>,
+    has_per_endpoint_security: bool,
+) -> DynAuthProvider {
+    build_provider_with_strategy(
+        bindings,
+        security_schemes,
+        AuthStrategy::Auto,
+        has_per_endpoint_security,
+    )
+}
+
+/// Strategy-aware provider construction. The fully general factory.
+///
+/// Construction outline:
+/// 1. Each binding is lowered to a concrete provider, using `security_schemes`
+///    (if non-empty) to pick between Bearer / Header / Basic.
+/// 2. Bindings are deduplicated by scheme name — last registration wins for
+///    both the routing map and the AnyAuth fallback list, so the two views
+///    can never disagree.
+/// 3. Insertion order is preserved across the dedup so the `Any` and `All`
+///    strategies see schemes in registration order.
+/// 4. The `strategy` chooses how the lowered providers compose:
+///    - `Auto` → `Routing` if `has_per_endpoint_security`, else `Any`.
+///    - `Any` → `AnyAuthProvider`. First with credentials applies.
+///    - `All` → `AllAuthProvider`. Every scheme applies, every request.
+///    - `Routing` → `RoutingAuthProvider` with `AnyAuthProvider` as default.
+/// 5. With no bindings at all, returns a [`NoAuthProvider`] sentinel —
+///    independent of `strategy`. `All` / `Routing` with zero bindings would
+///    otherwise produce a degenerate composite (an empty `AllAuthProvider`
+///    that vacuously claims credentials, or a `RoutingAuthProvider` whose
+///    only contribution is its default fallback). Collapsing to
+///    `NoAuthProvider` keeps the unauthenticated-CLI case unambiguous.
+pub fn build_provider_with_strategy(
+    bindings: &[(String, SchemeBinding)],
+    security_schemes: &HashMap<String, crate::openapi::discovery::SecurityScheme>,
+    strategy: AuthStrategy,
+    has_per_endpoint_security: bool,
+) -> DynAuthProvider {
+    if bindings.is_empty() {
+        return Arc::new(NoAuthProvider);
+    }
+
+    let mut by_name: HashMap<String, DynAuthProvider> = HashMap::new();
+    let mut order: Vec<String> = Vec::new();
+    for (name, binding) in bindings {
+        let declared = security_schemes.get(name);
+        // Surface typos: if the spec declared *some* schemes but this
+        // binding's name isn't among them, the binding will silently never
+        // route — no operation's `security:` block can match a name that
+        // isn't in the registry. Don't warn when there are no declared
+        // schemes (that's legacy-style usage with no spec security).
+        if declared.is_none() && !security_schemes.is_empty() {
+            let declared_names: Vec<&str> =
+                security_schemes.keys().map(String::as_str).collect();
+            tracing::warn!(
+                scheme = name.as_str(),
+                declared = ?declared_names,
+                "auth scheme name is not declared in components.securitySchemes; \
+                 check for typos — operations referencing a different name won't \
+                 receive this credential",
+            );
+        }
+        let Some(provider) = provider_for_binding(name, binding, declared) else {
+            continue;
+        };
+        if !by_name.contains_key(name) {
+            order.push(name.clone());
+        }
+        by_name.insert(name.clone(), provider);
+    }
+
+    let ordered: Vec<DynAuthProvider> = order.iter().map(|n| by_name[n].clone()).collect();
+
+    let resolved = match strategy {
+        AuthStrategy::Auto => {
+            if has_per_endpoint_security {
+                AuthStrategy::Routing
+            } else {
+                AuthStrategy::Any
+            }
+        }
+        explicit => explicit,
+    };
+
+    match resolved {
+        AuthStrategy::Auto => unreachable!("Auto resolved above"),
+        AuthStrategy::Any => Arc::new(AnyAuthProvider::new(ordered)),
+        AuthStrategy::All => Arc::new(AllAuthProvider::new(ordered)),
+        AuthStrategy::Routing => {
+            // The default for unspecified endpoints is still AnyAuth over
+            // all schemes — preserves the "use whatever works" fallback
+            // for operations the spec didn't pin.
+            let any: DynAuthProvider = Arc::new(AnyAuthProvider::new(ordered));
+            Arc::new(RoutingAuthProvider::new(by_name).with_default(any))
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// OpenAPI-flavored convenience: pulls `security_schemes` and the
+/// per-endpoint flag out of a parsed [`RestDescription`][rd].
+///
+/// [rd]: crate::openapi::discovery::RestDescription
+pub fn build_provider_from_doc(
+    doc: &crate::openapi::discovery::RestDescription,
+    bindings: &[(String, SchemeBinding)],
+) -> DynAuthProvider {
+    build_provider_from_bindings(
+        bindings,
+        &doc.security_schemes,
+        doc_has_per_endpoint_security(doc),
+    )
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::auth::provider::EndpointAuthMetadata;
+    use crate::auth::test_helpers::{auth_header, header, req};
+
+    fn doc_with_schemes(
+        schemes: &[(&str, crate::openapi::discovery::SecurityScheme)],
+    ) -> crate::openapi::discovery::RestDescription {
+        let mut d = crate::openapi::discovery::RestDescription::default();
+        for (name, scheme) in schemes {
+            d.security_schemes
+                .insert((*name).to_string(), scheme.clone());
+        }
+        d
+    }
+
+    fn doc_with_method_requirement(
+        schemes: &[(&str, crate::openapi::discovery::SecurityScheme)],
+        requirement: HashMap<String, Vec<String>>,
+    ) -> crate::openapi::discovery::RestDescription {
+        let mut d = doc_with_schemes(schemes);
+        let method = crate::openapi::discovery::RestMethod {
+            security_requirements: Some(vec![requirement]),
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let mut resource = crate::openapi::discovery::RestResource::default();
+        resource.methods.insert("op".to_string(), method);
+        d.resources.insert("group".to_string(), resource);
+        d
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn no_bindings_returns_noop() {
+        let doc = crate::openapi::discovery::RestDescription::default();
+        let p = build_provider_from_doc(&doc, &[]);
+        assert_eq!(p.name(), "none");
+        assert!(!p.has_credentials());
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn bearer_scheme_routes_to_bearer_provider() {
+        let doc = doc_with_schemes(&[(
+            "bearerAuth",
+            crate::openapi::discovery::SecurityScheme::HttpBearer,
+        )]);
+        let bindings = vec![(
+            "bearerAuth".to_string(),
+            SchemeBinding::Token(AuthCredentialSource::literal("tok")),
+        )];
+        let p = build_provider_from_doc(&doc, &bindings);
+        assert_eq!(p.name(), "any");
+        let r = p.apply(req(), &EndpointAuthMetadata::unspecified()).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(auth_header(r).as_deref(), Some("Bearer tok"));
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn apikey_header_uses_declared_header_name() {
+        let doc = doc_with_schemes(&[(
+            "apiKey",
+            crate::openapi::discovery::SecurityScheme::ApiKeyHeader {
+                name: "X-Api-Key".to_string(),
+            },
+        )]);
+        let bindings = vec![(
+            "apiKey".to_string(),
+            SchemeBinding::Token(AuthCredentialSource::literal("k")),
+        )];
+        let p = build_provider_from_doc(&doc, &bindings);
+        let r = p.apply(req(), &EndpointAuthMetadata::unspecified()).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(header(r, "x-api-key").as_deref(), Some("k"));
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn basic_scheme_routes_to_basic_provider() {
+        let doc = doc_with_schemes(&[(
+            "basic",
+            crate::openapi::discovery::SecurityScheme::HttpBasic,
+        )]);
+        let bindings = vec![(
+            "basic".to_string(),
+            SchemeBinding::Basic {
+                username: AuthCredentialSource::literal("alice"),
+                password: AuthCredentialSource::literal("hunter2"),
+            },
+        )];
+        let p = build_provider_from_doc(&doc, &bindings);
+        let r = p.apply(req(), &EndpointAuthMetadata::unspecified()).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(
+            auth_header(r).as_deref(),
+            Some("Basic YWxpY2U6aHVudGVyMg=="),
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn token_binding_for_basic_scheme_is_skipped() {
+        // Token form can't satisfy HttpBasic (which needs two values).
+        // The binding should be silently dropped — provider has no creds.
+        let doc = doc_with_schemes(&[(
+            "basic",
+            crate::openapi::discovery::SecurityScheme::HttpBasic,
+        )]);
+        let bindings = vec![(
+            "basic".to_string(),
+            SchemeBinding::Token(AuthCredentialSource::literal("oops")),
+        )];
+        let p = build_provider_from_doc(&doc, &bindings);
+        assert!(!p.has_credentials());
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn uses_routing_when_doc_has_per_endpoint_security() {
+        let mut req_map = HashMap::new();
+        req_map.insert("apiKey".to_string(), Vec::<String>::new());
+        let doc = doc_with_method_requirement(
+            &[
+                (
+                    "bearerAuth",
+                    crate::openapi::discovery::SecurityScheme::HttpBearer,
+                ),
+                (
+                    "apiKey",
+                    crate::openapi::discovery::SecurityScheme::ApiKeyHeader {
+                        name: "X-Api-Key".to_string(),
+                    },
+                ),
+            ],
+            req_map.clone(),
+        );
+        let bindings = vec![
+            (
+                "bearerAuth".to_string(),
+                SchemeBinding::Token(AuthCredentialSource::literal("tok")),
+            ),
+            (
+                "apiKey".to_string(),
+                SchemeBinding::Token(AuthCredentialSource::literal("k")),
+            ),
+        ];
+        let p = build_provider_from_doc(&doc, &bindings);
+        assert_eq!(p.name(), "routing");
+        let endpoint = EndpointAuthMetadata::with_requirements(vec![req_map]);
+        let r = p.apply(req(), &endpoint).unwrap();
+        let built = r.build().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(
+            built.headers().get("x-api-key").and_then(|v| v.to_str().ok()),
+            Some("k"),
+        );
+        assert!(built.headers().get("authorization").is_none());
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn routing_falls_back_to_any_for_unspecified_endpoint() {
+        let mut req_map = HashMap::new();
+        req_map.insert("apiKey".to_string(), Vec::<String>::new());
+        let doc = doc_with_method_requirement(
+            &[(
+                "bearerAuth",
+                crate::openapi::discovery::SecurityScheme::HttpBearer,
+            )],
+            req_map,
+        );
+        let bindings = vec![(
+            "bearerAuth".to_string(),
+            SchemeBinding::Token(AuthCredentialSource::literal("tok")),
+        )];
+        let p = build_provider_from_doc(&doc, &bindings);
+        let r = p
+            .apply(req(), &EndpointAuthMetadata::unspecified())
+            .unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(auth_header(r).as_deref(), Some("Bearer tok"));
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn duplicate_binding_uses_last_write_consistently() {
+        // Two bindings to the same scheme name. The user almost certainly
+        // didn't mean it, but if it happens, both the AnyAuth fallback and
+        // the RoutingAuth map must agree on which provider wins.
+        let mut req_map = HashMap::new();
+        req_map.insert("apiKey".to_string(), Vec::<String>::new());
+        let doc = doc_with_method_requirement(
+            &[(
+                "apiKey",
+                crate::openapi::discovery::SecurityScheme::ApiKeyHeader {
+                    name: "X-Api-Key".to_string(),
+                },
+            )],
+            req_map.clone(),
+        );
+        let bindings = vec![
+            (
+                "apiKey".to_string(),
+                SchemeBinding::Token(AuthCredentialSource::literal("first")),
+            ),
+            (
+                "apiKey".to_string(),
+                SchemeBinding::Token(AuthCredentialSource::literal("second")),
+            ),
+        ];
+        let p = build_provider_from_doc(&doc, &bindings);
+        let endpoint = EndpointAuthMetadata::with_requirements(vec![req_map]);
+        let r = p.apply(req(), &endpoint).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(header(r, "x-api-key").as_deref(), Some("second"));
+        let r2 = p.apply(req(), &EndpointAuthMetadata::unspecified()).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(header(r2, "x-api-key").as_deref(), Some("second"));
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn from_bindings_works_without_doc() {
+        // GraphQL path: no security_schemes registry, no per-endpoint
+        // metadata, but the same builder API. Should still produce a
+        // working AnyAuthProvider.
+        let bindings = vec![(
+            "bearerAuth".to_string(),
+            SchemeBinding::Token(AuthCredentialSource::literal("g")),
+        )];
+        let p = build_provider_from_bindings(&bindings, &HashMap::new(), false);
+        assert_eq!(p.name(), "any");
+        let r = p.apply(req(), &EndpointAuthMetadata::unspecified()).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(auth_header(r).as_deref(), Some("Bearer g"));
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn strategy_all_applies_every_scheme_unconditionally() {
+        // Generator knows the API requires bearer AND apiKey on every
+        // request. Spec might not express this; the strategy override
+        // does.
+        let bindings = vec![
+            (
+                "bearer".to_string(),
+                SchemeBinding::Token(AuthCredentialSource::literal("tok")),
+            ),
+            (
+                "apiKey".to_string(),
+                SchemeBinding::Custom(crate::auth::test_helpers::api_key(
+                    "apiKey",
+                    "X-Api-Key",
+                    "k",
+                )),
+            ),
+        ];
+        let p = build_provider_with_strategy(
+            &bindings,
+            &HashMap::new(),
+            AuthStrategy::All,
+            false,
+        );
+        assert_eq!(p.name(), "all");
+        let r = p.apply(req(), &EndpointAuthMetadata::unspecified()).unwrap();
+        let built = r.build().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(
+            built.headers().get("authorization").and_then(|v| v.to_str().ok()),
+            Some("Bearer tok"),
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            built.headers().get("x-api-key").and_then(|v| v.to_str().ok()),
+            Some("k"),
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn strategy_any_overrides_spec_routing() {
+        // Spec has per-endpoint security (would auto-pick Routing), but
+        // the generator forces Any anyway. Verifies the override actually
+        // wins.
+        let mut req_map = HashMap::new();
+        req_map.insert("bearer".to_string(), Vec::<String>::new());
+        let doc = doc_with_method_requirement(
+            &[(
+                "bearer",
+                crate::openapi::discovery::SecurityScheme::HttpBearer,
+            )],
+            req_map,
+        );
+        let bindings = vec![(
+            "bearer".to_string(),
+            SchemeBinding::Token(AuthCredentialSource::literal("t")),
+        )];
+        let p = build_provider_with_strategy(
+            &bindings,
+            &doc.security_schemes,
+            AuthStrategy::Any,
+            true, // doc has per-endpoint security, but Any wins
+        );
+        assert_eq!(p.name(), "any");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn strategy_routing_used_even_without_per_endpoint_security() {
+        // Generator wants routing semantics regardless of what the spec
+        // says. Falls back to AnyAuthProvider default for any op without
+        // requirements.
+        let bindings = vec![(
+            "bearer".to_string(),
+            SchemeBinding::Token(AuthCredentialSource::literal("t")),
+        )];
+        let p = build_provider_with_strategy(
+            &bindings,
+            &HashMap::new(),
+            AuthStrategy::Routing,
+            false, // no per-endpoint security in the spec
+        );
+        assert_eq!(p.name(), "routing");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn strategy_auto_picks_routing_when_spec_has_per_endpoint_security() {
+        let mut req_map = HashMap::new();
+        req_map.insert("bearer".to_string(), Vec::<String>::new());
+        let doc = doc_with_method_requirement(
+            &[(
+                "bearer",
+                crate::openapi::discovery::SecurityScheme::HttpBearer,
+            )],
+            req_map,
+        );
+        let bindings = vec![(
+            "bearer".to_string(),
+            SchemeBinding::Token(AuthCredentialSource::literal("t")),
+        )];
+        let p =
+            build_provider_with_strategy(&bindings, &doc.security_schemes, AuthStrategy::Auto, true);
+        assert_eq!(p.name(), "routing");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn strategy_routing_with_zero_bindings_returns_no_auth() {
+        // Explicit Routing strategy + no bindings collapses to NoAuthProvider.
+        // Confirms the early-return at the top of build_provider_with_strategy
+        // applies regardless of `strategy` — a Routing wrapper around zero
+        // schemes would have only its (also empty) default to fall back on,
+        // which isn't a useful state to expose.
+        let p = build_provider_with_strategy(
+            &[],
+            &HashMap::new(),
+            AuthStrategy::Routing,
+            true,
+        );
+        assert_eq!(p.name(), "none");
+        assert!(!p.has_credentials());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn strategy_all_with_zero_bindings_returns_no_auth() {
+        // Same contract for All. An empty AllAuthProvider would vacuously
+        // claim no credentials anyway, but collapsing to NoAuthProvider
+        // keeps the unauthenticated case uniform across strategies.
+        let p = build_provider_with_strategy(
+            &[],
+            &HashMap::new(),
+            AuthStrategy::All,
+            false,
+        );
+        assert_eq!(p.name(), "none");
+        assert!(!p.has_credentials());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn strategy_auto_picks_any_when_no_per_endpoint_security() {
+        let bindings = vec![(
+            "bearer".to_string(),
+            SchemeBinding::Token(AuthCredentialSource::literal("t")),
+        )];
+        let p = build_provider_with_strategy(
+            &bindings,
+            &HashMap::new(),
+            AuthStrategy::Auto,
+            false,
+        );
+        assert_eq!(p.name(), "any");
+    }
+
+    // -------- render_auth_help_section --------
+
+    #[test]
+    fn render_auth_help_section_none_for_empty_bindings() {
+        assert!(render_auth_help_section(&[]).is_none());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn render_auth_help_section_describes_env_var() {
+        let bindings = vec![(
+            "bearerAuth".to_string(),
+            SchemeBinding::Token(AuthCredentialSource::from_env("API_TOKEN")),
+        )];
+        let out = render_auth_help_section(&bindings).unwrap();
+        assert!(out.contains("Authentication:"));
+        assert!(out.contains("bearerAuth"));
+        assert!(out.contains("API_TOKEN env var"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn render_auth_help_section_describes_chain() {
+        let bindings = vec![(
+            "apiKey".to_string(),
+            SchemeBinding::Token(AuthCredentialSource::any([
+                AuthCredentialSource::cli("api-key"),
+                AuthCredentialSource::from_env("API_KEY"),
+                AuthCredentialSource::file("~/.api/key"),
+            ])),
+        )];
+        let out = render_auth_help_section(&bindings).unwrap();
+        assert!(out.contains("--api-key flag"));
+        assert!(out.contains("API_KEY env var"));
+        assert!(out.contains("~/.api/key file"));
+        assert!(out.contains(" / "));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn render_auth_help_section_describes_basic_pair() {
+        let bindings = vec![(
+            "basic".to_string(),
+            SchemeBinding::Basic {
+                username: AuthCredentialSource::from_env("API_USER"),
+                password: AuthCredentialSource::from_env("API_PASS"),
+            },
+        )];
+        let out = render_auth_help_section(&bindings).unwrap();
+        assert!(out.contains("basic"));
+        assert!(out.contains("username"));
+        assert!(out.contains("password"));
+        assert!(out.contains("API_USER env var"));
+        assert!(out.contains("API_PASS env var"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn render_auth_help_section_marks_custom_provider_opaque() {
+        let bindings = vec![(
+            "x".to_string(),
+            SchemeBinding::Custom(crate::auth::test_helpers::bearer("x", "tok")),
+        )];
+        let out = render_auth_help_section(&bindings).unwrap();
+        assert!(out.contains("custom auth provider"));
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn custom_binding_used_as_is() {
+        let custom: DynAuthProvider = Arc::new(HeaderAuthProvider::new(
+            "custom",
+            "X-Custom",
+            AuthCredentialSource::literal("c"),
+            false,
+        ));
+        let doc = crate::openapi::discovery::RestDescription::default();
+        let bindings = vec![("custom".to_string(), SchemeBinding::Custom(custom))];
+        let p = build_provider_from_doc(&doc, &bindings);
+        let r = p.apply(req(), &EndpointAuthMetadata::unspecified()).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(header(r, "x-custom").as_deref(), Some("c"));
+    }
+
+}
diff --git a/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/auth/compose.rs b/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/auth/compose.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..dd06d2365493
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/auth/compose.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,589 @@
+//! Composition wrappers: [`AnyAuthProvider`] (OR semantics) and
+//! [`RoutingAuthProvider`] (per-endpoint dispatch via the operation's
+//! `security_requirements`).
+
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+
+use crate::auth::provider::{AuthProvider, DynAuthProvider, EndpointAuthMetadata};
+use crate::error::CliError;
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// AnyAuthProvider — OR semantics.
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/// Try each child provider in order. The first one with credentials applies
+/// its headers and the wrapper returns. If no child has credentials, the
+/// request goes out unauthenticated.
+///
+/// Mirrors the TS `AnyAuthProvider`. Used when the CLI declares multiple
+/// schemes but the OpenAPI operations don't pin one per endpoint.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct AnyAuthProvider {
+    name: String,
+    providers: Vec<DynAuthProvider>,
+}
+
+impl AnyAuthProvider {
+    pub fn new(providers: Vec<DynAuthProvider>) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            name: "any".to_string(),
+            providers,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl AuthProvider for AnyAuthProvider {
+    fn name(&self) -> &str {
+        &self.name
+    }
+
+    fn has_credentials(&self) -> bool {
+        self.providers.iter().any(|p| p.has_credentials())
+    }
+
+    fn has_credentials_for(&self, endpoint: &EndpointAuthMetadata) -> bool {
+        self.providers
+            .iter()
+            .any(|p| p.has_credentials_for(endpoint))
+    }
+
+    fn apply(
+        &self,
+        request: reqwest::RequestBuilder,
+        endpoint: &EndpointAuthMetadata,
+    ) -> Result<reqwest::RequestBuilder, CliError> {
+        // Endpoint-aware filter: lets nested `RoutingAuthProvider` children
+        // tell us they can't satisfy *this* endpoint even though they have
+        // credentials for some scheme. Leaf providers (Bearer/Basic/Header)
+        // ignore the endpoint, so this degenerates to `has_credentials()`
+        // for them.
+        for provider in &self.providers {
+            if provider.has_credentials_for(endpoint) {
+                return provider.apply(request, endpoint);
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(request)
+    }
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// AllAuthProvider — AND semantics. Every scheme is applied to every request.
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/// Apply *every* child provider's headers to the request, in registration
+/// order. The "all auth" strategy: when an API requires multiple schemes
+/// simultaneously on every operation (e.g., `Authorization: Bearer X` AND
+/// `X-Api-Key: Y`), and the spec doesn't express that via per-operation
+/// security blocks.
+///
+/// `has_credentials()` is `true` only when *all* children have credentials —
+/// the request can't be satisfied otherwise. If a child fails to apply
+/// (e.g., malformed token bytes), the error short-circuits.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct AllAuthProvider {
+    name: String,
+    providers: Vec<DynAuthProvider>,
+}
+
+impl AllAuthProvider {
+    pub fn new(providers: Vec<DynAuthProvider>) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            name: "all".to_string(),
+            providers,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl AuthProvider for AllAuthProvider {
+    fn name(&self) -> &str {
+        &self.name
+    }
+
+    fn has_credentials(&self) -> bool {
+        // All-auth means every scheme must contribute. If any is missing,
+        // the request can't be authenticated as the API requires.
+        !self.providers.is_empty() && self.providers.iter().all(|p| p.has_credentials())
+    }
+
+    fn has_credentials_for(&self, endpoint: &EndpointAuthMetadata) -> bool {
+        !self.providers.is_empty()
+            && self
+                .providers
+                .iter()
+                .all(|p| p.has_credentials_for(endpoint))
+    }
+
+    fn apply(
+        &self,
+        request: reqwest::RequestBuilder,
+        endpoint: &EndpointAuthMetadata,
+    ) -> Result<reqwest::RequestBuilder, CliError> {
+        // Short-circuit when the requirement can't be fully satisfied. The
+        // all-auth contract is "every scheme contributes"; sending a partial
+        // request with only some headers attached would let the request hit
+        // the wire half-authed and leak whichever bound credentials we do
+        // have. The friendly-error path catches this on the response side,
+        // but pre-emptively dropping the headers keeps stray tokens off the
+        // wire too.
+        if !self.has_credentials_for(endpoint) {
+            return Ok(request);
+        }
+        let mut req = request;
+        for provider in &self.providers {
+            req = provider.apply(req, endpoint)?;
+        }
+        Ok(req)
+    }
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// RoutingAuthProvider — per-endpoint security map.
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/// Dispatch by the endpoint's security requirements. The OpenAPI `security`
+/// field is an OR of ANDs: `[{schemeA: []}, {schemeB: [], schemeC: []}]`
+/// means "schemeA alone, OR (schemeB AND schemeC)".
+///
+/// At call time:
+/// 1. If the endpoint has no requirements, the wrapper falls through to its
+///    `default` policy (typically an [`AnyAuthProvider`]) so unauthenticated
+///    operations stay unauthenticated and unlabeled operations still get a
+///    sensible default header.
+/// 2. Otherwise, find the first requirement whose every scheme has a
+///    registered provider with credentials, and apply each provider in turn
+///    (their headers compose).
+/// 3. If no requirement is satisfiable, return the request unchanged. The
+///    server will respond 401/403 and `handle_error_response`
+///    will surface a helpful "no credentials configured" message.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct RoutingAuthProvider {
+    name: String,
+    schemes: HashMap<String, DynAuthProvider>,
+    /// Fallback for endpoints with no `security` declared. Typically an
+    /// [`AnyAuthProvider`] over all configured schemes.
+    default: Option<DynAuthProvider>,
+}
+
+impl RoutingAuthProvider {
+    pub fn new(schemes: HashMap<String, DynAuthProvider>) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            name: "routing".to_string(),
+            schemes,
+            default: None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn with_default(mut self, default: DynAuthProvider) -> Self {
+        self.default = Some(default);
+        self
+    }
+}
+
+impl AuthProvider for RoutingAuthProvider {
+    fn name(&self) -> &str {
+        &self.name
+    }
+
+    fn has_credentials(&self) -> bool {
+        self.schemes.values().any(|p| p.has_credentials())
+            || self.default.as_ref().is_some_and(|p| p.has_credentials())
+    }
+
+    /// Endpoint-aware credential check.
+    ///
+    /// - **No requirements declared**: defer to the wrapper's `default`
+    ///   (typically an `AnyAuthProvider`), which decides based on its own
+    ///   children. If there's no default, fall back to `has_credentials()`
+    ///   over our schemes — that's the closest we can get.
+    /// - **Explicit anonymous (`security: []`)**: the endpoint doesn't need
+    ///   auth, so report `true` to suppress the friendly "no creds" message
+    ///   on a 401 — that response would be a server-side mismatch, not a
+    ///   user config issue.
+    /// - **Concrete requirements**: report whether any requirement's
+    ///   schemes are all bound *and* hold credentials — same predicate
+    ///   `apply` uses to find a satisfiable requirement. If yes, we
+    ///   attached headers; if no, the 401 is the user's missing-creds
+    ///   problem and the friendly error fires.
+    fn has_credentials_for(&self, endpoint: &EndpointAuthMetadata) -> bool {
+        match &endpoint.security_requirements {
+            None => match &self.default {
+                Some(d) => d.has_credentials_for(endpoint),
+                None => self.has_credentials(),
+            },
+            Some(reqs) if reqs.is_empty() => true,
+            Some(reqs) => reqs.iter().any(|req| {
+                req.keys().all(|name| {
+                    self.schemes
+                        .get(name)
+                        .is_some_and(|p| p.has_credentials())
+                })
+            }),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn apply(
+        &self,
+        request: reqwest::RequestBuilder,
+        endpoint: &EndpointAuthMetadata,
+    ) -> Result<reqwest::RequestBuilder, CliError> {
+        let requirements = match &endpoint.security_requirements {
+            // Operation didn't pin a policy: defer to the default.
+            None => {
+                return match &self.default {
+                    Some(d) => d.apply(request, endpoint),
+                    None => Ok(request),
+                };
+            }
+            // `security: []` — explicit anonymous, attach nothing.
+            Some(reqs) if reqs.is_empty() => return Ok(request),
+            Some(reqs) => reqs,
+        };
+
+        let satisfiable = requirements.iter().find(|req| {
+            req.keys().all(|name| {
+                self.schemes
+                    .get(name)
+                    .is_some_and(|p| p.has_credentials())
+            })
+        });
+
+        let Some(requirement) = satisfiable else {
+            // No declared requirement is satisfiable. Diverges from the TS
+            // generator (which throws): we let the request go out unauthed
+            // so the server's 401/403 + `handle_error_response`
+            // can surface a friendly "no credentials configured" message.
+            return Ok(request);
+        };
+
+        let mut req = request;
+        // Sort the requirement's scheme names so multi-scheme requirements
+        // apply in a stable order regardless of `HashMap` iteration. Each
+        // provider sets a distinct header so order doesn't affect the wire
+        // payload, but reproducibility matters for tracing and snapshot
+        // tests.
+        let mut scheme_names: Vec<&String> = requirement.keys().collect();
+        scheme_names.sort();
+        for scheme_name in scheme_names {
+            // Safe: `satisfiable` filtered to requirements where every key
+            // has a registered provider.
+            let provider = &self.schemes[scheme_name];
+            req = provider.apply(req, endpoint)?;
+        }
+        Ok(req)
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use std::sync::Arc;
+
+    use crate::auth::credential::AuthCredentialSource;
+    use crate::auth::schemes::{BearerAuthProvider, HeaderAuthProvider};
+    use crate::auth::test_helpers::{api_key, auth_header, bearer, header, req};
+
+    // -------- AnyAuthProvider --------
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn any_auth_picks_first_with_credentials() {
+        let a: DynAuthProvider = Arc::new(BearerAuthProvider::new(
+            "a",
+            AuthCredentialSource::Missing,
+        ));
+        let b: DynAuthProvider = api_key("b", "X-Api-Key", "k");
+        let any = AnyAuthProvider::new(vec![a, b]);
+        assert!(any.has_credentials());
+        let r = any.apply(req(), &EndpointAuthMetadata::unspecified()).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(header(r, "x-api-key").as_deref(), Some("k"));
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn any_auth_skips_routing_child_that_cant_satisfy_endpoint() {
+        // Nested-composition guard: an `AnyAuthProvider` whose first child
+        // is a `RoutingAuthProvider` that *has some credentials* but can't
+        // satisfy this specific endpoint must fall through to the next
+        // child rather than calling apply on the routing child.
+        //
+        // Without the endpoint-aware filter, the first child's
+        // `has_credentials()` returns true and `apply` short-circuits — even
+        // though that child would attach nothing to the request.
+        let mut routing_schemes: HashMap<String, DynAuthProvider> = HashMap::new();
+        routing_schemes.insert("apiKey".to_string(), api_key("apiKey", "X-Api-Key", "k"));
+        let routing_child: DynAuthProvider = std::sync::Arc::new(
+            RoutingAuthProvider::new(routing_schemes),
+        );
+        let bearer_child: DynAuthProvider = bearer("bearer", "tok");
+        let any = AnyAuthProvider::new(vec![routing_child, bearer_child]);
+
+        // Endpoint demands `bearer`; routing child only has `apiKey`.
+        let mut requirement = HashMap::new();
+        requirement.insert("bearer".to_string(), Vec::<String>::new());
+        let endpoint = EndpointAuthMetadata::with_requirements(vec![requirement]);
+
+        let r = any.apply(req(), &endpoint).unwrap();
+        // Bearer should have been attached by the second child.
+        assert_eq!(auth_header(r).as_deref(), Some("Bearer tok"));
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn any_auth_no_credentials_is_passthrough() {
+        let any = AnyAuthProvider::new(vec![Arc::new(BearerAuthProvider::new(
+            "x",
+            AuthCredentialSource::Missing,
+        ))]);
+        assert!(!any.has_credentials());
+        let r = any.apply(req(), &EndpointAuthMetadata::unspecified()).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(auth_header(r), None);
+    }
+
+    // -------- AllAuthProvider --------
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn all_auth_applies_every_provider() {
+        let a: DynAuthProvider = bearer("a", "tok");
+        let b: DynAuthProvider = api_key("b", "X-Api-Key", "k");
+        let all = AllAuthProvider::new(vec![a, b]);
+        assert!(all.has_credentials());
+        let r = all.apply(req(), &EndpointAuthMetadata::unspecified()).unwrap();
+        let built = r.build().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(
+            built.headers().get("authorization").and_then(|v| v.to_str().ok()),
+            Some("Bearer tok"),
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            built.headers().get("x-api-key").and_then(|v| v.to_str().ok()),
+            Some("k"),
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn all_auth_has_credentials_requires_every_child() {
+        let a: DynAuthProvider = bearer("a", "tok");
+        let b: DynAuthProvider = Arc::new(BearerAuthProvider::new(
+            "b",
+            AuthCredentialSource::Missing,
+        ));
+        let all = AllAuthProvider::new(vec![a, b]);
+        // One missing → all auth can't be satisfied.
+        assert!(!all.has_credentials());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn all_auth_empty_provider_list_is_no_credentials() {
+        // Vacuous truth would say "all of zero providers have creds = true",
+        // but for the all-auth strategy that's misleading: no providers
+        // means no auth gets attached, which isn't what the user asked for.
+        let all = AllAuthProvider::new(Vec::new());
+        assert!(!all.has_credentials());
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn all_auth_short_circuits_on_provider_error() {
+        // Bearer with a token containing CTL chars errors in apply.
+        let bad: DynAuthProvider = Arc::new(BearerAuthProvider::new(
+            "bad",
+            AuthCredentialSource::literal("bad\ntoken"),
+        ));
+        let good: DynAuthProvider = api_key("good", "X-Api-Key", "k");
+        // Order matters: bad first → error before good ever runs.
+        let all = AllAuthProvider::new(vec![bad, good]);
+        let err = all
+            .apply(req(), &EndpointAuthMetadata::unspecified())
+            .unwrap_err();
+        assert!(matches!(err, CliError::Auth(_)));
+    }
+
+    // -------- RoutingAuthProvider --------
+
+    fn routing_setup() -> RoutingAuthProvider {
+        let mut schemes: HashMap<String, DynAuthProvider> = HashMap::new();
+        schemes.insert("bearer".to_string(), bearer("bearer", "tok"));
+        schemes.insert("apiKey".to_string(), api_key("apiKey", "X-Api-Key", "k"));
+        RoutingAuthProvider::new(schemes)
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn routing_unspecified_no_default_is_passthrough() {
+        let r = routing_setup();
+        assert!(r.has_credentials());
+        let out = r
+            .apply(req(), &EndpointAuthMetadata::unspecified())
+            .unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(auth_header(out), None);
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn routing_explicit_anonymous_skips_auth_even_with_default() {
+        // `security: []` on the operation means the endpoint is explicitly
+        // unauthenticated. Even with a default provider that would happily
+        // attach a bearer header, the routing wrapper must respect the
+        // operation's opt-out.
+        let routing = RoutingAuthProvider::new(HashMap::new())
+            .with_default(bearer("bearer", "tok"));
+        let out = routing
+            .apply(req(), &EndpointAuthMetadata::explicit_anonymous())
+            .unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(auth_header(out), None);
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn routing_picks_satisfiable_requirement() {
+        let routing = routing_setup();
+        let mut req_a = HashMap::new();
+        req_a.insert("apiKey".to_string(), Vec::<String>::new());
+        let endpoint = EndpointAuthMetadata::with_requirements(vec![req_a]);
+        let out = routing.apply(req(), &endpoint).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(header(out, "x-api-key").as_deref(), Some("k"));
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn routing_falls_back_to_or_alternative() {
+        let routing = routing_setup();
+        let mut req1 = HashMap::new();
+        req1.insert("nonexistent".to_string(), Vec::<String>::new());
+        let mut req2 = HashMap::new();
+        req2.insert("bearer".to_string(), Vec::<String>::new());
+        let endpoint = EndpointAuthMetadata::with_requirements(vec![req1, req2]);
+        let out = routing.apply(req(), &endpoint).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(auth_header(out).as_deref(), Some("Bearer tok"));
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn routing_combines_anded_schemes_in_one_requirement() {
+        let routing = routing_setup();
+        let mut requirement = HashMap::new();
+        requirement.insert("bearer".to_string(), Vec::<String>::new());
+        requirement.insert("apiKey".to_string(), Vec::<String>::new());
+        let endpoint = EndpointAuthMetadata::with_requirements(vec![requirement]);
+        let out = routing.apply(req(), &endpoint).unwrap();
+        let built = out.build().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(
+            built.headers().get("authorization").and_then(|v| v.to_str().ok()),
+            Some("Bearer tok"),
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            built.headers().get("x-api-key").and_then(|v| v.to_str().ok()),
+            Some("k"),
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn routing_uses_default_when_endpoint_has_no_requirements() {
+        let routing = RoutingAuthProvider::new(HashMap::new())
+            .with_default(bearer("bearer", "tok"));
+        let out = routing
+            .apply(req(), &EndpointAuthMetadata::unspecified())
+            .unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(auth_header(out).as_deref(), Some("Bearer tok"));
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn routing_no_satisfiable_requirement_is_passthrough() {
+        let mut schemes: HashMap<String, DynAuthProvider> = HashMap::new();
+        schemes.insert(
+            "bearer".to_string(),
+            Arc::new(BearerAuthProvider::new(
+                "bearer",
+                AuthCredentialSource::Missing,
+            )),
+        );
+        let routing = RoutingAuthProvider::new(schemes);
+        let mut requirement = HashMap::new();
+        requirement.insert("bearer".to_string(), Vec::<String>::new());
+        let endpoint = EndpointAuthMetadata::with_requirements(vec![requirement]);
+        let out = routing.apply(req(), &endpoint).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(auth_header(out), None);
+    }
+
+    // -------- has_credentials_for(endpoint) --------
+
+    #[test]
+    fn routing_has_credentials_for_unspecified_with_no_default_uses_general_check() {
+        let r = routing_setup();
+        // No default → falls back to has_credentials() over schemes.
+        assert!(r.has_credentials_for(&EndpointAuthMetadata::unspecified()));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn routing_has_credentials_for_explicit_anonymous_is_true() {
+        // `security: []` means "no creds needed" — report true so a 401
+        // doesn't trigger the friendly "no creds" message (the response
+        // would be a server-side mismatch, not a user config issue).
+        let r = routing_setup();
+        assert!(r.has_credentials_for(&EndpointAuthMetadata::explicit_anonymous()));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn routing_has_credentials_for_satisfiable_requirement_is_true() {
+        let r = routing_setup();
+        let mut req = HashMap::new();
+        req.insert("apiKey".to_string(), Vec::<String>::new());
+        let endpoint = EndpointAuthMetadata::with_requirements(vec![req]);
+        assert!(r.has_credentials_for(&endpoint));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn routing_has_credentials_for_unsatisfiable_requirement_is_false() {
+        // The endpoint requires `bearer` but bearer's source is Missing.
+        let mut schemes: HashMap<String, DynAuthProvider> = HashMap::new();
+        schemes.insert(
+            "bearer".to_string(),
+            Arc::new(BearerAuthProvider::new(
+                "bearer",
+                AuthCredentialSource::Missing,
+            )),
+        );
+        // Also bind apiKey with creds — proving has_credentials_for is
+        // *endpoint-aware*, not just "any scheme has creds".
+        schemes.insert("apiKey".to_string(), api_key("apiKey", "X-Api-Key", "k"));
+        let routing = RoutingAuthProvider::new(schemes);
+        let mut req = HashMap::new();
+        req.insert("bearer".to_string(), Vec::<String>::new());
+        let endpoint = EndpointAuthMetadata::with_requirements(vec![req]);
+        // Even though `apiKey` has creds, the endpoint demands `bearer` —
+        // and bearer has none. So the friendly error path should fire.
+        assert!(!routing.has_credentials_for(&endpoint));
+        // But the coarse `has_credentials()` returns true. This is the
+        // delta the new method exists to fix.
+        assert!(routing.has_credentials());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn routing_has_credentials_for_unspecified_delegates_to_default() {
+        // Default present + has creds → endpoint-aware check inherits.
+        let routing = RoutingAuthProvider::new(HashMap::new())
+            .with_default(bearer("bearer", "tok"));
+        assert!(routing.has_credentials_for(&EndpointAuthMetadata::unspecified()));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn routing_has_credentials_for_unspecified_propagates_default_false() {
+        // Default present but its provider has no creds → we should
+        // honestly report no creds, not just "yes, a default exists".
+        // Pins that the delegation actually consults the default's
+        // predicate rather than treating "is there a default" as a yes/no.
+        let empty_default: DynAuthProvider = Arc::new(BearerAuthProvider::new(
+            "bearer",
+            AuthCredentialSource::Missing,
+        ));
+        let routing = RoutingAuthProvider::new(HashMap::new()).with_default(empty_default);
+        assert!(!routing.has_credentials_for(&EndpointAuthMetadata::unspecified()));
+    }
+
+    // Sanity-check that routing_setup produces a HeaderAuthProvider with the
+    // expected name when looked up by scheme key — guards against an
+    // accidental shape change in the test helper.
+    #[test]
+    fn routing_setup_registers_provider_named_apikey() {
+        let r = routing_setup();
+        assert_eq!(r.schemes["apiKey"].name(), "apiKey");
+        assert_eq!(r.schemes["bearer"].name(), "bearer");
+        // Silence dead-code lint on HeaderAuthProvider import path.
+        let _: &dyn AuthProvider = &HeaderAuthProvider::new(
+            "x",
+            "Y",
+            AuthCredentialSource::Missing,
+            false,
+        );
+    }
+}
diff --git a/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/auth/credential.rs b/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/auth/credential.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..68734684e069
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/auth/credential.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,549 @@
+//! `AuthCredentialSource` — the lazy-supplier model for credential values.
+//!
+//! Mirrors the TypeScript SDK's `Supplier<T>` and grows it into a full
+//! resolution graph. Each binding holds a description of *where* its value
+//! comes from — env var, CLI flag, file, literal, fallback chain, or
+//! arbitrary closure — without coupling that to the auth provider that
+//! consumes the resolved string.
+//!
+//! Resolution happens at request time so env-var changes between
+//! invocations Just Work, files re-read on every call, and fallback chains
+//! can mix any of the source kinds.
+//!
+//! # CLI flag wiring
+//!
+//! [`AuthCredentialSource::Cli`] holds the *name* of a clap arg — the SDK's
+//! `CliApp::run_async` walks every registered binding before parsing,
+//! auto-registers a global `--<name>` flag for each `Cli` variant, and then
+//! finalizes the bindings post-parse so that resolution reads from the
+//! captured matches. None of this is visible to the binding's author —
+//! they just write `AuthCredentialSource::cli("api-token")` and the flag
+//! shows up.
+
+use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use secrecy::SecretString;
+
+type CredentialClosure = Arc<dyn Fn() -> Option<String> + Send + Sync>;
+
+/// How an auth credential's value is resolved at request time.
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub enum AuthCredentialSource {
+    /// Read from a process environment variable. Surrounding whitespace is
+    /// trimmed; returns `None` if unset, empty, or whitespace-only —
+    /// matching the trimming behaviour of [`File`](Self::File) so chained
+    /// sources behave the same regardless of which one supplies the value.
+    Env(String),
+    /// Read from a clap CLI arg. The string is the arg's *name* (clap's
+    /// internal id), not the `--flag` form — `cli("api-token")` corresponds
+    /// to a `--api-token` flag. Leading `--` / `-` are stripped for
+    /// convenience, so `cli("--api-token")` works too.
+    ///
+    /// Until the binding is finalized via [`finalize`](Self::finalize) (i.e.
+    /// before clap parses), this variant always resolves to `None` —
+    /// CliApp does the finalization automatically before any request runs.
+    Cli(String),
+    /// Read the contents of a file. `~` and `~/` are expanded to the
+    /// process's `$HOME`. Trailing whitespace is trimmed; a missing file
+    /// or empty content resolves to `None`.
+    File(PathBuf),
+    /// A literal value embedded at build time.
+    Literal(String),
+    /// Fallback chain. Each child is tried in order; the first to return
+    /// `Some` wins. Empty results count as "missing" — useful for
+    /// "CLI flag, then env var, then file" patterns.
+    Chain(Vec<AuthCredentialSource>),
+    /// A user-supplied closure invoked on every request. The escape hatch
+    /// for any source the built-in variants don't cover (token refresh,
+    /// shell-out, OS keychain, etc.).
+    Closure(CredentialClosure),
+    /// No source bound. The provider will report itself as unable to
+    /// satisfy requests.
+    Missing,
+}
+
+impl AuthCredentialSource {
+    pub fn from_env(var_name: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
+        AuthCredentialSource::Env(var_name.into())
+    }
+
+    /// Bind to a clap CLI arg. Accepts either `"api-token"` or
+    /// `"--api-token"` — leading dashes are stripped.
+    pub fn cli(arg_name: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
+        let raw = arg_name.into();
+        let name = raw.trim_start_matches('-').to_string();
+        AuthCredentialSource::Cli(name)
+    }
+
+    /// Bind to a file path. `~` and `~/` expand against `$HOME`.
+    pub fn file(path: impl AsRef<Path>) -> Self {
+        AuthCredentialSource::File(path.as_ref().to_path_buf())
+    }
+
+    pub fn literal(value: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
+        AuthCredentialSource::Literal(value.into())
+    }
+
+    /// Try each source in order; the first non-empty value wins.
+    pub fn any(sources: impl IntoIterator<Item = AuthCredentialSource>) -> Self {
+        AuthCredentialSource::Chain(sources.into_iter().collect())
+    }
+
+    pub fn closure<F>(f: F) -> Self
+    where
+        F: Fn() -> Option<String> + Send + Sync + 'static,
+    {
+        AuthCredentialSource::Closure(Arc::new(f))
+    }
+
+    /// Resolve the value, if available. Empty strings are treated as
+    /// missing — they would otherwise produce an empty header, which is
+    /// almost never what a caller intends.
+    ///
+    /// Returns a [`SecretString`] so the value can't accidentally leak via
+    /// `Debug`/`Display`/panic messages. Callers that need the raw `&str`
+    /// (to build a `HeaderValue`, base64-encode for basic auth, etc.)
+    /// must opt in explicitly via [`ExposeSecret::expose_secret`].
+    pub fn resolve(&self) -> Option<SecretString> {
+        match self {
+            AuthCredentialSource::Env(name) => std::env::var(name)
+                .ok()
+                .map(|v| v.trim().to_string())
+                .filter(|v| !v.is_empty())
+                .map(SecretString::from),
+            AuthCredentialSource::Cli(_) => None, // resolved post-finalize
+            AuthCredentialSource::File(path) => read_credential_file(path),
+            AuthCredentialSource::Literal(v) if v.is_empty() => None,
+            AuthCredentialSource::Literal(v) => Some(SecretString::from(v.clone())),
+            AuthCredentialSource::Chain(sources) => sources.iter().find_map(|s| s.resolve()),
+            AuthCredentialSource::Closure(f) => f().filter(|v| !v.is_empty()).map(SecretString::from),
+            AuthCredentialSource::Missing => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Recursively collect every CLI arg name this source references.
+    /// CliApp uses this before clap parsing to register the corresponding
+    /// global `--<name>` flags.
+    pub fn cli_args(&self) -> Vec<&str> {
+        let mut out = Vec::new();
+        self.collect_cli_args(&mut out);
+        out
+    }
+
+    fn collect_cli_args<'a>(&'a self, out: &mut Vec<&'a str>) {
+        // Enumerate every variant explicitly so adding a future variant
+        // (especially one that nests sources or carries an arg name) is a
+        // compile error rather than a silent miss.
+        match self {
+            AuthCredentialSource::Cli(name) => out.push(name.as_str()),
+            AuthCredentialSource::Chain(sources) => {
+                for s in sources {
+                    s.collect_cli_args(out);
+                }
+            }
+            AuthCredentialSource::Env(_)
+            | AuthCredentialSource::File(_)
+            | AuthCredentialSource::Literal(_)
+            | AuthCredentialSource::Closure(_)
+            | AuthCredentialSource::Missing => {}
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Replace every `Cli(name)` variant in this source with a `Closure`
+    /// that reads the matched value out of `matches`. Called by CliApp
+    /// after clap parses, so that subsequent `resolve()` calls can see the
+    /// CLI-supplied values.
+    ///
+    /// Pass-through for non-`Cli` variants. Recurses into `Chain`.
+    pub fn finalize(self, matches: &Arc<clap::ArgMatches>) -> Self {
+        match self {
+            AuthCredentialSource::Cli(name) => {
+                let m = Arc::clone(matches);
+                AuthCredentialSource::Closure(Arc::new(move || {
+                    m.try_get_one::<String>(&name).ok().flatten().cloned()
+                }))
+            }
+            AuthCredentialSource::Chain(sources) => {
+                AuthCredentialSource::Chain(
+                    sources.into_iter().map(|s| s.finalize(matches)).collect(),
+                )
+            }
+            other => other,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl std::fmt::Debug for AuthCredentialSource {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        match self {
+            AuthCredentialSource::Env(name) => write!(f, "Env({name})"),
+            AuthCredentialSource::Cli(name) => write!(f, "Cli({name})"),
+            AuthCredentialSource::File(path) => write!(f, "File({})", path.display()),
+            AuthCredentialSource::Literal(_) => write!(f, "Literal(<redacted>)"),
+            AuthCredentialSource::Chain(sources) => f.debug_tuple("Chain").field(sources).finish(),
+            AuthCredentialSource::Closure(_) => write!(f, "Closure"),
+            AuthCredentialSource::Missing => write!(f, "Missing"),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Read a credential file: expand `~`, trim trailing whitespace, treat
+/// empty content / missing files as `None`. Result is wrapped in
+/// [`SecretString`] so the file contents can't leak through Debug.
+fn read_credential_file(path: &Path) -> Option<SecretString> {
+    let expanded = expand_home(path);
+    let raw = std::fs::read_to_string(&expanded).ok()?;
+    let trimmed = raw.trim().to_string();
+    if trimmed.is_empty() {
+        None
+    } else {
+        Some(SecretString::from(trimmed))
+    }
+}
+
+/// Expand a leading `~` or `~/` against the user's home directory. On
+/// Unix that's `$HOME`; on Windows we fall back to `%USERPROFILE%` since
+/// `$HOME` is typically unset there. Other forms (`~user`, embedded `~`)
+/// are left as-is — uncommon for credential paths and surprising to
+/// silently rewrite.
+fn expand_home(path: &Path) -> PathBuf {
+    let s = match path.to_str() {
+        Some(s) => s,
+        None => return path.to_path_buf(),
+    };
+    if s == "~" {
+        return home_dir().unwrap_or_else(|| path.to_path_buf());
+    }
+    if let Some(rest) = s.strip_prefix("~/") {
+        if let Some(home) = home_dir() {
+            return home.join(rest);
+        }
+    }
+    path.to_path_buf()
+}
+
+/// Cross-platform home directory lookup: `$HOME` first (set on Unix and
+/// honored on Windows under WSL/MSYS shells), then `%USERPROFILE%` as the
+/// native Windows fallback.
+fn home_dir() -> Option<PathBuf> {
+    std::env::var_os("HOME")
+        .or_else(|| std::env::var_os("USERPROFILE"))
+        .map(PathBuf::from)
+        .filter(|p| !p.as_os_str().is_empty())
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    use secrecy::ExposeSecret;
+
+    /// Test helper: resolve the source and expose the secret so assertions
+    /// can compare against plain strings. Production code should keep the
+    /// `SecretString` wrapper as long as possible.
+    fn resolved(s: &AuthCredentialSource) -> Option<String> {
+        s.resolve().map(|v| v.expose_secret().to_string())
+    }
+
+    // -------- Env --------
+
+    #[test]
+    fn literal_resolves() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            resolved(&AuthCredentialSource::literal("abc")),
+            Some("abc".to_string()),
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn env_returns_none_when_unset() {
+        let s = AuthCredentialSource::from_env("FERN_CLI_AUTH_TEST_DEFINITELY_UNSET");
+        assert_eq!(resolved(&s), None);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn env_treats_empty_as_missing() {
+        let key = "FERN_CLI_AUTH_TEST_EMPTY";
+        std::env::set_var(key, "");
+        let s = AuthCredentialSource::from_env(key);
+        assert_eq!(resolved(&s), None);
+        std::env::remove_var(key);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn env_treats_whitespace_only_as_missing() {
+        // Parity with `File` (which trims). A whitespace-only env var would
+        // otherwise produce a header value of "   ", which is almost never
+        // what the user intended and breaks `Chain` fallthrough.
+        let key = "FERN_CLI_AUTH_TEST_WHITESPACE";
+        std::env::set_var(key, "   \t  \n");
+        let s = AuthCredentialSource::from_env(key);
+        assert_eq!(resolved(&s), None);
+        std::env::remove_var(key);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn env_trims_surrounding_whitespace() {
+        let key = "FERN_CLI_AUTH_TEST_TRIM";
+        std::env::set_var(key, "  tok  \n");
+        let s = AuthCredentialSource::from_env(key);
+        assert_eq!(resolved(&s), Some("tok".to_string()));
+        std::env::remove_var(key);
+    }
+
+    // -------- Closure --------
+
+    #[test]
+    fn closure_resolves() {
+        let s = AuthCredentialSource::closure(|| Some("zzz".to_string()));
+        assert_eq!(resolved(&s), Some("zzz".to_string()));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn closure_returning_none_is_missing() {
+        let s = AuthCredentialSource::closure(|| None);
+        assert_eq!(resolved(&s), None);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn closure_returning_empty_string_is_missing() {
+        let s = AuthCredentialSource::closure(|| Some(String::new()));
+        assert_eq!(resolved(&s), None);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn missing_resolves_to_none() {
+        assert_eq!(resolved(&AuthCredentialSource::Missing), None);
+    }
+
+    // -------- File --------
+
+    #[test]
+    fn file_reads_and_trims_contents() {
+        let dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+        let path = dir.path().join("token");
+        std::fs::write(&path, "  my-token  \n").unwrap();
+        let s = AuthCredentialSource::file(&path);
+        assert_eq!(resolved(&s), Some("my-token".to_string()));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn file_missing_resolves_to_none() {
+        let s = AuthCredentialSource::file("/definitely/not/a/real/path-xyz");
+        assert_eq!(resolved(&s), None);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn file_empty_content_is_missing() {
+        let dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+        let path = dir.path().join("empty");
+        std::fs::write(&path, "   \n\n").unwrap();
+        let s = AuthCredentialSource::file(&path);
+        assert_eq!(resolved(&s), None);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn literal_empty_string_resolves_to_none() {
+        // Consistency with Env / Closure variants: empty values aren't
+        // sent as headers. Also makes `Chain([literal(""), env(...)])`
+        // fall through to the env source as a user would expect.
+        assert_eq!(resolved(&AuthCredentialSource::literal("")), None);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn chain_with_empty_literal_falls_through() {
+        let s = AuthCredentialSource::any([
+            AuthCredentialSource::literal(""),
+            AuthCredentialSource::literal("backup"),
+        ]);
+        assert_eq!(resolved(&s), Some("backup".to_string()));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn home_dir_falls_back_to_userprofile_when_home_unset() {
+        // Save/restore both env vars to keep test isolated.
+        let prev_home = std::env::var_os("HOME");
+        let prev_userprofile = std::env::var_os("USERPROFILE");
+
+        std::env::remove_var("HOME");
+        std::env::set_var("USERPROFILE", "/win-home");
+        assert_eq!(home_dir(), Some(PathBuf::from("/win-home")));
+
+        // Restore.
+        match prev_home {
+            Some(v) => std::env::set_var("HOME", v),
+            None => std::env::remove_var("HOME"),
+        }
+        match prev_userprofile {
+            Some(v) => std::env::set_var("USERPROFILE", v),
+            None => std::env::remove_var("USERPROFILE"),
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn expand_home_resolves_tilde_prefix() {
+        std::env::set_var("HOME", "/tmp/test-home");
+        assert_eq!(
+            expand_home(Path::new("~/foo/bar")),
+            PathBuf::from("/tmp/test-home/foo/bar"),
+        );
+        assert_eq!(expand_home(Path::new("~")), PathBuf::from("/tmp/test-home"));
+        // Non-tilde paths pass through.
+        assert_eq!(
+            expand_home(Path::new("/etc/passwd")),
+            PathBuf::from("/etc/passwd"),
+        );
+        // Embedded ~ left alone.
+        assert_eq!(
+            expand_home(Path::new("/foo/~bar")),
+            PathBuf::from("/foo/~bar"),
+        );
+    }
+
+    // -------- Chain --------
+
+    #[test]
+    fn chain_picks_first_with_value() {
+        let s = AuthCredentialSource::any([
+            AuthCredentialSource::Missing,
+            AuthCredentialSource::literal("second"),
+            AuthCredentialSource::literal("third"),
+        ]);
+        assert_eq!(resolved(&s), Some("second".to_string()));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn chain_returns_none_when_all_missing() {
+        let s = AuthCredentialSource::any([
+            AuthCredentialSource::Missing,
+            AuthCredentialSource::from_env("FERN_CLI_AUTH_TEST_DEFINITELY_UNSET"),
+        ]);
+        assert_eq!(resolved(&s), None);
+    }
+
+    // -------- Cli --------
+
+    #[test]
+    fn cli_strips_leading_dashes() {
+        match AuthCredentialSource::cli("--api-token") {
+            AuthCredentialSource::Cli(n) => assert_eq!(n, "api-token"),
+            _ => panic!("expected Cli variant"),
+        }
+        match AuthCredentialSource::cli("api-token") {
+            AuthCredentialSource::Cli(n) => assert_eq!(n, "api-token"),
+            _ => panic!("expected Cli variant"),
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn cli_resolves_to_none_before_finalize() {
+        let s = AuthCredentialSource::cli("api-token");
+        assert_eq!(resolved(&s), None);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn cli_args_collects_recursively_through_chain() {
+        let s = AuthCredentialSource::any([
+            AuthCredentialSource::cli("flag-a"),
+            AuthCredentialSource::from_env("X"),
+            AuthCredentialSource::any([AuthCredentialSource::cli("flag-b")]),
+        ]);
+        let args = s.cli_args();
+        assert_eq!(args, vec!["flag-a", "flag-b"]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn cli_args_empty_when_no_cli_variants() {
+        let s = AuthCredentialSource::any([
+            AuthCredentialSource::from_env("X"),
+            AuthCredentialSource::literal("y"),
+        ]);
+        assert!(s.cli_args().is_empty());
+    }
+
+    fn build_matches(arg_name: &'static str, value: Option<&str>) -> Arc<clap::ArgMatches> {
+        let cmd = clap::Command::new("test").arg(
+            clap::Arg::new(arg_name)
+                .long(arg_name)
+                .num_args(1),
+        );
+        let argv: Vec<String> = match value {
+            Some(v) => vec![
+                "test".to_string(),
+                format!("--{arg_name}"),
+                v.to_string(),
+            ],
+            None => vec!["test".to_string()],
+        };
+        Arc::new(cmd.try_get_matches_from(argv).unwrap())
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn finalize_replaces_cli_with_closure_reading_matches() {
+        let matches = build_matches("api-token", Some("supplied-on-cli"));
+        let s = AuthCredentialSource::cli("api-token").finalize(&matches);
+        assert_eq!(resolved(&s), Some("supplied-on-cli".to_string()));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn finalize_cli_returns_none_when_flag_absent() {
+        let matches = build_matches("api-token", None);
+        let s = AuthCredentialSource::cli("api-token").finalize(&matches);
+        assert_eq!(resolved(&s), None);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn finalize_recurses_into_chain_with_cli_fallback_to_env() {
+        // Chain: --api-token (not passed) -> env var (set) -> file (missing)
+        let matches = build_matches("api-token", None);
+        std::env::set_var("FERN_CLI_AUTH_TEST_CHAIN_FALLBACK", "from-env");
+        let s = AuthCredentialSource::any([
+            AuthCredentialSource::cli("api-token"),
+            AuthCredentialSource::from_env("FERN_CLI_AUTH_TEST_CHAIN_FALLBACK"),
+        ])
+        .finalize(&matches);
+        assert_eq!(resolved(&s), Some("from-env".to_string()));
+        std::env::remove_var("FERN_CLI_AUTH_TEST_CHAIN_FALLBACK");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn finalize_chain_cli_wins_over_env() {
+        // CLI is registered FIRST in the chain — when both are present,
+        // CLI's value takes precedence.
+        let matches = build_matches("api-token", Some("from-cli"));
+        std::env::set_var("FERN_CLI_AUTH_TEST_CHAIN_PRECEDENCE", "from-env");
+        let s = AuthCredentialSource::any([
+            AuthCredentialSource::cli("api-token"),
+            AuthCredentialSource::from_env("FERN_CLI_AUTH_TEST_CHAIN_PRECEDENCE"),
+        ])
+        .finalize(&matches);
+        assert_eq!(resolved(&s), Some("from-cli".to_string()));
+        std::env::remove_var("FERN_CLI_AUTH_TEST_CHAIN_PRECEDENCE");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn finalize_passes_through_non_cli_variants() {
+        let matches = build_matches("ignored", None);
+        let s = AuthCredentialSource::literal("constant").finalize(&matches);
+        assert_eq!(resolved(&s), Some("constant".to_string()));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn resolved_secret_does_not_leak_through_debug() {
+        // SecretString redacts its inner value in Debug — defense in
+        // depth against accidentally panic-printing or logging tokens.
+        let s = AuthCredentialSource::literal("super-secret-token");
+        let secret = s.resolve().unwrap();
+        let dbg = format!("{secret:?}");
+        assert!(!dbg.contains("super-secret-token"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn debug_redacts_literal_value() {
+        let s = AuthCredentialSource::literal("super-secret");
+        let dbg = format!("{s:?}");
+        assert!(!dbg.contains("super-secret"));
+        assert!(dbg.contains("redacted"));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/auth/error.rs b/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/auth/error.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..0c34ba048c90
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/auth/error.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,190 @@
+//! Auth-aware HTTP error mapping.
+//!
+//! On a 401/403 response, we want to surface a friendly "no credentials"
+//! message when the request actually went out without working auth (the
+//! user just needs to set their env var / file / flag), but pass the raw
+//! server error through when the request *did* carry credentials (the
+//! server is rejecting them — a real backend problem).
+//!
+//! Per-endpoint awareness comes from
+//! [`AuthProvider::has_credentials_for`][hcf]: a routing wrapper can have
+//! credentials for *some* schemes but not the one this specific endpoint
+//! demanded, and the friendly path should still fire.
+//!
+//! [hcf]: crate::auth::AuthProvider::has_credentials_for
+
+use serde_json::Value;
+
+use crate::auth::provider::{AuthProvider, EndpointAuthMetadata};
+use crate::error::CliError;
+
+/// Map an HTTP error response to a [`CliError`], honoring whether the
+/// provider could have authenticated *this specific endpoint*.
+///
+/// When `status` is 401/403 and the provider reports it couldn't satisfy
+/// the endpoint's auth requirements, returns a friendly
+/// [`CliError::Auth`] hinting the user to check their configured auth
+/// source. Otherwise, parses the response body as a structured
+/// `{ "error": { code, message, errors[].reason | reason } }` envelope
+/// and returns [`CliError::Api`]; falls back to wrapping the raw body if
+/// the response isn't JSON.
+pub fn handle_error_response<T>(
+    status: reqwest::StatusCode,
+    error_body: &str,
+    provider: &dyn AuthProvider,
+    endpoint: &EndpointAuthMetadata,
+) -> Result<T, CliError> {
+    if (status.as_u16() == 401 || status.as_u16() == 403)
+        && !provider.has_credentials_for(endpoint)
+    {
+        return Err(CliError::Auth(
+            "Access denied. This request was sent without authentication \
+             credentials. Check that the configured auth source for this CLI \
+             (environment variable, --flag, or credential file) has a value set."
+                .to_string(),
+        ));
+    }
+    Err(parse_api_error(status, error_body))
+}
+
+/// Shared parsing for the auth-aware error handler. Returns a structured
+/// [`CliError::Api`] whether or not the body was JSON.
+fn parse_api_error(status: reqwest::StatusCode, error_body: &str) -> CliError {
+    if let Ok(error_json) = serde_json::from_str::<Value>(error_body) {
+        if let Some(err_obj) = error_json.get("error") {
+            let code = err_obj
+                .get("code")
+                .and_then(|c| c.as_u64())
+                .unwrap_or(status.as_u16() as u64) as u16;
+            let message = err_obj
+                .get("message")
+                .and_then(|m| m.as_str())
+                .unwrap_or("Unknown error")
+                .to_string();
+            let reason = err_obj
+                .get("errors")
+                .and_then(|e| e.as_array())
+                .and_then(|arr| arr.first())
+                .and_then(|e| e.get("reason"))
+                .and_then(|r| r.as_str())
+                .or_else(|| err_obj.get("reason").and_then(|r| r.as_str()))
+                .unwrap_or("unknown")
+                .to_string();
+            return CliError::Api {
+                code,
+                message,
+                reason,
+            };
+        }
+    }
+    CliError::Api {
+        code: status.as_u16(),
+        message: error_body.to_string(),
+        reason: "httpError".to_string(),
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::auth::credential::AuthCredentialSource;
+    use crate::auth::schemes::BearerAuthProvider;
+    use serde_json::json;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn friendly_when_provider_has_no_credentials_for_endpoint() {
+        let p = BearerAuthProvider::new("bearer", AuthCredentialSource::Missing);
+        let err = handle_error_response::<()>(
+            reqwest::StatusCode::UNAUTHORIZED,
+            "Unauthorized",
+            &p,
+            &EndpointAuthMetadata::unspecified(),
+        )
+        .unwrap_err();
+        match err {
+            CliError::Auth(msg) => assert!(msg.contains("Access denied")),
+            _ => panic!("Expected Auth"),
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn passes_through_when_credentials_present() {
+        let p = BearerAuthProvider::new("bearer", AuthCredentialSource::literal("t"));
+        let err = handle_error_response::<()>(
+            reqwest::StatusCode::UNAUTHORIZED,
+            r#"{"error":{"code":401,"message":"bad","reason":"x"}}"#,
+            &p,
+            &EndpointAuthMetadata::unspecified(),
+        )
+        .unwrap_err();
+        assert!(matches!(err, CliError::Api { .. }));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn parses_structured_error_envelope() {
+        let json_err = json!({
+            "error": {
+                "code": 401,
+                "message": "Request had invalid authentication credentials.",
+                "errors": [{ "reason": "authError" }]
+            }
+        })
+        .to_string();
+        let p = BearerAuthProvider::new("bearer", AuthCredentialSource::literal("t"));
+        let err = handle_error_response::<()>(
+            reqwest::StatusCode::UNAUTHORIZED,
+            &json_err,
+            &p,
+            &EndpointAuthMetadata::unspecified(),
+        )
+        .unwrap_err();
+        match err {
+            CliError::Api { code, message, reason } => {
+                assert_eq!(code, 401);
+                assert!(message.contains("invalid authentication credentials"));
+                assert_eq!(reason, "authError");
+            }
+            other => panic!("Expected Api, got: {other:?}"),
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn handles_top_level_reason_field() {
+        let json_err = json!({
+            "error": { "code": 403, "message": "Forbidden", "reason": "accessDenied" }
+        })
+        .to_string();
+        let p = BearerAuthProvider::new("bearer", AuthCredentialSource::literal("t"));
+        let err = handle_error_response::<()>(
+            reqwest::StatusCode::FORBIDDEN,
+            &json_err,
+            &p,
+            &EndpointAuthMetadata::unspecified(),
+        )
+        .unwrap_err();
+        match err {
+            CliError::Api { reason, .. } => assert_eq!(reason, "accessDenied"),
+            _ => panic!("Expected Api"),
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn falls_back_to_raw_body_when_non_json() {
+        let p = BearerAuthProvider::new("bearer", AuthCredentialSource::literal("t"));
+        let err = handle_error_response::<()>(
+            reqwest::StatusCode::INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR,
+            "Internal Server Error Text",
+            &p,
+            &EndpointAuthMetadata::unspecified(),
+        )
+        .unwrap_err();
+        match err {
+            CliError::Api { code, message, reason } => {
+                assert_eq!(code, 500);
+                assert_eq!(message, "Internal Server Error Text");
+                assert_eq!(reason, "httpError");
+            }
+            _ => panic!("Expected Api"),
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/auth/mod.rs b/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/auth/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..6c7d7b703bb2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/auth/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+//! Authentication provider architecture.
+//!
+//! Modeled on the Fern TypeScript SDK generator's `core.AuthProvider` contract:
+//! every auth scheme implements [`AuthProvider`], which mutates an outgoing
+//! [`reqwest::RequestBuilder`] with the appropriate headers. Composition
+//! wrappers let multiple schemes coexist:
+//!
+//! - [`AnyAuthProvider`] — OR semantics. Tries each child provider; the first
+//!   that contributes headers wins. Used when a CLI is configured with several
+//!   schemes but no per-endpoint security map (the default fallback).
+//! - [`RoutingAuthProvider`] — per-endpoint dispatch. Reads the operation's
+//!   `security_requirements` (`security: [...]` in OpenAPI), finds the first
+//!   requirement that all registered providers can satisfy, and merges their
+//!   headers (AND inside a requirement, OR across requirements).
+//!
+//! Each scheme provider is parameterized by an [`AuthCredentialSource`] — a
+//! lazy supplier that resolves a value from an env var, a literal, or a
+//! closure. This mirrors the TS generator's `Supplier<T>`.
+//!
+//! # Module layout
+//!
+//! - [`credential`] — `AuthCredentialSource` (lazy-supplier model with
+//!   env, CLI flag, file, literal, chain, and closure variants).
+//! - [`provider`] — the [`AuthProvider`] trait, [`EndpointAuthMetadata`],
+//!   [`DynAuthProvider`] alias, and the [`NoAuthProvider`] sentinel.
+//! - [`schemes`] — concrete [`BearerAuthProvider`], [`BasicAuthProvider`],
+//!   and [`HeaderAuthProvider`] implementations.
+//! - [`compose`] — composition wrappers: [`AnyAuthProvider`],
+//!   [`AllAuthProvider`], [`RoutingAuthProvider`].
+//! - [`builder`] — [`SchemeBinding`], [`AuthStrategy`], and the
+//!   `build_provider_*` factories that `CliApp` calls.
+//! - [`error`] — auth-aware HTTP error mapping (`handle_error_response`).
+//!
+//! All public types and functions are re-exported at the module root.
+
+pub mod builder;
+pub mod compose;
+pub mod credential;
+pub mod error;
+pub mod oauth2;
+pub mod provider;
+pub mod root_builder;
+pub mod schemes;
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+pub(crate) mod test_helpers;
+
+pub use builder::{
+    build_provider_from_bindings, build_provider_from_doc, build_provider_with_strategy,
+    collect_binding_cli_args, finalize_bindings, render_auth_help_section, AuthStrategy,
+    SchemeBinding,
+};
+pub use error::handle_error_response;
+pub use compose::{AllAuthProvider, AnyAuthProvider, RoutingAuthProvider};
+pub use credential::AuthCredentialSource;
+pub use provider::{
+    no_auth_provider, AuthProvider, DynAuthProvider, EndpointAuthMetadata, NoAuthProvider,
+};
+pub use oauth2::{OAuth2Grant, OAuth2TokenProvider, TokenCache};
+pub use root_builder::{ApiKeyAuth, AuthSchemeBuilder, BasicAuth, BearerAuth, OAuth2Auth};
+pub use schemes::{BasicAuthProvider, BearerAuthProvider, HeaderAuthProvider};
diff --git a/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/auth/oauth2.rs b/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/auth/oauth2.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..9f761ea61c79
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/auth/oauth2.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,1210 @@
+//! OAuth 2.0 auth provider with persistent token storage.
+//!
+//! [`OAuth2TokenProvider`] implements [`AuthProvider`] so it plugs directly into
+//! the `auth_provider()` builder method on `CliApp`. On first `apply()`:
+//!
+//! 1. Check the on-disk credential cache (`~/.config/<cli>/credentials.json`).
+//!    If a cached access token exists and hasn't expired, use it.
+//! 2. If the cache holds a refresh token, exchange it for a new access token
+//!    (RFC 6749 §6) and update the cache.
+//! 3. Otherwise fall back to the configured grant (client credentials or
+//!    refresh token from env) and persist the result.
+//!
+//! This mirrors the token persistence patterns used by `gcloud`, `gh`, and
+//! `aws sso`. Tokens are stored as JSON with owner-only file permissions
+//! (0600) and written atomically via temp-file-then-rename.
+//!
+//! For the async token fetch to work inside the synchronous `apply()`
+//! method, the provider uses `tokio::task::block_in_place` +
+//! `Handle::current().block_on()`. This is safe because `CliApp::run`
+//! creates a multi-threaded tokio runtime.
+
+use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
+use std::sync::OnceLock;
+use std::time::{SystemTime, UNIX_EPOCH};
+
+use secrecy::{ExposeSecret, SecretString};
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+
+use crate::auth::provider::{AuthProvider, EndpointAuthMetadata};
+use crate::error::CliError;
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Token response parsing
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+#[derive(Deserialize)]
+struct TokenSuccessBody {
+    access_token: String,
+    refresh_token: Option<String>,
+    expires_in: Option<u64>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Deserialize)]
+struct TokenErrorBody {
+    error: Option<String>,
+    #[serde(rename = "error_description")]
+    error_description: Option<String>,
+}
+
+fn parse_oauth_error_json(body: &str) -> Option<String> {
+    let err: TokenErrorBody = serde_json::from_str(body).ok()?;
+    match (err.error, err.error_description) {
+        (Some(e), Some(d)) => Some(format!("{e}: {d}")),
+        (Some(e), None) => Some(e),
+        (None, Some(d)) => Some(d),
+        (None, None) => None,
+    }
+}
+
+fn truncate_body_for_error(body: &str) -> String {
+    const MAX: usize = 512;
+    let char_count = body.chars().count();
+    if char_count <= MAX {
+        body.to_string()
+    } else {
+        let truncated: String = body.chars().take(MAX).collect();
+        format!("{truncated}…")
+    }
+}
+
+fn token_http_client() -> Result<reqwest::Client, CliError> {
+    reqwest::Client::builder()
+        .build()
+        .map_err(|e| CliError::Auth(format!("Failed to build HTTP client for OAuth2: {e}")))
+}
+
+fn now_epoch_secs() -> u64 {
+    SystemTime::now()
+        .duration_since(UNIX_EPOCH)
+        .unwrap_or_default()
+        .as_secs()
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// On-disk token cache
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/// A single cached token entry, keyed by token_url in the JSON map.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+struct CachedToken {
+    access_token: String,
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    refresh_token: Option<String>,
+    /// Epoch seconds when the access token expires. `None` = no expiry known.
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    expires_at: Option<u64>,
+}
+
+/// On-disk credential store at `~/.config/<cli_name>/credentials.json`.
+///
+/// The file is a JSON object keyed by token_url:
+/// ```json
+/// {
+///   "https://identity.example.com/connect/token": {
+///     "access_token": "...",
+///     "refresh_token": "...",
+///     "expires_at": 1715550000
+///   }
+/// }
+/// ```
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct TokenCache {
+    path: PathBuf,
+}
+
+/// Buffer subtracted from `expires_in` before writing `expires_at`,
+/// so we refresh before the token actually expires. 2 minutes matches
+/// the TS SDK's BUFFER_IN_MINUTES constant.
+const EXPIRY_BUFFER_SECS: u64 = 120;
+
+type TokenMap = std::collections::HashMap<String, CachedToken>;
+
+impl TokenCache {
+    /// Build a cache path at `~/.config/<cli_name>/credentials.json`.
+    pub fn for_cli(cli_name: &str) -> Option<Self> {
+        let home = home_dir()?;
+        let dir = config_dir(&home);
+        Some(Self {
+            path: dir.join(cli_name).join("credentials.json"),
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Build a cache at an explicit path (for testing).
+    #[cfg(test)]
+    fn at_path(path: PathBuf) -> Self {
+        Self { path }
+    }
+
+    fn read_map(&self) -> TokenMap {
+        let data = match std::fs::read_to_string(&self.path) {
+            Ok(d) => d,
+            Err(_) => return TokenMap::new(),
+        };
+        serde_json::from_str(&data).unwrap_or_default()
+    }
+
+    fn write_map(&self, map: &TokenMap) -> Result<(), CliError> {
+        if let Some(parent) = self.path.parent() {
+            std::fs::create_dir_all(parent).map_err(|e| {
+                CliError::Auth(format!(
+                    "Failed to create token cache directory {}: {e}",
+                    parent.display()
+                ))
+            })?;
+        }
+
+        let json = serde_json::to_string_pretty(map).map_err(|e| {
+            CliError::Auth(format!("Failed to serialize token cache: {e}"))
+        })?;
+
+        atomic_write(&self.path, json.as_bytes())
+    }
+
+    /// Load a non-expired cached token for the given token_url.
+    fn load(&self, token_url: &str) -> Option<CachedToken> {
+        let map = self.read_map();
+        let entry = map.get(token_url)?;
+        if let Some(expires_at) = entry.expires_at {
+            if now_epoch_secs() >= expires_at {
+                return None;
+            }
+        }
+        Some(entry.clone())
+    }
+
+    /// Persist a token response to disk.
+    fn store(
+        &self,
+        token_url: &str,
+        access_token: &str,
+        refresh_token: Option<&str>,
+        expires_in: Option<u64>,
+    ) -> Result<(), CliError> {
+        let mut map = self.read_map();
+        let expires_at = expires_in.map(|ei| {
+            let buffered = ei.saturating_sub(EXPIRY_BUFFER_SECS);
+            now_epoch_secs() + buffered
+        });
+        // Preserve existing refresh_token if the new response didn't include one
+        let prev_refresh = map.get(token_url).and_then(|e| e.refresh_token.clone());
+        map.insert(
+            token_url.to_string(),
+            CachedToken {
+                access_token: access_token.to_string(),
+                refresh_token: refresh_token
+                    .map(|s| s.to_string())
+                    .or(prev_refresh),
+                expires_at,
+            },
+        );
+        self.write_map(&map)
+    }
+
+    /// Remove the cached entry for a token_url (e.g., on refresh failure).
+    fn remove(&self, token_url: &str) {
+        let mut map = self.read_map();
+        if map.remove(token_url).is_some() {
+            let _ = self.write_map(&map);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Write `data` to `path` atomically: write a sibling temp file, set
+/// owner-only permissions (0600 on Unix), then rename over the target.
+fn atomic_write(path: &Path, data: &[u8]) -> Result<(), CliError> {
+    let tmp = path.with_extension("tmp");
+    std::fs::write(&tmp, data).map_err(|e| {
+        CliError::Auth(format!(
+            "Failed to write token cache {}: {e}",
+            tmp.display()
+        ))
+    })?;
+
+    #[cfg(unix)]
+    {
+        use std::os::unix::fs::PermissionsExt;
+        let perms = std::fs::Permissions::from_mode(0o600);
+        let _ = std::fs::set_permissions(&tmp, perms);
+    }
+
+    std::fs::rename(&tmp, path).map_err(|e| {
+        let _ = std::fs::remove_file(&tmp);
+        CliError::Auth(format!(
+            "Failed to rename token cache {}: {e}",
+            tmp.display()
+        ))
+    })
+}
+
+fn home_dir() -> Option<PathBuf> {
+    std::env::var_os("HOME")
+        .or_else(|| std::env::var_os("USERPROFILE"))
+        .map(PathBuf::from)
+        .filter(|p| !p.as_os_str().is_empty())
+}
+
+/// Platform-appropriate config directory.
+fn config_dir(home: &Path) -> PathBuf {
+    #[cfg(target_os = "macos")]
+    {
+        home.join("Library").join("Application Support")
+    }
+    #[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
+    {
+        std::env::var_os("APPDATA")
+            .map(PathBuf::from)
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| home.join("AppData").join("Roaming"))
+    }
+    #[cfg(not(any(target_os = "macos", target_os = "windows")))]
+    {
+        std::env::var_os("XDG_CONFIG_HOME")
+            .map(PathBuf::from)
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| home.join(".config"))
+    }
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Grant configuration
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/// Which OAuth2 grant type to use.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub enum OAuth2Grant {
+    /// Client credentials grant (RFC 6749 §4.4).
+    ClientCredentials {
+        /// Env var name for the client ID.
+        client_id_env: String,
+        /// Env var name for the client secret.
+        client_secret_env: String,
+        /// Optional space-delimited scope string.
+        scope: Option<String>,
+    },
+    /// Refresh token grant (RFC 6749 §6).
+    RefreshToken {
+        /// Env var name for the client ID.
+        client_id_env: String,
+        /// Env var name for the client secret.
+        client_secret_env: String,
+        /// Env var name for the refresh token.
+        refresh_token_env: String,
+    },
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Form bodies (serde)
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+#[derive(Serialize)]
+struct ClientCredentialsForm<'a> {
+    grant_type: &'static str,
+    client_id: &'a str,
+    client_secret: &'a str,
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    scope: Option<&'a str>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Serialize)]
+struct RefreshTokenForm<'a> {
+    grant_type: &'static str,
+    client_id: &'a str,
+    client_secret: &'a str,
+    refresh_token: &'a str,
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Token fetch
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+struct TokenResponse {
+    access_token: String,
+    refresh_token: Option<String>,
+    expires_in: Option<u64>,
+}
+
+async fn fetch_token(token_url: &str, grant: &OAuth2Grant) -> Result<TokenResponse, CliError> {
+    if token_url.trim().is_empty() {
+        return Err(CliError::Validation(
+            "OAuth2: token_url must not be empty".to_string(),
+        ));
+    }
+
+    let http = token_http_client()?;
+
+    let response = match grant {
+        OAuth2Grant::ClientCredentials {
+            client_id_env,
+            client_secret_env,
+            scope,
+        } => {
+            let client_id = read_env(client_id_env, "client_id")?;
+            let client_secret = read_env(client_secret_env, "client_secret")?;
+            http.post(token_url)
+                .form(&ClientCredentialsForm {
+                    grant_type: "client_credentials",
+                    client_id: &client_id,
+                    client_secret: &client_secret,
+                    scope: scope.as_deref(),
+                })
+                .send()
+                .await
+        }
+        OAuth2Grant::RefreshToken {
+            client_id_env,
+            client_secret_env,
+            refresh_token_env,
+        } => {
+            let client_id = read_env(client_id_env, "client_id")?;
+            let client_secret = read_env(client_secret_env, "client_secret")?;
+            let refresh_token = read_env(refresh_token_env, "refresh_token")?;
+            http.post(token_url)
+                .form(&RefreshTokenForm {
+                    grant_type: "refresh_token",
+                    client_id: &client_id,
+                    client_secret: &client_secret,
+                    refresh_token: &refresh_token,
+                })
+                .send()
+                .await
+        }
+    }
+    .map_err(|e| CliError::Auth(format!("OAuth2 token request failed: {e}")))?;
+
+    parse_token_response(response).await
+}
+
+/// Exchange a cached refresh token for a new access token.
+async fn refresh_cached_token(
+    token_url: &str,
+    client_id: &str,
+    client_secret: &str,
+    refresh_token: &str,
+) -> Result<TokenResponse, CliError> {
+    let http = token_http_client()?;
+    let response = http
+        .post(token_url)
+        .form(&RefreshTokenForm {
+            grant_type: "refresh_token",
+            client_id,
+            client_secret,
+            refresh_token,
+        })
+        .send()
+        .await
+        .map_err(|e| CliError::Auth(format!("OAuth2 token refresh failed: {e}")))?;
+    parse_token_response(response).await
+}
+
+async fn parse_token_response(response: reqwest::Response) -> Result<TokenResponse, CliError> {
+    let status = response.status();
+    let body_text = response
+        .text()
+        .await
+        .map_err(|e| CliError::Auth(format!("OAuth2 token response body: {e}")))?;
+
+    if !status.is_success() {
+        let detail = parse_oauth_error_json(&body_text)
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| truncate_body_for_error(&body_text));
+        return Err(CliError::Auth(format!(
+            "OAuth2 token endpoint returned HTTP {status}: {detail}"
+        )));
+    }
+
+    let parsed: TokenSuccessBody = serde_json::from_str(&body_text).map_err(|e| {
+        CliError::Auth(format!(
+            "OAuth2 token response is not valid JSON with access_token: {e}"
+        ))
+    })?;
+
+    if parsed.access_token.is_empty() {
+        return Err(CliError::Auth(
+            "OAuth2 token response contained an empty access_token".to_string(),
+        ));
+    }
+
+    Ok(TokenResponse {
+        access_token: parsed.access_token,
+        refresh_token: parsed.refresh_token,
+        expires_in: parsed.expires_in,
+    })
+}
+
+fn read_env(var: &str, label: &str) -> Result<String, CliError> {
+    let val = std::env::var(var).map_err(|_| {
+        CliError::Auth(format!(
+            "Missing environment variable {var} (OAuth2 {label})"
+        ))
+    })?;
+    if val.is_empty() {
+        return Err(CliError::Auth(format!(
+            "Environment variable {var} (OAuth2 {label}) must be non-empty"
+        )));
+    }
+    Ok(val)
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// OAuth2TokenProvider
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/// OAuth2 auth provider with on-disk token persistence.
+///
+/// Resolution order on each `apply()`:
+/// 1. In-process cache (`OnceLock`) — already resolved this invocation.
+/// 2. On-disk cache — non-expired access token from a previous invocation.
+/// 3. Cached refresh token — exchange for a new access token.
+/// 4. Configured grant (client credentials or env-based refresh token).
+///
+/// New tokens are persisted to `~/.config/<cli>/credentials.json` (Linux),
+/// `~/Library/Application Support/<cli>/credentials.json` (macOS), or
+/// `%APPDATA%/<cli>/credentials.json` (Windows).
+pub struct OAuth2TokenProvider {
+    scheme_name: String,
+    token_url: String,
+    grant: OAuth2Grant,
+    cache: Option<TokenCache>,
+    cached_token: OnceLock<Result<SecretString, String>>,
+}
+
+impl std::fmt::Debug for OAuth2TokenProvider {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        f.debug_struct("OAuth2TokenProvider")
+            .field("scheme_name", &self.scheme_name)
+            .field("token_url", &self.token_url)
+            .field("grant", &self.grant)
+            .finish()
+    }
+}
+
+impl OAuth2TokenProvider {
+    pub fn new(
+        scheme_name: impl Into<String>,
+        token_url: impl Into<String>,
+        grant: OAuth2Grant,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            scheme_name: scheme_name.into(),
+            token_url: token_url.into(),
+            grant,
+            cache: None,
+            cached_token: OnceLock::new(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Enable on-disk token persistence. `cli_name` is the binary name
+    /// (e.g., `"myapi"`) — tokens are stored under the platform config dir.
+    pub fn with_cache(mut self, cli_name: &str) -> Self {
+        self.cache = TokenCache::for_cli(cli_name);
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Enable on-disk token persistence with a pre-built [`TokenCache`].
+    pub fn with_token_cache(mut self, cache: TokenCache) -> Self {
+        self.cache = Some(cache);
+        self
+    }
+
+    fn resolve_token(&self) -> Result<&SecretString, CliError> {
+        let result = self.cached_token.get_or_init(|| {
+            tokio::task::block_in_place(|| {
+                tokio::runtime::Handle::current()
+                    .block_on(self.resolve_token_async())
+                    .map(SecretString::from)
+                    .map_err(|e| e.to_string())
+            })
+        });
+        match result {
+            Ok(token) => Ok(token),
+            Err(msg) => Err(CliError::Auth(msg.clone())),
+        }
+    }
+
+    async fn resolve_token_async(&self) -> Result<String, CliError> {
+        // 1. Check on-disk cache for a valid access token
+        if let Some(cache) = &self.cache {
+            if let Some(cached) = cache.load(&self.token_url) {
+                tracing::debug!("Using cached OAuth2 access token for {}", self.token_url);
+                return Ok(cached.access_token);
+            }
+
+            // 2. Try refreshing with a cached refresh token
+            if let Some(token_resp) = self.try_cached_refresh(cache).await {
+                return Ok(token_resp);
+            }
+        }
+
+        // 3. Fall back to the configured grant
+        let resp = fetch_token(&self.token_url, &self.grant).await?;
+        self.persist_response(&resp);
+        Ok(resp.access_token)
+    }
+
+    /// Attempt to use a cached refresh token. Returns the new access token
+    /// on success, or None if there's no cached refresh token or the refresh
+    /// fails (in which case we fall through to the configured grant).
+    async fn try_cached_refresh(&self, cache: &TokenCache) -> Option<String> {
+        let map = cache.read_map();
+        let entry = map.get(&self.token_url)?;
+        let refresh_token = entry.refresh_token.as_deref()?;
+
+        // We need client_id and client_secret to do the refresh
+        let (client_id_env, client_secret_env) = match &self.grant {
+            OAuth2Grant::ClientCredentials {
+                client_id_env,
+                client_secret_env,
+                ..
+            } => (client_id_env.as_str(), client_secret_env.as_str()),
+            OAuth2Grant::RefreshToken {
+                client_id_env,
+                client_secret_env,
+                ..
+            } => (client_id_env.as_str(), client_secret_env.as_str()),
+        };
+
+        let client_id = match read_env(client_id_env, "client_id") {
+            Ok(v) => v,
+            Err(_) => {
+                tracing::debug!(
+                    "Cannot refresh cached token: {} not set",
+                    client_id_env
+                );
+                return None;
+            }
+        };
+        let client_secret = match read_env(client_secret_env, "client_secret") {
+            Ok(v) => v,
+            Err(_) => {
+                tracing::debug!(
+                    "Cannot refresh cached token: {} not set",
+                    client_secret_env
+                );
+                return None;
+            }
+        };
+
+        tracing::debug!(
+            "Attempting cached refresh token grant for {}",
+            self.token_url
+        );
+
+        match refresh_cached_token(
+            &self.token_url,
+            &client_id,
+            &client_secret,
+            refresh_token,
+        )
+        .await
+        {
+            Ok(resp) => {
+                self.persist_response(&resp);
+                Some(resp.access_token)
+            }
+            Err(e) => {
+                tracing::debug!("Cached refresh token failed, falling through: {e}");
+                cache.remove(&self.token_url);
+                None
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn persist_response(&self, resp: &TokenResponse) {
+        if let Some(cache) = &self.cache {
+            if let Err(e) = cache.store(
+                &self.token_url,
+                &resp.access_token,
+                resp.refresh_token.as_deref(),
+                resp.expires_in,
+            ) {
+                tracing::warn!("Failed to persist OAuth2 token to cache: {e}");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl AuthProvider for OAuth2TokenProvider {
+    fn name(&self) -> &str {
+        &self.scheme_name
+    }
+
+    fn has_credentials(&self) -> bool {
+        // Check disk cache first — if we have a cached token, we have creds
+        if let Some(cache) = &self.cache {
+            if cache.load(&self.token_url).is_some() {
+                return true;
+            }
+            // Also check if we have a cached refresh token (even if access expired)
+            let map = cache.read_map();
+            if let Some(entry) = map.get(&self.token_url) {
+                if entry.refresh_token.is_some() {
+                    return true;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        // Fall back to env var check
+        match &self.grant {
+            OAuth2Grant::ClientCredentials {
+                client_id_env,
+                client_secret_env,
+                ..
+            } => env_is_set(client_id_env) && env_is_set(client_secret_env),
+            OAuth2Grant::RefreshToken {
+                client_id_env,
+                client_secret_env,
+                refresh_token_env,
+            } => {
+                env_is_set(client_id_env)
+                    && env_is_set(client_secret_env)
+                    && env_is_set(refresh_token_env)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn apply(
+        &self,
+        request: reqwest::RequestBuilder,
+        _endpoint: &EndpointAuthMetadata,
+    ) -> Result<reqwest::RequestBuilder, CliError> {
+        let token = self.resolve_token()?;
+        let mut value = String::with_capacity(7 + token.expose_secret().len());
+        value.push_str("Bearer ");
+        value.push_str(token.expose_secret());
+        let mut header = reqwest::header::HeaderValue::from_str(&value)
+            .map_err(|e| CliError::Auth(format!("Invalid OAuth2 bearer token: {e}")))?;
+        header.set_sensitive(true);
+        Ok(request.header(reqwest::header::AUTHORIZATION, header))
+    }
+}
+
+fn env_is_set(var: &str) -> bool {
+    std::env::var(var)
+        .map(|v| !v.trim().is_empty())
+        .unwrap_or(false)
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Tests
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::auth::test_helpers::{auth_header, req};
+    use serial_test::serial;
+    use wiremock::matchers::{method, path};
+    use wiremock::{Mock, MockServer, ResponseTemplate};
+
+    #[tokio::test(flavor = "multi_thread")]
+    #[serial]
+    async fn client_credentials_fetches_and_caches_token() {
+        let server = MockServer::start().await;
+        Mock::given(method("POST"))
+            .and(path("/token"))
+            .respond_with(
+                ResponseTemplate::new(200).set_body_json(serde_json::json!({
+                    "access_token": "cc-token-123",
+                    "token_type": "Bearer"
+                })),
+            )
+            .expect(1)
+            .mount(&server)
+            .await;
+
+        std::env::set_var("TEST_CC_ID", "my-id");
+        std::env::set_var("TEST_CC_SECRET", "my-secret");
+
+        let provider = OAuth2TokenProvider::new(
+            "oauth2",
+            format!("{}/token", server.uri()),
+            OAuth2Grant::ClientCredentials {
+                client_id_env: "TEST_CC_ID".to_string(),
+                client_secret_env: "TEST_CC_SECRET".to_string(),
+                scope: None,
+            },
+        );
+
+        assert!(provider.has_credentials());
+
+        let r = provider
+            .apply(req(), &EndpointAuthMetadata::unspecified())
+            .unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(auth_header(r).as_deref(), Some("Bearer cc-token-123"));
+
+        // Second call uses in-process cache (wiremock expect(1) would fail otherwise)
+        let r2 = provider
+            .apply(req(), &EndpointAuthMetadata::unspecified())
+            .unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(auth_header(r2).as_deref(), Some("Bearer cc-token-123"));
+
+        std::env::remove_var("TEST_CC_ID");
+        std::env::remove_var("TEST_CC_SECRET");
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test(flavor = "multi_thread")]
+    #[serial]
+    async fn client_credentials_no_creds_when_env_unset() {
+        std::env::remove_var("MISSING_CC_ID_XYZ");
+        std::env::remove_var("MISSING_CC_SECRET_XYZ");
+
+        let provider = OAuth2TokenProvider::new(
+            "oauth2",
+            "https://unused.example.com/token",
+            OAuth2Grant::ClientCredentials {
+                client_id_env: "MISSING_CC_ID_XYZ".to_string(),
+                client_secret_env: "MISSING_CC_SECRET_XYZ".to_string(),
+                scope: None,
+            },
+        );
+
+        assert!(!provider.has_credentials());
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test(flavor = "multi_thread")]
+    #[serial]
+    async fn refresh_token_fetches_token() {
+        let server = MockServer::start().await;
+        Mock::given(method("POST"))
+            .and(path("/token"))
+            .respond_with(
+                ResponseTemplate::new(200).set_body_json(serde_json::json!({
+                    "access_token": "refreshed-token-456",
+                    "token_type": "Bearer"
+                })),
+            )
+            .expect(1)
+            .mount(&server)
+            .await;
+
+        std::env::set_var("TEST_RT_ID", "my-id");
+        std::env::set_var("TEST_RT_SECRET", "my-secret");
+        std::env::set_var("TEST_RT_REFRESH", "my-refresh-token");
+
+        let provider = OAuth2TokenProvider::new(
+            "oauth2",
+            format!("{}/token", server.uri()),
+            OAuth2Grant::RefreshToken {
+                client_id_env: "TEST_RT_ID".to_string(),
+                client_secret_env: "TEST_RT_SECRET".to_string(),
+                refresh_token_env: "TEST_RT_REFRESH".to_string(),
+            },
+        );
+
+        assert!(provider.has_credentials());
+
+        let r = provider
+            .apply(req(), &EndpointAuthMetadata::unspecified())
+            .unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(auth_header(r).as_deref(), Some("Bearer refreshed-token-456"));
+
+        std::env::remove_var("TEST_RT_ID");
+        std::env::remove_var("TEST_RT_SECRET");
+        std::env::remove_var("TEST_RT_REFRESH");
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test(flavor = "multi_thread")]
+    #[serial]
+    async fn refresh_token_no_creds_without_refresh_env() {
+        std::env::set_var("TEST_RT_ID2", "id");
+        std::env::set_var("TEST_RT_SECRET2", "secret");
+        std::env::remove_var("MISSING_RT_XYZ");
+
+        let provider = OAuth2TokenProvider::new(
+            "oauth2",
+            "https://unused.example.com/token",
+            OAuth2Grant::RefreshToken {
+                client_id_env: "TEST_RT_ID2".to_string(),
+                client_secret_env: "TEST_RT_SECRET2".to_string(),
+                refresh_token_env: "MISSING_RT_XYZ".to_string(),
+            },
+        );
+
+        assert!(!provider.has_credentials());
+
+        std::env::remove_var("TEST_RT_ID2");
+        std::env::remove_var("TEST_RT_SECRET2");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn parse_oauth_error_prefers_error_and_description() {
+        let body = r#"{"error":"invalid_client","error_description":"bad secret"}"#;
+        assert_eq!(
+            parse_oauth_error_json(body).as_deref(),
+            Some("invalid_client: bad secret")
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn truncate_body_long() {
+        let s = "x".repeat(600);
+        let t = truncate_body_for_error(&s);
+        assert!(t.len() < s.len());
+        assert!(t.ends_with('…'));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn truncate_body_multibyte_utf8_no_panic() {
+        let s = "é".repeat(600);
+        let t = truncate_body_for_error(&s);
+        assert!(t.chars().count() <= 513); // 512 chars + '…'
+        assert!(t.ends_with('…'));
+    }
+
+    // ---- Token cache tests ----
+
+    #[test]
+    fn token_cache_store_and_load() {
+        let dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+        let cache = TokenCache::at_path(dir.path().join("credentials.json"));
+
+        cache
+            .store(
+                "https://example.com/token",
+                "access-abc",
+                Some("refresh-xyz"),
+                Some(3600),
+            )
+            .unwrap();
+
+        let loaded = cache.load("https://example.com/token").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(loaded.access_token, "access-abc");
+        assert_eq!(loaded.refresh_token.as_deref(), Some("refresh-xyz"));
+        assert!(loaded.expires_at.is_some());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn token_cache_expired_token_returns_none() {
+        let dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+        let cache = TokenCache::at_path(dir.path().join("credentials.json"));
+
+        // Store a token with 0 seconds expiry (immediately expired after buffer)
+        cache
+            .store("https://example.com/token", "expired", None, Some(0))
+            .unwrap();
+
+        assert!(cache.load("https://example.com/token").is_none());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn token_cache_no_expiry_always_valid() {
+        let dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+        let cache = TokenCache::at_path(dir.path().join("credentials.json"));
+
+        cache
+            .store("https://example.com/token", "forever", None, None)
+            .unwrap();
+
+        let loaded = cache.load("https://example.com/token").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(loaded.access_token, "forever");
+        assert!(loaded.expires_at.is_none());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn token_cache_remove() {
+        let dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+        let cache = TokenCache::at_path(dir.path().join("credentials.json"));
+
+        cache
+            .store("https://example.com/token", "abc", None, Some(3600))
+            .unwrap();
+        assert!(cache.load("https://example.com/token").is_some());
+
+        cache.remove("https://example.com/token");
+        assert!(cache.load("https://example.com/token").is_none());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn token_cache_preserves_refresh_token_on_update() {
+        let dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+        let cache = TokenCache::at_path(dir.path().join("credentials.json"));
+
+        // Initial store with refresh token
+        cache
+            .store("https://ex.com/t", "old-access", Some("my-refresh"), Some(3600))
+            .unwrap();
+
+        // Update with new access token but no refresh token in response
+        cache
+            .store("https://ex.com/t", "new-access", None, Some(3600))
+            .unwrap();
+
+        let loaded = cache.load("https://ex.com/t").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(loaded.access_token, "new-access");
+        assert_eq!(loaded.refresh_token.as_deref(), Some("my-refresh"));
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(unix)]
+    #[test]
+    fn token_cache_file_permissions() {
+        use std::os::unix::fs::PermissionsExt;
+
+        let dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+        let path = dir.path().join("credentials.json");
+        let cache = TokenCache::at_path(path.clone());
+
+        cache
+            .store("https://example.com/token", "secret", None, None)
+            .unwrap();
+
+        let mode = std::fs::metadata(&path).unwrap().permissions().mode();
+        assert_eq!(mode & 0o777, 0o600, "Token cache should be owner-only");
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test(flavor = "multi_thread")]
+    #[serial]
+    async fn provider_uses_disk_cache() {
+        let dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+        let cache = TokenCache::at_path(dir.path().join("credentials.json"));
+
+        // Pre-populate the cache
+        cache
+            .store("https://example.com/token", "cached-token", None, Some(3600))
+            .unwrap();
+
+        // Provider should not hit the network (no MockServer needed)
+        std::env::set_var("TEST_CACHE_ID", "id");
+        std::env::set_var("TEST_CACHE_SECRET", "secret");
+
+        let provider = OAuth2TokenProvider::new(
+            "oauth2",
+            "https://example.com/token",
+            OAuth2Grant::ClientCredentials {
+                client_id_env: "TEST_CACHE_ID".to_string(),
+                client_secret_env: "TEST_CACHE_SECRET".to_string(),
+                scope: None,
+            },
+        )
+        .with_token_cache(cache);
+
+        assert!(provider.has_credentials());
+
+        let r = provider
+            .apply(req(), &EndpointAuthMetadata::unspecified())
+            .unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(auth_header(r).as_deref(), Some("Bearer cached-token"));
+
+        std::env::remove_var("TEST_CACHE_ID");
+        std::env::remove_var("TEST_CACHE_SECRET");
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test(flavor = "multi_thread")]
+    #[serial]
+    async fn provider_persists_token_to_disk() {
+        let dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+        let cache = TokenCache::at_path(dir.path().join("credentials.json"));
+
+        let server = MockServer::start().await;
+        let token_url = format!("{}/token", server.uri());
+
+        Mock::given(method("POST"))
+            .and(path("/token"))
+            .respond_with(
+                ResponseTemplate::new(200).set_body_json(serde_json::json!({
+                    "access_token": "new-token",
+                    "refresh_token": "new-refresh",
+                    "expires_in": 3600
+                })),
+            )
+            .expect(1)
+            .mount(&server)
+            .await;
+
+        std::env::set_var("TEST_PERSIST_ID", "id");
+        std::env::set_var("TEST_PERSIST_SECRET", "secret");
+
+        let provider = OAuth2TokenProvider::new(
+            "oauth2",
+            &token_url,
+            OAuth2Grant::ClientCredentials {
+                client_id_env: "TEST_PERSIST_ID".to_string(),
+                client_secret_env: "TEST_PERSIST_SECRET".to_string(),
+                scope: None,
+            },
+        )
+        .with_token_cache(cache.clone());
+
+        let r = provider
+            .apply(req(), &EndpointAuthMetadata::unspecified())
+            .unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(auth_header(r).as_deref(), Some("Bearer new-token"));
+
+        // Verify it was persisted
+        let loaded = cache.load(&token_url).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(loaded.access_token, "new-token");
+        assert_eq!(loaded.refresh_token.as_deref(), Some("new-refresh"));
+
+        std::env::remove_var("TEST_PERSIST_ID");
+        std::env::remove_var("TEST_PERSIST_SECRET");
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test(flavor = "multi_thread")]
+    #[serial]
+    async fn provider_uses_cached_refresh_token() {
+        let dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+        let cache = TokenCache::at_path(dir.path().join("credentials.json"));
+
+        let server = MockServer::start().await;
+        let token_url = format!("{}/token", server.uri());
+
+        // Pre-populate cache with expired access + valid refresh
+        {
+            let mut map = TokenMap::new();
+            map.insert(
+                token_url.clone(),
+                CachedToken {
+                    access_token: "expired".to_string(),
+                    refresh_token: Some("cached-refresh".to_string()),
+                    expires_at: Some(0), // already expired
+                },
+            );
+            let json = serde_json::to_string_pretty(&map).unwrap();
+            std::fs::write(dir.path().join("credentials.json"), json).unwrap();
+        }
+
+        Mock::given(method("POST"))
+            .and(path("/token"))
+            .respond_with(
+                ResponseTemplate::new(200).set_body_json(serde_json::json!({
+                    "access_token": "refreshed-from-cache",
+                    "refresh_token": "new-refresh",
+                    "expires_in": 7200
+                })),
+            )
+            .expect(1)
+            .mount(&server)
+            .await;
+
+        std::env::set_var("TEST_CREFRESH_ID", "id");
+        std::env::set_var("TEST_CREFRESH_SECRET", "secret");
+
+        let provider = OAuth2TokenProvider::new(
+            "oauth2",
+            &token_url,
+            OAuth2Grant::ClientCredentials {
+                client_id_env: "TEST_CREFRESH_ID".to_string(),
+                client_secret_env: "TEST_CREFRESH_SECRET".to_string(),
+                scope: None,
+            },
+        )
+        .with_token_cache(cache.clone());
+
+        let r = provider
+            .apply(req(), &EndpointAuthMetadata::unspecified())
+            .unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(
+            auth_header(r).as_deref(),
+            Some("Bearer refreshed-from-cache")
+        );
+
+        // Verify the new tokens were persisted
+        let loaded = cache.load(&token_url).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(loaded.access_token, "refreshed-from-cache");
+        assert_eq!(loaded.refresh_token.as_deref(), Some("new-refresh"));
+
+        std::env::remove_var("TEST_CREFRESH_ID");
+        std::env::remove_var("TEST_CREFRESH_SECRET");
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test(flavor = "multi_thread")]
+    #[serial]
+    async fn provider_falls_through_when_cached_refresh_fails() {
+        let dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+        let cache = TokenCache::at_path(dir.path().join("credentials.json"));
+
+        let server = MockServer::start().await;
+        let token_url = format!("{}/token", server.uri());
+
+        // Pre-populate cache with expired access + stale refresh
+        {
+            let mut map = TokenMap::new();
+            map.insert(
+                token_url.clone(),
+                CachedToken {
+                    access_token: "expired".to_string(),
+                    refresh_token: Some("stale-refresh".to_string()),
+                    expires_at: Some(0),
+                },
+            );
+            let json = serde_json::to_string_pretty(&map).unwrap();
+            std::fs::write(dir.path().join("credentials.json"), json).unwrap();
+        }
+
+        // First call (refresh) fails, second call (client credentials) succeeds
+        let call_count = std::sync::Arc::new(std::sync::atomic::AtomicU32::new(0));
+        let call_count_clone = call_count.clone();
+
+        Mock::given(method("POST"))
+            .and(path("/token"))
+            .respond_with(move |_req: &wiremock::Request| {
+                let n = call_count_clone.fetch_add(1, std::sync::atomic::Ordering::SeqCst);
+                if n == 0 {
+                    // Refresh fails
+                    ResponseTemplate::new(400).set_body_json(serde_json::json!({
+                        "error": "invalid_grant",
+                        "error_description": "refresh token expired"
+                    }))
+                } else {
+                    // Client credentials succeeds
+                    ResponseTemplate::new(200).set_body_json(serde_json::json!({
+                        "access_token": "fresh-cc-token",
+                        "expires_in": 3600
+                    }))
+                }
+            })
+            .expect(2)
+            .mount(&server)
+            .await;
+
+        std::env::set_var("TEST_FALLTHRU_ID", "id");
+        std::env::set_var("TEST_FALLTHRU_SECRET", "secret");
+
+        let provider = OAuth2TokenProvider::new(
+            "oauth2",
+            &token_url,
+            OAuth2Grant::ClientCredentials {
+                client_id_env: "TEST_FALLTHRU_ID".to_string(),
+                client_secret_env: "TEST_FALLTHRU_SECRET".to_string(),
+                scope: None,
+            },
+        )
+        .with_token_cache(cache.clone());
+
+        let r = provider
+            .apply(req(), &EndpointAuthMetadata::unspecified())
+            .unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(auth_header(r).as_deref(), Some("Bearer fresh-cc-token"));
+
+        // The stale refresh token should have been removed
+        let loaded = cache.load(&token_url).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(loaded.access_token, "fresh-cc-token");
+        assert!(loaded.refresh_token.is_none());
+
+        std::env::remove_var("TEST_FALLTHRU_ID");
+        std::env::remove_var("TEST_FALLTHRU_SECRET");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn has_credentials_true_when_cache_has_valid_token() {
+        let dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+        let cache = TokenCache::at_path(dir.path().join("credentials.json"));
+
+        cache
+            .store("https://example.com/token", "valid", None, Some(3600))
+            .unwrap();
+
+        std::env::remove_var("NO_SUCH_ID_XYZ_TOKEN_TEST");
+        std::env::remove_var("NO_SUCH_SECRET_XYZ_TOKEN_TEST");
+
+        let provider = OAuth2TokenProvider::new(
+            "oauth2",
+            "https://example.com/token",
+            OAuth2Grant::ClientCredentials {
+                client_id_env: "NO_SUCH_ID_XYZ_TOKEN_TEST".to_string(),
+                client_secret_env: "NO_SUCH_SECRET_XYZ_TOKEN_TEST".to_string(),
+                scope: None,
+            },
+        )
+        .with_token_cache(cache);
+
+        // has_credentials is true because of disk cache, even though env vars are unset
+        assert!(provider.has_credentials());
+    }
+}
diff --git a/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/auth/provider.rs b/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/auth/provider.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..9ab3470d3e7b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/auth/provider.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,192 @@
+//! The [`AuthProvider`] trait, its per-request metadata
+//! ([`EndpointAuthMetadata`]), the [`DynAuthProvider`] handle alias, and
+//! the [`NoAuthProvider`] sentinel.
+
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use crate::error::CliError;
+
+/// Per-request context the executor passes to providers. Maps directly to
+/// the TS generator's `endpointMetadata` argument.
+///
+/// Three states encode OpenAPI's three semantics:
+/// - `None` — the operation didn't pin a security policy. The composition
+///   wrapper's default (typically `AnyAuthProvider`) handles it.
+/// - `Some(vec![])` — explicitly anonymous (`security: []` in the spec).
+///   The provider must not attach any auth, even if credentials are available.
+/// - `Some(vec![req1, req2, ...])` — OR-of-ANDs: satisfy any one requirement.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default)]
+pub struct EndpointAuthMetadata {
+    pub security_requirements: Option<Vec<HashMap<String, Vec<String>>>>,
+}
+
+impl EndpointAuthMetadata {
+    /// No security policy declared on the operation — let the wrapper's
+    /// default policy decide.
+    pub fn unspecified() -> Self {
+        Self::default()
+    }
+
+    /// `security: []` in the spec — operation is explicitly unauthenticated.
+    pub fn explicit_anonymous() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            security_requirements: Some(Vec::new()),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn with_requirements(reqs: Vec<HashMap<String, Vec<String>>>) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            security_requirements: Some(reqs),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// True when the operation pinned `security: []` — the spec's "this
+    /// endpoint is explicitly unauthenticated" signal. The executor uses
+    /// this to short-circuit `apply` so credentials never leak onto an
+    /// opt-out endpoint, regardless of which provider is configured.
+    pub fn is_explicit_anonymous(&self) -> bool {
+        matches!(&self.security_requirements, Some(reqs) if reqs.is_empty())
+    }
+}
+
+/// A pluggable authentication scheme.
+///
+/// Implementors mutate `request` with the appropriate headers (or other
+/// modifications) for an outgoing API call. Returning the request unchanged
+/// is the right behaviour when the provider can't satisfy this request and
+/// composition wrappers should fall through to the next provider.
+///
+/// # Repeated credential resolution
+///
+/// Composition wrappers (`AnyAuthProvider`, `AllAuthProvider`,
+/// `RoutingAuthProvider`) call `has_credentials` / `has_credentials_for`
+/// before `apply` on each request, so an
+/// [`AuthCredentialSource`](crate::auth::AuthCredentialSource) backing a
+/// leaf provider can be resolved twice (or more, through nested wrappers).
+/// For `Env` / `Literal` / `Cli` sources this is free; for `File` it means
+/// a re-read on each call and for `Closure` it means re-invocation. This
+/// is acceptable for the CLI workload (one request per process invocation),
+/// but provider implementations that wrap an expensive source — token
+/// refresh, keychain access, network round-trips — should memoize
+/// internally rather than expect the trait to deduplicate calls.
+pub trait AuthProvider: Send + Sync + std::fmt::Debug {
+    /// Stable identifier. Used by [`RoutingAuthProvider`][rap] to look up
+    /// the provider for a security requirement and by error messages. Should
+    /// match the scheme name from the OpenAPI spec where applicable.
+    ///
+    /// [rap]: crate::auth::RoutingAuthProvider
+    fn name(&self) -> &str;
+
+    /// Whether this provider currently has *any* credential available.
+    /// Used by composition wrappers to decide whether to try this provider
+    /// at all (e.g., `AnyAuthProvider` skips children whose
+    /// `has_credentials()` is false).
+    ///
+    /// For "could this provider have authenticated *this specific
+    /// endpoint*?" — used by the friendly-error path on 401/403 — see
+    /// [`has_credentials_for`](Self::has_credentials_for) instead.
+    fn has_credentials(&self) -> bool;
+
+    /// Whether this provider can satisfy *this specific endpoint*'s auth
+    /// requirements. Used by the error path to decide whether a 401/403 is
+    /// the user's fault (no creds for this endpoint → friendly error) or
+    /// actually a server problem (creds were sent → surface raw error).
+    ///
+    /// The default delegates to [`has_credentials`](Self::has_credentials),
+    /// which is correct for leaf providers (bearer, basic, header) and for
+    /// `AnyAuthProvider` (any provider with creds will be tried regardless
+    /// of endpoint). Composition wrappers that route by endpoint —
+    /// notably [`RoutingAuthProvider`] — should override this to inspect
+    /// the endpoint's `security_requirements` and check whether any
+    /// requirement is satisfiable.
+    fn has_credentials_for(&self, _endpoint: &EndpointAuthMetadata) -> bool {
+        self.has_credentials()
+    }
+
+    /// Apply the scheme to `request`. Implementations should be a no-op if
+    /// they can't satisfy the request (e.g., no env var set), so wrappers can
+    /// fall through. Hard errors (malformed token bytes) are surfaced via
+    /// [`CliError::Auth`].
+    fn apply(
+        &self,
+        request: reqwest::RequestBuilder,
+        endpoint: &EndpointAuthMetadata,
+    ) -> Result<reqwest::RequestBuilder, CliError>;
+}
+
+/// Boxed handle the rest of the codebase passes around.
+pub type DynAuthProvider = Arc<dyn AuthProvider>;
+
+/// Construct a no-op [`AuthProvider`] handle. Use this in tests and in
+/// custom command handlers that want to bypass auth for a one-off call.
+pub fn no_auth_provider() -> DynAuthProvider {
+    Arc::new(NoAuthProvider)
+}
+
+/// No-op provider. Used when the CLI hasn't configured auth at all.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default)]
+pub struct NoAuthProvider;
+
+impl AuthProvider for NoAuthProvider {
+    fn name(&self) -> &str {
+        "none"
+    }
+
+    fn has_credentials(&self) -> bool {
+        false
+    }
+
+    fn apply(
+        &self,
+        request: reqwest::RequestBuilder,
+        _endpoint: &EndpointAuthMetadata,
+    ) -> Result<reqwest::RequestBuilder, CliError> {
+        Ok(request)
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::auth::test_helpers::{auth_header, req};
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn no_auth_provider_emits_no_headers() {
+        let p = NoAuthProvider;
+        let r = p.apply(req(), &EndpointAuthMetadata::unspecified()).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(auth_header(r), None);
+        assert!(!p.has_credentials());
+        assert_eq!(p.name(), "none");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn endpoint_metadata_three_states() {
+        // `unspecified` and `default` agree.
+        assert!(EndpointAuthMetadata::unspecified()
+            .security_requirements
+            .is_none());
+        assert!(EndpointAuthMetadata::default()
+            .security_requirements
+            .is_none());
+
+        // `explicit_anonymous` is `Some(empty)`.
+        let anon = EndpointAuthMetadata::explicit_anonymous();
+        assert_eq!(
+            anon.security_requirements.as_ref().map(|v| v.len()),
+            Some(0),
+        );
+
+        // `with_requirements` carries them through.
+        let reqs = vec![{
+            let mut m = HashMap::new();
+            m.insert("a".to_string(), Vec::<String>::new());
+            m
+        }];
+        let with = EndpointAuthMetadata::with_requirements(reqs);
+        assert_eq!(
+            with.security_requirements.as_ref().map(|v| v.len()),
+            Some(1),
+        );
+    }
+}
diff --git a/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/auth/root_builder.rs b/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/auth/root_builder.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..8365b0db1f6f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/auth/root_builder.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,419 @@
+//! Typed auth-scheme builders for root-level `CliApp` registration.
+//!
+//! These builders provide a type-safe, discoverable API for declaring auth
+//! at the CLI level. Each builder produces the underlying `(String, SchemeBinding)`
+//! pair consumed by the existing auth infrastructure.
+//!
+//! # Example
+//!
+//! ```rust,no_run
+//! use fern_cli_sdk::app::CliApp;
+//! use fern_cli_sdk::auth::{BearerAuth, ApiKeyAuth, BasicAuth, OAuth2Auth};
+//! use fern_cli_sdk::openapi::OpenApiBinding;
+//!
+//! CliApp::new("platform")
+//!     .auth(BearerAuth::new("bearerAuth").env("PLATFORM_TOKEN"))
+//!     .auth(ApiKeyAuth::new("apiKey").env("API_KEY"))
+//!     .auth(BasicAuth::new("basicAuth").username_env("USER").password_env("PASS"))
+//!     .auth(OAuth2Auth::new("OAuth2Security").client_id_env("ID").client_secret_env("SECRET").token_url("https://auth.example.com/token"))
+//!     .binding(OpenApiBinding::new().spec("openapi: '3.0.0'\ninfo:\n  title: x\n  version: '1'\npaths: {}"))
+//!     .run();
+//! ```
+
+use super::builder::SchemeBinding;
+use super::credential::AuthCredentialSource;
+
+/// Trait implemented by all typed auth builders. Converts the builder
+/// into the `(scheme_name, SchemeBinding)` pair used by the auth
+/// infrastructure.
+pub trait AuthSchemeBuilder {
+    /// Consume the builder and produce a `(scheme_name, SchemeBinding)` pair.
+    fn into_binding(self) -> (String, SchemeBinding);
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// BearerAuth — Authorization: Bearer <token>
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/// Builder for bearer token authentication (`Authorization: Bearer <token>`).
+///
+/// The scheme name must match the `securitySchemes` key in the binding's spec.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct BearerAuth {
+    name: String,
+    source: AuthCredentialSource,
+}
+
+impl BearerAuth {
+    /// Create a new bearer auth builder. `name` must match the scheme name
+    /// declared in the spec's `components.securitySchemes`.
+    pub fn new(name: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            name: name.into(),
+            source: AuthCredentialSource::Missing,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Read the bearer token from an environment variable.
+    pub fn env(mut self, var_name: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
+        self.source = AuthCredentialSource::from_env(var_name);
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Read the bearer token from a CLI flag (`--<arg_name>`).
+    pub fn cli(mut self, arg_name: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
+        self.source = AuthCredentialSource::cli(arg_name);
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Read the bearer token from a file.
+    pub fn file(mut self, path: impl Into<std::path::PathBuf>) -> Self {
+        self.source = AuthCredentialSource::file(path.into());
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Use a fallback chain: try env, then CLI, then file, etc.
+    pub fn source(mut self, source: AuthCredentialSource) -> Self {
+        self.source = source;
+        self
+    }
+}
+
+impl AuthSchemeBuilder for BearerAuth {
+    fn into_binding(self) -> (String, SchemeBinding) {
+        (self.name, SchemeBinding::Token(self.source))
+    }
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// ApiKeyAuth — header or query-parameter API key
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/// Builder for API key authentication (header-based or query-parameter).
+///
+/// The scheme name must match the `securitySchemes` key in the binding's spec.
+/// The header name is read from the spec's `in: header` / `name: X-API-Key`
+/// declaration; it does NOT need to be set here unless overriding.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct ApiKeyAuth {
+    name: String,
+    source: AuthCredentialSource,
+}
+
+impl ApiKeyAuth {
+    /// Create a new API key auth builder. `name` must match the scheme name
+    /// declared in the spec's `components.securitySchemes`.
+    pub fn new(name: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            name: name.into(),
+            source: AuthCredentialSource::Missing,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Read the API key from an environment variable.
+    pub fn env(mut self, var_name: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
+        self.source = AuthCredentialSource::from_env(var_name);
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Read the API key from a CLI flag (`--<arg_name>`).
+    pub fn cli(mut self, arg_name: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
+        self.source = AuthCredentialSource::cli(arg_name);
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Read the API key from a file.
+    pub fn file(mut self, path: impl Into<std::path::PathBuf>) -> Self {
+        self.source = AuthCredentialSource::file(path.into());
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Use a custom credential source.
+    pub fn source(mut self, source: AuthCredentialSource) -> Self {
+        self.source = source;
+        self
+    }
+}
+
+impl AuthSchemeBuilder for ApiKeyAuth {
+    fn into_binding(self) -> (String, SchemeBinding) {
+        (self.name, SchemeBinding::Token(self.source))
+    }
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// BasicAuth — HTTP Basic authentication
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/// Builder for HTTP Basic authentication (`Authorization: Basic base64(user:pass)`).
+///
+/// The scheme name must match the `securitySchemes` key in the binding's spec.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct BasicAuth {
+    name: String,
+    username: AuthCredentialSource,
+    password: AuthCredentialSource,
+}
+
+impl BasicAuth {
+    /// Create a new basic auth builder. `name` must match the scheme name
+    /// declared in the spec's `components.securitySchemes`.
+    pub fn new(name: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            name: name.into(),
+            username: AuthCredentialSource::Missing,
+            password: AuthCredentialSource::Missing,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Read the username from an environment variable.
+    pub fn username_env(mut self, var_name: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
+        self.username = AuthCredentialSource::from_env(var_name);
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Read the password from an environment variable.
+    pub fn password_env(mut self, var_name: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
+        self.password = AuthCredentialSource::from_env(var_name);
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Read the username from a CLI flag.
+    pub fn username_cli(mut self, arg_name: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
+        self.username = AuthCredentialSource::cli(arg_name);
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Read the password from a CLI flag.
+    pub fn password_cli(mut self, arg_name: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
+        self.password = AuthCredentialSource::cli(arg_name);
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Set a custom credential source for the username.
+    pub fn username_source(mut self, source: AuthCredentialSource) -> Self {
+        self.username = source;
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Set a custom credential source for the password.
+    pub fn password_source(mut self, source: AuthCredentialSource) -> Self {
+        self.password = source;
+        self
+    }
+}
+
+impl AuthSchemeBuilder for BasicAuth {
+    fn into_binding(self) -> (String, SchemeBinding) {
+        (
+            self.name,
+            SchemeBinding::Basic {
+                username: self.username,
+                password: self.password,
+            },
+        )
+    }
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// OAuth2Auth — OAuth2 flows (client-credentials, refresh-token, PKCE)
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/// Builder for OAuth2 authentication.
+///
+/// The scheme name must match the `securitySchemes` key in the binding's spec.
+/// The token URL is embedded by the generator (from the spec's
+/// `securitySchemes.*.flows.clientCredentials.tokenUrl` or Fern IR).
+///
+/// At runtime, this resolves to a bearer token — the OAuth2 flow is
+/// handled by the binding's executor using the token URL and credentials
+/// declared here.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct OAuth2Auth {
+    name: String,
+    client_id: AuthCredentialSource,
+    client_secret: AuthCredentialSource,
+    access_token: AuthCredentialSource,
+    refresh_token: AuthCredentialSource,
+    token_url: Option<String>,
+}
+
+impl OAuth2Auth {
+    /// Create a new OAuth2 auth builder. `name` must match the scheme name
+    /// declared in the spec's `components.securitySchemes`.
+    pub fn new(name: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            name: name.into(),
+            client_id: AuthCredentialSource::Missing,
+            client_secret: AuthCredentialSource::Missing,
+            access_token: AuthCredentialSource::Missing,
+            refresh_token: AuthCredentialSource::Missing,
+            token_url: None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Set the OAuth2 token endpoint URL (from spec or Fern IR).
+    pub fn token_url(mut self, url: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
+        self.token_url = Some(url.into());
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Read the client ID from an environment variable.
+    pub fn client_id_env(mut self, var_name: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
+        self.client_id = AuthCredentialSource::from_env(var_name);
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Read the client secret from an environment variable.
+    pub fn client_secret_env(mut self, var_name: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
+        self.client_secret = AuthCredentialSource::from_env(var_name);
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Read a static access token from an environment variable.
+    /// If set and resolvable, this bypasses the client-credentials flow.
+    pub fn access_token_env(mut self, var_name: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
+        self.access_token = AuthCredentialSource::from_env(var_name);
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Read a refresh token from an environment variable.
+    pub fn refresh_token_env(mut self, var_name: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
+        self.refresh_token = AuthCredentialSource::from_env(var_name);
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Set a custom credential source for the client ID.
+    pub fn client_id_source(mut self, source: AuthCredentialSource) -> Self {
+        self.client_id = source;
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Set a custom credential source for the client secret.
+    pub fn client_secret_source(mut self, source: AuthCredentialSource) -> Self {
+        self.client_secret = source;
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Set a custom credential source for the access token.
+    pub fn access_token_source(mut self, source: AuthCredentialSource) -> Self {
+        self.access_token = source;
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Set a custom credential source for the refresh token.
+    pub fn refresh_token_source(mut self, source: AuthCredentialSource) -> Self {
+        self.refresh_token = source;
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Get the token URL, if set.
+    pub fn get_token_url(&self) -> Option<&str> {
+        self.token_url.as_deref()
+    }
+
+    /// Get the client ID source.
+    pub fn get_client_id(&self) -> &AuthCredentialSource {
+        &self.client_id
+    }
+
+    /// Get the client secret source.
+    pub fn get_client_secret(&self) -> &AuthCredentialSource {
+        &self.client_secret
+    }
+
+    /// Get the access token source.
+    pub fn get_access_token(&self) -> &AuthCredentialSource {
+        &self.access_token
+    }
+
+    /// Get the refresh token source.
+    pub fn get_refresh_token(&self) -> &AuthCredentialSource {
+        &self.refresh_token
+    }
+}
+
+impl AuthSchemeBuilder for OAuth2Auth {
+    fn into_binding(self) -> (String, SchemeBinding) {
+        // For OAuth2, the primary credential used for request auth is the
+        // access token (either static or obtained via client-credentials).
+        // The SchemeBinding::Token holds the access token source. The
+        // client_id/secret/refresh_token/token_url are consumed by the
+        // OAuth2TokenProvider at a higher level — this binding just declares
+        // "this scheme's credential is a bearer token sourced from X".
+        //
+        // If an access_token_env is set, use it directly (static token).
+        // Otherwise, fall through to Missing — the binding's build_auth_provider
+        // will detect the OAuth2 scheme type and construct an OAuth2TokenProvider
+        // using client_id, client_secret, and token_url.
+        let source = if matches!(self.access_token, AuthCredentialSource::Missing) {
+            // No static access token — token must be obtained via OAuth flow.
+            // Use a chain: access_token first (in case set at runtime), then Missing.
+            AuthCredentialSource::Missing
+        } else {
+            self.access_token
+        };
+        (self.name, SchemeBinding::Token(source))
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn bearer_auth_builds_token_binding() {
+        let (name, binding) = BearerAuth::new("bearerAuth")
+            .env("MY_TOKEN")
+            .into_binding();
+        assert_eq!(name, "bearerAuth");
+        assert!(matches!(binding, SchemeBinding::Token(AuthCredentialSource::Env(ref e)) if e == "MY_TOKEN"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn api_key_auth_builds_token_binding() {
+        let (name, binding) = ApiKeyAuth::new("apiKey")
+            .env("API_KEY")
+            .into_binding();
+        assert_eq!(name, "apiKey");
+        assert!(matches!(binding, SchemeBinding::Token(AuthCredentialSource::Env(ref e)) if e == "API_KEY"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn basic_auth_builds_basic_binding() {
+        let (name, binding) = BasicAuth::new("httpBasic")
+            .username_env("USER")
+            .password_env("PASS")
+            .into_binding();
+        assert_eq!(name, "httpBasic");
+        match binding {
+            SchemeBinding::Basic { username, password } => {
+                assert!(matches!(username, AuthCredentialSource::Env(ref e) if e == "USER"));
+                assert!(matches!(password, AuthCredentialSource::Env(ref e) if e == "PASS"));
+            }
+            _ => panic!("expected Basic binding"),
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn oauth2_auth_with_static_token() {
+        let (name, binding) = OAuth2Auth::new("OAuth2Security")
+            .access_token_env("MY_ACCESS_TOKEN")
+            .token_url("https://auth.example.com/token")
+            .into_binding();
+        assert_eq!(name, "OAuth2Security");
+        assert!(matches!(binding, SchemeBinding::Token(AuthCredentialSource::Env(ref e)) if e == "MY_ACCESS_TOKEN"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn oauth2_auth_without_static_token_is_missing() {
+        let (name, binding) = OAuth2Auth::new("OAuth2Security")
+            .client_id_env("CLIENT_ID")
+            .client_secret_env("CLIENT_SECRET")
+            .token_url("https://auth.example.com/token")
+            .into_binding();
+        assert_eq!(name, "OAuth2Security");
+        assert!(matches!(binding, SchemeBinding::Token(AuthCredentialSource::Missing)));
+    }
+
+}
diff --git a/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/auth/schemes.rs b/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/auth/schemes.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..db98d297271b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/auth/schemes.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,433 @@
+//! Concrete auth-scheme providers: bearer tokens, HTTP basic, and arbitrary
+//! header-bound credentials. Each one is a small wrapper around an
+//! [`AuthCredentialSource`] that knows how to format the resolved value as
+//! an outgoing header.
+//!
+//! # Secret-handling tradeoff
+//!
+//! Each `apply` formats the outgoing header by `expose_secret`-ing the
+//! resolved [`SecretString`] into a transient `String` buffer (e.g.
+//! `"Bearer " + token`). That buffer is not zeroized on drop. We accept the
+//! transient unprotected copy because the `HeaderValue` it lowers into
+//! (and the resulting on-the-wire `reqwest::Request` body) is not zeroized
+//! either — adding zeroization here without doing it end-to-end would be
+//! security theater. The mitigations still in force: `set_sensitive(true)`
+//! on every produced `HeaderValue` so reqwest redacts it in `Debug`, and
+//! `SecretString`'s redacting `Debug`/`Display` impl at the source.
+
+use base64::engine::general_purpose::STANDARD as BASE64;
+use base64::Engine;
+use secrecy::ExposeSecret;
+
+use crate::auth::credential::AuthCredentialSource;
+use crate::auth::provider::{AuthProvider, EndpointAuthMetadata};
+use crate::error::CliError;
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// BearerAuthProvider — Authorization: Bearer <token>
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/// `Authorization: Bearer <token>` (RFC 6750).
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct BearerAuthProvider {
+    name: String,
+    token: AuthCredentialSource,
+}
+
+impl BearerAuthProvider {
+    pub fn new(name: impl Into<String>, token: AuthCredentialSource) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            name: name.into(),
+            token,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl AuthProvider for BearerAuthProvider {
+    fn name(&self) -> &str {
+        &self.name
+    }
+
+    fn has_credentials(&self) -> bool {
+        self.token.resolve().is_some()
+    }
+
+    fn apply(
+        &self,
+        request: reqwest::RequestBuilder,
+        _endpoint: &EndpointAuthMetadata,
+    ) -> Result<reqwest::RequestBuilder, CliError> {
+        let Some(token) = self.token.resolve() else {
+            return Ok(request);
+        };
+        // Avoid `RequestBuilder::bearer_auth` — it panics on tokens with
+        // bytes that can't be a HeaderValue (CTL chars, NUL, non-ASCII).
+        // AGENTS.md flags adversarial inputs explicitly.
+        let mut value = String::with_capacity(7 + token.expose_secret().len());
+        value.push_str("Bearer ");
+        value.push_str(token.expose_secret());
+        let mut header = reqwest::header::HeaderValue::from_str(&value)
+            .map_err(|e| CliError::Auth(format!("Invalid bearer token: {e}")))?;
+        header.set_sensitive(true);
+        Ok(request.header(reqwest::header::AUTHORIZATION, header))
+    }
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// BasicAuthProvider — Authorization: Basic base64(user:pass)
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/// `Authorization: Basic base64(username:password)` (RFC 7617).
+///
+/// Three construction modes:
+///
+/// | Constructor | `has_credentials` requires | Omitted field sent as |
+/// |---|---|---|
+/// | [`new`](Self::new) | both username **and** password | — |
+/// | [`username_only`](Self::username_only) | username | password = `""` |
+/// | [`password_only`](Self::password_only) | password | username = `""` |
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct BasicAuthProvider {
+    name: String,
+    username: AuthCredentialSource,
+    password: AuthCredentialSource,
+    mode: BasicAuthMode,
+}
+
+/// Controls which credentials [`BasicAuthProvider`] requires.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+enum BasicAuthMode {
+    /// Both username and password must resolve.
+    Full,
+    /// Only the username must resolve; password is sent as `""`.
+    UsernameOnly,
+    /// Only the password must resolve; username is sent as `""`.
+    PasswordOnly,
+}
+
+impl BasicAuthProvider {
+    /// Standard HTTP Basic auth — both username and password are required.
+    pub fn new(
+        name: impl Into<String>,
+        username: AuthCredentialSource,
+        password: AuthCredentialSource,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            name: name.into(),
+            username,
+            password,
+            mode: BasicAuthMode::Full,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Username-only Basic auth (empty password). Common for APIs that
+    /// accept an API key as the HTTP Basic username.
+    pub fn username_only(
+        name: impl Into<String>,
+        username: AuthCredentialSource,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            name: name.into(),
+            username,
+            password: AuthCredentialSource::Missing,
+            mode: BasicAuthMode::UsernameOnly,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Password-only Basic auth (empty username). Used by APIs that
+    /// expect the token in the password field of HTTP Basic.
+    pub fn password_only(
+        name: impl Into<String>,
+        password: AuthCredentialSource,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            name: name.into(),
+            username: AuthCredentialSource::Missing,
+            password,
+            mode: BasicAuthMode::PasswordOnly,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl AuthProvider for BasicAuthProvider {
+    fn name(&self) -> &str {
+        &self.name
+    }
+
+    fn has_credentials(&self) -> bool {
+        match self.mode {
+            BasicAuthMode::Full => {
+                self.username.resolve().is_some() && self.password.resolve().is_some()
+            }
+            BasicAuthMode::UsernameOnly => self.username.resolve().is_some(),
+            BasicAuthMode::PasswordOnly => self.password.resolve().is_some(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn apply(
+        &self,
+        request: reqwest::RequestBuilder,
+        _endpoint: &EndpointAuthMetadata,
+    ) -> Result<reqwest::RequestBuilder, CliError> {
+        let u = self.username.resolve();
+        let p = self.password.resolve();
+
+        // In Full mode both must be present; in partial modes the
+        // omitted half is sent as the empty string.
+        match self.mode {
+            BasicAuthMode::Full if u.is_none() || p.is_none() => return Ok(request),
+            BasicAuthMode::UsernameOnly if u.is_none() => return Ok(request),
+            BasicAuthMode::PasswordOnly if p.is_none() => return Ok(request),
+            _ => {}
+        }
+
+        let u_ref = u.as_ref().map(|s| s.expose_secret()).unwrap_or("");
+        let p_ref = p.as_ref().map(|s| s.expose_secret()).unwrap_or("");
+
+        let mut combined = String::with_capacity(u_ref.len() + 1 + p_ref.len());
+        combined.push_str(u_ref);
+        combined.push(':');
+        combined.push_str(p_ref);
+        let encoded = BASE64.encode(&combined);
+        let value = format!("Basic {encoded}");
+        let mut header =
+            reqwest::header::HeaderValue::from_str(&value).map_err(|e| {
+                CliError::Auth(format!("Invalid basic-auth credentials: {e}"))
+            })?;
+        header.set_sensitive(true);
+        Ok(request.header(reqwest::header::AUTHORIZATION, header))
+    }
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// HeaderAuthProvider — raw or bearer-prefixed token in a named header.
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/// Send the token verbatim in a named header. Used by APIs that pass the
+/// raw token in `Authorization` (no `Bearer ` prefix) and any custom
+/// `X-Api-Key` style scheme.
+///
+/// If `bearer_prefix` is true, the value is prefixed with `Bearer ` —
+/// equivalent to a [`BearerAuthProvider`] but on a non-`Authorization`
+/// header.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct HeaderAuthProvider {
+    name: String,
+    header_name: String,
+    token: AuthCredentialSource,
+    bearer_prefix: bool,
+}
+
+impl HeaderAuthProvider {
+    pub fn new(
+        name: impl Into<String>,
+        header_name: impl Into<String>,
+        token: AuthCredentialSource,
+        bearer_prefix: bool,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            name: name.into(),
+            header_name: header_name.into(),
+            token,
+            bearer_prefix,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl AuthProvider for HeaderAuthProvider {
+    fn name(&self) -> &str {
+        &self.name
+    }
+
+    fn has_credentials(&self) -> bool {
+        self.token.resolve().is_some()
+    }
+
+    fn apply(
+        &self,
+        request: reqwest::RequestBuilder,
+        _endpoint: &EndpointAuthMetadata,
+    ) -> Result<reqwest::RequestBuilder, CliError> {
+        let Some(token) = self.token.resolve() else {
+            return Ok(request);
+        };
+        let value = if self.bearer_prefix {
+            let mut s = String::with_capacity(7 + token.expose_secret().len());
+            s.push_str("Bearer ");
+            s.push_str(token.expose_secret());
+            s
+        } else {
+            token.expose_secret().to_string()
+        };
+        let mut header_value =
+            reqwest::header::HeaderValue::from_str(&value).map_err(|e| {
+                CliError::Auth(format!(
+                    "Invalid token for header '{}': {e}",
+                    self.header_name
+                ))
+            })?;
+        header_value.set_sensitive(true);
+        Ok(request.header(self.header_name.as_str(), header_value))
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::auth::test_helpers::{auth_header, header, req};
+
+    // -------- BearerAuthProvider --------
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn bearer_provider_emits_authorization_bearer() {
+        let p = BearerAuthProvider::new("bearerAuth", AuthCredentialSource::literal("tok"));
+        let r = p.apply(req(), &EndpointAuthMetadata::unspecified()).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(auth_header(r).as_deref(), Some("Bearer tok"));
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn bearer_provider_no_token_is_noop() {
+        let p = BearerAuthProvider::new("bearerAuth", AuthCredentialSource::Missing);
+        assert!(!p.has_credentials());
+        let r = p.apply(req(), &EndpointAuthMetadata::unspecified()).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(auth_header(r), None);
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn bearer_provider_rejects_invalid_token_bytes() {
+        // A token containing a newline is not a valid HeaderValue.
+        // We must error, not panic — adversarial inputs are called out in
+        // AGENTS.md.
+        let p = BearerAuthProvider::new(
+            "bearerAuth",
+            AuthCredentialSource::literal("bad\ntoken"),
+        );
+        let err = p
+            .apply(req(), &EndpointAuthMetadata::unspecified())
+            .unwrap_err();
+        assert!(matches!(err, CliError::Auth(_)));
+    }
+
+    // -------- BasicAuthProvider --------
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn basic_provider_emits_base64_authorization() {
+        let p = BasicAuthProvider::new(
+            "basicAuth",
+            AuthCredentialSource::literal("alice"),
+            AuthCredentialSource::literal("hunter2"),
+        );
+        let r = p.apply(req(), &EndpointAuthMetadata::unspecified()).unwrap();
+        // base64("alice:hunter2") = "YWxpY2U6aHVudGVyMg=="
+        assert_eq!(
+            auth_header(r).as_deref(),
+            Some("Basic YWxpY2U6aHVudGVyMg=="),
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn basic_provider_full_missing_password_is_no_credentials() {
+        let p = BasicAuthProvider::new(
+            "basicAuth",
+            AuthCredentialSource::literal("alice"),
+            AuthCredentialSource::Missing,
+        );
+        assert!(!p.has_credentials());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn basic_provider_full_missing_username_is_no_credentials() {
+        let p = BasicAuthProvider::new(
+            "basicAuth",
+            AuthCredentialSource::Missing,
+            AuthCredentialSource::literal("pass"),
+        );
+        assert!(!p.has_credentials());
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn basic_provider_username_only_sends_empty_password() {
+        let p = BasicAuthProvider::username_only(
+            "basicAuth",
+            AuthCredentialSource::literal("api_key_123"),
+        );
+        assert!(p.has_credentials());
+        let r = p.apply(req(), &EndpointAuthMetadata::unspecified()).unwrap();
+        // base64("api_key_123:") — colon present, empty password
+        assert_eq!(
+            auth_header(r).as_deref(),
+            Some("Basic YXBpX2tleV8xMjM6"),
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn basic_provider_username_only_missing_is_no_credentials() {
+        let p = BasicAuthProvider::username_only(
+            "basicAuth",
+            AuthCredentialSource::Missing,
+        );
+        assert!(!p.has_credentials());
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn basic_provider_password_only_sends_empty_username() {
+        let p = BasicAuthProvider::password_only(
+            "basicAuth",
+            AuthCredentialSource::literal("secret_token"),
+        );
+        assert!(p.has_credentials());
+        let r = p.apply(req(), &EndpointAuthMetadata::unspecified()).unwrap();
+        // base64(":secret_token")
+        assert_eq!(
+            auth_header(r).as_deref(),
+            Some("Basic OnNlY3JldF90b2tlbg=="),
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn basic_provider_password_only_missing_is_no_credentials() {
+        let p = BasicAuthProvider::password_only(
+            "basicAuth",
+            AuthCredentialSource::Missing,
+        );
+        assert!(!p.has_credentials());
+    }
+
+    // -------- HeaderAuthProvider --------
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn header_provider_raw_value_no_prefix() {
+        let p = HeaderAuthProvider::new(
+            "linearKey",
+            "Authorization",
+            AuthCredentialSource::literal("lin_api_xxx"),
+            false,
+        );
+        let r = p.apply(req(), &EndpointAuthMetadata::unspecified()).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(auth_header(r).as_deref(), Some("lin_api_xxx"));
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn header_provider_bearer_prefix_named_header() {
+        let p = HeaderAuthProvider::new(
+            "squareKey",
+            "X-Auth",
+            AuthCredentialSource::literal("tok"),
+            true,
+        );
+        let r = p.apply(req(), &EndpointAuthMetadata::unspecified()).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(header(r, "x-auth").as_deref(), Some("Bearer tok"));
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn header_provider_custom_header_name() {
+        let p = HeaderAuthProvider::new(
+            "apiKey",
+            "X-Api-Key",
+            AuthCredentialSource::literal("k"),
+            false,
+        );
+        let r = p.apply(req(), &EndpointAuthMetadata::unspecified()).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(header(r, "x-api-key").as_deref(), Some("k"));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/auth/test_helpers.rs b/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/auth/test_helpers.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..e1b9dd6cb347
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/auth/test_helpers.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+//! Shared test fixtures used across the `auth` submodules. Compiled only
+//! under `#[cfg(test)]`.
+
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use crate::auth::credential::AuthCredentialSource;
+use crate::auth::provider::DynAuthProvider;
+use crate::auth::schemes::{BearerAuthProvider, HeaderAuthProvider};
+
+/// A bare `RequestBuilder` pointing at example.com. Tests only inspect the
+/// resulting headers — the URL doesn't matter.
+pub fn req() -> reqwest::RequestBuilder {
+    reqwest::Client::new().post("https://example.com/")
+}
+
+/// Read the `Authorization` header back off a built request, if present.
+pub fn auth_header(req: reqwest::RequestBuilder) -> Option<String> {
+    let built = req.build().unwrap();
+    built
+        .headers()
+        .get("authorization")
+        .and_then(|v| v.to_str().ok())
+        .map(str::to_string)
+}
+
+/// Read an arbitrary header value back off a built request.
+pub fn header(req: reqwest::RequestBuilder, name: &str) -> Option<String> {
+    let built = req.build().unwrap();
+    built
+        .headers()
+        .get(name)
+        .and_then(|v| v.to_str().ok())
+        .map(str::to_string)
+}
+
+/// Pre-built bearer provider with a literal token. Used as a fixture
+/// for tests that need a credential-bearing provider.
+pub fn bearer(name: &str, token: &str) -> DynAuthProvider {
+    Arc::new(BearerAuthProvider::new(
+        name,
+        AuthCredentialSource::literal(token),
+    ))
+}
+
+/// Pre-built header provider — convenience for the apiKey-style tests.
+pub fn api_key(name: &str, header_name: &str, value: &str) -> DynAuthProvider {
+    Arc::new(HeaderAuthProvider::new(
+        name,
+        header_name,
+        AuthCredentialSource::literal(value),
+        false,
+    ))
+}
diff --git a/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/binding.rs b/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/binding.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..2d051cc49679
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/binding.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
+//! Binding trait — the async interface that protocol-specific adapters
+//! (`OpenApiBinding`, `GraphqlBinding`) implement so the root [`CliApp`]
+//! can compose them into a single CLI.
+//!
+//! [`CliApp`]: crate::app::CliApp
+
+use std::any::Any;
+use std::future::Future;
+use std::pin::Pin;
+
+use crate::auth::SchemeBinding;
+use crate::error::CliError;
+
+/// A boxed future used by binding methods.
+pub type BoxFuture<'a, T> = Pin<Box<dyn Future<Output = T> + Send + 'a>>;
+
+/// Outcome of a binding dispatch — either a decoded JSON value ready for
+/// the root hook pipeline, or a signal that the binding handled output
+/// itself (e.g. `--dry-run`, binary download, streaming).
+pub enum DispatchResult {
+    /// A decoded response value. The root `CliApp` will run
+    /// `transform_response` / `recover_error` hooks and then format it.
+    Value(serde_json::Value),
+    /// The binding already wrote output (dry-run, streaming, file download).
+    /// The root `CliApp` skips its own formatting.
+    Handled,
+}
+
+/// The async interface every protocol adapter must implement.
+///
+/// A binding owns one logical API surface (one or more specs sharing
+/// auth / transport config). The root `CliApp` holds
+/// `Vec<Box<dyn Binding>>` and delegates to the matched binding after
+/// resolving which subcommand the user invoked.
+pub trait Binding: Send + Sync {
+    /// Human-readable name for this binding (used in diagnostics).
+    fn name(&self) -> &str;
+
+    /// Called by `CliApp::binding()` to propagate the CLI name to this
+    /// binding. HTTP config, logging env vars, and base-URL resolution
+    /// are CLI-level concerns that derive from this name.
+    fn set_cli_name(&mut self, name: &str);
+
+    /// Build the `clap::Command` subtree contributed by this binding.
+    /// The root `CliApp` merges all binding trees into one CLI.
+    fn build_command(&self) -> Result<clap::Command, CliError>;
+
+    /// Execute the matched operation and return the decoded response.
+    ///
+    /// `root_matches` are the full parse result (for global flags).
+    /// `sub_matches` are scoped to the matched leaf subcommand.
+    /// `op_path` is the resolved command path (e.g. `["users", "get"]`).
+    fn dispatch<'a>(
+        &'a self,
+        root_matches: &'a clap::ArgMatches,
+        sub_matches: &'a clap::ArgMatches,
+        op_path: &'a [String],
+    ) -> BoxFuture<'a, Result<DispatchResult, CliError>>;
+
+    /// Render `--help --format json` for this binding. Returns `true`
+    /// if the binding handled the request (caller should exit 0),
+    /// `false` if the binding does not support JSON help.
+    fn render_json_help(
+        &self,
+        _subcommand_path: &[String],
+        _out: &mut dyn std::io::Write,
+    ) -> Result<bool, CliError> {
+        Ok(false)
+    }
+
+    /// Return a type-erased binding context for use by CLI-level custom
+    /// command handlers. `matches` are the full parse result (needed
+    /// to resolve global flags like server vars and global headers).
+    ///
+    /// Returns `None` by default. Concrete bindings return their
+    /// protocol-specific `AppContext` (e.g. `openapi::AppContext`).
+    fn binding_context(
+        &self,
+        _matches: &clap::ArgMatches,
+    ) -> Result<Option<Box<dyn Any + Send + Sync>>, CliError> {
+        Ok(None)
+    }
+
+    /// Receive root-level auth scheme bindings. Called by `CliApp`
+    /// before `build_command()` so the binding can incorporate root auth
+    /// into its command tree (help footer, global flags) and dispatch.
+    ///
+    /// Default: no-op. Bindings that support root-level auth override this.
+    fn set_root_auth(&mut self, _bindings: &[(String, SchemeBinding)]) {}
+
+    /// Validate that all auth schemes referenced by the binding's spec
+    /// have a corresponding entry in the auth bindings. Returns `Ok(())`
+    /// if validation passes, or `Err(CliError::Validation(...))` listing
+    /// unregistered schemes.
+    ///
+    /// Default: no-op (passes). Concrete bindings override when they
+    /// can inspect their spec's security declarations.
+    fn validate_auth(&self) -> Result<(), CliError> {
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Merge this binding's context into an existing context, or create
+    /// a new one if `existing` is `None`.
+    ///
+    /// When multiple bindings of the same protocol type are registered
+    /// on a `CliApp`, their contexts are merged so that custom command
+    /// handlers can access operations from any binding transparently.
+    ///
+    /// The default implementation delegates to [`binding_context`](Self::binding_context)
+    /// and ignores the existing context.
+    fn merge_binding_context(
+        &self,
+        matches: &clap::ArgMatches,
+        existing: Option<Box<dyn Any + Send + Sync>>,
+    ) -> Result<Option<Box<dyn Any + Send + Sync>>, CliError> {
+        let _ = existing;
+        self.binding_context(matches)
+    }
+}
diff --git a/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/cli_args.rs b/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/cli_args.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..54d5588496e2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/cli_args.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,352 @@
+//! CLI argument helpers shared across protocol modules.
+//!
+//! Pure functions that operate on raw `&[String]` args or `clap::ArgMatches`
+//! and have no protocol-specific dependencies.
+
+use std::io::{IsTerminal, Read};
+
+use crate::error::CliError;
+
+/// True for `--version`, `-V`, or the bare `version` subcommand.
+pub fn is_version_flag(arg: &str) -> bool {
+    matches!(arg, "--version" | "-V" | "version")
+}
+
+/// Resolve the API base URL override from the `--base-url` flag and the
+/// `{NAME}_BASE_URL` env var (flag wins). Validates the flag value for
+/// dangerous characters; the env var is treated as trusted.
+pub fn resolve_base_url_override(
+    matches: &clap::ArgMatches,
+    app_name: &str,
+) -> Result<Option<String>, CliError> {
+    let base_url_flag = matches.get_one::<String>("base-url").cloned();
+    if let Some(ref url) = base_url_flag {
+        crate::output::reject_dangerous_chars(url, "--base-url")?;
+    }
+    let env_var_name = format!("{}_BASE_URL", app_name.to_uppercase().replace('-', "_"));
+    let base_url_env_var = std::env::var(env_var_name).ok();
+    Ok(base_url_flag.or(base_url_env_var))
+}
+
+/// Returns true when raw args contain both a help flag and `--format json`.
+///
+/// Triggered before clap parses so agents can request machine-readable help via
+/// `--help --format json` without clap intercepting.
+pub fn wants_json_help(args: &[String]) -> bool {
+    let has_help = args.iter().any(|a| a == "--help" || a == "-h");
+    let has_json_format = args.iter().enumerate().any(|(i, a)| {
+        a.eq_ignore_ascii_case("--format=json")
+            || (a == "--format"
+                && args.get(i + 1).map(|s| s.to_lowercase() == "json") == Some(true))
+    });
+    has_help && has_json_format
+}
+
+/// Extracts the subcommand path from raw args (non-flag tokens after the binary
+/// name). Skips global flags (and their values) that may appear before the
+/// subcommand, so they don't terminate the `take_while(!starts_with('-'))`
+/// scan that follows.
+///
+/// Currently elided global flags: `--format <VALUE>` (and its `--format=VALUE`
+/// equals form).
+///
+/// `["box", "users", "get", "--help", "--format", "json"]` → `["users", "get"]`
+pub fn extract_subcommand_path(args: &[String]) -> Vec<String> {
+    let mut skip_next = false;
+    args.iter()
+        .skip(1) // skip binary name
+        .filter(|a| {
+            if skip_next {
+                skip_next = false;
+                return false;
+            }
+            if a.as_str() == "--format" {
+                skip_next = true;
+                return false;
+            }
+            if a.starts_with("--format=") {
+                return false;
+            }
+            true
+        })
+        .take_while(|a| !a.starts_with('-'))
+        .cloned()
+        .collect()
+}
+
+/// True when the user invoked the bare `errors` subcommand.
+///
+/// Matches only the exact two-argument form (`<binary> errors`) plus a
+/// trailing `--format`/`-h`/`--help` global flag — keeping the surface
+/// narrow so future user specs that define an `errors` group with
+/// nested operations (e.g. `cli errors list`) are not silently
+/// hijacked. The check happens before clap parses, so spec-driven
+/// subcommands continue to dispatch normally.
+///
+/// Format values (`json`, `yaml`, `table`, `csv`) are recognized only
+/// immediately after `--format` (space-separated) or in the
+/// `--format=<value>` equals form. A bare `cli errors json` is NOT
+/// intercepted — it falls through to clap so a user resource named
+/// `json` remains reachable.
+pub fn is_errors_subcommand(args: &[String]) -> bool {
+    if args.get(1).map(|s| s.as_str()) != Some("errors") {
+        return false;
+    }
+    // Allow only globally-recognized flags after the `errors` token so
+    // an `errors`-named API resource with positional subcommands like
+    // `errors list` is not hijacked. `--format`/`-h`/`--help` are the
+    // only flags this command honors (see `print_errors_table`); any
+    // other token defers to clap, which will return an "unrecognized
+    // subcommand" error or dispatch the user's resource as expected.
+    //
+    // Format values (json/yaml/table/csv) are accepted only when the
+    // previous token was `--format`; bare positional tokens like
+    // `cli errors json` fall through to clap.
+    let tail: Vec<&str> = args.iter().skip(2).map(|s| s.as_str()).collect();
+    let mut i = 0;
+    while i < tail.len() {
+        let tok = tail[i];
+        if tok == "--help" || tok == "-h" {
+            i += 1;
+        } else if tok == "--format" {
+            // Consume `--format` and its value (if present).
+            if let Some(next) = tail.get(i + 1) {
+                if is_format_value(next) {
+                    i += 2;
+                } else {
+                    // `--format` followed by an unrecognized value —
+                    // not the errors subcommand.
+                    return false;
+                }
+            } else {
+                // Trailing `--format` with no value — still recognized
+                // (print_errors falls back to the table format).
+                i += 1;
+            }
+        } else if let Some(rest) = tok.strip_prefix("--format=") {
+            if rest.is_empty() || is_format_value(rest) {
+                i += 1;
+            } else {
+                // `--format=banana` — unrecognized value; not the errors
+                // subcommand.
+                return false;
+            }
+        } else {
+            // Unknown positional or flag → user resource; defer to clap.
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+    true
+}
+
+/// Returns true for known `--format` values recognized by the `errors`
+/// subcommand.
+fn is_format_value(s: &str) -> bool {
+    s.eq_ignore_ascii_case("json")
+        || s.eq_ignore_ascii_case("yaml")
+        || s.eq_ignore_ascii_case("table")
+        || s.eq_ignore_ascii_case("csv")
+}
+
+/// Read stdin to a string. Returns `Err` if stdin is a TTY or empty.
+pub fn read_stdin_to_string() -> Result<String, CliError> {
+    if std::io::stdin().is_terminal() {
+        return Err(CliError::Validation(
+            "stdin is a terminal; pipe data or redirect a file \
+             (e.g. `cat data.json | cli cmd --json -`)"
+                .to_string(),
+        ));
+    }
+    let mut buf = String::new();
+    std::io::stdin()
+        .read_to_string(&mut buf)
+        .map_err(|e| CliError::Validation(format!("failed to read stdin: {e}")))?;
+    if buf.trim().is_empty() {
+        return Err(CliError::Validation(
+            "stdin was empty; `--json -` expects a JSON body to be piped on stdin"
+                .to_string(),
+        ));
+    }
+    Ok(buf)
+}
+
+/// Resolve `--json` flag: `-` reads from stdin, else returns the literal.
+pub fn resolve_body_json(
+    matched_args: &clap::ArgMatches,
+) -> Result<Option<String>, CliError> {
+    let raw = matched_args
+        .try_get_one::<String>("json")
+        .ok()
+        .flatten();
+    match raw {
+        Some(s) if s == "-" => read_stdin_to_string().map(Some),
+        Some(s) => Ok(Some(s.clone())),
+        None => Ok(None),
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    fn args(slice: &[&str]) -> Vec<String> {
+        slice.iter().map(|s| s.to_string()).collect()
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_is_version_flag() {
+        assert!(is_version_flag("--version"));
+        assert!(is_version_flag("-V"));
+        assert!(is_version_flag("version"));
+        assert!(!is_version_flag("--ver"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_wants_json_help_space_separated() {
+        assert!(wants_json_help(&args(&[
+            "linear", "issues", "--help", "--format", "json",
+        ])));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_wants_json_help_equals() {
+        assert!(wants_json_help(&args(&["linear", "--help", "--format=json"])));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_wants_json_help_short_flag() {
+        assert!(wants_json_help(&args(&["linear", "-h", "--format", "json"])));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_wants_json_help_case_insensitive() {
+        assert!(wants_json_help(&args(&[
+            "linear", "--help", "--format", "JSON",
+        ])));
+        assert!(wants_json_help(&args(&["linear", "--help", "--format=JSON"])));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_no_json_help_without_format() {
+        assert!(!wants_json_help(&args(&["linear", "--help"])));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_no_json_help_without_help_flag() {
+        assert!(!wants_json_help(&args(&[
+            "linear", "issues", "get", "--format", "json",
+        ])));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_extract_subcommand_path() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            extract_subcommand_path(&args(&[
+                "linear", "issues", "get", "--help", "--format", "json",
+            ])),
+            vec!["issues", "get"],
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_extract_subcommand_path_root() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            extract_subcommand_path(&args(&["linear", "--help", "--format", "json"])),
+            Vec::<String>::new(),
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_extract_subcommand_path_format_before_subcommand() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            extract_subcommand_path(&args(&[
+                "linear", "--format", "json", "issues", "--help",
+            ])),
+            vec!["issues"],
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_extract_subcommand_path_format_equals_before_subcommand() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            extract_subcommand_path(&args(&[
+                "linear", "--format=json", "issues", "get", "--help",
+            ])),
+            vec!["issues", "get"],
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_is_errors_subcommand_positive() {
+        assert!(is_errors_subcommand(&args(&["cli", "errors"])));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_is_errors_subcommand_negative() {
+        assert!(!is_errors_subcommand(&args(&["cli", "get"])));
+        assert!(!is_errors_subcommand(&args(&["cli"])));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_is_errors_subcommand_does_not_hijack_nested_resource() {
+        // If a user spec defines an `errors` resource with operations,
+        // `cli errors list` must defer to clap rather than print the
+        // exit codes table.
+        assert!(!is_errors_subcommand(&args(&["cli", "errors", "list"])));
+        assert!(!is_errors_subcommand(&args(&["cli", "errors", "get", "123"])));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_is_errors_subcommand_allows_help_and_format_flags() {
+        assert!(is_errors_subcommand(&args(&["cli", "errors", "--help"])));
+        assert!(is_errors_subcommand(&args(&["cli", "errors", "-h"])));
+        assert!(is_errors_subcommand(&args(&["cli", "errors", "--format", "json"])));
+        assert!(is_errors_subcommand(&args(&["cli", "errors", "--format=json"])));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_is_errors_subcommand_rejects_unknown_flags() {
+        // Unknown flags after `errors` mean the user is targeting a
+        // spec-defined `errors` resource — defer to clap.
+        assert!(!is_errors_subcommand(&args(&["cli", "errors", "--json", "{}"])));
+        assert!(!is_errors_subcommand(&args(&["cli", "errors", "--page-all"])));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_is_errors_subcommand_empty_args() {
+        assert!(!is_errors_subcommand(&args(&[])));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_is_errors_subcommand_bare_format_name_not_hijacked() {
+        // A bare `cli errors json` must NOT be intercepted — it should
+        // fall through to clap so a user resource named `json` is
+        // reachable.
+        assert!(!is_errors_subcommand(&args(&["cli", "errors", "json"])));
+        assert!(!is_errors_subcommand(&args(&["cli", "errors", "yaml"])));
+        assert!(!is_errors_subcommand(&args(&["cli", "errors", "table"])));
+        assert!(!is_errors_subcommand(&args(&["cli", "errors", "csv"])));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_is_errors_subcommand_format_space_separated() {
+        // `--format json` (space-separated) must be recognized.
+        assert!(is_errors_subcommand(&args(&["cli", "errors", "--format", "json"])));
+        assert!(is_errors_subcommand(&args(&["cli", "errors", "--format", "yaml"])));
+        assert!(is_errors_subcommand(&args(&["cli", "errors", "--format", "table"])));
+        assert!(is_errors_subcommand(&args(&["cli", "errors", "--format", "csv"])));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_is_errors_subcommand_format_equals() {
+        // `--format=json` (equals form) must be recognized.
+        assert!(is_errors_subcommand(&args(&["cli", "errors", "--format=json"])));
+        assert!(is_errors_subcommand(&args(&["cli", "errors", "--format=yaml"])));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_is_errors_subcommand_default_no_format() {
+        // Plain `cli errors` with no format flag is still recognized.
+        assert!(is_errors_subcommand(&args(&["cli", "errors"])));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/completions.rs b/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/completions.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..84cdeb37686f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/completions.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,175 @@
+//! Shell completion generation.
+//!
+//! Shared infrastructure for emitting shell completion scripts. Sits above
+//! both protocol paths (`openapi/` and `graphql/`) and has no
+//! protocol-specific dependencies.
+
+use clap::Command;
+use clap_complete::{generate, Shell};
+
+/// Returns `true` when `args` contains `"completion"` as the first
+/// positional token (i.e. the subcommand position). This allows early
+/// interception before normal API dispatch — avoiding collision with an
+/// API resource that might also be named `completion`.
+///
+/// Skips `--flag value` pairs so `box --base-url completion files` is
+/// not mistaken for a completion request (`completion` there is the
+/// value of `--base-url`, not a subcommand). Boolean flags like
+/// `--dry-run` are recognised and do NOT consume the next token.
+pub fn wants_completion(args: &[String]) -> bool {
+    crate::early_intercept::first_positional_is(args, "completion")
+}
+
+/// Generate a shell completion script for `cmd` and write it to `writer`.
+///
+/// `bin_name` is the name the user types to invoke the CLI (e.g. `"box"`).
+/// The caller is responsible for building a `Command` that mirrors the full
+/// CLI surface (subcommands, flags, etc.) so the generated script is complete.
+///
+/// Returns an IO error if writing fails.
+pub fn generate_completion_to(shell: Shell, cmd: &mut Command, bin_name: &str, writer: &mut dyn std::io::Write) -> std::io::Result<()> {
+    let mut buf = Vec::new();
+    generate(shell, cmd, bin_name, &mut buf);
+    writer.write_all(&buf)
+}
+
+/// Generate a shell completion script for `cmd` and write it to stdout.
+///
+/// Thin wrapper around [`generate_completion_to`] that targets `stdout`.
+pub fn generate_completion(shell: Shell, cmd: &mut Command, bin_name: &str) -> std::io::Result<()> {
+    generate_completion_to(shell, cmd, bin_name, &mut std::io::stdout())
+}
+
+/// Parse a shell name string into a [`Shell`] enum variant.
+///
+/// Matching is case-sensitive, consistent with `clap_complete::Shell`'s
+/// `FromStr` implementation and the `value_parser` on
+/// [`completion_command`]. Returns `None` for unrecognized values
+/// (including case mismatches like `"BASH"`).
+pub fn parse_shell(s: &str) -> Option<Shell> {
+    match s {
+        "bash" => Some(Shell::Bash),
+        "zsh" => Some(Shell::Zsh),
+        "fish" => Some(Shell::Fish),
+        "powershell" => Some(Shell::PowerShell),
+        "elvish" => Some(Shell::Elvish),
+        _ => None,
+    }
+}
+
+/// Build the `completion` subcommand definition. Registered at the root
+/// of the command tree so `<cli> completion <shell>` works.
+pub fn completion_command() -> Command {
+    Command::new("completion")
+        .about("Generate shell completion scripts")
+        .arg_required_else_help(true)
+        .after_help(
+            "EXAMPLES:\n    \
+             # bash\n    \
+             <CLI> completion bash > /etc/bash_completion.d/<CLI>\n    \
+             # zsh\n    \
+             <CLI> completion zsh > \"${fpath[1]}/_<CLI>\"\n    \
+             # fish\n    \
+             <CLI> completion fish > ~/.config/fish/completions/<CLI>.fish",
+        )
+        .arg(
+            clap::Arg::new("shell")
+                .required(true)
+                .value_parser(["bash", "zsh", "fish", "powershell", "elvish"])
+                .help("Target shell (bash, zsh, fish, powershell, elvish)"),
+        )
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    fn args(slice: &[&str]) -> Vec<String> {
+        slice.iter().map(|s| s.to_string()).collect()
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn wants_completion_detects_subcommand() {
+        assert!(wants_completion(&args(&["box", "completion", "bash"])));
+        assert!(wants_completion(&args(&["box", "completion", "zsh"])));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn wants_completion_false_for_normal_commands() {
+        assert!(!wants_completion(&args(&["box", "files", "get"])));
+        assert!(!wants_completion(&args(&["box", "--help"])));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn wants_completion_false_when_nested() {
+        assert!(!wants_completion(&args(&[
+            "box", "files", "completion", "bash"
+        ])));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn wants_completion_false_when_flag_value() {
+        assert!(!wants_completion(&args(&[
+            "box",
+            "--base-url",
+            "completion",
+            "files",
+        ])));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn wants_completion_true_after_eq_flag() {
+        assert!(wants_completion(&args(&[
+            "box",
+            "--base-url=http://localhost",
+            "completion",
+            "bash",
+        ])));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn wants_completion_with_boolean_flag() {
+        // --dry-run is a boolean flag (SetTrue) and must NOT consume the
+        // next token; "completion" is the subcommand, not the flag's value.
+        assert!(wants_completion(&args(&[
+            "box",
+            "--dry-run",
+            "completion",
+            "bash",
+        ])));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn wants_completion_with_multiple_boolean_flags() {
+        assert!(wants_completion(&args(&[
+            "box",
+            "--dry-run",
+            "--no-retry",
+            "completion",
+            "zsh",
+        ])));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn parse_shell_valid() {
+        assert_eq!(parse_shell("bash"), Some(Shell::Bash));
+        assert_eq!(parse_shell("zsh"), Some(Shell::Zsh));
+        assert_eq!(parse_shell("fish"), Some(Shell::Fish));
+        assert_eq!(parse_shell("powershell"), Some(Shell::PowerShell));
+        assert_eq!(parse_shell("elvish"), Some(Shell::Elvish));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn parse_shell_rejects_uppercase() {
+        // parse_shell must be case-sensitive, matching clap's value_parser.
+        assert_eq!(parse_shell("BASH"), None);
+        assert_eq!(parse_shell("Zsh"), None);
+        assert_eq!(parse_shell("FISH"), None);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn parse_shell_invalid() {
+        assert_eq!(parse_shell("nushell"), None);
+        assert_eq!(parse_shell(""), None);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/custom_commands.rs b/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/custom_commands.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..17b5e7e25fbd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/custom_commands.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,298 @@
+//! Helpers for grafting custom CLI subcommands onto a spec-derived
+//! command tree and walking parsed `ArgMatches` to dispatch them.
+//!
+//! Used by `app::CliApp::command()` / `command_under()` at the root
+//! level. The free functions `graft_subcommand` and
+//! `walk_matches_to_custom` are the public (crate-internal) API.
+
+/// Graft a custom `clap::Command` into an existing command tree under
+/// `parent_path`. The leaf name is `cmd.get_name()`.
+///
+/// Behavior:
+/// - Walks down `parent_path` using `mut_subcommand`, recursively grafting.
+/// - At any level where the named parent doesn't exist, creates it as a
+///   bare subcommand so the path is reachable.
+/// - At the leaf level, if a subcommand with the same name already exists
+///   it is replaced by `cmd` (custom-wins on leaf collision).
+pub fn graft_subcommand(
+    parent: clap::Command,
+    parent_path: &[String],
+    cmd: clap::Command,
+) -> clap::Command {
+    if parent_path.is_empty() {
+        let leaf_name = cmd.get_name().to_string();
+        if parent.find_subcommand(&leaf_name).is_some() {
+            parent.mut_subcommand(leaf_name, move |_existing| cmd)
+        } else {
+            parent.subcommand(cmd)
+        }
+    } else {
+        let head = parent_path[0].clone();
+        let rest: Vec<String> = parent_path[1..].to_vec();
+        if parent.find_subcommand(&head).is_some() {
+            parent.mut_subcommand(head, move |sub| graft_subcommand(sub, &rest, cmd))
+        } else {
+            let new_parent = clap::Command::new(head)
+                .subcommand_required(true)
+                .arg_required_else_help(true);
+            let new_parent = graft_subcommand(new_parent, &rest, cmd);
+            parent.subcommand(new_parent)
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Walk a parsed `ArgMatches` tree along `parent_path` and return the leaf
+/// matches if the final subcommand equals `leaf_name`. Returns `None` if
+/// any segment along the path doesn't match.
+pub fn walk_matches_to_custom<'a>(
+    matches: &'a clap::ArgMatches,
+    parent_path: &[String],
+    leaf_name: &str,
+) -> Option<&'a clap::ArgMatches> {
+    let mut current = matches;
+    for seg in parent_path {
+        let (name, sub) = current.subcommand()?;
+        if name != seg {
+            return None;
+        }
+        current = sub;
+    }
+    let (name, sub) = current.subcommand()?;
+    if name == leaf_name {
+        Some(sub)
+    } else {
+        None
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::error::CliError;
+
+    // ── Registry (test-only) ────────────────────────────────────────
+    //
+    // `CustomCommandRegistry<C>` was the old per-binding custom command
+    // system. Root `CliApp::command()` replaced it, but the struct is
+    // still useful for testing `graft_subcommand` / `walk_matches_to_custom`.
+
+    type HandlerFn<C> = fn(&clap::ArgMatches, &C) -> Result<(), CliError>;
+    type Entry<C> = (Vec<String>, clap::Command, HandlerFn<C>);
+
+    struct CustomCommandRegistry<C> {
+        entries: Vec<Entry<C>>,
+    }
+
+    impl<C> CustomCommandRegistry<C> {
+        fn new() -> Self {
+            Self { entries: Vec::new() }
+        }
+
+        fn register(&mut self, cmd: clap::Command, handler: HandlerFn<C>) {
+            self.register_under::<&str>(&[], cmd, handler);
+        }
+
+        fn register_under<S: AsRef<str>>(
+            &mut self,
+            path: &[S],
+            cmd: clap::Command,
+            handler: HandlerFn<C>,
+        ) {
+            let owned: Vec<String> = path.iter().map(|s| s.as_ref().to_string()).collect();
+            self.entries.push((owned, cmd, handler));
+        }
+
+        fn graft_into(&self, mut cli: clap::Command) -> clap::Command {
+            for (path, cmd, _) in &self.entries {
+                cli = graft_subcommand(cli, path, cmd.clone());
+            }
+            cli
+        }
+
+        fn dispatch(
+            &self,
+            matches: &clap::ArgMatches,
+            ctx: &C,
+        ) -> Option<Result<(), CliError>> {
+            for (path, cmd, handler) in &self.entries {
+                if let Some(target) = walk_matches_to_custom(matches, path, cmd.get_name()) {
+                    return Some(handler(target, ctx));
+                }
+            }
+            None
+        }
+
+        fn len(&self) -> usize {
+            self.entries.len()
+        }
+
+        fn entries(&self) -> &[Entry<C>] {
+            &self.entries
+        }
+    }
+
+    struct DummyCtx;
+
+    fn dummy_handler(_m: &clap::ArgMatches, _c: &DummyCtx) -> Result<(), CliError> {
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn graft_top_level_adds_command() {
+        let cli = clap::Command::new("root").subcommand(clap::Command::new("existing"));
+        let custom = clap::Command::new("custom");
+        let grafted = graft_subcommand(cli, &[], custom);
+        assert!(grafted.find_subcommand("existing").is_some());
+        assert!(grafted.find_subcommand("custom").is_some());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn graft_top_level_collision_replaces_leaf() {
+        let cli = clap::Command::new("root")
+            .subcommand(clap::Command::new("dup").about("from spec"));
+        let custom = clap::Command::new("dup").about("from custom");
+        let grafted = graft_subcommand(cli, &[], custom);
+        let dup = grafted.find_subcommand("dup").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(dup.get_about().map(|s| s.to_string()).as_deref(), Some("from custom"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn graft_into_existing_parent_keeps_siblings() {
+        let webhooks = clap::Command::new("webhooks")
+            .subcommand(clap::Command::new("list"))
+            .subcommand(clap::Command::new("create"));
+        let cli = clap::Command::new("root").subcommand(webhooks);
+
+        let verify = clap::Command::new("verify").about("custom");
+        let grafted = graft_subcommand(cli, &["webhooks".to_string()], verify);
+
+        let webhooks = grafted.find_subcommand("webhooks").unwrap();
+        assert!(webhooks.find_subcommand("list").is_some());
+        assert!(webhooks.find_subcommand("create").is_some());
+        assert!(webhooks.find_subcommand("verify").is_some());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn graft_leaf_collision_under_parent_replaces() {
+        let webhooks = clap::Command::new("webhooks")
+            .subcommand(clap::Command::new("list").about("spec"));
+        let cli = clap::Command::new("root").subcommand(webhooks);
+        let custom_list = clap::Command::new("list").about("custom");
+        let grafted = graft_subcommand(cli, &["webhooks".to_string()], custom_list);
+        let leaf = grafted
+            .find_subcommand("webhooks")
+            .unwrap()
+            .find_subcommand("list")
+            .unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(leaf.get_about().map(|s| s.to_string()).as_deref(), Some("custom"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn graft_creates_missing_intermediate_parent() {
+        let cli = clap::Command::new("root");
+        let leaf = clap::Command::new("verify");
+        let grafted = graft_subcommand(cli, &["new-parent".to_string()], leaf);
+        let parent = grafted.find_subcommand("new-parent").unwrap();
+        assert!(parent.find_subcommand("verify").is_some());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn walk_matches_finds_leaf() {
+        let cmd = clap::Command::new("root")
+            .subcommand(clap::Command::new("webhooks").subcommand(clap::Command::new("verify")));
+        let matches = cmd.get_matches_from(vec!["root", "webhooks", "verify"]);
+        let result = walk_matches_to_custom(&matches, &["webhooks".to_string()], "verify");
+        assert!(result.is_some());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn walk_matches_misses_when_path_diverges() {
+        let cmd = clap::Command::new("root")
+            .subcommand(clap::Command::new("webhooks").subcommand(clap::Command::new("list")));
+        let matches = cmd.get_matches_from(vec!["root", "webhooks", "list"]);
+        let result = walk_matches_to_custom(&matches, &["webhooks".to_string()], "verify");
+        assert!(result.is_none());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn walk_matches_misses_when_parent_diverges() {
+        let cmd = clap::Command::new("root")
+            .subcommand(clap::Command::new("other").subcommand(clap::Command::new("verify")));
+        let matches = cmd.get_matches_from(vec!["root", "other", "verify"]);
+        let result = walk_matches_to_custom(&matches, &["webhooks".to_string()], "verify");
+        assert!(result.is_none());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn registry_registers_top_level_command() {
+        let mut reg: CustomCommandRegistry<DummyCtx> = CustomCommandRegistry::new();
+        reg.register(clap::Command::new("custom"), dummy_handler);
+        assert_eq!(reg.len(), 1);
+        assert!(reg.entries()[0].0.is_empty());
+        assert_eq!(reg.entries()[0].1.get_name(), "custom");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn registry_registers_under_path() {
+        let mut reg: CustomCommandRegistry<DummyCtx> = CustomCommandRegistry::new();
+        reg.register_under(&["webhooks"], clap::Command::new("verify"), dummy_handler);
+        assert_eq!(reg.len(), 1);
+        assert_eq!(reg.entries()[0].0, vec!["webhooks".to_string()]);
+        assert_eq!(reg.entries()[0].1.get_name(), "verify");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn registry_graft_into_grafts_all_entries() {
+        let mut reg: CustomCommandRegistry<DummyCtx> = CustomCommandRegistry::new();
+        reg.register(clap::Command::new("alpha"), dummy_handler);
+        reg.register_under(&["webhooks"], clap::Command::new("verify"), dummy_handler);
+
+        let cli = clap::Command::new("root");
+        let grafted = reg.graft_into(cli);
+
+        assert!(grafted.find_subcommand("alpha").is_some());
+        let webhooks = grafted.find_subcommand("webhooks").unwrap();
+        assert!(webhooks.find_subcommand("verify").is_some());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn registry_dispatch_invokes_matching_handler() {
+        use std::cell::Cell;
+        // Use thread-local state so the fn pointer (which can't capture)
+        // can record that it ran.
+        thread_local! {
+            static CALLED: Cell<bool> = const { Cell::new(false) };
+        }
+        fn handler(_m: &clap::ArgMatches, _c: &DummyCtx) -> Result<(), CliError> {
+            CALLED.with(|c| c.set(true));
+            Ok(())
+        }
+
+        let mut reg: CustomCommandRegistry<DummyCtx> = CustomCommandRegistry::new();
+        reg.register_under(&["webhooks"], clap::Command::new("verify"), handler);
+
+        let cli = clap::Command::new("root");
+        let cli = reg.graft_into(cli);
+        let matches = cli.get_matches_from(vec!["root", "webhooks", "verify"]);
+
+        let result = reg.dispatch(&matches, &DummyCtx);
+        assert!(result.is_some());
+        assert!(result.unwrap().is_ok());
+        assert!(CALLED.with(|c| c.get()));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn registry_dispatch_returns_none_when_no_custom_invoked() {
+        let mut reg: CustomCommandRegistry<DummyCtx> = CustomCommandRegistry::new();
+        reg.register_under(&["webhooks"], clap::Command::new("verify"), dummy_handler);
+
+        // Build a tree that has both a custom and a non-custom path.
+        let cli = clap::Command::new("root")
+            .subcommand(clap::Command::new("other").subcommand(clap::Command::new("thing")));
+        let cli = reg.graft_into(cli);
+        let matches = cli.get_matches_from(vec!["root", "other", "thing"]);
+
+        let result = reg.dispatch(&matches, &DummyCtx);
+        assert!(result.is_none());
+    }
+}
diff --git a/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/early_intercept.rs b/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/early_intercept.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..28a0d329319a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/early_intercept.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,185 @@
+//! Shared infrastructure for early-intercept subcommands (`completion`, `man`).
+//!
+//! These subcommands are intercepted *before* normal API dispatch so that
+//! an API resource that happens to share the same name doesn't collide.
+//! This module houses the constants and helpers shared by both intercept
+//! paths.
+
+/// Long flag names (without the `--` prefix) that are boolean
+/// (`action(SetTrue)`) and therefore do NOT consume the next token.
+/// Kept in sync with the flags registered in `commands::build_cli`.
+pub(crate) const BOOLEAN_FLAGS: &[&str] = &[
+    "dry-run",
+    "page-all",
+    "no-extract",
+    "no-retry",
+    "no-stream",
+    "help",
+];
+
+/// Returns `true` when `args` contains `target` as the first positional
+/// token (i.e. the subcommand position). Skips `--flag value` pairs so
+/// `box --base-url <target> files` is not mistaken for the subcommand.
+/// Boolean flags like `--dry-run` are recognised and do NOT consume the
+/// next token.
+pub(crate) fn first_positional_is(args: &[String], target: &str) -> bool {
+    let mut skip_next = false;
+    for arg in args.iter().skip(1) {
+        if skip_next {
+            skip_next = false;
+            continue;
+        }
+        if arg.starts_with('-') {
+            if arg.contains('=') {
+                // --flag=value — value is consumed inline, no skip.
+                continue;
+            }
+            // Strip leading dashes to get the bare name.
+            let bare = arg.trim_start_matches('-');
+            if !BOOLEAN_FLAGS.contains(&bare) {
+                // Value-taking flag — next token is its argument.
+                skip_next = true;
+            }
+            continue;
+        }
+        return arg == target;
+    }
+    false
+}
+
+/// Returns the n-th positional argument (0-indexed, ignoring argv[0]),
+/// correctly skipping value-taking flags' arguments per [`BOOLEAN_FLAGS`].
+///
+/// This is the multi-positional generalization of [`first_positional_is`]:
+/// `first_positional_is(args, target)` is equivalent to
+/// `nth_positional(args, 0) == Some(target)`.
+///
+/// Used by the completion early-intercept path to extract the shell name
+/// (positional #1, since `completion` is positional #0) while correctly
+/// skipping value-taking flag arguments like `--base-url <URL>`.
+pub(crate) fn nth_positional(args: &[String], n: usize) -> Option<&str> {
+    let mut skip_next = false;
+    let mut count = 0;
+    for arg in args.iter().skip(1) {
+        if skip_next {
+            skip_next = false;
+            continue;
+        }
+        if arg.starts_with('-') {
+            if arg.contains('=') {
+                // --flag=value — value is consumed inline, no skip.
+                continue;
+            }
+            // Strip leading dashes to get the bare name.
+            let bare = arg.trim_start_matches('-');
+            if !BOOLEAN_FLAGS.contains(&bare) {
+                // Value-taking flag — next token is its argument.
+                skip_next = true;
+            }
+            continue;
+        }
+        if count == n {
+            return Some(arg.as_str());
+        }
+        count += 1;
+    }
+    None
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    fn args(slice: &[&str]) -> Vec<String> {
+        slice.iter().map(|s| s.to_string()).collect()
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn first_positional_basic() {
+        assert!(first_positional_is(&args(&["box", "completion", "bash"]), "completion"));
+        assert!(first_positional_is(&args(&["box", "man"]), "man"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn first_positional_false_for_other_subcommand() {
+        assert!(!first_positional_is(&args(&["box", "files", "get"]), "completion"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn first_positional_false_when_flag_value() {
+        assert!(!first_positional_is(
+            &args(&["box", "--base-url", "man", "files"]),
+            "man",
+        ));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn first_positional_true_after_eq_flag() {
+        assert!(first_positional_is(
+            &args(&["box", "--base-url=http://localhost", "man"]),
+            "man",
+        ));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn first_positional_true_after_boolean_flag() {
+        assert!(first_positional_is(
+            &args(&["box", "--dry-run", "completion", "bash"]),
+            "completion",
+        ));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn first_positional_true_after_multiple_boolean_flags() {
+        assert!(first_positional_is(
+            &args(&["box", "--dry-run", "--no-retry", "man"]),
+            "man",
+        ));
+    }
+
+    // --- nth_positional ---
+
+    #[test]
+    fn nth_positional_skips_value_flag() {
+        // `--base-url` is value-taking, so "X" is its argument, not a
+        // positional. "completion" is positional #0, "bash" is positional #1.
+        assert_eq!(
+            nth_positional(&args(&["box", "--base-url", "X", "completion", "bash"]), 1),
+            Some("bash"),
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn nth_positional_with_boolean_flag() {
+        // `--dry-run` is boolean, so "completion" is positional #0 and
+        // "bash" is positional #1.
+        assert_eq!(
+            nth_positional(&args(&["box", "--dry-run", "completion", "bash"]), 1),
+            Some("bash"),
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn nth_positional_out_of_range() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            nth_positional(&args(&["box", "completion", "bash"]), 5),
+            None,
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn nth_positional_zeroth() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            nth_positional(&args(&["box", "completion", "bash"]), 0),
+            Some("completion"),
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn nth_positional_eq_flag() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            nth_positional(&args(&["box", "--base-url=http://localhost", "completion", "bash"]), 1),
+            Some("bash"),
+        );
+    }
+}
diff --git a/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/error.rs b/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/error.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..e2d010a9e1d4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/error.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,467 @@
+//! Structured Error Types
+//!
+//! Provides error types and structured JSON error output for the CLI.
+
+use serde_json::json;
+use thiserror::Error;
+
+#[derive(Error, Debug)]
+pub enum CliError {
+    #[error("{message}")]
+    Api {
+        code: u16,
+        message: String,
+        reason: String,
+    },
+
+    #[error("{0}")]
+    Validation(String),
+
+    #[error("{0}")]
+    Auth(String),
+
+    #[error("{0}")]
+    Discovery(String),
+
+    #[error(transparent)]
+    Other(#[from] anyhow::Error),
+}
+
+
+impl CliError {
+    pub const EXIT_CODE_API: i32 = 1;
+    pub const EXIT_CODE_AUTH: i32 = 2;
+    pub const EXIT_CODE_VALIDATION: i32 = 3;
+    pub const EXIT_CODE_DISCOVERY: i32 = 4;
+    pub const EXIT_CODE_OTHER: i32 = 5;
+
+    /// Create a duplicate of this error for passing to hook callbacks
+    /// while retaining the original. `Other(anyhow::Error)` is
+    /// converted to its display string since `anyhow::Error` is not
+    /// `Clone`.
+    pub fn duplicate(&self) -> Self {
+        match self {
+            Self::Api { code, message, reason } => Self::Api {
+                code: *code,
+                message: message.clone(),
+                reason: reason.clone(),
+            },
+            Self::Validation(msg) => Self::Validation(msg.clone()),
+            Self::Auth(msg) => Self::Auth(msg.clone()),
+            Self::Discovery(msg) => Self::Discovery(msg.clone()),
+            Self::Other(e) => Self::Other(anyhow::anyhow!("{e:#}")),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn exit_code(&self) -> i32 {
+        match self {
+            CliError::Api { .. } => Self::EXIT_CODE_API,
+            CliError::Auth(_) => Self::EXIT_CODE_AUTH,
+            CliError::Validation(_) => Self::EXIT_CODE_VALIDATION,
+            CliError::Discovery(_) => Self::EXIT_CODE_DISCOVERY,
+            CliError::Other(_) => Self::EXIT_CODE_OTHER,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn to_json(&self) -> serde_json::Value {
+        match self {
+            CliError::Api {
+                code,
+                message,
+                reason,
+            } => json!({
+                "error": {
+                    "code": code,
+                    "message": message,
+                    "reason": reason,
+                }
+            }),
+            CliError::Validation(msg) => json!({
+                "error": {
+                    "code": 400,
+                    "message": msg,
+                    "reason": "validationError",
+                }
+            }),
+            CliError::Auth(msg) => json!({
+                "error": {
+                    "code": 401,
+                    "message": msg,
+                    "reason": "authError",
+                }
+            }),
+            CliError::Discovery(msg) => json!({
+                "error": {
+                    "code": 500,
+                    "message": msg,
+                    "reason": "discoveryError",
+                }
+            }),
+            CliError::Other(e) => json!({
+                "error": {
+                    "code": 500,
+                    "message": format!("{e:#}"),
+                    "reason": "internalError",
+                }
+            }),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+use crate::output::{colorize, sanitize_for_terminal};
+
+/// All documented exit codes with their human-readable descriptions.
+pub const EXIT_CODE_TABLE: &[(i32, &str, &str)] = &[
+    (CliError::EXIT_CODE_API, "api", "API returned a non-success HTTP status"),
+    (CliError::EXIT_CODE_AUTH, "auth", "Authentication failed or credentials missing"),
+    (CliError::EXIT_CODE_VALIDATION, "validation", "Invalid arguments or request body"),
+    (CliError::EXIT_CODE_DISCOVERY, "discovery", "Schema loading or endpoint resolution failed"),
+    (CliError::EXIT_CODE_OTHER, "other", "Unexpected internal error"),
+];
+
+/// Render all documented exit codes to stdout in the format requested
+/// by the user's raw args.
+///
+/// Honors `--format json` (and equivalents) so AI agents can consume a
+/// machine-readable inventory of exit codes — the whole point of this
+/// command for scripting workflows. Unknown `--format` values fall
+/// back to the human-readable table, matching the resolver behavior
+/// elsewhere in the CLI.
+pub fn print_errors(args: &[String]) {
+    write_errors_to(args, &mut std::io::stdout());
+}
+
+/// Writer-parameterized variant of [`print_errors`].
+pub fn write_errors_to(args: &[String], out: &mut dyn std::io::Write) {
+    match detect_errors_format(args) {
+        ErrorsFormat::Json => write_errors_json_to(out),
+        ErrorsFormat::Table => write_errors_table_to(out),
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+enum ErrorsFormat {
+    Table,
+    Json,
+}
+
+fn detect_errors_format(args: &[String]) -> ErrorsFormat {
+    for (i, a) in args.iter().enumerate() {
+        if let Some(rest) = a.strip_prefix("--format=") {
+            if rest.eq_ignore_ascii_case("json") {
+                return ErrorsFormat::Json;
+            }
+        } else if a == "--format" {
+            if let Some(next) = args.get(i + 1) {
+                if next.eq_ignore_ascii_case("json") {
+                    return ErrorsFormat::Json;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    ErrorsFormat::Table
+}
+
+/// Print a human-readable table of all exit codes to stdout.
+pub fn print_errors_table() {
+    write_errors_table_to(&mut std::io::stdout());
+}
+
+fn write_errors_table_to(out: &mut dyn std::io::Write) {
+    let _ = writeln!(out, "Exit codes:\n");
+    let _ = writeln!(out, "  {:<6}  {:<14}  DESCRIPTION", "CODE", "CATEGORY");
+    let _ = writeln!(out, "  {:<6}  {:<14}  ───────────────────────────────────────────", "──────", "──────────────");
+    for &(code, category, description) in EXIT_CODE_TABLE {
+        let _ = writeln!(out, "  {:<6}  {:<14}  {}", code, category, description);
+    }
+    let _ = writeln!(out);
+    let _ = writeln!(out, "Exit code 0 means success. Any non-zero code indicates an error.");
+}
+
+/// Print all documented exit codes as a JSON array on stdout.
+///
+/// Shape:
+/// ```json
+/// {
+///   "exit_codes": [
+///     {"code": 0, "category": "success", "description": "..."},
+///     {"code": 1, "category": "api",     "description": "..."},
+///     ...
+///   ]
+/// }
+/// ```
+///
+/// Includes the implicit success code (0) so consumers see the full
+/// matrix without having to special-case the success path.
+pub fn print_errors_json() {
+    write_errors_json_to(&mut std::io::stdout());
+}
+
+fn write_errors_json_to(out: &mut dyn std::io::Write) {
+    let mut entries: Vec<serde_json::Value> = Vec::with_capacity(EXIT_CODE_TABLE.len() + 1);
+    entries.push(json!({
+        "code": 0,
+        "category": "success",
+        "description": "Command completed successfully",
+    }));
+    for &(code, category, description) in EXIT_CODE_TABLE {
+        entries.push(json!({
+            "code": code,
+            "category": category,
+            "description": description,
+        }));
+    }
+    let doc = json!({ "exit_codes": entries });
+    let _ = writeln!(out, "{}", serde_json::to_string_pretty(&doc).expect("static EXIT_CODE_TABLE always serializes"));
+}
+
+fn error_label(err: &CliError) -> String {
+    match err {
+        CliError::Api { .. } => colorize("error[api]:", "31"),
+        CliError::Auth(_) => colorize("error[auth]:", "31"),
+        CliError::Validation(_) => colorize("error[validation]:", "33"),
+        CliError::Discovery(_) => colorize("error[discovery]:", "31"),
+        CliError::Other(_) => colorize("error:", "31"),
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn print_error_json(err: &CliError) {
+    write_error_json(err, &mut std::io::stdout());
+}
+
+pub fn write_error_json(err: &CliError, out: &mut dyn std::io::Write) {
+    let json = err.to_json();
+    let _ = writeln!(
+        out,
+        "{}",
+        serde_json::to_string_pretty(&json).unwrap_or_default()
+    );
+    eprintln!(
+        "{} {}",
+        error_label(err),
+        sanitize_for_terminal(&err.to_string())
+    );
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_exit_codes_are_distinct() {
+        let codes = [
+            CliError::EXIT_CODE_API,
+            CliError::EXIT_CODE_AUTH,
+            CliError::EXIT_CODE_VALIDATION,
+            CliError::EXIT_CODE_DISCOVERY,
+            CliError::EXIT_CODE_OTHER,
+        ];
+        let unique: std::collections::HashSet<i32> = codes.iter().copied().collect();
+        assert_eq!(unique.len(), codes.len());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_error_to_json_api() {
+        let err = CliError::Api {
+            code: 404,
+            message: "Not Found".to_string(),
+            reason: "notFound".to_string(),
+        };
+        let json = err.to_json();
+        assert_eq!(json["error"]["code"], 404);
+        assert_eq!(json["error"]["message"], "Not Found");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_error_to_json_validation() {
+        let err = CliError::Validation("Invalid input".to_string());
+        let json = err.to_json();
+        assert_eq!(json["error"]["code"], 400);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_exit_codes_all_variants() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            CliError::Api { code: 404, message: String::new(), reason: String::new() }.exit_code(),
+            CliError::EXIT_CODE_API
+        );
+        assert_eq!(CliError::Auth(String::new()).exit_code(), CliError::EXIT_CODE_AUTH);
+        assert_eq!(CliError::Validation(String::new()).exit_code(), CliError::EXIT_CODE_VALIDATION);
+        assert_eq!(CliError::Discovery(String::new()).exit_code(), CliError::EXIT_CODE_DISCOVERY);
+        assert_eq!(
+            CliError::Other(anyhow::anyhow!("oops")).exit_code(),
+            CliError::EXIT_CODE_OTHER
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_to_json_auth() {
+        let err = CliError::Auth("bad creds".to_string());
+        let json = err.to_json();
+        assert_eq!(json["error"]["code"], 401);
+        assert_eq!(json["error"]["reason"], "authError");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_to_json_discovery() {
+        let err = CliError::Discovery("spec not found".to_string());
+        let json = err.to_json();
+        assert_eq!(json["error"]["code"], 500);
+        assert_eq!(json["error"]["reason"], "discoveryError");
+        assert_eq!(json["error"]["message"], "spec not found");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_to_json_other() {
+        let err = CliError::Other(anyhow::anyhow!("something broke"));
+        let json = err.to_json();
+        assert_eq!(json["error"]["code"], 500);
+        assert_eq!(json["error"]["reason"], "internalError");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_print_error_json_all_variants_no_panic() {
+        print_error_json(&CliError::Api {
+            code: 500,
+            message: "oops".to_string(),
+            reason: "err".to_string(),
+        });
+        print_error_json(&CliError::Validation("bad input".to_string()));
+        print_error_json(&CliError::Auth("no auth".to_string()));
+        print_error_json(&CliError::Discovery("no spec".to_string()));
+        print_error_json(&CliError::Other(anyhow::anyhow!("broken")));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_duplicate_preserves_variant() {
+        let api = CliError::Api {
+            code: 404,
+            message: "Not Found".to_string(),
+            reason: "notFound".to_string(),
+        };
+        let dup = api.duplicate();
+        assert_eq!(dup.exit_code(), CliError::EXIT_CODE_API);
+        assert_eq!(dup.to_json()["error"]["code"], 404);
+
+        let val = CliError::Validation("bad".to_string());
+        assert_eq!(val.duplicate().exit_code(), CliError::EXIT_CODE_VALIDATION);
+
+        let auth = CliError::Auth("denied".to_string());
+        assert_eq!(auth.duplicate().exit_code(), CliError::EXIT_CODE_AUTH);
+
+        let disc = CliError::Discovery("missing".to_string());
+        assert_eq!(disc.duplicate().exit_code(), CliError::EXIT_CODE_DISCOVERY);
+
+        // Other(anyhow) preserves variant and exit code.
+        let other = CliError::Other(anyhow::anyhow!("anyhow msg"));
+        let dup_other = other.duplicate();
+        assert_eq!(dup_other.exit_code(), CliError::EXIT_CODE_OTHER);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn exit_code_table_covers_all_known_codes() {
+        let table_codes: std::collections::HashSet<i32> =
+            EXIT_CODE_TABLE.iter().map(|&(c, _, _)| c).collect();
+        let expected = [
+            CliError::EXIT_CODE_API,
+            CliError::EXIT_CODE_AUTH,
+            CliError::EXIT_CODE_VALIDATION,
+            CliError::EXIT_CODE_DISCOVERY,
+            CliError::EXIT_CODE_OTHER,
+        ];
+        for code in expected {
+            assert!(table_codes.contains(&code), "EXIT_CODE_TABLE missing code {code}");
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn exit_code_table_has_no_duplicates() {
+        let codes: Vec<i32> = EXIT_CODE_TABLE.iter().map(|&(c, _, _)| c).collect();
+        let unique: std::collections::HashSet<i32> = codes.iter().copied().collect();
+        assert_eq!(unique.len(), codes.len(), "EXIT_CODE_TABLE has duplicate codes");
+    }
+
+    fn args(slice: &[&str]) -> Vec<String> {
+        slice.iter().map(|s| s.to_string()).collect()
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn detect_errors_format_defaults_to_table() {
+        assert_eq!(detect_errors_format(&args(&["cli", "errors"])), ErrorsFormat::Table);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn detect_errors_format_recognizes_json_space_separated() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            detect_errors_format(&args(&["cli", "errors", "--format", "json"])),
+            ErrorsFormat::Json,
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn detect_errors_format_recognizes_json_equals() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            detect_errors_format(&args(&["cli", "errors", "--format=json"])),
+            ErrorsFormat::Json,
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn detect_errors_format_case_insensitive() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            detect_errors_format(&args(&["cli", "errors", "--format", "JSON"])),
+            ErrorsFormat::Json,
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            detect_errors_format(&args(&["cli", "errors", "--format=Json"])),
+            ErrorsFormat::Json,
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn detect_errors_format_unknown_format_falls_back_to_table() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            detect_errors_format(&args(&["cli", "errors", "--format", "yaml"])),
+            ErrorsFormat::Table,
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn detect_errors_format_trailing_format_flag_with_no_value_is_table() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            detect_errors_format(&args(&["cli", "errors", "--format"])),
+            ErrorsFormat::Table,
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn print_errors_json_emits_expected_shape() {
+        // Smoke: the JSON payload parses cleanly and includes every
+        // documented exit code (plus the implicit 0). Captures the
+        // contract that AI agents consume.
+        let mut entries: Vec<serde_json::Value> = Vec::with_capacity(EXIT_CODE_TABLE.len() + 1);
+        entries.push(json!({
+            "code": 0,
+            "category": "success",
+            "description": "Command completed successfully",
+        }));
+        for &(code, category, description) in EXIT_CODE_TABLE {
+            entries.push(json!({
+                "code": code,
+                "category": category,
+                "description": description,
+            }));
+        }
+        let payload = json!({ "exit_codes": entries });
+        let arr = payload["exit_codes"].as_array().expect("exit_codes is array");
+        assert_eq!(arr.len(), EXIT_CODE_TABLE.len() + 1);
+        assert_eq!(arr[0]["code"], 0);
+        let codes: std::collections::HashSet<i64> = arr
+            .iter()
+            .filter_map(|e| e["code"].as_i64())
+            .collect();
+        for &(code, _, _) in EXIT_CODE_TABLE {
+            assert!(codes.contains(&(code as i64)), "missing code {code}");
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/formatter.rs b/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/formatter.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..24a6a39d0eaf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/formatter.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,944 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! Output Formatting
+//!
+//! Transforms JSON API responses into human-readable formats (table, YAML, CSV).
+
+use serde_json::Value;
+use std::fmt::Write;
+
+/// Color emission mode.
+///
+/// Resolved from CLI flags and environment in [`OutputPipeline::from_matches`].
+/// `Auto` means "let the resolver decide based on TTY / `NO_COLOR` / `CI` / etc."
+/// (Resolver is implemented in Step 2; for now `Auto` is just stored.)
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Default)]
+pub enum ColorMode {
+    #[default]
+    Auto,
+    Always,
+    Never,
+}
+
+/// Errors that can occur while constructing or running the output pipeline.
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+pub enum FormatError {
+    #[error("unknown output format: {0}")]
+    UnknownFormat(String),
+    #[error("io error: {0}")]
+    Io(#[from] std::io::Error),
+}
+
+/// Composable output pipeline.
+///
+/// Built once at dispatch time from CLI matches, then threaded through the
+/// executor and applied per response (or per page during `--page-all`).
+///
+/// In Step 1 it carries only `format` and `color_mode` and behaves identically
+/// to the prior `&OutputFormat` threading. Later steps layer in field
+/// projection, jq filtering, and template rendering.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default)]
+pub struct OutputPipeline {
+    pub format: OutputFormat,
+    pub color_mode: ColorMode,
+    /// When true, suppress all stdout output. Errors still flow to stderr.
+    pub quiet: bool,
+}
+
+impl OutputPipeline {
+    /// Build a pipeline from parsed CLI matches.
+    ///
+    /// Returns `Err(FormatError::UnknownFormat)` for unrecognised
+    /// `--format` values. Callers should map this into their error type
+    /// (e.g. `CliError::Validation`).
+    pub fn from_matches(matches: &clap::ArgMatches) -> Result<Self, FormatError> {
+        let format = match matches.get_one::<String>("format") {
+            Some(s) => OutputFormat::parse(s)
+                .map_err(FormatError::UnknownFormat)?,
+            None => OutputFormat::default(),
+        };
+        let quiet = matches
+            .try_get_one::<bool>("quiet")
+            .ok()
+            .flatten()
+            .copied()
+            .unwrap_or(false);
+        Ok(Self {
+            format,
+            color_mode: ColorMode::Auto,
+            quiet,
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Render `value` to `out`, appending a trailing newline.
+    ///
+    /// When `quiet` is set, this is a no-op — the value is silently discarded.
+    pub fn emit<W: std::io::Write>(
+        &self,
+        out: &mut W,
+        value: &Value,
+        paginated: bool,
+        is_first_page: bool,
+    ) -> Result<(), FormatError> {
+        if self.quiet {
+            return Ok(());
+        }
+        let rendered = if paginated {
+            format_value_paginated(value, &self.format, is_first_page)
+        } else {
+            format_value(value, &self.format)
+        };
+        writeln!(out, "{rendered}")?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+/// Supported output formats.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Default)]
+pub enum OutputFormat {
+    /// Pretty-printed JSON (default).
+    #[default]
+    Json,
+    /// Aligned text table.
+    Table,
+    /// YAML.
+    Yaml,
+    /// Comma-separated values.
+    Csv,
+}
+
+impl OutputFormat {
+    /// Parse from a string argument.
+    ///
+    /// Returns `Ok(format)` for known values, or `Err(unknown_value)` if the
+    /// string is not recognised.  Call sites should warn the user on `Err` and
+    /// decide whether to fall back to JSON or surface an error.
+    pub fn parse(s: &str) -> Result<Self, String> {
+        match s.to_lowercase().as_str() {
+            "json" => Ok(Self::Json),
+            "table" => Ok(Self::Table),
+            "yaml" | "yml" => Ok(Self::Yaml),
+            "csv" => Ok(Self::Csv),
+            other => Err(other.to_string()),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Parse from a string argument, falling back to JSON for unknown values.
+    ///
+    /// Prefer `parse()` at call sites where you want to surface a warning.
+    #[allow(clippy::should_implement_trait)]
+    pub fn from_str(s: &str) -> Self {
+        Self::parse(s).unwrap_or(Self::Json)
+    }
+}
+
+/// Format a JSON value according to the specified output format.
+pub fn format_value(value: &Value, format: &OutputFormat) -> String {
+    match format {
+        OutputFormat::Json => serde_json::to_string_pretty(value).unwrap_or_default(),
+        OutputFormat::Table => format_table(value),
+        OutputFormat::Yaml => format_yaml(value),
+        OutputFormat::Csv => format_csv(value),
+    }
+}
+
+/// Format a JSON value for a paginated page.
+///
+/// When auto-paginating with `--page-all`, CSV and table formats should only
+/// emit column headers on the **first** page so that each subsequent page
+/// contains only data rows, making the combined output machine-parseable.
+///
+/// For JSON the output is compact (one JSON object per line / NDJSON).
+/// For YAML each page is prefixed with a `---` document separator so the
+/// combined stream is a valid YAML multi-document file.
+pub fn format_value_paginated(value: &Value, format: &OutputFormat, is_first_page: bool) -> String {
+    match format {
+        OutputFormat::Json => serde_json::to_string(value).unwrap_or_default(),
+        OutputFormat::Csv => format_csv_page(value, is_first_page),
+        OutputFormat::Table => format_table_page(value, is_first_page),
+        // Prefix every page with a YAML document separator so that the
+        // concatenated stream is parseable as a multi-document YAML file.
+        OutputFormat::Yaml => format!("---\n{}", format_yaml(value)),
+    }
+}
+
+/// Extract a "data array" from a typical API list response.
+/// APIs often return lists as `{ "collection": [...], "pagination": {...} }`
+/// where the array key varies by resource type.
+fn extract_items(value: &Value) -> Option<(&str, &Vec<Value>)> {
+    if let Value::Object(obj) = value {
+        for (key, val) in obj {
+            if key == "nextPageToken" || key == "kind" || key.starts_with('_') {
+                continue;
+            }
+            if let Value::Array(arr) = val {
+                if !arr.is_empty() {
+                    return Some((key, arr));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    None
+}
+
+fn format_table(value: &Value) -> String {
+    format_table_page(value, true)
+}
+
+/// Recursively flatten a JSON object into `(dot.notation.key, string_value)` pairs.
+///
+/// Nested objects become `parent.child` key names so that `--format table` can
+/// render them as individual columns instead of raw JSON blobs.
+fn flatten_object(obj: &serde_json::Map<String, Value>, prefix: &str) -> Vec<(String, String)> {
+    let mut out = Vec::new();
+    for (key, val) in obj {
+        let full_key = if prefix.is_empty() {
+            key.clone()
+        } else {
+            format!("{prefix}.{key}")
+        };
+        match val {
+            Value::Object(nested) => {
+                out.extend(flatten_object(nested, &full_key));
+            }
+            _ => {
+                out.push((full_key, value_to_cell(val)));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    out
+}
+
+/// Format as a text table, optionally omitting the header row.
+///
+/// Pass `emit_header = false` for continuation pages when using `--page-all`
+/// so the combined terminal output doesn't repeat column names and separator
+/// lines between pages.
+fn format_table_page(value: &Value, emit_header: bool) -> String {
+    // Try to extract a list of items from standard API response
+    let items = extract_items(value);
+
+    if let Some((_key, arr)) = items {
+        format_array_as_table(arr, emit_header)
+    } else if let Value::Array(arr) = value {
+        format_array_as_table(arr, emit_header)
+    } else if let Value::Object(obj) = value {
+        // Single object: key/value table — flatten nested objects first
+        let mut output = String::new();
+        let flat = flatten_object(obj, "");
+        let max_key_len = flat.iter().map(|(k, _)| k.len()).max().unwrap_or(0);
+        for (key, val_str) in &flat {
+            let _ = writeln!(output, "{key:max_key_len$}  {val_str}");
+        }
+        output
+    } else {
+        value.to_string()
+    }
+}
+
+fn format_array_as_table(arr: &[Value], emit_header: bool) -> String {
+    if arr.is_empty() {
+        return "(empty)\n".to_string();
+    }
+
+    // Flatten each row so nested objects become dot-notation columns.
+    let flat_rows: Vec<Vec<(String, String)>> = arr
+        .iter()
+        .map(|item| match item {
+            Value::Object(obj) => flatten_object(obj, ""),
+            _ => vec![(String::new(), value_to_cell(item))],
+        })
+        .collect();
+
+    // Collect all unique column names (preserving insertion order).
+    let mut columns: Vec<String> = Vec::new();
+    for row in &flat_rows {
+        for (key, _) in row {
+            if !columns.contains(key) {
+                columns.push(key.clone());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    if columns.is_empty() {
+        // Array of non-objects
+        let mut output = String::new();
+        for item in arr {
+            let _ = writeln!(output, "{}", value_to_cell(item));
+        }
+        return output;
+    }
+
+    // Build lookup: row_index -> column_name -> cell_value
+    let row_maps: Vec<std::collections::HashMap<&str, &str>> = flat_rows
+        .iter()
+        .map(|pairs| {
+            pairs
+                .iter()
+                .map(|(k, v)| (k.as_str(), v.as_str()))
+                .collect()
+        })
+        .collect();
+
+    // Calculate column widths (char-count, not byte-count).
+    let mut widths: Vec<usize> = columns.iter().map(|c| c.chars().count()).collect();
+    let rows: Vec<Vec<String>> = row_maps
+        .iter()
+        .map(|row| {
+            columns
+                .iter()
+                .enumerate()
+                .map(|(i, col)| {
+                    let cell = row.get(col.as_str()).copied().unwrap_or("").to_string();
+                    let char_len = cell.chars().count();
+                    if char_len > widths[i] {
+                        widths[i] = char_len;
+                    }
+                    // Cap column width at 60 chars
+                    if widths[i] > 60 {
+                        widths[i] = 60;
+                    }
+                    cell
+                })
+                .collect()
+        })
+        .collect();
+
+    let mut output = String::new();
+
+    if emit_header {
+        // Header
+        let header: Vec<String> = columns
+            .iter()
+            .enumerate()
+            .map(|(i, c)| format!("{:width$}", c, width = widths[i]))
+            .collect();
+        let _ = writeln!(output, "{}", header.join("  "));
+
+        // Separator
+        let sep: Vec<String> = widths.iter().map(|w| "─".repeat(*w)).collect();
+        let _ = writeln!(output, "{}", sep.join("  "));
+    }
+
+    // Rows — truncate by char count to avoid panicking on multi-byte UTF-8.
+    for row in &rows {
+        let cells: Vec<String> = row
+            .iter()
+            .enumerate()
+            .map(|(i, c)| {
+                let char_len = c.chars().count();
+                let truncated = if char_len > widths[i] {
+                    // Safe char-boundary slice: take widths[i]-1 chars, then append ellipsis.
+                    let truncated_str: String = c.chars().take(widths[i] - 1).collect();
+                    format!("{truncated_str}…")
+                } else {
+                    c.clone()
+                };
+                // Pad to column width (by char count)
+                let pad = widths[i].saturating_sub(truncated.chars().count());
+                format!("{truncated}{}", " ".repeat(pad))
+            })
+            .collect();
+        let _ = writeln!(output, "{}", cells.join("  "));
+    }
+
+    output
+}
+
+fn format_yaml(value: &Value) -> String {
+    json_to_yaml(value, 0)
+}
+
+fn json_to_yaml(value: &Value, indent: usize) -> String {
+    let prefix = "  ".repeat(indent);
+    match value {
+        Value::Null => "null".to_string(),
+        Value::Bool(b) => b.to_string(),
+        Value::Number(n) => n.to_string(),
+        Value::String(s) => {
+            if s.contains('\n') {
+                // Genuine multi-line content: block scalar is the most readable choice.
+                format!(
+                    "|\n{}",
+                    s.lines()
+                        .map(|l| format!("{prefix}  {l}"))
+                        .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+                        .join("\n")
+                )
+            } else {
+                // Single-line strings: always double-quote so that characters like
+                // `#` (comment marker) and `:` (mapping indicator) are never
+                // misinterpreted by YAML parsers.  Escape backslashes and double
+                // quotes to keep the output valid.
+                let escaped = s.replace('\\', "\\\\").replace('"', "\\\"");
+                format!("\"{escaped}\"")
+            }
+        }
+        Value::Array(arr) => {
+            if arr.is_empty() {
+                return "[]".to_string();
+            }
+            let mut out = String::new();
+            for item in arr {
+                let val_str = json_to_yaml(item, indent + 1);
+                let _ = write!(out, "\n{prefix}- {val_str}");
+            }
+            out
+        }
+        Value::Object(obj) => {
+            if obj.is_empty() {
+                return "{}".to_string();
+            }
+            let mut out = String::new();
+            for (key, val) in obj {
+                match val {
+                    Value::Object(_) | Value::Array(_) => {
+                        let val_str = json_to_yaml(val, indent + 1);
+                        let _ = write!(out, "\n{prefix}{key}:{val_str}");
+                    }
+                    _ => {
+                        let val_str = json_to_yaml(val, indent);
+                        let _ = write!(out, "\n{prefix}{key}: {val_str}");
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            out
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn format_csv(value: &Value) -> String {
+    format_csv_page(value, true)
+}
+
+/// Format as CSV, optionally omitting the header row.
+///
+/// Pass `emit_header = false` for all pages after the first when using
+/// `--page-all`, so the combined output has a single header line.
+fn format_csv_page(value: &Value, emit_header: bool) -> String {
+    let items = extract_items(value);
+
+    let arr = if let Some((_key, arr)) = items {
+        arr.as_slice()
+    } else if let Value::Array(arr) = value {
+        arr.as_slice()
+    } else {
+        // Single value — just output it
+        return value_to_cell(value);
+    };
+
+    if arr.is_empty() {
+        return String::new();
+    }
+
+    // Array of non-objects
+    if !arr.iter().any(|v| v.is_object()) {
+        let mut output = String::new();
+        for item in arr {
+            if let Value::Array(inner) = item {
+                let cells: Vec<String> = inner
+                    .iter()
+                    .map(|v| csv_escape(&value_to_cell(v)))
+                    .collect();
+                let _ = writeln!(output, "{}", cells.join(","));
+            } else {
+                let _ = writeln!(output, "{}", csv_escape(&value_to_cell(item)));
+            }
+        }
+        return output;
+    }
+
+    // Collect columns
+    let mut columns: Vec<String> = Vec::new();
+    for item in arr {
+        if let Value::Object(obj) = item {
+            for key in obj.keys() {
+                if !columns.contains(key) {
+                    columns.push(key.clone());
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    let mut output = String::new();
+
+    // Header (omitted on continuation pages)
+    if emit_header {
+        let _ = writeln!(output, "{}", columns.join(","));
+    }
+
+    // Rows
+    for item in arr {
+        let cells: Vec<String> = columns
+            .iter()
+            .map(|col| {
+                if let Value::Object(obj) = item {
+                    csv_escape(&value_to_cell(obj.get(col).unwrap_or(&Value::Null)))
+                } else {
+                    String::new()
+                }
+            })
+            .collect();
+        let _ = writeln!(output, "{}", cells.join(","));
+    }
+
+    output
+}
+
+fn csv_escape(s: &str) -> String {
+    if s.contains(',') || s.contains('"') || s.contains('\n') {
+        format!("\"{}\"", s.replace('"', "\"\""))
+    } else {
+        s.to_string()
+    }
+}
+
+fn value_to_cell(value: &Value) -> String {
+    match value {
+        Value::Null => String::new(),
+        Value::String(s) => s.clone(),
+        Value::Bool(b) => b.to_string(),
+        Value::Number(n) => n.to_string(),
+        Value::Array(arr) => {
+            let items: Vec<String> = arr.iter().map(value_to_cell).collect();
+            items.join(", ")
+        }
+        Value::Object(_) => serde_json::to_string(value).unwrap_or_default(),
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use serde_json::json;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_output_format_from_str() {
+        assert_eq!(OutputFormat::from_str("json"), OutputFormat::Json);
+        assert_eq!(OutputFormat::from_str("table"), OutputFormat::Table);
+        assert_eq!(OutputFormat::from_str("yaml"), OutputFormat::Yaml);
+        assert_eq!(OutputFormat::from_str("yml"), OutputFormat::Yaml);
+        assert_eq!(OutputFormat::from_str("csv"), OutputFormat::Csv);
+        assert_eq!(OutputFormat::from_str("unknown"), OutputFormat::Json);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_output_format_parse_known() {
+        assert_eq!(OutputFormat::parse("json"), Ok(OutputFormat::Json));
+        assert_eq!(OutputFormat::parse("table"), Ok(OutputFormat::Table));
+        assert_eq!(OutputFormat::parse("yaml"), Ok(OutputFormat::Yaml));
+        assert_eq!(OutputFormat::parse("yml"), Ok(OutputFormat::Yaml));
+        assert_eq!(OutputFormat::parse("csv"), Ok(OutputFormat::Csv));
+        // Case-insensitive
+        assert_eq!(OutputFormat::parse("JSON"), Ok(OutputFormat::Json));
+        assert_eq!(OutputFormat::parse("TABLE"), Ok(OutputFormat::Table));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_output_format_parse_unknown_returns_err() {
+        assert!(OutputFormat::parse("bogus").is_err());
+        assert_eq!(OutputFormat::parse("bogus").unwrap_err(), "bogus");
+        assert!(OutputFormat::parse("").is_err());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_format_json() {
+        let val = json!({"name": "test"});
+        let output = format_value(&val, &OutputFormat::Json);
+        assert!(output.contains("\"name\""));
+        assert!(output.contains("\"test\""));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_format_table_array_of_objects() {
+        let val = json!({
+            "files": [
+                {"id": "1", "name": "hello.txt"},
+                {"id": "2", "name": "world.txt"}
+            ]
+        });
+        let output = format_value(&val, &OutputFormat::Table);
+        assert!(output.contains("id"));
+        assert!(output.contains("name"));
+        assert!(output.contains("hello.txt"));
+        assert!(output.contains("world.txt"));
+        // Check separator line
+        assert!(output.contains("──"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_format_table_single_object() {
+        let val = json!({"id": "abc", "name": "test"});
+        let output = format_value(&val, &OutputFormat::Table);
+        assert!(output.contains("id"));
+        assert!(output.contains("abc"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_format_table_nested_object_flattened() {
+        // Nested objects should become dot-notation columns, not raw JSON blobs.
+        let val = json!({
+            "user": {
+                "displayName": "Alice",
+                "emailAddress": "alice@example.com"
+            },
+            "storageQuota": {
+                "limit": "1000",
+                "usage": "500"
+            }
+        });
+        let output = format_value(&val, &OutputFormat::Table);
+        // Should contain dot-notation keys
+        assert!(
+            output.contains("user.displayName"),
+            "expected flattened key in output:\n{output}"
+        );
+        assert!(
+            output.contains("user.emailAddress"),
+            "expected flattened key in output:\n{output}"
+        );
+        assert!(
+            output.contains("Alice"),
+            "expected value in output:\n{output}"
+        );
+        // Should NOT contain raw JSON blobs
+        assert!(
+            !output.contains("{\"displayName"),
+            "should not have raw JSON blob:\n{output}"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_format_table_nested_objects_in_array() {
+        let val = json!([
+            {"id": "1", "owner": {"name": "Alice"}},
+            {"id": "2", "owner": {"name": "Bob"}}
+        ]);
+        let output = format_value(&val, &OutputFormat::Table);
+        assert!(
+            output.contains("owner.name"),
+            "expected flattened column:\n{output}"
+        );
+        assert!(output.contains("Alice"), "expected value:\n{output}");
+        assert!(output.contains("Bob"), "expected value:\n{output}");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_format_table_multibyte_truncation_does_not_panic() {
+        // Column width cap is 60 chars, so a long string with multi-byte chars
+        // must be safely truncated without a byte-boundary panic.
+        let long_emoji = "😀".repeat(70); // each emoji is 4 bytes
+        let val = json!([{"col": long_emoji}]);
+        // Should not panic
+        let output = format_value(&val, &OutputFormat::Table);
+        assert!(output.contains("col"), "column name must appear:\n{output}");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_format_table_multibyte_exact_boundary() {
+        // Multi-byte chars at various positions must not panic or produce garbled output.
+        let val = json!([{"name": "café résumé naïve"}]);
+        let output = format_value(&val, &OutputFormat::Table);
+        assert!(output.contains("name"), "column must appear:\n{output}");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_format_csv() {
+        let val = json!({
+            "files": [
+                {"id": "1", "name": "hello"},
+                {"id": "2", "name": "world"}
+            ]
+        });
+        let output = format_value(&val, &OutputFormat::Csv);
+        assert!(output.contains("id,name"));
+        assert!(output.contains("1,hello"));
+        assert!(output.contains("2,world"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_format_csv_array_of_arrays() {
+        // Sheets API returns {"values": [["col1","col2"], ["a","b"]]}
+        let val = json!({
+            "values": [
+                ["Student Name", "Gender", "Class Level"],
+                ["Alexandra", "Female", "4. Senior"],
+                ["Andrew", "Male", "1. Freshman"]
+            ]
+        });
+        let output = format_value(&val, &OutputFormat::Csv);
+        let lines: Vec<&str> = output.lines().collect();
+        assert_eq!(lines[0], "Student Name,Gender,Class Level");
+        assert_eq!(lines[1], "Alexandra,Female,4. Senior");
+        assert_eq!(lines[2], "Andrew,Male,1. Freshman");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_format_csv_flat_scalars() {
+        // Flat array of non-object, non-array values → one value per line
+        let val = json!(["apple", "banana", "cherry"]);
+        let output = format_value(&val, &OutputFormat::Csv);
+        let lines: Vec<&str> = output.lines().collect();
+        assert_eq!(lines.len(), 3);
+        assert_eq!(lines[0], "apple");
+        assert_eq!(lines[1], "banana");
+        assert_eq!(lines[2], "cherry");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_format_csv_flat_scalars_with_escaping() {
+        // Scalars that contain commas/quotes must be CSV-escaped
+        let val = json!(["plain", "has,comma", "has\"quote"]);
+        let output = format_value(&val, &OutputFormat::Csv);
+        let lines: Vec<&str> = output.lines().collect();
+        assert_eq!(lines.len(), 3);
+        assert_eq!(lines[0], "plain");
+        assert_eq!(lines[1], "\"has,comma\"");
+        assert_eq!(lines[2], "\"has\"\"quote\"");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_format_csv_escape() {
+        assert_eq!(csv_escape("simple"), "simple");
+        assert_eq!(csv_escape("has,comma"), "\"has,comma\"");
+        assert_eq!(csv_escape("has\"quote"), "\"has\"\"quote\"");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_format_yaml() {
+        let val = json!({"name": "test", "count": 42});
+        let output = format_value(&val, &OutputFormat::Yaml);
+        assert!(output.contains("name: \"test\""));
+        assert!(output.contains("count: 42"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_format_table_empty_array() {
+        let val = json!({"files": []});
+        // No items to extract, falls back to single-object table
+        let output = format_value(&val, &OutputFormat::Table);
+        assert!(output.contains("files"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_extract_items() {
+        let val = json!({"files": [{"id": "1"}], "nextPageToken": "abc"});
+        let (key, items) = extract_items(&val).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(key, "files");
+        assert_eq!(items.len(), 1);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_extract_items_none() {
+        let val = json!({"status": "ok"});
+        assert!(extract_items(&val).is_none());
+    }
+
+    // --- YAML block-scalar regression tests ---
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_format_yaml_hash_in_string_is_quoted_not_block() {
+        // `drive#file` contains `#` which is a YAML comment marker; the
+        // serialiser must quote it rather than emit a block scalar.
+        let val = json!({"kind": "drive#file", "id": "123"});
+        let output = format_value(&val, &OutputFormat::Yaml);
+        // Must be a double-quoted string, not a block scalar (`|`).
+        assert!(
+            output.contains("kind: \"drive#file\""),
+            "expected double-quoted kind, got:\n{output}"
+        );
+        assert!(
+            !output.contains("kind: |"),
+            "kind must not use block scalar, got:\n{output}"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_format_yaml_colon_in_string_is_quoted() {
+        let val = json!({"url": "https://example.com/path"});
+        let output = format_value(&val, &OutputFormat::Yaml);
+        assert!(
+            output.contains("url: \"https://example.com/path\""),
+            "expected double-quoted url, got:\n{output}"
+        );
+        assert!(!output.contains("url: |"), "url must not use block scalar");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_format_yaml_multiline_still_uses_block() {
+        let val = json!({"body": "line one\nline two"});
+        let output = format_value(&val, &OutputFormat::Yaml);
+        // Multi-line content should still use block scalar.
+        assert!(
+            output.contains("body: |"),
+            "multiline string must use block scalar, got:\n{output}"
+        );
+    }
+
+    // --- Paginated format tests ---
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_format_value_paginated_csv_first_page_has_header() {
+        let val = json!({
+            "files": [
+                {"id": "1", "name": "a.txt"},
+                {"id": "2", "name": "b.txt"}
+            ]
+        });
+        let output = format_value_paginated(&val, &OutputFormat::Csv, true);
+        let lines: Vec<&str> = output.lines().collect();
+        assert_eq!(lines[0], "id,name", "first page must start with header");
+        assert_eq!(lines[1], "1,a.txt");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_format_value_paginated_csv_continuation_no_header() {
+        let val = json!({
+            "files": [
+                {"id": "3", "name": "c.txt"}
+            ]
+        });
+        let output = format_value_paginated(&val, &OutputFormat::Csv, false);
+        let lines: Vec<&str> = output.lines().collect();
+        // The first (and only) line must be a data row, not the header.
+        assert_eq!(lines[0], "3,c.txt", "continuation page must have no header");
+        assert!(
+            !output.contains("id,name"),
+            "header must be absent on continuation pages"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_format_value_paginated_table_first_page_has_header() {
+        let val = json!({
+            "items": [
+                {"id": "1", "name": "foo"}
+            ]
+        });
+        let output = format_value_paginated(&val, &OutputFormat::Table, true);
+        assert!(
+            output.contains("id"),
+            "table header must appear on first page"
+        );
+        assert!(output.contains("──"), "separator must appear on first page");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_format_value_paginated_table_continuation_no_header() {
+        let val = json!({
+            "items": [
+                {"id": "2", "name": "bar"}
+            ]
+        });
+        let output = format_value_paginated(&val, &OutputFormat::Table, false);
+        assert!(output.contains("bar"), "data row must be present");
+        assert!(
+            !output.contains("──"),
+            "separator must be absent on continuation pages"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_format_value_paginated_yaml_has_document_separator() {
+        let val = json!({"files": [{"id": "1", "name": "foo"}]});
+        let first = format_value_paginated(&val, &OutputFormat::Yaml, true);
+        let second = format_value_paginated(&val, &OutputFormat::Yaml, false);
+        assert!(
+            first.starts_with("---\n"),
+            "first YAML page must start with ---"
+        );
+        assert!(
+            second.starts_with("---\n"),
+            "continuation YAML pages must also start with ---"
+        );
+    }
+
+    // -----------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // OutputPipeline (Step 1: abstraction only — format + color_mode)
+    // -----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    fn matches_for(args: &[&str]) -> clap::ArgMatches {
+        clap::Command::new("test")
+            .arg(
+                clap::Arg::new("format")
+                    .long("format")
+                    .value_name("FORMAT"),
+            )
+            .try_get_matches_from(args)
+            .expect("clap parse should succeed in tests")
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn pipeline_from_matches_defaults_to_json_auto() {
+        let matches = matches_for(&["test"]);
+        let pipeline = OutputPipeline::from_matches(&matches).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(pipeline.format, OutputFormat::Json);
+        assert_eq!(pipeline.color_mode, ColorMode::Auto);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn pipeline_from_matches_reads_explicit_format() {
+        let matches = matches_for(&["test", "--format", "yaml"]);
+        let pipeline = OutputPipeline::from_matches(&matches).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(pipeline.format, OutputFormat::Yaml);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn pipeline_from_matches_rejects_unknown_format() {
+        let matches = matches_for(&["test", "--format", "garbage"]);
+        let err = OutputPipeline::from_matches(&matches).unwrap_err();
+        assert!(
+            matches!(err, FormatError::UnknownFormat(ref s) if s == "garbage"),
+            "expected UnknownFormat, got: {err:?}",
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn pipeline_emit_single_page_json_is_pretty_with_trailing_newline() {
+        let pipeline = OutputPipeline {
+            format: OutputFormat::Json,
+            color_mode: ColorMode::Never,
+            quiet: false,
+        };
+        let val = json!({"name": "test", "n": 1});
+        let mut buf: Vec<u8> = Vec::new();
+        pipeline.emit(&mut buf, &val, false, true).unwrap();
+        let s = String::from_utf8(buf).unwrap();
+        // pretty JSON spans multiple lines
+        assert!(s.contains("\"name\": \"test\""), "expected pretty JSON, got: {s}");
+        assert!(s.contains('\n'), "expected indented (multi-line) JSON");
+        assert!(s.ends_with('\n'), "expected trailing newline");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn pipeline_emit_paginated_json_is_compact_one_line() {
+        let pipeline = OutputPipeline {
+            format: OutputFormat::Json,
+            color_mode: ColorMode::Never,
+            quiet: false,
+        };
+        let val = json!({"name": "test", "n": 1});
+        let mut buf: Vec<u8> = Vec::new();
+        pipeline.emit(&mut buf, &val, true, true).unwrap();
+        let s = String::from_utf8(buf).unwrap();
+        // compact form: exactly one newline (the trailing one); no pretty
+        // indentation; suitable for NDJSON.
+        let body = s.strip_suffix('\n').expect("trailing newline");
+        assert!(!body.contains('\n'), "expected single-line NDJSON, got: {s}");
+        assert!(!body.contains("  "), "expected no indentation, got: {s}");
+        assert!(body.contains("\"name\":\"test\""), "expected compact JSON, got: {s}");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn pipeline_emit_quiet_suppresses_output() {
+        let pipeline = OutputPipeline {
+            format: OutputFormat::Json,
+            color_mode: ColorMode::Never,
+            quiet: true,
+        };
+        let val = json!({"name": "test"});
+        let mut buf: Vec<u8> = Vec::new();
+        pipeline.emit(&mut buf, &val, false, true).unwrap();
+        assert!(buf.is_empty(), "quiet mode should suppress all output");
+    }
+}
diff --git a/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/graphql/app.rs b/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/graphql/app.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..b04c4a6cf262
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/graphql/app.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,482 @@
+//! High-level API for building CLIs from GraphQL schemas.
+//!
+//! [`CliApp`] provides a builder-style API that lets consumers create a
+//! fully-functional CLI in just a few lines. [`AppContext`] exposes the
+//! loaded spec and executor so that custom command handlers can call the
+//! API programmatically.
+
+use crate::auth::{AuthCredentialSource, AuthStrategy, DynAuthProvider, SchemeBinding};
+use crate::error::CliError;
+use crate::formatter;
+use crate::graphql::discovery::{GraphQLSchema as RestDescription, GraphQLOperation as RestMethod};
+use crate::graphql::executor;
+
+/// Builder for a schema-driven CLI application (GraphQL).
+pub struct CliApp {
+    pub(crate) name: String,
+    pub(crate) spec_json: Option<String>,
+    pub(crate) endpoint_url: Option<String>,
+    /// Auth bindings; mirrors the OpenAPI variant. GraphQL introspection
+    /// JSON doesn't carry per-operation security metadata, so the
+    /// constructed provider is `Any` by default — generators can flip
+    /// [`auth_strategy`](Self::auth_strategy) to `All` for APIs that
+    /// require multiple schemes simultaneously.
+    pub(crate) auth_bindings: Vec<(String, SchemeBinding)>,
+    auth_strategy: AuthStrategy,
+    /// Trust roots parsed at builder-call time. Storing parsed certs (not
+    /// raw bytes) means the validation error message lives in one place
+    /// — at the call site of `extra_root_cert`, where it's most useful.
+    pub(crate) extra_root_certs: Vec<reqwest::Certificate>,
+    /// Raw PEM bytes for each trust root added via `extra_root_cert`, kept
+    /// alongside the parsed `extra_root_certs` above. Threaded through to
+    /// `HttpConfig::with_parsed_root_certs` so transport-neutral callers
+    /// (`HttpConfig::resolve`) can hand PEM to non-reqwest TLS connectors.
+    pub(crate) extra_root_certs_pem: Vec<Vec<u8>>,
+}
+
+#[allow(dead_code)] // Methods available for binding wrappers to delegate to.
+impl CliApp {
+    /// Create a new CLI application with the given binary name.
+    pub fn new(name: &str) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            name: name.to_string(),
+            spec_json: None,
+            endpoint_url: None,
+            auth_bindings: Vec::new(),
+            auth_strategy: AuthStrategy::Auto,
+            extra_root_certs: Vec::new(),
+            extra_root_certs_pem: Vec::new(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Set the GraphQL introspection JSON schema string. Typically used with `include_str!`.
+    pub fn spec(mut self, json: &str) -> Self {
+        self.spec_json = Some(json.to_string());
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Set the GraphQL endpoint URL.
+    pub fn endpoint(mut self, url: &str) -> Self {
+        self.endpoint_url = Some(url.to_string());
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Shorthand for `auth_scheme(name, AuthCredentialSource::from_env(env))`.
+    pub fn auth_scheme_env(self, scheme_name: &str, env_var: &str) -> Self {
+        self.auth_scheme(scheme_name, AuthCredentialSource::from_env(env_var))
+    }
+
+    /// Shorthand for `auth_scheme(name, AuthCredentialSource::cli(arg_name))`.
+    /// Auto-registers a global `--<arg_name>` flag at run time.
+    pub fn auth_scheme_cli(self, scheme_name: &str, arg_name: &str) -> Self {
+        self.auth_scheme(scheme_name, AuthCredentialSource::cli(arg_name))
+    }
+
+    /// Shorthand for `auth_scheme(name, AuthCredentialSource::file(path))`.
+    pub fn auth_scheme_file(self, scheme_name: &str, path: impl AsRef<std::path::Path>) -> Self {
+        self.auth_scheme(scheme_name, AuthCredentialSource::file(path))
+    }
+
+    /// Bind a credential source to a named auth scheme. See
+    /// [`crate::openapi::CliApp::auth_scheme`] for the OpenAPI version's
+    /// detailed semantics — the GraphQL variant differs only in that there
+    /// is no spec-declared scheme metadata, so single-value bindings always
+    /// produce an `Authorization: Bearer <value>` provider.
+    pub fn auth_scheme(mut self, scheme_name: &str, source: AuthCredentialSource) -> Self {
+        self.auth_bindings
+            .push((scheme_name.to_string(), SchemeBinding::Token(source)));
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Bind separate username and password sources to a basic-auth scheme.
+    pub fn auth_basic_scheme(
+        mut self,
+        scheme_name: &str,
+        username: AuthCredentialSource,
+        password: AuthCredentialSource,
+    ) -> Self {
+        self.auth_bindings.push((
+            scheme_name.to_string(),
+            SchemeBinding::Basic { username, password },
+        ));
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Plug in a fully-custom [`AuthProvider`][crate::auth::AuthProvider] for
+    /// a scheme name. Wraps the provider in [`Arc`] internally; use
+    /// [`auth_provider_shared`](Self::auth_provider_shared) if you already
+    /// have a `DynAuthProvider`.
+    pub fn auth_provider<P>(self, scheme_name: &str, provider: P) -> Self
+    where
+        P: crate::auth::AuthProvider + 'static,
+    {
+        self.auth_provider_shared(scheme_name, std::sync::Arc::new(provider))
+    }
+
+    /// Variant of [`auth_provider`](Self::auth_provider) that takes an
+    /// already-built [`DynAuthProvider`].
+    pub fn auth_provider_shared(
+        mut self,
+        scheme_name: &str,
+        provider: DynAuthProvider,
+    ) -> Self {
+        self.auth_bindings.push((
+            scheme_name.to_string(),
+            SchemeBinding::Custom(provider),
+        ));
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Pin how the bound auth schemes compose. See
+    /// [`crate::openapi::CliApp::auth_strategy`] for details. GraphQL has
+    /// no per-endpoint security metadata, so [`AuthStrategy::Routing`]
+    /// degenerates to `Any` here.
+    pub fn auth_strategy(mut self, strategy: AuthStrategy) -> Self {
+        self.auth_strategy = strategy;
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Register an extra trust root that this CLI will accept on top of the
+    /// system's default roots. `pem` must be a PEM-encoded certificate (or
+    /// concatenated PEM bundle), typically loaded with `include_bytes!`.
+    ///
+    /// Useful for distributing a CLI inside an organization where every
+    /// machine should trust the company's internal CA out of the box, without
+    /// asking each user to set `<NAME>_CA_BUNDLE`.
+    ///
+    /// ```ignore
+    /// # // ignored: needs a real PEM file at the include path.
+    /// CliApp::new("internal-tool")
+    ///     .spec(include_str!("schema.json"))
+    ///     .endpoint("https://internal.example.com/graphql")
+    ///     .extra_root_cert(include_bytes!("../certs/corp-ca.pem"))
+    ///     .run()
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// Panics if the bytes don't parse as PEM, or if the PEM contains no
+    /// certificates. Failing fast at startup is preferable to silently
+    /// shipping a CLI that ignores its bundled cert.
+    pub fn extra_root_cert(mut self, pem: &[u8]) -> Self {
+        // Share the validation path with `HttpConfig::with_extra_root_cert`
+        // so error wording stays in sync between the panicking builder API
+        // and the Result-returning lower-level API.
+        let certs = crate::http::parse_extra_root_cert(pem)
+            .unwrap_or_else(|e| panic!("CliApp::extra_root_cert: {e}"));
+        self.extra_root_certs.extend(certs);
+        self.extra_root_certs_pem.push(pem.to_vec());
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Decorate a clap `Command` with the auth help section.
+    /// Called from `GraphqlBinding::build_command()`.
+    pub(crate) fn decorate_command(&self, mut cli: clap::Command) -> clap::Command {
+        let existing_after_help = cli.get_after_help().map(|s| s.to_string());
+        let auth_section = crate::auth::render_auth_help_section(&self.auth_bindings);
+        if existing_after_help.is_some() || auth_section.is_some() {
+            let mut sections: Vec<&str> = Vec::with_capacity(2);
+            if let Some(ref s) = existing_after_help {
+                sections.push(s);
+            }
+            if let Some(ref s) = auth_section {
+                sections.push(s);
+            }
+            cli = cli.after_help(sections.join("\n\n"));
+        }
+        cli
+    }
+
+
+    /// Construct the [`DynAuthProvider`] used for this run from the
+    /// registered bindings. GraphQL has no spec-declared schemes; with no
+    /// bindings, returns a `NoAuthProvider`.
+    pub(crate) fn build_auth_provider(&self) -> DynAuthProvider {
+        crate::auth::build_provider_with_strategy(
+            &self.auth_bindings,
+            &std::collections::HashMap::new(),
+            self.auth_strategy,
+            false,
+        )
+    }
+
+    /// Build an auth provider from externally-finalized bindings.
+    /// Used by `GraphqlBinding::dispatch` after CLI-bound auth sources
+    /// have been resolved against the parsed clap matches.
+    pub(crate) fn build_auth_provider_from_finalized(
+        &self,
+        finalized: &[(String, crate::auth::SchemeBinding)],
+    ) -> DynAuthProvider {
+        crate::auth::build_provider_with_strategy(
+            finalized,
+            &std::collections::HashMap::new(),
+            self.auth_strategy,
+            false,
+        )
+    }
+}
+
+/// One binding's worth of prepared state inside an [`AppContext`].
+pub(crate) struct BindingEntry {
+    pub(crate) doc: RestDescription,
+    pub(crate) auth_provider: DynAuthProvider,
+    pub(crate) http_config: crate::http::HttpConfig,
+}
+
+/// Runtime context passed to custom command handlers.
+///
+/// Provides access to the loaded API spec(s) and the constructed auth
+/// provider(s). When multiple `GraphqlBinding`s are registered,
+/// method lookups and execution are automatically routed to the
+/// binding that owns the target method.
+pub struct AppContext {
+    entries: Vec<BindingEntry>,
+    /// Whether `--quiet` was passed on the command line.
+    quiet: bool,
+}
+
+impl AppContext {
+    pub(crate) fn new(
+        doc: RestDescription,
+        auth_provider: DynAuthProvider,
+        http_config: crate::http::HttpConfig,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            entries: vec![BindingEntry { doc, auth_provider, http_config }],
+            quiet: false,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn with_quiet(mut self, quiet: bool) -> Self {
+        self.quiet = quiet;
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Add another binding's prepared state to this context.
+    pub(crate) fn add_entry(&mut self, entry: BindingEntry) {
+        self.entries.push(entry);
+    }
+
+    /// Find which entry owns `method` by pointer identity.
+    fn entry_for_method(&self, method: &RestMethod) -> &BindingEntry {
+        for entry in &self.entries {
+            if resource_tree_contains_method(&entry.doc.resources, method) {
+                return entry;
+            }
+        }
+        &self.entries[0]
+    }
+
+    /// Execute an API method by name, using the same executor as built-in
+    /// commands. Automatically routes to the binding that owns `method`.
+    pub fn execute(
+        &self,
+        method: &RestMethod,
+        params_json: Option<&str>,
+        body_json: Option<&str>,
+        output_format: &formatter::OutputFormat,
+    ) -> Result<(), CliError> {
+        let entry = self.entry_for_method(method);
+        let pagination = executor::PaginationConfig::default();
+        let pipeline = formatter::OutputPipeline {
+            format: output_format.clone(),
+            color_mode: formatter::ColorMode::default(),
+            quiet: self.quiet,
+        };
+
+        tokio::runtime::Handle::current()
+            .block_on(executor::execute_method(
+                &entry.doc,
+                method,
+                params_json,
+                body_json,
+                &entry.auth_provider,
+                false,
+                &pagination,
+                &pipeline,
+                false,
+                None,
+                &entry.http_config,
+            ))
+            .map(|_| ())
+    }
+
+    /// Returns a reference to the loaded API spec.
+    ///
+    /// When multiple `GraphqlBinding`s are registered, this returns the
+    /// first binding's spec. Use [`find_method`](Self::find_method) to
+    /// search across all bindings.
+    pub fn spec(&self) -> &RestDescription {
+        &self.entries[0].doc
+    }
+
+    /// Returns references to all loaded API specs.
+    pub fn specs(&self) -> Vec<&RestDescription> {
+        self.entries.iter().map(|e| &e.doc).collect()
+    }
+
+    /// Search all registered specs for a method at `resource.method_name`.
+    pub fn find_method(
+        &self,
+        resource: &str,
+        method_name: &str,
+    ) -> Result<&RestMethod, CliError> {
+        for entry in &self.entries {
+            if let Some(r) = entry.doc.resources.get(resource) {
+                if let Some(m) = r.methods.get(method_name) {
+                    return Ok(m);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        Err(CliError::Validation(format!(
+            "no method '{method_name}' found in resource '{resource}' across {} binding(s)",
+            self.entries.len(),
+        )))
+    }
+
+    /// Returns a reference to the HTTP/TLS configuration for this CLI run.
+    ///
+    /// See [`crate::openapi::AppContext::http_config`] for the design
+    /// rationale and how non-reqwest transports consume this.
+    pub fn http_config(&self) -> &crate::http::HttpConfig {
+        &self.entries[0].http_config
+    }
+}
+
+/// Recursively check whether any method in the resource tree is
+/// pointer-equal to `target`.
+fn resource_tree_contains_method(
+    resources: &std::collections::HashMap<String, crate::graphql::discovery::GraphQLResource>,
+    target: &RestMethod,
+) -> bool {
+    for resource in resources.values() {
+        for m in resource.methods.values() {
+            if std::ptr::eq(m, target) {
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+        if resource_tree_contains_method(&resource.resources, target) {
+            return true;
+        }
+    }
+    false
+}
+
+/// Recursively walks clap ArgMatches to find the leaf method and its matches.
+pub fn resolve_method_from_matches<'a>(
+    doc: &'a RestDescription,
+    matches: &'a clap::ArgMatches,
+) -> Result<(&'a RestMethod, &'a clap::ArgMatches), CliError> {
+    let mut path: Vec<&str> = Vec::new();
+    let mut current_matches = matches;
+
+    while let Some((sub_name, sub_matches)) = current_matches.subcommand() {
+        path.push(sub_name);
+        current_matches = sub_matches;
+    }
+
+    if path.is_empty() {
+        return Err(CliError::Validation(
+            "No resource or method specified".to_string(),
+        ));
+    }
+
+    let resource_name = path[0];
+    let resource = doc
+        .resources
+        .get(resource_name)
+        .ok_or_else(|| CliError::Validation(format!("Resource '{resource_name}' not found")))?;
+
+    let mut current_resource = resource;
+
+    for &name in &path[1..path.len() - 1] {
+        if let Some(sub) = current_resource.resources.get(name) {
+            current_resource = sub;
+        } else {
+            return Err(CliError::Validation(format!(
+                "Sub-resource '{name}' not found"
+            )));
+        }
+    }
+
+    let method_name = path[path.len() - 1];
+
+    if let Some(method) = current_resource.methods.get(method_name) {
+        return Ok((method, current_matches));
+    }
+
+    Err(CliError::Validation(format!(
+        "Method '{method_name}' not found on resource. Available methods: {:?}",
+        current_resource.methods.keys().collect::<Vec<_>>()
+    )))
+}
+
+/// Collect individual flag values into a params map.
+/// Values from --params JSON override individual flags.
+pub(crate) fn collect_params_from_flags(
+    matched_args: &clap::ArgMatches,
+    method: &crate::graphql::discovery::GraphQLOperation,
+    params_override: Option<&str>,
+) -> Result<serde_json::Map<String, serde_json::Value>, CliError> {
+    let mut params = serde_json::Map::new();
+
+    // Collect values from individual flags
+    for param_name in method.parameters.keys() {
+        if let Some(value) = matched_args.get_one::<String>(param_name) {
+            params.insert(param_name.clone(), serde_json::Value::String(value.clone()));
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Override with --params JSON if provided (--params wins)
+    if let Some(json_str) = params_override {
+        let overrides: serde_json::Map<String, serde_json::Value> =
+            serde_json::from_str(json_str)
+                .map_err(|e| CliError::Validation(format!("Invalid --params JSON: {e}")))?;
+        for (key, value) in overrides {
+            params.insert(key, value);
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok(params)
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn build_pagination_config(matches: &clap::ArgMatches) -> executor::PaginationConfig {
+    executor::PaginationConfig {
+        page_all: matches.get_flag("page-all"),
+        page_limit: matches
+            .get_one::<u32>("page-limit")
+            .copied()
+            .unwrap_or(10),
+        page_delay_ms: matches
+            .get_one::<u64>("page-delay")
+            .copied()
+            .unwrap_or(100),
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_graphql_cli_app_builder() {
+        let app = CliApp::new("test").spec("{}");
+        assert_eq!(app.name, "test");
+        assert!(app.spec_json.is_some());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_graphql_auth_scheme_records_binding() {
+        let app = CliApp::new("t")
+            .spec("{}")
+            .auth_scheme("bearerAuth", AuthCredentialSource::from_env("T"));
+        assert_eq!(app.auth_bindings.len(), 1);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_graphql_cli_app_endpoint() {
+        let app = CliApp::new("graphql-fixture")
+            .spec("{}")
+            .endpoint("https://example.com/graphql");
+        assert_eq!(app.endpoint_url.as_deref(), Some("https://example.com/graphql"));
+    }
+
+}
diff --git a/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/graphql/binding.rs b/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/graphql/binding.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..2b732510efa4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/graphql/binding.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,355 @@
+//! [`GraphqlBinding`] — adapts [`super::CliApp`] to the root
+//! [`crate::binding::Binding`] trait so it can be composed into
+//! a root-level [`crate::app::CliApp`].
+
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use crate::auth::{AuthCredentialSource, DynAuthProvider};
+use crate::binding::{Binding, BoxFuture, DispatchResult};
+use crate::error::CliError;
+use crate::graphql::commands;
+use crate::graphql::discovery::GraphQLSchema;
+use crate::graphql::executor;
+
+struct Prepared {
+    doc: GraphQLSchema,
+    http_config: crate::http::HttpConfig,
+    auth_provider: DynAuthProvider,
+}
+
+/// A GraphQL binding that wraps [`super::CliApp`]'s internals and
+/// exposes them through the [`Binding`] trait.
+#[must_use]
+pub struct GraphqlBinding {
+    inner: super::CliApp,
+    prepared: std::sync::Mutex<Option<Arc<Prepared>>>,
+}
+
+impl Default for GraphqlBinding {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            inner: super::CliApp::new(""),
+            prepared: std::sync::Mutex::new(None),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl GraphqlBinding {
+    /// Create a new GraphQL binding. The CLI name is set automatically
+    /// by `CliApp::binding()` — no need to pass it here.
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        Self::default()
+    }
+
+    pub fn spec(mut self, json: &str) -> Self {
+        self.inner = self.inner.spec(json);
+        self
+    }
+
+    pub fn endpoint(mut self, url: &str) -> Self {
+        self.inner = self.inner.endpoint(url);
+        self
+    }
+
+    pub fn auth_scheme_env(mut self, scheme_name: &str, env_var: &str) -> Self {
+        self.inner = self.inner.auth_scheme_env(scheme_name, env_var);
+        self
+    }
+
+    pub fn auth_scheme(mut self, scheme_name: &str, source: AuthCredentialSource) -> Self {
+        self.inner = self.inner.auth_scheme(scheme_name, source);
+        self
+    }
+
+    pub fn auth_basic_scheme(
+        mut self,
+        scheme_name: &str,
+        username: AuthCredentialSource,
+        password: AuthCredentialSource,
+    ) -> Self {
+        self.inner = self.inner.auth_basic_scheme(scheme_name, username, password);
+        self
+    }
+
+    pub fn auth_provider(
+        mut self,
+        scheme_name: &str,
+        provider: impl crate::auth::provider::AuthProvider + 'static,
+    ) -> Self {
+        self.inner = self.inner.auth_provider(scheme_name, provider);
+        self
+    }
+
+    fn ensure_prepared(&self) -> Result<Arc<Prepared>, CliError> {
+        let mut guard = self.prepared.lock().unwrap();
+        if let Some(ref arc) = *guard {
+            return Ok(Arc::clone(arc));
+        }
+
+        let json = self.inner.spec_json.as_deref().ok_or_else(|| {
+            CliError::Discovery("No spec provided. Call .spec() on GraphqlBinding.".to_string())
+        })?;
+        let endpoint = self.inner.endpoint_url.as_deref().ok_or_else(|| {
+            CliError::Discovery(
+                "No endpoint provided. Call .endpoint() on GraphqlBinding.".to_string(),
+            )
+        })?;
+        let doc = crate::graphql::load_graphql_schema(json, &self.inner.name, endpoint)?;
+
+        let http_config = crate::http::HttpConfig::new(&self.inner.name)?
+            .with_parsed_root_certs(
+                self.inner.extra_root_certs.iter().cloned(),
+                self.inner.extra_root_certs_pem.iter().cloned(),
+            );
+        let auth_provider = self.inner.build_auth_provider();
+
+        let arc = Arc::new(Prepared {
+            doc,
+            http_config,
+            auth_provider,
+        });
+        *guard = Some(Arc::clone(&arc));
+        Ok(arc)
+    }
+
+    /// Build a [`BindingEntry`](super::app::BindingEntry) from this
+    /// binding's prepared state and the current CLI matches.
+    fn build_binding_entry(
+        &self,
+        matches: &clap::ArgMatches,
+    ) -> Result<super::app::BindingEntry, CliError> {
+        let prepared = self.ensure_prepared()?;
+
+        // Finalize CLI-arg-bound auth sources against parsed matches,
+        // mirroring dispatch() so custom command handlers get working auth.
+        let cli_auth_args = crate::auth::collect_binding_cli_args(&self.inner.auth_bindings);
+        let auth_provider = if cli_auth_args.is_empty() {
+            prepared.auth_provider.clone()
+        } else {
+            let matches_arc = std::sync::Arc::new(matches.clone());
+            let finalized = crate::auth::finalize_bindings(
+                self.inner.auth_bindings.clone(),
+                &matches_arc,
+            );
+            self.inner.build_auth_provider_from_finalized(&finalized)
+        };
+
+        Ok(super::app::BindingEntry {
+            doc: prepared.doc.clone(),
+            auth_provider,
+            http_config: prepared.http_config.clone(),
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Wrap a typed handler function into a [`CliCommandHandler`] that
+    /// automatically downcasts the binding context to
+    /// [`AppContext`](super::AppContext).
+    ///
+    /// Use this with [`CliApp::command()`](crate::app::CliApp::command)
+    /// or [`CliApp::command_under()`](crate::app::CliApp::command_under).
+    pub fn handler(
+        f: fn(&clap::ArgMatches, &super::AppContext) -> Result<(), crate::error::CliError>,
+    ) -> crate::app::CliCommandHandler {
+        Box::new(move |matches: &clap::ArgMatches, ctx: &dyn std::any::Any| {
+            let ctx = ctx.downcast_ref::<super::AppContext>().ok_or_else(|| {
+                crate::error::CliError::Validation(
+                    "handler requires a GraphQL binding context".into(),
+                )
+            })?;
+            f(matches, ctx)
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl Binding for GraphqlBinding {
+    fn name(&self) -> &str {
+        &self.inner.name
+    }
+
+    fn set_cli_name(&mut self, name: &str) {
+        self.inner.name = name.to_string();
+    }
+
+    fn set_root_auth(&mut self, bindings: &[(String, crate::auth::SchemeBinding)]) {
+        let mut merged = bindings.to_vec();
+        merged.extend(std::mem::take(&mut self.inner.auth_bindings));
+        self.inner.auth_bindings = merged;
+    }
+
+    fn build_command(&self) -> Result<clap::Command, CliError> {
+        let prepared = self.ensure_prepared()?;
+        let cli = commands::build_cli(&prepared.doc);
+        let mut cli = self.inner.decorate_command(cli);
+
+        // Register global --<name> flags for CLI-bound auth sources
+        // so clap knows about them before parsing.
+        let cli_auth_args = crate::auth::collect_binding_cli_args(&self.inner.auth_bindings);
+        for arg_name in &cli_auth_args {
+            let kebab = arg_name.replace('_', "-");
+            cli = cli.arg(
+                clap::Arg::new(arg_name.clone())
+                    .long(kebab)
+                    .global(true)
+                    .value_name(arg_name.to_uppercase())
+                    .help("Auth credential"),
+            );
+        }
+
+        Ok(cli)
+    }
+
+    fn render_json_help(
+        &self,
+        subcommand_path: &[String],
+        out: &mut dyn std::io::Write,
+    ) -> Result<bool, CliError> {
+        let prepared = self.ensure_prepared()?;
+        match super::help::write_json_help(&prepared.doc, subcommand_path, out) {
+            Ok(()) => Ok(true),
+            // "Resource not found" / "Operation not found" means the path
+            // belongs to a different binding — return false so the
+            // dispatch_pipeline loop tries the next one.
+            Err(CliError::Validation(msg))
+                if msg.contains("not found") =>
+            {
+                Ok(false)
+            }
+            Err(e) => Err(e),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn dispatch<'a>(
+        &'a self,
+        root_matches: &'a clap::ArgMatches,
+        _sub_matches: &'a clap::ArgMatches,
+        _op_path: &'a [String],
+    ) -> BoxFuture<'a, Result<DispatchResult, CliError>> {
+        let prepared = match self.ensure_prepared() {
+            Ok(p) => p,
+            Err(e) => return Box::pin(async move { Err(e) }),
+        };
+
+        Box::pin(async move {
+            // If any auth source uses CLI flags, finalize them against
+            // the parsed matches and rebuild the auth provider.
+            let cli_auth_args = crate::auth::collect_binding_cli_args(&self.inner.auth_bindings);
+            let auth_provider = if cli_auth_args.is_empty() {
+                prepared.auth_provider.clone()
+            } else {
+                let matches_arc = std::sync::Arc::new(root_matches.clone());
+                let finalized = crate::auth::finalize_bindings(
+                    self.inner.auth_bindings.clone(),
+                    &matches_arc,
+                );
+                self.inner.build_auth_provider_from_finalized(&finalized)
+            };
+
+            let (method, matched_args) =
+                super::resolve_method_from_matches(&prepared.doc, root_matches)?;
+
+            let params_override = matched_args
+                .get_one::<String>("params")
+                .map(|s| s.as_str());
+            let params = super::app::collect_params_from_flags(
+                matched_args,
+                method,
+                params_override,
+            )?;
+            let params_json_string = serde_json::to_string(&params)
+                .map_err(|e| CliError::Validation(format!("Failed to serialize params: {e}")))?;
+            let params_json: Option<&str> = if params.is_empty() {
+                None
+            } else {
+                Some(&params_json_string)
+            };
+
+            let body_json_owned = crate::cli_args::resolve_body_json(matched_args)?;
+            let body_json = body_json_owned.as_deref();
+
+            let dry_run = matched_args.get_flag("dry-run");
+            let pagination = super::app::build_pagination_config(matched_args);
+
+            let base_url_override_owned =
+                crate::cli_args::resolve_base_url_override(root_matches, &self.inner.name)?;
+            let base_url_override = base_url_override_owned.as_deref();
+
+            let result = executor::execute_method(
+                &prepared.doc,
+                method,
+                params_json,
+                body_json,
+                &auth_provider,
+                dry_run,
+                &pagination,
+                &crate::formatter::OutputPipeline::default(),
+                true, // capture_output
+                base_url_override,
+                &prepared.http_config,
+            )
+            .await?;
+
+            match result {
+                Some(value) => Ok(DispatchResult::Value(value)),
+                None => Ok(DispatchResult::Handled),
+            }
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn binding_context(
+        &self,
+        matches: &clap::ArgMatches,
+    ) -> Result<Option<Box<dyn std::any::Any + Send + Sync>>, CliError> {
+        let entry = self.build_binding_entry(matches)?;
+        let quiet = matches
+            .try_get_one::<bool>("quiet")
+            .ok()
+            .flatten()
+            .copied()
+            .unwrap_or(false);
+        let ctx = super::AppContext::new(
+            entry.doc,
+            entry.auth_provider,
+            entry.http_config,
+        ).with_quiet(quiet);
+        Ok(Some(Box::new(ctx)))
+    }
+
+    fn merge_binding_context(
+        &self,
+        matches: &clap::ArgMatches,
+        existing: Option<Box<dyn std::any::Any + Send + Sync>>,
+    ) -> Result<Option<Box<dyn std::any::Any + Send + Sync>>, CliError> {
+        let entry = self.build_binding_entry(matches)?;
+        let quiet = matches
+            .try_get_one::<bool>("quiet")
+            .ok()
+            .flatten()
+            .copied()
+            .unwrap_or(false);
+        match existing {
+            Some(ctx_box) => match ctx_box.downcast::<super::AppContext>() {
+                Ok(mut ctx) => {
+                    ctx.add_entry(entry);
+                    Ok(Some(ctx as Box<dyn std::any::Any + Send + Sync>))
+                }
+                Err(original) => {
+                    let ctx = super::AppContext::new(
+                        entry.doc,
+                        entry.auth_provider,
+                        entry.http_config,
+                    ).with_quiet(quiet);
+                    let _ = original;
+                    Ok(Some(Box::new(ctx)))
+                }
+            },
+            None => {
+                let ctx = super::AppContext::new(
+                    entry.doc,
+                    entry.auth_provider,
+                    entry.http_config,
+                ).with_quiet(quiet);
+                Ok(Some(Box::new(ctx)))
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/graphql/commands.rs b/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/graphql/commands.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..a65076c45209
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/graphql/commands.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,394 @@
+//! CLI Command Builder
+//!
+//! Builds a dynamic `clap::Command` tree from the internal API representation.
+
+use clap::builder::PossibleValuesParser;
+use clap::{Arg, Command};
+
+use crate::graphql::discovery::{GraphQLSchema as RestDescription, GraphQLResource as RestResource};
+use crate::text::to_kebab_flag;
+
+/// Names of built-in flags that must not be duplicated by parameter-derived flags.
+const BUILTIN_FLAG_NAMES: &[&str] = &[
+    "params",
+    "json",
+    "format",
+    "dry-run",
+    "base-url",
+    "page-all",
+    "page-limit",
+    "page-delay",
+    "quiet",
+    "help",
+];
+
+/// Builds the full CLI command tree from an API description.
+pub fn build_cli(doc: &RestDescription) -> Command {
+    let about_text = doc
+        .title
+        .clone()
+        .unwrap_or_else(|| format!("{} CLI", doc.name));
+    let mut root = Command::new(doc.name.clone())
+        .about(about_text)
+        .term_width(200)
+        .subcommand_required(true)
+        .arg_required_else_help(true)
+        .arg(
+            clap::Arg::new("dry-run")
+                .long("dry-run")
+                .help("Validate the request locally without sending it to the API")
+                .action(clap::ArgAction::SetTrue)
+                .global(true),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            clap::Arg::new("format")
+                .long("format")
+                .help("Output format: json (default), table, yaml, csv")
+                .value_name("FORMAT")
+                .global(true),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            clap::Arg::new("base-url")
+                .long("base-url")
+                .help("Override the API base URL (e.g. for testing against a mock server)")
+                .value_name("URL")
+                .global(true),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            clap::Arg::new("quiet")
+                .long("quiet")
+                .short('q')
+                .help("Suppress stdout output on success (errors still go to stderr)")
+                .action(clap::ArgAction::SetTrue)
+                .global(true),
+        );
+
+    // Add resource subcommands
+    let mut resource_names: Vec<_> = doc.resources.keys().collect();
+    resource_names.sort();
+    for name in resource_names {
+        let resource = &doc.resources[name];
+        if let Some(cmd) = build_resource_command(name, resource) {
+            root = root.subcommand(cmd);
+        }
+    }
+
+    root
+}
+
+/// Recursively builds a Command for a resource.
+/// Returns None if the resource has no methods or sub-resources.
+fn build_resource_command(name: &str, resource: &RestResource) -> Option<Command> {
+    let mut cmd = Command::new(name.to_string())
+        .about(format!("Operations on '{name}'"))
+        .subcommand_required(true)
+        .arg_required_else_help(true);
+
+    let mut has_children = false;
+
+    // Add method subcommands
+    let mut method_names: Vec<_> = resource.methods.keys().collect();
+    method_names.sort();
+    for method_name in method_names {
+        let method = &resource.methods[method_name];
+
+        has_children = true;
+
+        let about = crate::text::truncate_description(
+            method.description.as_deref().unwrap_or(""),
+            crate::text::CLI_DESCRIPTION_LIMIT,
+            true,
+        );
+
+        let mut method_cmd = Command::new(method_name.to_string())
+            .about(about)
+            .arg(
+                Arg::new("params")
+                    .long("params")
+                    .help("Additional parameters as JSON (overrides individual flags)")
+                    .value_name("JSON"),
+            )
+            .arg(
+                Arg::new("json")
+                    .long("json")
+                    .help("JSON string for the request body (use `-` to read from stdin)")
+                    .value_name("JSON|-"),
+            );
+
+        // Pagination flags
+        method_cmd = method_cmd
+            .arg(
+                Arg::new("page-all")
+                    .long("page-all")
+                    .help("Auto-paginate through all results (NDJSON)")
+                    .action(clap::ArgAction::SetTrue),
+            )
+            .arg(
+                Arg::new("page-limit")
+                    .long("page-limit")
+                    .help("Maximum number of pages to fetch (default: 10)")
+                    .value_name("N")
+                    .value_parser(clap::value_parser!(u32)),
+            )
+            .arg(
+                Arg::new("page-delay")
+                    .long("page-delay")
+                    .help("Delay in milliseconds between page fetches (default: 100)")
+                    .value_name("MS")
+                    .value_parser(clap::value_parser!(u64)),
+            );
+
+        // Generate individual flags from method parameters
+        let mut param_names: Vec<_> = method.parameters.keys().collect();
+        param_names.sort();
+        for param_name in param_names {
+            let kebab_name = to_kebab_flag(param_name);
+            if BUILTIN_FLAG_NAMES.contains(&kebab_name.as_str()) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            let param = &method.parameters[param_name];
+
+            let value_name = match param.param_type.as_deref() {
+                Some("string") => "STRING",
+                Some("integer") => "NUMBER",
+                Some("number") => "NUMBER",
+                Some("boolean") => "BOOLEAN",
+                _ => "VALUE",
+            };
+
+            let help_text = crate::text::truncate_description(
+                param.description.as_deref().unwrap_or(""),
+                crate::text::CLI_DESCRIPTION_LIMIT,
+                true,
+            );
+
+            let mut arg = Arg::new(param_name.clone())
+                .long(kebab_name)
+                .value_name(value_name)
+                .help(help_text);
+
+            // Don't promote introspection defaults to clap defaults for flattened
+            // GraphQL input fields. Per the GraphQL spec, `defaultValue` on an input
+            // field describes the *server's* fallback when the client omits the field
+            // — it is not a value the client should always send. Materializing it as a
+            // clap default makes the flag look user-supplied, which forces the parent
+            // input object to materialize as a variable even when the user passed
+            // nothing for it, producing arguments the server may reject.
+            let is_graphql_input_field = param.graphql_input_arg.is_some();
+            if let Some(ref default) = param.default {
+                if !is_graphql_input_field {
+                    arg = arg.default_value(default.clone());
+                }
+            }
+
+            if let Some(ref enum_values) = param.enum_values {
+                arg = arg.value_parser(PossibleValuesParser::new(enum_values.clone()));
+            }
+
+            method_cmd = method_cmd.arg(arg);
+        }
+
+        cmd = cmd.subcommand(method_cmd);
+    }
+
+    // Add sub-resource subcommands (recursive)
+    let mut sub_names: Vec<_> = resource.resources.keys().collect();
+    sub_names.sort();
+    for sub_name in sub_names {
+        let sub_resource = &resource.resources[sub_name];
+        if let Some(sub_cmd) = build_resource_command(sub_name, sub_resource) {
+            has_children = true;
+            cmd = cmd.subcommand(sub_cmd);
+        }
+    }
+
+    if has_children {
+        Some(cmd)
+    } else {
+        None
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::graphql::discovery::{MethodParameter, GraphQLOperation as RestMethod, GraphQLResource as RestResource};
+    use std::collections::HashMap;
+
+    fn make_doc() -> RestDescription {
+        let mut methods = HashMap::new();
+        methods.insert("list".to_string(), RestMethod::default());
+        methods.insert("delete".to_string(), RestMethod::default());
+
+        let mut resources = HashMap::new();
+        resources.insert(
+            "files".to_string(),
+            RestResource {
+                methods,
+                resources: HashMap::new(),
+            },
+        );
+
+        RestDescription {
+            name: "test-cli".to_string(),
+            resources,
+            ..Default::default()
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_all_commands_always_shown() {
+        let doc = make_doc();
+        let cmd = build_cli(&doc);
+
+        let files_cmd = cmd
+            .find_subcommand("files")
+            .expect("files resource missing");
+
+        assert!(files_cmd.find_subcommand("list").is_some());
+        assert!(files_cmd.find_subcommand("delete").is_some());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_root_uses_doc_name() {
+        let doc = make_doc();
+        let cmd = build_cli(&doc);
+        assert_eq!(cmd.get_name(), "test-cli");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_method_params_become_flags() {
+        let mut params = HashMap::new();
+        params.insert(
+            "uuid".to_string(),
+            MethodParameter {
+                param_type: Some("string".to_string()),
+                description: Some("The user UUID".to_string()),
+                required: true,
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+        );
+        params.insert(
+            "status".to_string(),
+            MethodParameter {
+                param_type: Some("string".to_string()),
+                description: Some("Filter by status".to_string()),
+                enum_values: Some(vec!["active".to_string(), "inactive".to_string()]),
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+        );
+
+        let mut methods = HashMap::new();
+        methods.insert(
+            "get-user".to_string(),
+            RestMethod {
+                parameters: params,
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+        );
+
+        let mut resources = HashMap::new();
+        resources.insert(
+            "users".to_string(),
+            RestResource {
+                methods,
+                resources: HashMap::new(),
+            },
+        );
+
+        let doc = RestDescription {
+            name: "test-cli".to_string(),
+            resources,
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+
+        let cmd = build_cli(&doc);
+        let users_cmd = cmd.find_subcommand("users").expect("users resource missing");
+        let get_user_cmd = users_cmd
+            .find_subcommand("get-user")
+            .expect("get-user method missing");
+
+        // Verify individual flags exist
+        let args: Vec<String> = get_user_cmd
+            .get_arguments()
+            .map(|a| a.get_id().to_string())
+            .collect();
+        assert!(args.contains(&"uuid".to_string()), "uuid flag missing");
+        assert!(args.contains(&"status".to_string()), "status flag missing");
+        assert!(args.contains(&"params".to_string()), "params flag missing");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_builtin_flag_names_not_duplicated() {
+        let mut params = HashMap::new();
+        params.insert(
+            "format".to_string(),
+            MethodParameter {
+                param_type: Some("string".to_string()),
+                description: Some("Response format".to_string()),
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+        );
+        params.insert(
+            "real_param".to_string(),
+            MethodParameter {
+                param_type: Some("string".to_string()),
+                description: Some("A real param".to_string()),
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+        );
+
+        let mut methods = HashMap::new();
+        methods.insert(
+            "test-method".to_string(),
+            RestMethod {
+                parameters: params,
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+        );
+
+        let mut resources = HashMap::new();
+        resources.insert(
+            "things".to_string(),
+            RestResource {
+                methods,
+                resources: HashMap::new(),
+            },
+        );
+
+        let doc = RestDescription {
+            name: "test-cli".to_string(),
+            resources,
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+
+        // This should not panic from duplicate arg names
+        let cmd = build_cli(&doc);
+        let things_cmd = cmd
+            .find_subcommand("things")
+            .expect("things resource missing");
+        let test_cmd = things_cmd
+            .find_subcommand("test-method")
+            .expect("test-method missing");
+
+        let args: Vec<String> = test_cmd
+            .get_arguments()
+            .map(|a| a.get_id().to_string())
+            .collect();
+
+        // "format" should NOT appear as a duplicated param flag,
+        // but "real_param" should be present.
+        assert!(
+            args.contains(&"real_param".to_string()),
+            "real_param flag missing"
+        );
+
+        // Count occurrences of "format" — should be at most 1 (from the global flag)
+        let format_count = args.iter().filter(|a| *a == "format").count();
+        assert!(
+            format_count <= 1,
+            "format flag duplicated: found {format_count}"
+        );
+    }
+}
diff --git a/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/graphql/discovery.rs b/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/graphql/discovery.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..0f7c72a02192
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/graphql/discovery.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,145 @@
+//! Internal GraphQL Representation
+//!
+//! Data structures the parser produces from a GraphQL introspection JSON
+//! and the command builder + executor consume.
+
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+
+use serde::Deserialize;
+
+/// Top-level GraphQL schema description.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize, Default)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct GraphQLSchema {
+    pub name: String,
+    pub version: String,
+    pub title: Option<String>,
+    pub description: Option<String>,
+    /// Endpoint URL the executor POSTs queries to.
+    pub root_url: String,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub resources: HashMap<String, GraphQLResource>,
+}
+
+/// A resource which can contain operations and nested sub-resources.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize, Default)]
+pub struct GraphQLResource {
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub methods: HashMap<String, GraphQLOperation>,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub resources: HashMap<String, GraphQLResource>,
+}
+
+/// A single GraphQL operation (query or mutation).
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize, Default)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct GraphQLOperation {
+    pub id: Option<String>,
+    pub description: Option<String>,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub parameters: HashMap<String, MethodParameter>,
+    /// GraphQL operation metadata: query/mutation kind, field name, args, return shape.
+    pub graphql: Option<GraphQLMethodInfo>,
+    /// Per-method base URL (populated from the spec's server URL during parsing).
+    /// When non-empty, takes priority over doc.root_url in URL construction.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub root_url: String,
+}
+
+/// Metadata for a GraphQL operation.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize, Default)]
+pub struct GraphQLMethodInfo {
+    /// "query" or "mutation".
+    pub operation_type: String,
+    /// The original field name in the schema (e.g., "issueCreate").
+    pub field_name: String,
+    /// Default selection set as a GraphQL fragment string (e.g., "{ id title createdAt }").
+    pub default_selection: String,
+    /// Ordered list of top-level arguments, used to build `$var: Type` declarations.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub args: Vec<GraphQLArgDef>,
+}
+
+/// One argument of a GraphQL operation.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize, Default)]
+pub struct GraphQLArgDef {
+    /// camelCase argument name as it appears in the schema (e.g., "id", "input").
+    pub name: String,
+    /// kebab-case CLI flag key used to look this argument up in the params map.
+    pub flag_key: String,
+    /// Full GraphQL type string including nullability (e.g., "String!", "IssueCreateInput").
+    pub gql_type: String,
+    /// True when this arg takes an input object whose fields were flattened into CLI flags.
+    pub is_input: bool,
+    /// True when the argument's GraphQL type is a list (e.g., `[IssueSortInput!]`).
+    /// Used at variable-build time to wrap the reconstructed input object in a JSON array.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub is_list: bool,
+}
+
+/// A CLI parameter derived from a GraphQL argument or flattened input field.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize, Default)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct MethodParameter {
+    /// JSON-Schema-flavored type used for value coercion (string/integer/number/boolean).
+    #[serde(rename = "type")]
+    pub param_type: Option<String>,
+    pub description: Option<String>,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub required: bool,
+    pub default: Option<String>,
+    #[serde(rename = "enum")]
+    pub enum_values: Option<Vec<String>>,
+    /// For flattened input fields: the camelCase name of the top-level argument.
+    /// E.g., a field flattened from `input: IssueCreateInput` has
+    /// `graphql_input_arg = Some("input")`.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub graphql_input_arg: Option<String>,
+    /// Dotted camelCase path within the input argument for nested input fields.
+    /// E.g., a field at `input.dateRange.start` has
+    /// `graphql_field_path = Some("dateRange.start")`. When absent, the path is
+    /// derived from the flag key (top-level flattened field).
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub graphql_field_path: Option<String>,
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_deserialize_graphql_schema() {
+        let json = r#"{
+            "name": "test",
+            "version": "v1",
+            "rootUrl": "https://api.example.com/graphql",
+            "resources": {
+                "issue": {
+                    "methods": {
+                        "get": {}
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }"#;
+
+        let doc: GraphQLSchema = serde_json::from_str(json).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(doc.name, "test");
+        assert_eq!(doc.root_url, "https://api.example.com/graphql");
+
+        let issue = doc.resources.get("issue").expect("issue resource missing");
+        assert!(issue.methods.contains_key("get"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_deserialize_defaults() {
+        let json = r#"{
+            "name": "test",
+            "version": "v1",
+            "rootUrl": "https://api.example.com/graphql"
+        }"#;
+
+        let doc: GraphQLSchema = serde_json::from_str(json).unwrap();
+        assert!(doc.resources.is_empty());
+    }
+
+}
diff --git a/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/graphql/executor.rs b/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/graphql/executor.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..dab3e92329ae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/graphql/executor.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,909 @@
+//! GraphQL Request Execution
+//!
+//! Builds and dispatches POST requests carrying GraphQL operations.
+//! Handles auth, response unwrapping (`data` envelope and `errors`),
+//! and cursor-based pagination via `pageInfo.endCursor`.
+
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+
+use anyhow::Context;
+use serde_json::{json, Map, Value};
+
+use crate::auth::{handle_error_response, DynAuthProvider, EndpointAuthMetadata};
+use crate::error::CliError;
+use crate::graphql::discovery::{
+    GraphQLArgDef, GraphQLMethodInfo, GraphQLOperation, GraphQLSchema, MethodParameter,
+};
+
+/// Configuration for cursor-based auto-pagination.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct PaginationConfig {
+    /// Whether to auto-paginate through all pages.
+    pub page_all: bool,
+    /// Maximum number of pages to fetch (default: 10).
+    pub page_limit: u32,
+    /// Delay between page fetches in milliseconds (default: 100).
+    pub page_delay_ms: u64,
+}
+
+impl Default for PaginationConfig {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            page_all: false,
+            page_limit: 10,
+            page_delay_ms: 100,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Parsed inputs ready for request execution.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+struct ExecutionInput {
+    params: Map<String, Value>,
+    body: Value,
+    full_url: String,
+}
+
+fn parse_and_validate_inputs(
+    doc: &GraphQLSchema,
+    method: &GraphQLOperation,
+    params_json: Option<&str>,
+    body_json: Option<&str>,
+    base_url_override: Option<&str>,
+) -> Result<ExecutionInput, CliError> {
+    let params: Map<String, Value> = if let Some(p) = params_json {
+        serde_json::from_str(p)
+            .map_err(|e| CliError::Validation(format!("Invalid --params JSON: {e}")))?
+    } else {
+        Map::new()
+    };
+
+    let gql = method.graphql.as_ref().ok_or_else(|| {
+        CliError::Discovery("GraphQL method info missing from spec".to_string())
+    })?;
+
+    for (param_name, param_def) in &method.parameters {
+        if param_def.required
+            && !params.contains_key(param_name)
+            && param_def.graphql_input_arg.is_none()
+        {
+            return Err(CliError::Validation(format!(
+                "Required parameter '{param_name}' is missing"
+            )));
+        }
+    }
+
+    let body = build_graphql_body(gql, &params, body_json, &method.parameters, None)?;
+    let full_url = base_url_override
+        .map(|u| u.trim_end_matches('/').to_string())
+        .unwrap_or_else(|| doc.root_url.clone());
+
+    Ok(ExecutionInput { params, body, full_url })
+}
+
+/// Build a POST request with auth and a JSON GraphQL body.
+fn build_http_request(
+    client: &reqwest::Client,
+    input: &ExecutionInput,
+    auth_provider: &DynAuthProvider,
+) -> Result<reqwest::RequestBuilder, CliError> {
+    let request = client.post(&input.full_url);
+    // GraphQL has no per-operation security metadata in the introspection
+    // schema, so the metadata is always "unspecified" — the provider's own
+    // default policy decides what to attach.
+    let request = auth_provider.apply(request, &EndpointAuthMetadata::unspecified())?;
+    let request = request
+        .header("Content-Type", "application/json")
+        .json(&input.body);
+    Ok(request)
+}
+
+/// Parse a GraphQL response body: surface `errors` and unwrap the `data` envelope.
+///
+/// GraphQL allows partial results: a response may have both `data` and `errors`
+/// (common in federation). When both are present, errors are printed to stderr
+/// and the partial data is returned. Only when there is no `data` at all do we
+/// treat the errors as fatal.
+fn parse_graphql_response(body_text: &str) -> Result<String, CliError> {
+    let json_val: Value = serde_json::from_str(body_text).map_err(|e| CliError::Api {
+        code: 400,
+        message: format!("Invalid GraphQL response: {e}"),
+        reason: "graphql_parse_error".to_string(),
+    })?;
+
+    let has_data = json_val
+        .get("data")
+        .map(|d| !d.is_null())
+        .unwrap_or(false);
+
+    if let Some(errors) = json_val.get("errors").and_then(|e| e.as_array()) {
+        if !errors.is_empty() {
+            let message = errors
+                .iter()
+                .filter_map(|e| e.get("message").and_then(|m| m.as_str()))
+                .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+                .join("; ");
+            if has_data {
+                eprintln!("GraphQL partial errors: {message}");
+            } else {
+                return Err(CliError::Api {
+                    code: 400,
+                    message,
+                    reason: "graphql_error".to_string(),
+                });
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    let unwrapped = if let Some(data) = json_val.get("data").filter(|d| !d.is_null()) {
+        if let Value::Object(map) = data {
+            if map.len() == 1 {
+                map.values().next().unwrap().clone()
+            } else {
+                data.clone()
+            }
+        } else {
+            data.clone()
+        }
+    } else {
+        json_val
+    };
+
+    serde_json::to_string(&unwrapped).map_err(|e| CliError::Api {
+        code: 500,
+        message: format!("Failed to serialize GraphQL response: {e}"),
+        reason: "graphql_serialize_error".to_string(),
+    })
+}
+
+/// Print or capture a JSON response and bump the page counter.
+async fn handle_json_response(
+    body_text: &str,
+    pipeline: &crate::formatter::OutputPipeline,
+    pages_fetched: &mut u32,
+    page_all: bool,
+    capture_output: bool,
+    captured: &mut Vec<Value>,
+) -> Result<(), CliError> {
+    if let Ok(json_val) = serde_json::from_str::<Value>(body_text) {
+        *pages_fetched += 1;
+
+        if capture_output {
+            captured.push(json_val);
+        } else if page_all {
+            let is_first_page = *pages_fetched == 1;
+            let mut out = std::io::stdout().lock();
+            pipeline
+                .emit(&mut out, &json_val, true, is_first_page)
+                .context("Failed to write output")?;
+        } else {
+            let mut out = std::io::stdout().lock();
+            pipeline
+                .emit(&mut out, &json_val, false, true)
+                .context("Failed to write output")?;
+        }
+    } else if !capture_output && !pipeline.quiet && !body_text.is_empty() {
+        println!("{body_text}");
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+
+/// Executes a GraphQL operation.
+///
+/// Posts the rendered query to the schema's endpoint, unwraps the `data` envelope,
+/// and continues paginating via `pageInfo.endCursor` until the page limit is hit.
+#[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
+pub async fn execute_method(
+    doc: &GraphQLSchema,
+    method: &GraphQLOperation,
+    params_json: Option<&str>,
+    body_json: Option<&str>,
+    auth_provider: &DynAuthProvider,
+    dry_run: bool,
+    pagination: &PaginationConfig,
+    pipeline: &crate::formatter::OutputPipeline,
+    capture_output: bool,
+    base_url_override: Option<&str>,
+    http_config: &crate::http::HttpConfig,
+) -> Result<Option<Value>, CliError> {
+    let mut input =
+        parse_and_validate_inputs(doc, method, params_json, body_json, base_url_override)?;
+
+    if dry_run {
+        let dry_run_info = json!({
+            "dry_run": true,
+            "url": input.full_url,
+            "method": "POST",
+            "body": input.body,
+        });
+        if capture_output {
+            return Ok(Some(dry_run_info));
+        }
+        let mut out = std::io::stdout().lock();
+        pipeline
+            .emit(&mut out, &dry_run_info, false, true)
+            .context("Failed to write output")?;
+        return Ok(None);
+    }
+
+    let mut pages_fetched: u32 = 0;
+    let mut captured_values = Vec::new();
+
+    // Build the client once outside the pagination loop. Client construction
+    // reads env vars and (with TLS) builds a connection pool; rebuilding per
+    // page would defeat connection reuse and emit any one-time warnings
+    // (e.g. insecure-mode) once per page.
+    let client = http_config.build_client()?;
+
+    loop {
+        let request = build_http_request(&client, &input, auth_provider)?;
+
+        let method_id = method.id.as_deref().unwrap_or("unknown");
+        let start = std::time::Instant::now();
+        let response = match request.send().await {
+            Ok(resp) => resp,
+            Err(e) => {
+                // Surface a human-readable hint to stderr if this looks like
+                // a TLS failure — the most common debugging hump for users
+                // behind corporate proxies / interception tools. The hint is
+                // a side effect; the error then propagates up like any other.
+                crate::http::maybe_emit_tls_hint(http_config, &e);
+                return Err(anyhow::Error::from(e).context("HTTP request failed").into());
+            }
+        };
+        let latency_ms = start.elapsed().as_millis() as u64;
+
+        let status = response.status();
+
+        if !status.is_success() {
+            let error_body = response.text().await.unwrap_or_default();
+            tracing::warn!(
+                api_method = method_id,
+                http_method = "POST",
+                status = status.as_u16(),
+                latency_ms = latency_ms,
+                "API error"
+            );
+            return handle_error_response(
+                status,
+                &error_body,
+                auth_provider.as_ref(),
+                &EndpointAuthMetadata::unspecified(),
+            );
+        }
+
+        tracing::debug!(
+            api_method = method_id,
+            http_method = "POST",
+            status = status.as_u16(),
+            latency_ms = latency_ms,
+            page = pages_fetched,
+            "API request"
+        );
+
+        let body_text = response
+            .text()
+            .await
+            .context("Failed to read response body")?;
+        let response_body = parse_graphql_response(&body_text)?;
+
+        handle_json_response(
+            &response_body,
+            pipeline,
+            &mut pages_fetched,
+            pagination.page_all,
+            capture_output,
+            &mut captured_values,
+        )
+        .await?;
+
+        // GraphQL cursor-based pagination: rebuild the body with the next
+        // cursor and POST again until we run out of pages or hit the limit.
+        if pagination.page_all {
+            if let Some(cursor) = extract_graphql_cursor(&response_body) {
+                if pages_fetched < pagination.page_limit {
+                    if let Some(ref gql_info) = method.graphql {
+                        let params_clone = input.params.clone();
+                        input.body = build_graphql_body(
+                            gql_info,
+                            &params_clone,
+                            body_json,
+                            &method.parameters,
+                            Some(&cursor),
+                        )?;
+                    }
+                    if pagination.page_delay_ms > 0 {
+                        tokio::time::sleep(std::time::Duration::from_millis(
+                            pagination.page_delay_ms,
+                        ))
+                        .await;
+                    }
+                    continue;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        break;
+    }
+
+    if capture_output && !captured_values.is_empty() {
+        if captured_values.len() == 1 {
+            return Ok(Some(captured_values.pop().unwrap()));
+        } else {
+            return Ok(Some(Value::Array(captured_values)));
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok(None)
+}
+
+/// Build a GraphQL request body using the variables mechanism.
+///
+/// User-supplied values are placed in the `variables` JSON object and referenced
+/// via `$name: Type` declarations in the query — they never appear in the query
+/// string itself, preventing GraphQL injection.
+///
+/// `cursor` injects an `after` variable for cursor-based pagination when
+/// `page-all` is in effect; it is only applied when the method declares an
+/// `after` argument.
+fn build_graphql_body(
+    gql: &GraphQLMethodInfo,
+    params: &Map<String, Value>,
+    body_json: Option<&str>,
+    method_params: &HashMap<String, MethodParameter>,
+    cursor: Option<&str>,
+) -> Result<Value, CliError> {
+    let mut variables: Map<String, Value> = Map::new();
+
+    // Parse --json once; it targets the first input arg only.
+    let body_obj: Option<Map<String, Value>> = if let Some(json_str) = body_json {
+        let json_val: Value = serde_json::from_str(json_str)
+            .map_err(|e| CliError::Validation(format!("Invalid --json body: {e}")))?;
+        match json_val {
+            Value::Object(obj) => Some(obj),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    } else {
+        None
+    };
+    let mut json_applied = false;
+
+    for arg_def in &gql.args {
+        if arg_def.is_input {
+            // Reconstruct the input object from flattened CLI flags. Each flag
+            // tagged with this arg_name carries a graphql_field_path (dotted
+            // camelCase path within the input) for nested field placement.
+            let mut input_obj: Map<String, Value> = Map::new();
+            for (flag_key, value) in params {
+                if let Some(mp) = method_params.get(flag_key) {
+                    if mp.graphql_input_arg.as_deref() == Some(arg_def.name.as_str()) {
+                        let coerced = coerce_graphql_value(value, Some(mp));
+                        if let Some(path) = mp.graphql_field_path.as_deref() {
+                            set_nested_value(&mut input_obj, path, coerced);
+                        } else {
+                            let camel = kebab_to_camel(flag_key);
+                            set_nested_value(&mut input_obj, &camel, coerced);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            // --json targets the first input arg only (deep-merges at the top level).
+            if !json_applied {
+                if let Some(ref obj) = body_obj {
+                    for (k, v) in obj {
+                        input_obj.insert(k.clone(), v.clone());
+                    }
+                    json_applied = true;
+                }
+            }
+            if !input_obj.is_empty() {
+                // For list-typed input arguments (e.g. `arg: [SomeInput!]`), the
+                // variable must be serialized as a JSON array. The GraphQL spec
+                // defines input coercion that lifts a single value into a singleton
+                // list, but coercion of typed *variables* is not uniformly enforced
+                // across server implementations — emitting an explicit array is the
+                // portable, spec-conformant shape. We currently flatten one element's
+                // worth of fields, so wrap the reconstructed object accordingly.
+                let value = if arg_def.is_list {
+                    Value::Array(vec![Value::Object(input_obj)])
+                } else {
+                    Value::Object(input_obj)
+                };
+                variables.insert(arg_def.name.clone(), value);
+            }
+        } else {
+            // Direct scalar/enum arg: look it up by its CLI flag key.
+            if let Some(value) = params.get(&arg_def.flag_key) {
+                let coerced = coerce_graphql_value(value, method_params.get(&arg_def.flag_key));
+                variables.insert(arg_def.name.clone(), coerced);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Inject pagination cursor when the method declares an `after` argument.
+    if let Some(cursor_val) = cursor {
+        if gql.args.iter().any(|a| a.name == "after") {
+            variables.insert("after".to_string(), Value::String(cursor_val.to_string()));
+        }
+    }
+
+    let op_type = &gql.operation_type;
+    let field_name = &gql.field_name;
+    let selection = &gql.default_selection;
+
+    let query = if variables.is_empty() {
+        format!("{op_type} {{ {field_name} {selection} }}")
+    } else {
+        let present_args: Vec<&GraphQLArgDef> = gql
+            .args
+            .iter()
+            .filter(|a| variables.contains_key(&a.name))
+            .collect();
+        let decls = present_args
+            .iter()
+            .map(|a| format!("${}: {}", a.name, a.gql_type))
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+            .join(", ");
+        let refs = present_args
+            .iter()
+            .map(|a| format!("{}: ${}", a.name, a.name))
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+            .join(", ");
+        format!("{op_type}({decls}) {{ {field_name}({refs}) {selection} }}")
+    };
+
+    Ok(json!({
+        "query": query,
+        "variables": variables,
+    }))
+}
+
+/// Set a value at a dotted camelCase path within a JSON object, creating
+/// intermediate objects as needed. E.g., path `"dateRange.start"` sets
+/// `obj["dateRange"]["start"] = value`.
+fn set_nested_value(obj: &mut Map<String, Value>, path: &str, value: Value) {
+    match path.split_once('.') {
+        None => {
+            obj.insert(path.to_string(), value);
+        }
+        Some((head, tail)) => {
+            let nested = obj
+                .entry(head.to_string())
+                .or_insert_with(|| Value::Object(Map::new()));
+            if let Value::Object(nested_map) = nested {
+                set_nested_value(nested_map, tail, value);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Extract `endCursor` from an unwrapped GraphQL response when `hasNextPage` is true.
+fn extract_graphql_cursor(response_body: &str) -> Option<String> {
+    let val: Value = serde_json::from_str(response_body).ok()?;
+    let page_info = val.get("pageInfo")?;
+    let has_next = page_info.get("hasNextPage")?.as_bool()?;
+    if !has_next {
+        return None;
+    }
+    page_info
+        .get("endCursor")?
+        .as_str()
+        .map(|s| s.to_string())
+}
+
+/// Coerce a JSON value to the correct type based on the parameter definition.
+/// CLI flags always come in as strings; this converts "3" → 3 for integers, etc.
+fn coerce_graphql_value(value: &Value, param_def: Option<&MethodParameter>) -> Value {
+    if let Value::String(s) = value {
+        if let Some(def) = param_def {
+            match def.param_type.as_deref() {
+                Some("integer") => {
+                    if let Ok(n) = s.parse::<i64>() {
+                        return Value::Number(n.into());
+                    }
+                }
+                Some("number") => {
+                    if let Ok(n) = s.parse::<f64>() {
+                        if let Some(num) = serde_json::Number::from_f64(n) {
+                            return Value::Number(num);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                Some("boolean") => match s.as_str() {
+                    "true" => return Value::Bool(true),
+                    "false" => return Value::Bool(false),
+                    _ => {}
+                },
+                _ => {}
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    value.clone()
+}
+
+/// Convert kebab-case to camelCase.
+fn kebab_to_camel(s: &str) -> String {
+    let mut result = String::with_capacity(s.len());
+    let mut capitalize_next = false;
+    for ch in s.chars() {
+        if ch == '-' {
+            capitalize_next = true;
+        } else if capitalize_next {
+            result.push(ch.to_uppercase().next().unwrap());
+            capitalize_next = false;
+        } else {
+            result.push(ch);
+        }
+    }
+    result
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use serde_json::json;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_pagination_config_default() {
+        let config = PaginationConfig::default();
+        assert!(!config.page_all);
+        assert_eq!(config.page_limit, 10);
+        assert_eq!(config.page_delay_ms, 100);
+    }
+
+    // -----------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // handle_json_response
+    // -----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_handle_json_response_capture_output() {
+        let pipeline = crate::formatter::OutputPipeline::default();
+        let mut pages_fetched = 0u32;
+        let mut captured = Vec::new();
+
+        handle_json_response(
+            r#"{"items":["a"]}"#,
+            &pipeline,
+            &mut pages_fetched,
+            false,
+            true,
+            &mut captured,
+        )
+        .await
+        .unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(captured.len(), 1);
+        assert_eq!(pages_fetched, 1);
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_handle_json_response_non_json_body() {
+        let pipeline = crate::formatter::OutputPipeline::default();
+        let mut pages_fetched = 0u32;
+        let mut captured = Vec::new();
+
+        handle_json_response(
+            "not json at all",
+            &pipeline,
+            &mut pages_fetched,
+            false,
+            false,
+            &mut captured,
+        )
+        .await
+        .unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(pages_fetched, 0);
+    }
+
+    // -----------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // build_http_request
+    // -----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_build_http_request_posts_json_body() {
+        let client = reqwest::Client::new();
+        let input = ExecutionInput {
+            full_url: "https://example.com/graphql".to_string(),
+            body: json!({"query": "{ ping }", "variables": {}}),
+            params: Map::new(),
+        };
+
+        let request = build_http_request(&client, &input, &crate::auth::no_auth_provider()).unwrap();
+        let built = request.build().unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(built.method(), "POST");
+        assert_eq!(
+            built
+                .headers()
+                .get("Content-Type")
+                .and_then(|v| v.to_str().ok()),
+            Some("application/json"),
+        );
+    }
+
+    // -----------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // execute_method
+    // -----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    fn minimal_ping_doc_and_method() -> (GraphQLSchema, GraphQLOperation) {
+        let doc = GraphQLSchema {
+            name: "test".to_string(),
+            version: "v1".to_string(),
+            root_url: "https://example.com/graphql".to_string(),
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let method = GraphQLOperation {
+            id: Some("ping".to_string()),
+            graphql: Some(crate::graphql::discovery::GraphQLMethodInfo {
+                operation_type: "query".to_string(),
+                field_name: "ping".to_string(),
+                default_selection: String::new(),
+                args: Vec::new(),
+            }),
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        (doc, method)
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_execute_method_dry_run_with_http_config() {
+        // dry_run skips network I/O entirely, but still exercises the new
+        // http_config parameter path — proving that the caller's
+        // HttpConfig is plumbed all the way to execute_method.
+        let (doc, method) = minimal_ping_doc_and_method();
+        let pagination = PaginationConfig::default();
+        let pipeline = crate::formatter::OutputPipeline::default();
+        let http_config = crate::http::HttpConfig::new("test").unwrap();
+
+        let result = execute_method(
+            &doc,
+            &method,
+            None,
+            None,
+            &crate::auth::no_auth_provider(),
+            true, // dry_run
+            &pagination,
+            &pipeline,
+            true, // capture_output
+            None,
+            &http_config,
+        )
+        .await
+        .expect("dry-run should succeed");
+
+        let value = result.expect("dry-run with capture_output should return Some");
+        assert_eq!(value["dry_run"], json!(true));
+        assert_eq!(value["url"], json!("https://example.com/graphql"));
+        assert_eq!(value["method"], json!("POST"));
+    }
+
+    // -----------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // parse_graphql_response
+    // -----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_parse_graphql_response_errors_only_is_fatal() {
+        let body = json!({
+            "errors": [{"message": "Not found"}]
+        })
+        .to_string();
+        let result = parse_graphql_response(&body);
+        assert!(result.is_err(), "errors-only should be fatal");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_parse_graphql_response_errors_and_data_returns_data() {
+        let body = json!({
+            "data": {"node": {"id": "n1", "name": "test"}},
+            "errors": [{"message": "partial failure"}]
+        })
+        .to_string();
+        let result = parse_graphql_response(&body).expect("errors+data should succeed");
+        let val: Value = serde_json::from_str(&result).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(val["id"], "n1", "partial data should be returned");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_parse_graphql_response_null_data_with_errors_is_fatal() {
+        let body = json!({
+            "data": null,
+            "errors": [{"message": "fatal"}]
+        })
+        .to_string();
+        let result = parse_graphql_response(&body);
+        assert!(result.is_err(), "null data + errors should be fatal");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_parse_graphql_response_unwraps_single_field() {
+        let body = json!({
+            "data": {"issues": {"nodes": [{"id": "i1"}]}}
+        })
+        .to_string();
+        let result = parse_graphql_response(&body).unwrap();
+        let val: Value = serde_json::from_str(&result).unwrap();
+        assert!(val.get("nodes").is_some(), "should unwrap single-field data envelope");
+    }
+
+    // -----------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // extract_graphql_cursor
+    // -----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_extract_graphql_cursor_returns_cursor_when_has_next() {
+        let body = json!({
+            "nodes": [],
+            "pageInfo": {"hasNextPage": true, "endCursor": "cursor-abc"}
+        })
+        .to_string();
+        let cursor = extract_graphql_cursor(&body);
+        assert_eq!(cursor, Some("cursor-abc".to_string()));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_extract_graphql_cursor_returns_none_when_no_next() {
+        let body = json!({
+            "nodes": [],
+            "pageInfo": {"hasNextPage": false, "endCursor": "cursor-abc"}
+        })
+        .to_string();
+        assert_eq!(extract_graphql_cursor(&body), None);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_extract_graphql_cursor_returns_none_when_no_page_info() {
+        let body = json!({"nodes": []}).to_string();
+        assert_eq!(extract_graphql_cursor(&body), None);
+    }
+
+    // -----------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // set_nested_value
+    // -----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_set_nested_value_flat() {
+        let mut obj = Map::new();
+        set_nested_value(&mut obj, "name", Value::String("alice".to_string()));
+        assert_eq!(obj["name"], "alice");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_set_nested_value_two_levels() {
+        let mut obj = Map::new();
+        set_nested_value(
+            &mut obj,
+            "dateRange.start",
+            Value::String("2024-01-01".to_string()),
+        );
+        set_nested_value(
+            &mut obj,
+            "dateRange.end",
+            Value::String("2024-12-31".to_string()),
+        );
+        let date_range = obj["dateRange"].as_object().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(date_range["start"], "2024-01-01");
+        assert_eq!(date_range["end"], "2024-12-31");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_set_nested_value_three_levels() {
+        let mut obj = Map::new();
+        set_nested_value(&mut obj, "a.b.c", Value::String("deep".to_string()));
+        assert_eq!(obj["a"]["b"]["c"], "deep");
+    }
+
+    // -----------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // build_graphql_body
+    // -----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_build_graphql_body_injects_cursor_when_after_arg_present() {
+        let gql = GraphQLMethodInfo {
+            operation_type: "query".to_string(),
+            field_name: "nodes".to_string(),
+            default_selection: "{ nodes { id } pageInfo { hasNextPage endCursor } }".to_string(),
+            args: vec![
+                GraphQLArgDef {
+                    name: "first".to_string(),
+                    flag_key: "first".to_string(),
+                    gql_type: "Int".to_string(),
+                    is_input: false,
+                    is_list: false,
+                },
+                GraphQLArgDef {
+                    name: "after".to_string(),
+                    flag_key: "after".to_string(),
+                    gql_type: "String".to_string(),
+                    is_input: false,
+                    is_list: false,
+                },
+            ],
+        };
+        let params = Map::new();
+        let method_params: HashMap<String, MethodParameter> = HashMap::new();
+
+        let body =
+            build_graphql_body(&gql, &params, None, &method_params, Some("cursor-xyz")).unwrap();
+        let vars = body["variables"].as_object().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(vars.get("after").and_then(|v| v.as_str()), Some("cursor-xyz"));
+        assert!(body["query"].as_str().unwrap().contains("$after: String"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_build_graphql_body_no_cursor_when_no_after_arg() {
+        let gql = GraphQLMethodInfo {
+            operation_type: "query".to_string(),
+            field_name: "node".to_string(),
+            default_selection: "{ id name }".to_string(),
+            args: vec![GraphQLArgDef {
+                name: "id".to_string(),
+                flag_key: "id".to_string(),
+                gql_type: "String!".to_string(),
+                is_input: false,
+                is_list: false,
+            }],
+        };
+        let mut params = Map::new();
+        params.insert("id".to_string(), Value::String("n1".to_string()));
+        let method_params: HashMap<String, MethodParameter> = HashMap::new();
+
+        let body =
+            build_graphql_body(&gql, &params, None, &method_params, Some("cursor-xyz")).unwrap();
+        let vars = body["variables"].as_object().unwrap();
+        assert!(vars.get("after").is_none(), "no after arg = cursor not injected");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_build_graphql_body_reconstructs_nested_input() {
+        let gql = GraphQLMethodInfo {
+            operation_type: "query".to_string(),
+            field_name: "filteredNodes".to_string(),
+            default_selection: "{ nodes { id } }".to_string(),
+            args: vec![GraphQLArgDef {
+                name: "filter".to_string(),
+                flag_key: "filter".to_string(),
+                gql_type: "NodeFilter".to_string(),
+                is_input: true,
+                is_list: false,
+            }],
+        };
+
+        let mut params = Map::new();
+        params.insert(
+            "date-range-start".to_string(),
+            Value::String("2024-01-01".to_string()),
+        );
+        params.insert(
+            "date-range-end".to_string(),
+            Value::String("2024-12-31".to_string()),
+        );
+
+        let mut method_params: HashMap<String, MethodParameter> = HashMap::new();
+        method_params.insert(
+            "date-range-start".to_string(),
+            MethodParameter {
+                param_type: Some("string".to_string()),
+                graphql_input_arg: Some("filter".to_string()),
+                graphql_field_path: Some("dateRange.start".to_string()),
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+        );
+        method_params.insert(
+            "date-range-end".to_string(),
+            MethodParameter {
+                param_type: Some("string".to_string()),
+                graphql_input_arg: Some("filter".to_string()),
+                graphql_field_path: Some("dateRange.end".to_string()),
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+        );
+
+        let body = build_graphql_body(&gql, &params, None, &method_params, None).unwrap();
+        let filter = body["variables"]["filter"].as_object().unwrap();
+        let date_range = filter["dateRange"].as_object().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(date_range["start"], "2024-01-01");
+        assert_eq!(date_range["end"], "2024-12-31");
+    }
+}
diff --git a/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/graphql/help.rs b/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/graphql/help.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..0974c5ea7e46
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/graphql/help.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,373 @@
+//! JSON help output — renders `--help --format json` as a machine-readable
+//! schema. When an agent passes both `--help` (or `-h`) and `--format json`,
+//! `app.rs` intercepts before clap parses and calls [`render_json_help`].
+
+use serde_json::{json, Map, Value};
+
+use crate::error::CliError;
+use crate::graphql::discovery::{GraphQLOperation, GraphQLResource, GraphQLSchema};
+
+/// Renders JSON help for the given subcommand path and prints it to stdout.
+#[cfg(test)]
+pub fn render_json_help(doc: &GraphQLSchema, path: &[String]) -> Result<(), CliError> {
+    write_json_help(doc, path, &mut std::io::stdout())
+}
+
+/// Writer-parameterized variant of [`render_json_help`].
+pub fn write_json_help(
+    doc: &GraphQLSchema,
+    path: &[String],
+    out: &mut dyn std::io::Write,
+) -> Result<(), CliError> {
+    let output = match path.len() {
+        0 => list_all_operations(doc),
+        1 => list_resource_operations(doc, &path[0])?,
+        _ => {
+            // Try treating last element as a method name first.
+            // If that fails, the full path may resolve to a nested sub-resource — list its ops.
+            let resource_path: Vec<&str> = path[..path.len() - 1].iter().map(|s| s.as_str()).collect();
+            let method_name = path[path.len() - 1].as_str();
+            match operation_schema(doc, &resource_path, method_name) {
+                Ok(schema) => schema,
+                Err(_) => {
+                    let full_path: Vec<&str> = path.iter().map(|s| s.as_str()).collect();
+                    list_nested_resource_operations(doc, &full_path)?
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    };
+
+    writeln!(
+        out,
+        "{}",
+        serde_json::to_string_pretty(&output)
+            .map_err(|e| CliError::Validation(format!("Failed to serialize help: {e}")))?
+    )
+    .map_err(|e| CliError::Other(e.into()))?;
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn list_all_operations(doc: &GraphQLSchema) -> Value {
+    let mut ops: Vec<Value> = Vec::new();
+    let mut names: Vec<_> = doc.resources.keys().collect();
+    names.sort();
+    for name in names {
+        collect_resource_ops(&doc.resources[name], &[name], &mut ops);
+    }
+    json!(ops)
+}
+
+fn list_resource_operations(doc: &GraphQLSchema, resource: &str) -> Result<Value, CliError> {
+    let res = doc
+        .resources
+        .get(resource)
+        .ok_or_else(|| CliError::Validation(format!("Resource not found: {resource}")))?;
+    let mut ops: Vec<Value> = Vec::new();
+    collect_resource_ops(res, &[resource], &mut ops);
+    Ok(json!(ops))
+}
+
+fn list_nested_resource_operations(doc: &GraphQLSchema, path: &[&str]) -> Result<Value, CliError> {
+    let first = path.first().ok_or_else(|| {
+        CliError::Validation("No resource specified".to_string())
+    })?;
+    let mut res = doc
+        .resources
+        .get(*first)
+        .ok_or_else(|| CliError::Validation(format!("Resource not found: {first}")))?;
+    for segment in &path[1..] {
+        res = res
+            .resources
+            .get(*segment)
+            .ok_or_else(|| CliError::Validation(format!("Resource not found: {segment}")))?;
+    }
+    let mut ops: Vec<Value> = Vec::new();
+    collect_resource_ops(res, path, &mut ops);
+    Ok(json!(ops))
+}
+
+fn operation_schema(doc: &GraphQLSchema, resource_path: &[&str], method_name: &str) -> Result<Value, CliError> {
+    let first = resource_path.first().ok_or_else(|| {
+        CliError::Validation("No resource specified".to_string())
+    })?;
+
+    let mut res = doc
+        .resources
+        .get(*first)
+        .ok_or_else(|| CliError::Validation(format!("Resource not found: {first}")))?;
+
+    for segment in &resource_path[1..] {
+        res = res
+            .resources
+            .get(*segment)
+            .ok_or_else(|| CliError::Validation(format!("Resource not found: {segment}")))?;
+    }
+
+    let method = res.methods.get(method_name).ok_or_else(|| {
+        CliError::Validation(format!(
+            "Operation not found: {} {method_name}",
+            resource_path.join(" ")
+        ))
+    })?;
+
+    Ok(build_schema(resource_path, method_name, method))
+}
+
+fn build_schema(resource_path: &[&str], method_name: &str, method: &GraphQLOperation) -> Value {
+    let mut properties: Map<String, Value> = Map::new();
+    let mut required: Vec<String> = Vec::new();
+
+    let mut param_names: Vec<_> = method.parameters.keys().collect();
+    param_names.sort();
+    for name in param_names {
+        let param = &method.parameters[name];
+        let mut prop = json!({
+            "type": param.param_type.as_deref().unwrap_or("string"),
+            "description": param.description.as_deref().unwrap_or(""),
+        });
+        if let Some(enums) = &param.enum_values {
+            prop["enum"] = json!(enums);
+        }
+        if param.required {
+            required.push(name.clone());
+        }
+        properties.insert(name.clone(), prop);
+    }
+    required.sort();
+
+    let (operation_type, field) = method
+        .graphql
+        .as_ref()
+        .map(|g| (g.operation_type.as_str(), g.field_name.as_str()))
+        .unwrap_or(("query", ""));
+
+    json!({
+        "operation": format!("{}.{}", resource_path.join("."), method_name),
+        "operationType": operation_type,
+        "field": field,
+        "description": method.description.as_deref().unwrap_or(""),
+        "parameters": {
+            "type": "object",
+            "properties": properties,
+            "required": required,
+        },
+    })
+}
+
+fn collect_resource_ops(res: &GraphQLResource, path: &[&str], ops: &mut Vec<Value>) {
+    let mut method_names: Vec<_> = res.methods.keys().collect();
+    method_names.sort();
+    for method_name in method_names {
+        let m = &res.methods[method_name];
+        let (operation_type, field) = m
+            .graphql
+            .as_ref()
+            .map(|g| (g.operation_type.as_str(), g.field_name.as_str()))
+            .unwrap_or(("query", ""));
+        ops.push(json!({
+            "operation": format!("{}.{}", path.join("."), method_name),
+            "operationType": operation_type,
+            "field": field,
+            "description": m.description.as_deref().unwrap_or(""),
+        }));
+    }
+    let mut sub_names: Vec<_> = res.resources.keys().collect();
+    sub_names.sort();
+    for sub_name in sub_names {
+        let mut sub_path = path.to_vec();
+        sub_path.push(sub_name);
+        collect_resource_ops(&res.resources[sub_name], &sub_path, ops);
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::graphql::discovery::{MethodParameter, GraphQLOperation, GraphQLResource};
+    use std::collections::HashMap;
+
+    fn make_doc() -> GraphQLSchema {
+        use crate::graphql::discovery::GraphQLMethodInfo;
+
+        let mut params = HashMap::new();
+        params.insert(
+            "user_id".to_string(),
+            MethodParameter {
+                param_type: Some("string".to_string()),
+                description: Some("The user ID".to_string()),
+                required: true,
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+        );
+        let mut methods = HashMap::new();
+        methods.insert(
+            "get".to_string(),
+            GraphQLOperation {
+                description: Some("Get a user".to_string()),
+                parameters: params,
+                graphql: Some(GraphQLMethodInfo {
+                    operation_type: "query".to_string(),
+                    field_name: "user".to_string(),
+                    default_selection: "{ id name }".to_string(),
+                    args: Vec::new(),
+                }),
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+        );
+        let mut resources = HashMap::new();
+        resources.insert(
+            "users".to_string(),
+            GraphQLResource {
+                methods,
+                resources: HashMap::new(),
+            },
+        );
+        GraphQLSchema {
+            name: "test".to_string(),
+            resources,
+            ..Default::default()
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_render_root_lists_all() {
+        let doc = make_doc();
+        let output = list_all_operations(&doc);
+        let arr = output.as_array().unwrap();
+        assert!(!arr.is_empty());
+        assert_eq!(arr[0]["operation"], "users.get");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_render_resource() {
+        let doc = make_doc();
+        let output = list_resource_operations(&doc, "users").unwrap();
+        let arr = output.as_array().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(arr.len(), 1);
+        assert_eq!(arr[0]["operation"], "users.get");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_render_operation_schema() {
+        let doc = make_doc();
+        let schema = operation_schema(&doc, &["users"], "get").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(schema["operationType"], "query");
+        assert_eq!(schema["field"], "user");
+        let required = schema["parameters"]["required"].as_array().unwrap();
+        assert!(required.iter().any(|v| v == "user_id"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_render_json_help_nested_sub_resource_listing() {
+        let mut nested_methods = std::collections::HashMap::new();
+        nested_methods.insert(
+            "get-membership".to_string(),
+            crate::graphql::discovery::GraphQLOperation::default(),
+        );
+        let mut sub_resources = std::collections::HashMap::new();
+        sub_resources.insert(
+            "memberships".to_string(),
+            GraphQLResource {
+                methods: nested_methods,
+                resources: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
+            },
+        );
+        let mut resources = std::collections::HashMap::new();
+        resources.insert(
+            "organizations".to_string(),
+            GraphQLResource {
+                methods: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
+                resources: sub_resources,
+            },
+        );
+        let doc = GraphQLSchema {
+            name: "test".to_string(),
+            resources,
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+
+        let path: Vec<String> = vec!["organizations".into(), "memberships".into()];
+        let result = render_json_help(&doc, &path);
+        assert!(result.is_ok(), "sub-resource path should list operations, not error");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_render_nested_operation_schema() {
+        use crate::graphql::discovery::GraphQLMethodInfo;
+
+        let mut nested_methods = std::collections::HashMap::new();
+        nested_methods.insert(
+            "get-membership".to_string(),
+            crate::graphql::discovery::GraphQLOperation {
+                description: Some("Get a membership".to_string()),
+                graphql: Some(GraphQLMethodInfo {
+                    operation_type: "query".to_string(),
+                    field_name: "membership".to_string(),
+                    default_selection: "{ id }".to_string(),
+                    args: Vec::new(),
+                }),
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+        );
+        let mut sub_resources = std::collections::HashMap::new();
+        sub_resources.insert(
+            "memberships".to_string(),
+            GraphQLResource {
+                methods: nested_methods,
+                resources: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
+            },
+        );
+        let mut resources = std::collections::HashMap::new();
+        resources.insert(
+            "organizations".to_string(),
+            GraphQLResource {
+                methods: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
+                resources: sub_resources,
+            },
+        );
+        let doc = GraphQLSchema {
+            name: "test".to_string(),
+            resources,
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+
+        let schema = operation_schema(&doc, &["organizations", "memberships"], "get-membership").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(schema["operation"], "organizations.memberships.get-membership");
+        assert_eq!(schema["operationType"], "query");
+        assert_eq!(schema["field"], "membership");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_render_json_help_dispatches_nested_path() {
+        let mut nested_methods = std::collections::HashMap::new();
+        nested_methods.insert(
+            "get-membership".to_string(),
+            crate::graphql::discovery::GraphQLOperation::default(),
+        );
+        let mut sub_resources = std::collections::HashMap::new();
+        sub_resources.insert(
+            "memberships".to_string(),
+            GraphQLResource {
+                methods: nested_methods,
+                resources: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
+            },
+        );
+        let mut resources = std::collections::HashMap::new();
+        resources.insert(
+            "organizations".to_string(),
+            GraphQLResource {
+                methods: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
+                resources: sub_resources,
+            },
+        );
+        let doc = GraphQLSchema {
+            name: "test".to_string(),
+            resources,
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+
+        let path: Vec<String> = vec!["organizations".into(), "memberships".into(), "get-membership".into()];
+        let result = render_json_help(&doc, &path);
+        assert!(result.is_ok(), "nested path should resolve correctly");
+    }
+}
diff --git a/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/graphql/mod.rs b/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/graphql/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..cd021beda24e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/graphql/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+mod app;
+mod binding;
+pub mod commands;
+mod help;
+pub mod executor;
+mod parser;
+pub mod discovery;
+
+pub use self::app::{AppContext, resolve_method_from_matches};
+pub(crate) use self::app::CliApp;
+pub use self::binding::GraphqlBinding;
+pub use self::parser::load_graphql_schema;
diff --git a/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/graphql/parser.rs b/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/graphql/parser.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..2b956c4bbe08
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/graphql/parser.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,974 @@
+//! GraphQL Introspection JSON Parser
+//!
+//! Converts a GraphQL introspection JSON schema into the internal `GraphQLSchema`
+//! used by the CLI command builder and executor.
+//!
+//! Input format: `{"data": {"__schema": {...}}}` (standard introspection response)
+//! or `{"__schema": {...}}` (bare schema).
+//!
+//! Use `src/bin/strip_schema.rs` to remove descriptions and built-in meta-types
+//! before checking in a schema file.
+
+use serde_json::Value;
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+
+use crate::graphql::discovery::{
+    GraphQLArgDef, GraphQLMethodInfo, MethodParameter, GraphQLSchema, GraphQLOperation, GraphQLResource,
+};
+use crate::error::CliError;
+
+/// GraphQL built-in scalar type names.
+const BUILTIN_SCALARS: &[&str] = &["String", "Int", "Float", "Boolean", "ID"];
+
+/// Known suffixes for mutations, used to split into resource + method name.
+const MUTATION_SUFFIXES: &[&str] = &[
+    "Unarchive",
+    "Archive",
+    "Create",
+    "Update",
+    "Delete",
+    "Remove",
+    "Connect",
+    "Disconnect",
+    "Import",
+    "Rotate",
+    "Accept",
+    "Decline",
+    "Leave",
+    "Join",
+    "Resume",
+    "Pause",
+    "Suspend",
+    "Unsuspend",
+    "Mark",
+];
+
+/// Load a GraphQL introspection JSON schema and convert it into a `GraphQLSchema`.
+///
+/// Accepts either the full introspection response (`{"data": {"__schema": ...}}`)
+/// or the bare schema object (`{"__schema": ...}`).
+pub fn load_graphql_schema(
+    introspection_json: &str,
+    cli_name: &str,
+    endpoint: &str,
+) -> Result<GraphQLSchema, CliError> {
+    let data: Value = serde_json::from_str(introspection_json)
+        .map_err(|e| CliError::Discovery(format!("Failed to parse introspection JSON: {e}")))?;
+
+    // Support both wrapped and bare introspection responses.
+    let schema = if data.get("data").is_some() {
+        &data["data"]["__schema"]
+    } else {
+        &data["__schema"]
+    };
+
+    let types = schema["types"]
+        .as_array()
+        .ok_or_else(|| CliError::Discovery("Missing 'types' array in schema".to_string()))?;
+
+    let mut object_types: HashMap<&str, &Value> = HashMap::new();
+    let mut input_types: HashMap<&str, &Value> = HashMap::new();
+    let mut enum_types: HashMap<&str, &Value> = HashMap::new();
+    let mut scalar_names: Vec<String> = BUILTIN_SCALARS.iter().map(|s| s.to_string()).collect();
+
+    for ty in types {
+        let kind = ty["kind"].as_str().unwrap_or("");
+        let name = match ty["name"].as_str() {
+            Some(n) if !n.starts_with("__") => n,
+            _ => continue,
+        };
+        match kind {
+            "OBJECT" => {
+                object_types.insert(name, ty);
+            }
+            "INPUT_OBJECT" => {
+                input_types.insert(name, ty);
+            }
+            "ENUM" => {
+                enum_types.insert(name, ty);
+            }
+            "SCALAR" => {
+                scalar_names.push(name.to_string());
+            }
+            _ => {}
+        }
+    }
+
+    let query_type_name = schema["queryType"]["name"].as_str().unwrap_or("Query");
+    let mutation_type_name = schema["mutationType"]["name"].as_str();
+
+    let mut resources: HashMap<String, GraphQLResource> = HashMap::new();
+    let empty_args: Vec<Value> = Vec::new();
+
+    // Process Query fields
+    if let Some(query_type) = object_types.get(query_type_name) {
+        let fields = query_type["fields"].as_array().map(Vec::as_slice).unwrap_or(&[]);
+        for field in fields {
+            let field_name = match field["name"].as_str() {
+                Some(n) if !n.starts_with('_') => n,
+                _ => continue,
+            };
+            let return_type_name = unwrap_type_name(&field["type"]);
+            let (resource_name, method_name) = split_query_name(field_name, &return_type_name);
+            let args = field["args"].as_array().unwrap_or(&empty_args);
+            let (parameters, arg_defs) =
+                build_parameters_from_args(args, &input_types, &enum_types, &scalar_names);
+            let default_selection =
+                build_default_selection(&return_type_name, &object_types, &scalar_names);
+
+            let method = GraphQLOperation {
+                id: Some(format!("{resource_name}.{method_name}")),
+                description: desc(field),
+                parameters,
+                graphql: Some(GraphQLMethodInfo {
+                    operation_type: "query".to_string(),
+                    field_name: field_name.to_string(),
+                    default_selection,
+                    args: arg_defs,
+                }),
+                ..Default::default()
+            };
+            resources.entry(resource_name).or_default().methods.insert(method_name, method);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Process Mutation fields
+    if let Some(mt_name) = mutation_type_name {
+        if let Some(mutation_type) = object_types.get(mt_name) {
+            let fields = mutation_type["fields"].as_array().map(Vec::as_slice).unwrap_or(&[]);
+            for field in fields {
+                let field_name = match field["name"].as_str() {
+                    Some(n) if !n.starts_with('_') => n,
+                    _ => continue,
+                };
+                let return_type_name = unwrap_type_name(&field["type"]);
+                let (resource_name, method_name) = split_mutation_name(field_name);
+                let args = field["args"].as_array().unwrap_or(&empty_args);
+                let (parameters, arg_defs) =
+                    build_parameters_from_args(args, &input_types, &enum_types, &scalar_names);
+                let default_selection =
+                    build_default_selection(&return_type_name, &object_types, &scalar_names);
+
+                let method = GraphQLOperation {
+                    id: Some(format!("{resource_name}.{method_name}")),
+                    description: desc(field),
+                    parameters,
+                    graphql: Some(GraphQLMethodInfo {
+                        operation_type: "mutation".to_string(),
+                        field_name: field_name.to_string(),
+                        default_selection,
+                        args: arg_defs,
+                    }),
+                    ..Default::default()
+                };
+                resources.entry(resource_name).or_default().methods.insert(method_name, method);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok(GraphQLSchema {
+        name: cli_name.to_string(),
+        version: "1".to_string(),
+        root_url: endpoint.to_string(),
+        resources,
+        ..Default::default()
+    })
+}
+
+/// Extract an optional description string from a JSON node.
+fn desc(val: &Value) -> Option<String> {
+    val.get("description")
+        .and_then(|d| d.as_str())
+        .filter(|s| !s.is_empty())
+        .map(str::to_string)
+}
+
+fn default_val(val: &Value) -> Option<String> {
+    val.get("defaultValue")
+        .and_then(|v| v.as_str())
+        .filter(|s| !s.is_empty())
+        .map(str::to_string)
+}
+
+fn enum_values(enum_def: &Value) -> Vec<String> {
+    enum_def["enumValues"]
+        .as_array()
+        .map(|ev| {
+            ev.iter()
+                .filter_map(|v| v["name"].as_str())
+                .map(str::to_string)
+                .collect()
+        })
+        .unwrap_or_default()
+}
+
+/// Follow NON_NULL/LIST wrappers to find the named type.
+fn unwrap_type_name(ty: &Value) -> String {
+    match ty["kind"].as_str().unwrap_or("") {
+        "NON_NULL" | "LIST" => unwrap_type_name(&ty["ofType"]),
+        _ => ty["name"].as_str().unwrap_or("String").to_string(),
+    }
+}
+
+/// True when the outermost wrapper is NON_NULL.
+fn is_non_null(ty: &Value) -> bool {
+    ty["kind"].as_str() == Some("NON_NULL")
+}
+
+/// True when the type wraps (at any outer level) a LIST. We descend through
+/// NON_NULL wrappers — `[T!]`, `[T!]!`, `[T]` all count as list types.
+fn is_list_type(ty: &Value) -> bool {
+    match ty["kind"].as_str().unwrap_or("") {
+        "LIST" => true,
+        "NON_NULL" => is_list_type(&ty["ofType"]),
+        _ => false,
+    }
+}
+
+/// Reconstruct the type string including nullability, e.g. `"String!"`, `"[ID!]!"`.
+fn gql_type_string(ty: &Value) -> String {
+    match ty["kind"].as_str().unwrap_or("") {
+        "NON_NULL" => format!("{}!", gql_type_string(&ty["ofType"])),
+        "LIST" => format!("[{}]", gql_type_string(&ty["ofType"])),
+        _ => ty["name"].as_str().unwrap_or("String").to_string(),
+    }
+}
+
+/// Check if a type name is a known scalar.
+fn is_scalar(name: &str, scalar_names: &[String]) -> bool {
+    scalar_names.iter().any(|s| s == name)
+}
+
+/// Split a query field name into (resource_name, method_name).
+fn split_query_name(field_name: &str, return_type: &str) -> (String, String) {
+    let kebab = camel_to_kebab(field_name);
+
+    // "For" pattern: attachmentsForURL → (attachment, list-for-url)
+    if let Some(pos) = field_name.find("For") {
+        if pos > 0 {
+            let prefix = &field_name[..pos];
+            let suffix = &field_name[pos..];
+            let resource = camel_to_kebab(&singular_camel(prefix));
+            let method = format!("list-{}", camel_to_kebab(suffix).to_lowercase());
+            return (resource, method);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Connection return type is authoritative — always a list
+    if return_type.ends_with("Connection") {
+        return (singular_kebab(&kebab), "list".to_string());
+    }
+
+    // Plural field name heuristic
+    if field_name.ends_with('s')
+        && !field_name.ends_with("ss")
+        && !field_name.ends_with("us")
+        && !field_name.ends_with("Status")
+        && field_name.len() > 2
+    {
+        return (singular_kebab(&kebab), "list".to_string());
+    }
+
+    (kebab, "get".to_string())
+}
+
+/// Split a mutation field name into (resource_name, method_name).
+fn split_mutation_name(field_name: &str) -> (String, String) {
+    for suffix in MUTATION_SUFFIXES {
+        if field_name.ends_with(suffix) && field_name.len() > suffix.len() {
+            let prefix = &field_name[..field_name.len() - suffix.len()];
+            return (camel_to_kebab(prefix), suffix.to_lowercase());
+        }
+    }
+    if let Some((resource, action)) = split_at_second_word(field_name) {
+        return (camel_to_kebab(&resource), camel_to_kebab(&action));
+    }
+    (camel_to_kebab(field_name), "execute".to_string())
+}
+
+fn split_at_second_word(name: &str) -> Option<(String, String)> {
+    let chars: Vec<char> = name.chars().collect();
+    for i in 1..chars.len() {
+        if chars[i].is_uppercase() {
+            let prefix = &name[..i];
+            let suffix = &name[i..];
+            if prefix.len() > 2 {
+                return Some((prefix.to_string(), suffix.to_string()));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    None
+}
+
+fn camel_to_kebab(s: &str) -> String {
+    let mut result = String::with_capacity(s.len() + 4);
+    let chars: Vec<char> = s.chars().collect();
+    for (i, &ch) in chars.iter().enumerate() {
+        if ch.is_uppercase() {
+            if i > 0
+                && (chars[i - 1].is_lowercase()
+                    || (i + 1 < chars.len() && chars[i + 1].is_lowercase()))
+            {
+                result.push('-');
+            }
+            result.push(ch.to_lowercase().next().unwrap());
+        } else {
+            result.push(ch);
+        }
+    }
+    result
+}
+
+fn singular_kebab(kebab: &str) -> String {
+    let (prefix, last) = match kebab.rfind('-') {
+        Some(pos) => (&kebab[..pos + 1], &kebab[pos + 1..]),
+        None => ("", kebab),
+    };
+    format!("{prefix}{}", singular_word(last))
+}
+
+fn singular_word(word: &str) -> String {
+    if let Some(stem) = word.strip_suffix("ies") {
+        if stem.len() >= 2 {
+            return format!("{stem}y");
+        }
+    }
+    if word.ends_with("xes")
+        || word.ends_with("ches")
+        || word.ends_with("shes")
+        || word.ends_with("sses")
+        || word.ends_with("zzes")
+    {
+        if let Some(stem) = word.strip_suffix("es") {
+            if stem.len() >= 2 {
+                return stem.to_string();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    if let Some(stem) = word.strip_suffix('s') {
+        // Block Latin/Greek singulars that end in -us and must not be stripped.
+        const LATIN_SINGULARS: &[&str] = &[
+            "status", "bonus", "campus", "census", "focus",
+            "nexus", "radius", "virus", "alias",
+        ];
+        if stem.len() >= 3 && !stem.ends_with('s') && !LATIN_SINGULARS.contains(&word) {
+            return stem.to_string();
+        }
+    }
+    word.to_string()
+}
+
+fn singular_camel(name: &str) -> String {
+    singular_kebab(&camel_to_kebab(name))
+}
+
+fn param_to_flag_name(name: &str) -> String {
+    camel_to_kebab(name)
+}
+
+/// Map GraphQL scalar type names to CLI param type strings.
+fn graphql_type_to_param_type(type_name: &str) -> String {
+    match type_name {
+        "Int" => "integer".to_string(),
+        "Float" => "number".to_string(),
+        "Boolean" => "boolean".to_string(),
+        _ => "string".to_string(),
+    }
+}
+
+/// Build CLI parameters and `GraphQLArgDef` list from introspection field arguments.
+fn build_parameters_from_args(
+    args: &[Value],
+    input_types: &HashMap<&str, &Value>,
+    enum_types: &HashMap<&str, &Value>,
+    scalar_names: &[String],
+) -> (HashMap<String, MethodParameter>, Vec<GraphQLArgDef>) {
+    let mut params = HashMap::new();
+    let mut arg_defs = Vec::new();
+
+    let is_known_complex =
+        |name: &str| input_types.contains_key(name) || enum_types.contains_key(name);
+
+    for arg in args {
+        let arg_name = match arg["name"].as_str() {
+            Some(n) => n,
+            None => continue,
+        };
+        let type_name = unwrap_type_name(&arg["type"]);
+        let is_required = is_non_null(&arg["type"]);
+        let flag_key = param_to_flag_name(arg_name);
+
+        if is_scalar(&type_name, scalar_names) || !is_known_complex(&type_name) {
+            params.insert(
+                flag_key.clone(),
+                MethodParameter {
+                    param_type: Some(graphql_type_to_param_type(&type_name)),
+                    description: desc(arg),
+                    required: is_required,
+                    default: default_val(arg),
+                    ..Default::default()
+                },
+            );
+            arg_defs.push(GraphQLArgDef {
+                name: arg_name.to_string(),
+                flag_key,
+                gql_type: gql_type_string(&arg["type"]),
+                is_input: false,
+                is_list: is_list_type(&arg["type"]),
+            });
+        } else if let Some(enum_def) = enum_types.get(type_name.as_str()) {
+            let values = enum_values(enum_def);
+            params.insert(
+                flag_key.clone(),
+                MethodParameter {
+                    param_type: Some("string".to_string()),
+                    description: desc(arg),
+                    required: is_required,
+                    default: default_val(arg),
+                    enum_values: Some(values),
+                    ..Default::default()
+                },
+            );
+            arg_defs.push(GraphQLArgDef {
+                name: arg_name.to_string(),
+                flag_key,
+                gql_type: gql_type_string(&arg["type"]),
+                is_input: false,
+                is_list: is_list_type(&arg["type"]),
+            });
+        } else if input_types.contains_key(type_name.as_str()) {
+            flatten_input_type(
+                &type_name,
+                arg_name,
+                "",
+                "",
+                is_required,
+                input_types,
+                enum_types,
+                scalar_names,
+                &mut params,
+                0,
+            );
+            arg_defs.push(GraphQLArgDef {
+                name: arg_name.to_string(),
+                flag_key,
+                gql_type: gql_type_string(&arg["type"]),
+                is_input: true,
+                is_list: is_list_type(&arg["type"]),
+            });
+        }
+    }
+
+    (params, arg_defs)
+}
+
+const MAX_INPUT_DEPTH: u8 = 3;
+
+#[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
+fn flatten_input_type(
+    type_name: &str,
+    arg_name: &str,
+    field_path: &str,
+    flag_prefix: &str,
+    parent_required: bool,
+    input_types: &HashMap<&str, &Value>,
+    enum_types: &HashMap<&str, &Value>,
+    scalar_names: &[String],
+    params: &mut HashMap<String, MethodParameter>,
+    depth: u8,
+) {
+    if depth >= MAX_INPUT_DEPTH {
+        return;
+    }
+    let input_def = match input_types.get(type_name) {
+        Some(d) => d,
+        None => return,
+    };
+    let input_fields = match input_def["inputFields"].as_array() {
+        Some(f) => f,
+        None => return,
+    };
+
+    for input_field in input_fields {
+        let field_name = match input_field["name"].as_str() {
+            Some(n) => n,
+            None => continue,
+        };
+        let field_type_name = unwrap_type_name(&input_field["type"]);
+        let field_required = parent_required && is_non_null(&input_field["type"]);
+
+        let field_flag = param_to_flag_name(field_name);
+        let full_flag = if flag_prefix.is_empty() {
+            field_flag
+        } else {
+            format!("{flag_prefix}.{}", param_to_flag_name(field_name))
+        };
+        let full_path = if field_path.is_empty() {
+            field_name.to_string()
+        } else {
+            format!("{field_path}.{field_name}")
+        };
+
+        if is_scalar(&field_type_name, scalar_names) {
+            params.insert(
+                full_flag,
+                MethodParameter {
+                    param_type: Some(graphql_type_to_param_type(&field_type_name)),
+                    description: desc(input_field),
+                    required: field_required,
+                    default: default_val(input_field),
+                    graphql_input_arg: Some(arg_name.to_string()),
+                    graphql_field_path: Some(full_path),
+                    ..Default::default()
+                },
+            );
+        } else if let Some(enum_def) = enum_types.get(field_type_name.as_str()) {
+            let values = enum_values(enum_def);
+            params.insert(
+                full_flag,
+                MethodParameter {
+                    param_type: Some("string".to_string()),
+                    description: desc(input_field),
+                    required: field_required,
+                    default: default_val(input_field),
+                    enum_values: Some(values),
+                    graphql_input_arg: Some(arg_name.to_string()),
+                    graphql_field_path: Some(full_path),
+                },
+            );
+        } else if input_types.contains_key(field_type_name.as_str()) {
+            flatten_input_type(
+                &field_type_name,
+                arg_name,
+                &full_path,
+                &full_flag,
+                field_required,
+                input_types,
+                enum_types,
+                scalar_names,
+                params,
+                depth + 1,
+            );
+        } else {
+            // Undeclared custom scalar — treat as string
+            params.insert(
+                full_flag,
+                MethodParameter {
+                    param_type: Some("string".to_string()),
+                    description: desc(input_field),
+                    required: field_required,
+                    graphql_input_arg: Some(arg_name.to_string()),
+                    graphql_field_path: Some(full_path),
+                    ..Default::default()
+                },
+            );
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Build a default selection set for a GraphQL return type.
+fn build_default_selection(
+    type_name: &str,
+    object_types: &HashMap<&str, &Value>,
+    scalar_names: &[String],
+) -> String {
+    if type_name.ends_with("Connection") {
+        let node_type = type_name.strip_suffix("Connection").unwrap();
+        let node_selection = build_scalar_fields(node_type, object_types, scalar_names);
+        let nodes_part = if node_selection.is_empty() {
+            "nodes { id }".to_string()
+        } else {
+            format!("nodes {{ {node_selection} }}")
+        };
+        return format!("{{ {nodes_part} pageInfo {{ hasNextPage endCursor }} }}");
+    }
+
+    if type_name.ends_with("Payload") {
+        if let Some(obj) = object_types.get(type_name) {
+            let mut parts = Vec::new();
+            let fields = obj["fields"].as_array().map(Vec::as_slice).unwrap_or(&[]);
+            for field in fields {
+                let args = field["args"].as_array().map(|a| a.len()).unwrap_or(0);
+                if args > 0 {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                let field_name = field["name"].as_str().unwrap_or("");
+                let ft = unwrap_type_name(&field["type"]);
+                if is_scalar(&ft, scalar_names) {
+                    parts.push(field_name.to_string());
+                } else if object_types.contains_key(ft.as_str()) {
+                    let inner = build_scalar_fields(&ft, object_types, scalar_names);
+                    if !inner.is_empty() {
+                        parts.push(format!("{field_name} {{ {inner} }}"));
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            if parts.is_empty() {
+                return "{ success }".to_string();
+            }
+            return format!("{{ {} }}", parts.join(" "));
+        }
+    }
+
+    let fields = build_scalar_fields(type_name, object_types, scalar_names);
+    if fields.is_empty() {
+        return "{ id }".to_string();
+    }
+    format!("{{ {fields} }}")
+}
+
+/// Build a space-separated scalar field selection for a type.
+fn build_scalar_fields(
+    type_name: &str,
+    object_types: &HashMap<&str, &Value>,
+    scalar_names: &[String],
+) -> String {
+    let obj = match object_types.get(type_name) {
+        Some(o) => o,
+        None => return String::new(),
+    };
+    let fields = match obj["fields"].as_array() {
+        Some(f) => f,
+        None => return String::new(),
+    };
+
+    let mut parts: Vec<String> = Vec::new();
+    for f in fields {
+        let args_len = f["args"].as_array().map(|a| a.len()).unwrap_or(0);
+        if args_len > 0 {
+            continue;
+        }
+        let field_name = f["name"].as_str().unwrap_or("");
+        let ft = unwrap_type_name(&f["type"]);
+        if is_scalar(&ft, scalar_names) {
+            parts.push(field_name.to_string());
+        } else if !ft.ends_with("Connection") {
+            if let Some(inner_obj) = object_types.get(ft.as_str()) {
+                let inner_fields = inner_obj["fields"].as_array().map(Vec::as_slice).unwrap_or(&[]);
+                let inner_scalars: Vec<&str> = inner_fields
+                    .iter()
+                    .filter(|if_| {
+                        if_["args"].as_array().map(|a| a.len()).unwrap_or(0) == 0
+                            && is_scalar(&unwrap_type_name(&if_["type"]), scalar_names)
+                    })
+                    .filter_map(|if_| if_["name"].as_str())
+                    .collect();
+                if !inner_scalars.is_empty() {
+                    parts.push(format!("{field_name} {{ {} }}", inner_scalars.join(" ")));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    parts.join(" ")
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use serde_json::json;
+
+    // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // Naming utility tests (no schema needed)
+    // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_camel_to_kebab() {
+        assert_eq!(camel_to_kebab("issueCreate"), "issue-create");
+        assert_eq!(camel_to_kebab("issue"), "issue");
+        assert_eq!(camel_to_kebab("customView"), "custom-view");
+        assert_eq!(camel_to_kebab("attachmentsForURL"), "attachments-for-url");
+        assert_eq!(camel_to_kebab("teamMembershipCreate"), "team-membership-create");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_singular_kebab() {
+        assert_eq!(singular_kebab("issues"), "issue");
+        assert_eq!(singular_kebab("activities"), "activity");
+        assert_eq!(singular_kebab("gift-card-activities"), "gift-card-activity");
+        assert_eq!(singular_kebab("boxes"), "box");
+        assert_eq!(singular_kebab("watches"), "watch");
+        assert_eq!(singular_kebab("programs"), "program");
+        assert_eq!(singular_kebab("loyalty-programs"), "loyalty-program");
+        assert_eq!(singular_kebab("sms"), "sms");
+        assert_eq!(singular_kebab("status"), "status");
+        assert_eq!(singular_kebab("menus"), "menu");
+        assert_eq!(singular_kebab("gurus"), "guru");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_split_query_name() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            split_query_name("issues", "IssueConnection"),
+            ("issue".to_string(), "list".to_string())
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            split_query_name("giftCardActivities", "GiftCardActivityConnection"),
+            ("gift-card-activity".to_string(), "list".to_string())
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            split_query_name("issue", "Issue"),
+            ("issue".to_string(), "get".to_string())
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            split_query_name("attachmentsForURL", "AttachmentConnection"),
+            ("attachment".to_string(), "list-for-url".to_string())
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_split_mutation_name() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            split_mutation_name("issueCreate"),
+            ("issue".to_string(), "create".to_string())
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            split_mutation_name("issueDelete"),
+            ("issue".to_string(), "delete".to_string())
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            split_mutation_name("attachmentLinkSlack"),
+            ("attachment".to_string(), "link-slack".to_string())
+        );
+    }
+
+    // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // Schema loading helpers
+    // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    /// Shorthand type-ref builders for inline test schemas.
+    fn nn(inner: Value) -> Value {
+        json!({"kind": "NON_NULL", "name": null, "ofType": inner})
+    }
+    fn scalar(name: &str) -> Value {
+        json!({"kind": "SCALAR", "name": name, "ofType": null})
+    }
+    fn obj(name: &str) -> Value {
+        json!({"kind": "OBJECT", "name": name, "ofType": null})
+    }
+    fn input_obj(name: &str) -> Value {
+        json!({"kind": "INPUT_OBJECT", "name": name, "ofType": null})
+    }
+    fn list_of(inner: Value) -> Value {
+        json!({"kind": "LIST", "name": null, "ofType": inner})
+    }
+
+    fn make_schema(types: Value) -> String {
+        json!({
+            "data": {
+                "__schema": {
+                    "queryType": {"name": "Query"},
+                    "mutationType": {"name": "Mutation"},
+                    "types": types
+                }
+            }
+        })
+        .to_string()
+    }
+
+    // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // Schema loading tests
+    // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_load_minimal_schema() {
+        let schema = make_schema(json!([
+            {
+                "kind": "OBJECT", "name": "Query",
+                "fields": [
+                    {
+                        "name": "issue",
+                        "args": [{"name": "id", "type": nn(scalar("String"))}],
+                        "type": nn(obj("Issue")), "isDeprecated": false
+                    },
+                    {
+                        "name": "issues",
+                        "args": [
+                            {"name": "first", "type": scalar("Int")},
+                            {"name": "after", "type": scalar("String")}
+                        ],
+                        "type": nn(obj("IssueConnection")), "isDeprecated": false
+                    }
+                ]
+            },
+            {
+                "kind": "OBJECT", "name": "Mutation",
+                "fields": [
+                    {
+                        "name": "issueCreate",
+                        "args": [{"name": "input", "type": nn(input_obj("IssueCreateInput"))}],
+                        "type": nn(obj("IssuePayload")), "isDeprecated": false
+                    }
+                ]
+            },
+            {
+                "kind": "OBJECT", "name": "Issue",
+                "fields": [
+                    {"name": "id", "args": [], "type": nn(scalar("ID")), "isDeprecated": false},
+                    {"name": "title", "args": [], "type": nn(scalar("String")), "isDeprecated": false},
+                    {"name": "description", "args": [], "type": scalar("String"), "isDeprecated": false}
+                ]
+            },
+            {
+                "kind": "OBJECT", "name": "IssueConnection",
+                "fields": [
+                    {"name": "nodes", "args": [], "type": nn(list_of(nn(obj("Issue")))), "isDeprecated": false},
+                    {"name": "pageInfo", "args": [], "type": nn(obj("PageInfo")), "isDeprecated": false}
+                ]
+            },
+            {
+                "kind": "OBJECT", "name": "PageInfo",
+                "fields": [
+                    {"name": "hasNextPage", "args": [], "type": nn(scalar("Boolean")), "isDeprecated": false},
+                    {"name": "endCursor", "args": [], "type": scalar("String"), "isDeprecated": false}
+                ]
+            },
+            {
+                "kind": "OBJECT", "name": "IssuePayload",
+                "fields": [
+                    {"name": "success", "args": [], "type": nn(scalar("Boolean")), "isDeprecated": false},
+                    {"name": "issue", "args": [], "type": obj("Issue"), "isDeprecated": false}
+                ]
+            },
+            {
+                "kind": "INPUT_OBJECT", "name": "IssueCreateInput",
+                "inputFields": [
+                    {"name": "title", "type": nn(scalar("String"))},
+                    {"name": "description", "type": scalar("String")},
+                    {"name": "teamId", "type": nn(scalar("String"))}
+                ]
+            }
+        ]));
+
+        let doc = load_graphql_schema(&schema, "test", "https://api.example.com/graphql").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(doc.name, "test");
+
+        let issue = doc.resources.get("issue").expect("issue resource missing");
+        assert!(issue.methods.contains_key("get"), "missing get");
+        assert!(issue.methods.contains_key("list"), "missing list");
+        assert!(issue.methods.contains_key("create"), "missing create");
+
+        let get = issue.methods.get("get").unwrap();
+        assert!(get.parameters.contains_key("id"));
+        assert!(get.parameters.get("id").unwrap().required);
+
+        let list = issue.methods.get("list").unwrap();
+        let list_sel = &list.graphql.as_ref().unwrap().default_selection;
+        assert!(list_sel.contains("pageInfo"), "list selection missing pageInfo: {list_sel}");
+        assert!(list_sel.contains("hasNextPage"), "list selection missing hasNextPage: {list_sel}");
+        assert!(list_sel.contains("endCursor"), "list selection missing endCursor: {list_sel}");
+        assert!(list.parameters.contains_key("after"), "missing --after flag");
+
+        let create = issue.methods.get("create").unwrap();
+        assert!(create.parameters.contains_key("title"));
+        assert!(create.parameters.contains_key("description"));
+        assert!(create.parameters.contains_key("team-id"));
+
+        let gql = get.graphql.as_ref().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(gql.operation_type, "query");
+        assert_eq!(gql.field_name, "issue");
+
+        let gql_create = create.graphql.as_ref().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(gql_create.operation_type, "mutation");
+        assert_eq!(gql_create.field_name, "issueCreate");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_nested_input_flattening() {
+        let schema = make_schema(json!([
+            {
+                "kind": "OBJECT", "name": "Query",
+                "fields": [{
+                    "name": "search",
+                    "args": [{"name": "filter", "type": nn(input_obj("SearchFilter"))}],
+                    "type": nn(obj("SearchConnection")), "isDeprecated": false
+                }]
+            },
+            {
+                "kind": "OBJECT", "name": "Mutation",
+                "fields": []
+            },
+            {
+                "kind": "OBJECT", "name": "SearchConnection",
+                "fields": [
+                    {"name": "nodes", "args": [], "type": nn(list_of(nn(obj("SearchResult")))), "isDeprecated": false},
+                    {"name": "pageInfo", "args": [], "type": nn(obj("PageInfo")), "isDeprecated": false}
+                ]
+            },
+            {"kind": "OBJECT", "name": "SearchResult", "fields": [
+                {"name": "id", "args": [], "type": nn(scalar("ID")), "isDeprecated": false}
+            ]},
+            {"kind": "OBJECT", "name": "PageInfo", "fields": [
+                {"name": "hasNextPage", "args": [], "type": nn(scalar("Boolean")), "isDeprecated": false},
+                {"name": "endCursor", "args": [], "type": scalar("String"), "isDeprecated": false}
+            ]},
+            {
+                "kind": "INPUT_OBJECT", "name": "SearchFilter",
+                "inputFields": [
+                    {"name": "query", "type": scalar("String")},
+                    {"name": "dateRange", "type": input_obj("DateRangeInput")},
+                    {"name": "minAmount", "type": scalar("Int")}
+                ]
+            },
+            {
+                "kind": "INPUT_OBJECT", "name": "DateRangeInput",
+                "inputFields": [
+                    {"name": "start", "type": nn(scalar("String"))},
+                    {"name": "end", "type": nn(scalar("String"))}
+                ]
+            }
+        ]));
+
+        let doc = load_graphql_schema(&schema, "test", "https://api.example.com/graphql").unwrap();
+        let all_params: Vec<String> = doc
+            .resources.values()
+            .flat_map(|r| r.methods.values())
+            .flat_map(|m| m.parameters.keys().cloned())
+            .collect();
+
+        assert!(all_params.iter().any(|k| k == "query"), "missing top-level query param: {all_params:?}");
+        assert!(all_params.iter().any(|k| k.contains("start")), "missing dateRange.start: {all_params:?}");
+        assert!(all_params.iter().any(|k| k.contains("end")), "missing dateRange.end: {all_params:?}");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_undeclared_scalar_as_arg() {
+        let schema = make_schema(json!([
+            {
+                "kind": "OBJECT", "name": "Query",
+                "fields": [{
+                    "name": "orders",
+                    "args": [
+                        {"name": "after", "type": json!({"kind": "SCALAR", "name": "Cursor", "ofType": null})},
+                        {"name": "first", "type": scalar("Int")}
+                    ],
+                    "type": nn(obj("OrderConnection")), "isDeprecated": false
+                }]
+            },
+            {"kind": "OBJECT", "name": "Mutation", "fields": []},
+            {"kind": "OBJECT", "name": "OrderConnection", "fields": [
+                {"name": "nodes", "args": [], "type": nn(list_of(nn(obj("Order")))), "isDeprecated": false},
+                {"name": "pageInfo", "args": [], "type": nn(obj("PageInfo")), "isDeprecated": false}
+            ]},
+            {"kind": "OBJECT", "name": "Order", "fields": [
+                {"name": "id", "args": [], "type": nn(scalar("ID")), "isDeprecated": false}
+            ]},
+            {"kind": "OBJECT", "name": "PageInfo", "fields": [
+                {"name": "hasNextPage", "args": [], "type": nn(scalar("Boolean")), "isDeprecated": false},
+                {"name": "endCursor", "args": [], "type": scalar("String"), "isDeprecated": false}
+            ]}
+        ]));
+
+        let doc = load_graphql_schema(&schema, "test", "https://api.example.com/graphql").unwrap();
+        let all_params: Vec<String> = doc
+            .resources.values()
+            .flat_map(|r| r.methods.values())
+            .flat_map(|m| m.parameters.keys().cloned())
+            .collect();
+        assert!(
+            all_params.iter().any(|k| k == "after"),
+            "undeclared Cursor scalar should produce --after flag: {all_params:?}"
+        );
+    }
+
+}
diff --git a/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/hooks.rs b/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/hooks.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..0e3398257463
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/hooks.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,297 @@
+//! Path-addressed hook registries for the root [`CliApp`].
+//!
+//! Hooks are registered against glob-style paths in the command tree
+//! (e.g. `&["users", "**"]` fires for every operation under `users`).
+//! The registry stores boxed async callbacks and matches them at
+//! dispatch time.
+
+use serde_json::Value;
+
+use crate::binding::BoxFuture;
+use crate::error::CliError;
+
+// ── Pattern matching ────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+/// A compiled path pattern. Segments are literal strings; `*` matches
+/// one segment; `**` matches zero or more segments.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct PathPattern {
+    segments: Vec<PatternSegment>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+enum PatternSegment {
+    Literal(String),
+    Single,   // *
+    Globstar, // **
+}
+
+impl PathPattern {
+    pub fn new(segments: &[&str]) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            segments: segments
+                .iter()
+                .map(|s| match *s {
+                    "**" => PatternSegment::Globstar,
+                    "*" => PatternSegment::Single,
+                    lit => PatternSegment::Literal(lit.to_string()),
+                })
+                .collect(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns `true` if `path` matches this pattern.
+    pub fn matches(&self, path: &[String]) -> bool {
+        Self::do_match(&self.segments, path)
+    }
+
+    fn do_match(pattern: &[PatternSegment], path: &[String]) -> bool {
+        match (pattern.first(), path.first()) {
+            (None, None) => true,
+            (None, Some(_)) => false,
+            (Some(PatternSegment::Globstar), _) => {
+                // ** can match zero segments (skip globstar) or one
+                // segment (consume one path element, keep globstar).
+                Self::do_match(&pattern[1..], path)
+                    || (!path.is_empty() && Self::do_match(pattern, &path[1..]))
+            }
+            (Some(_), None) => {
+                // Remaining pattern segments with no path left — only
+                // matches if all remaining are globstars.
+                pattern.iter().all(|s| matches!(s, PatternSegment::Globstar))
+            }
+            (Some(PatternSegment::Literal(lit)), Some(seg)) => {
+                lit == seg && Self::do_match(&pattern[1..], &path[1..])
+            }
+            (Some(PatternSegment::Single), Some(_)) => {
+                Self::do_match(&pattern[1..], &path[1..])
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+// ── Hook storage ────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+/// A `transform_response` callback: `(Value, op_path) -> Result<Value>`.
+pub type TransformResponseFn =
+    Box<dyn Fn(Value, Vec<String>) -> BoxFuture<'static, Result<Value, CliError>> + Send + Sync>;
+
+/// A `recover_error` callback: `(CliError, op_path) -> Result<Option<Value>>`.
+/// Returning `Ok(Some(v))` short-circuits with `v` as the response;
+/// `Ok(None)` lets the error propagate to the next hook or default path.
+pub type RecoverErrorFn = Box<
+    dyn Fn(CliError, Vec<String>) -> BoxFuture<'static, Result<Option<Value>, CliError>>
+        + Send
+        + Sync,
+>;
+
+/// A path-addressed hook entry.
+pub(crate) struct HookEntry<F> {
+    pattern: PathPattern,
+    callback: F,
+}
+
+/// Registry of spec-level hooks registered on the root `CliApp`.
+#[derive(Default)]
+pub struct HookRegistry {
+    transform_response: Vec<HookEntry<TransformResponseFn>>,
+    recover_error: Vec<HookEntry<RecoverErrorFn>>,
+}
+
+impl HookRegistry {
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        Self::default()
+    }
+
+    pub fn add_transform_response(&mut self, path: &[&str], f: TransformResponseFn) {
+        self.transform_response.push(HookEntry {
+            pattern: PathPattern::new(path),
+            callback: f,
+        });
+    }
+
+    pub fn add_recover_error(&mut self, path: &[&str], f: RecoverErrorFn) {
+        self.recover_error.push(HookEntry {
+            pattern: PathPattern::new(path),
+            callback: f,
+        });
+    }
+
+    /// Run matching `transform_response` hooks in registration order.
+    pub async fn run_transform_response(
+        &self,
+        mut value: Value,
+        op_path: &[String],
+    ) -> Result<Value, CliError> {
+        for entry in &self.transform_response {
+            if entry.pattern.matches(op_path) {
+                value = (entry.callback)(value, op_path.to_vec()).await?;
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(value)
+    }
+
+    /// Run matching `recover_error` hooks in registration order.
+    /// First `Ok(Some(v))` wins; `Ok(None)` defers to the next hook.
+    ///
+    /// The original error is duplicated before being passed to each
+    /// hook, so declining hooks (`Ok(None)`) do not destroy the error
+    /// for subsequent hooks or the final error path.
+    pub async fn run_recover_error(
+        &self,
+        err: CliError,
+        op_path: &[String],
+    ) -> Result<Value, CliError> {
+        let mut current_err = err;
+        for entry in &self.recover_error {
+            if entry.pattern.matches(op_path) {
+                // Duplicate before passing to the callback so the
+                // original is preserved if the hook declines.
+                let err_for_hook = current_err.duplicate();
+                match (entry.callback)(err_for_hook, op_path.to_vec()).await {
+                    Ok(Some(value)) => return Ok(value),
+                    Ok(None) => {
+                        // Hook declined — original error preserved
+                        // via duplicate() above; current_err unchanged.
+                    }
+                    Err(new_err) => {
+                        current_err = new_err;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        Err(current_err)
+    }
+
+    pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
+        self.transform_response.is_empty() && self.recover_error.is_empty()
+    }
+
+    /// Returns `true` if at least one `recover_error` hook is registered.
+    pub fn has_recover_error(&self) -> bool {
+        !self.recover_error.is_empty()
+    }
+
+    /// Validate that every registered hook pattern matches at least one
+    /// leaf command in the given command tree. Returns an error listing
+    /// all unmatched patterns.
+    pub fn validate_patterns(&self, cmd: &clap::Command) -> Result<(), crate::error::CliError> {
+        if self.is_empty() {
+            return Ok(());
+        }
+        let leaves = collect_leaf_paths(cmd, &mut Vec::new());
+        let mut unmatched = Vec::new();
+        for entry in &self.transform_response {
+            if !leaves.iter().any(|leaf| entry.pattern.matches(leaf)) {
+                unmatched.push(format!(
+                    "transform_response pattern {:?} matches no operations",
+                    pattern_to_strings(&entry.pattern),
+                ));
+            }
+        }
+        for entry in &self.recover_error {
+            if !leaves.iter().any(|leaf| entry.pattern.matches(leaf)) {
+                unmatched.push(format!(
+                    "recover_error pattern {:?} matches no operations",
+                    pattern_to_strings(&entry.pattern),
+                ));
+            }
+        }
+        if unmatched.is_empty() {
+            Ok(())
+        } else {
+            Err(crate::error::CliError::Validation(unmatched.join("; ")))
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Recursively collect all leaf command paths (commands with no
+/// subcommands). Includes hidden commands so that `.hide()` followed by
+/// a hook on the hidden path does not produce a false validation error.
+fn collect_leaf_paths(cmd: &clap::Command, prefix: &mut Vec<String>) -> Vec<Vec<String>> {
+    let subs: Vec<_> = cmd.get_subcommands().collect();
+    if subs.is_empty() {
+        return vec![prefix.clone()];
+    }
+    let mut leaves = Vec::new();
+    for sub in subs {
+        let name = sub.get_name().to_string();
+        // Skip built-in utility commands and binding-internal
+        // subcommands that bypass the hook pipeline.
+        if name == "help" || name == "completion" || name == "man"
+            || name == "generate-skills"
+        {
+            continue;
+        }
+        prefix.push(name);
+        leaves.extend(collect_leaf_paths(sub, prefix));
+        prefix.pop();
+    }
+    leaves
+}
+
+/// Extract display-friendly strings from a pattern for error messages.
+fn pattern_to_strings(pattern: &PathPattern) -> Vec<String> {
+    pattern.segments.iter().map(|s| match s {
+        PatternSegment::Literal(lit) => lit.clone(),
+        PatternSegment::Single => "*".to_string(),
+        PatternSegment::Globstar => "**".to_string(),
+    }).collect()
+}
+
+// ── Tests ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn pattern_exact_match() {
+        let p = PathPattern::new(&["users", "get"]);
+        assert!(p.matches(&["users".into(), "get".into()]));
+        assert!(!p.matches(&["users".into()]));
+        assert!(!p.matches(&["users".into(), "get".into(), "extra".into()]));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn pattern_single_wildcard() {
+        let p = PathPattern::new(&["users", "*"]);
+        assert!(p.matches(&["users".into(), "get".into()]));
+        assert!(p.matches(&["users".into(), "list".into()]));
+        assert!(!p.matches(&["users".into()]));
+        assert!(!p.matches(&["users".into(), "get".into(), "extra".into()]));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn pattern_globstar() {
+        let p = PathPattern::new(&["**"]);
+        assert!(p.matches(&[]));
+        assert!(p.matches(&["users".into()]));
+        assert!(p.matches(&["users".into(), "get".into()]));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn pattern_globstar_prefix() {
+        let p = PathPattern::new(&["users", "**"]);
+        assert!(p.matches(&["users".into()]));
+        assert!(p.matches(&["users".into(), "get".into()]));
+        assert!(p.matches(&["users".into(), "a".into(), "b".into()]));
+        assert!(!p.matches(&["posts".into()]));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn pattern_globstar_suffix() {
+        let p = PathPattern::new(&["**", "list"]);
+        assert!(p.matches(&["list".into()]));
+        assert!(p.matches(&["users".into(), "list".into()]));
+        assert!(p.matches(&["a".into(), "b".into(), "list".into()]));
+        assert!(!p.matches(&["users".into(), "get".into()]));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn pattern_empty() {
+        let p = PathPattern::new(&[]);
+        assert!(p.matches(&[]));
+        assert!(!p.matches(&["a".into()]));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/http.rs b/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/http.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..4d7ee2f14ef2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/http.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,845 @@
+//! HTTP client construction and TLS-error diagnostics.
+//!
+//! [`HttpConfig`] holds the inputs that go into building a [`reqwest::Client`]
+//! for a CLI: the binary name (used to scope env vars) and any compile-time
+//! trust roots a binary author baked in via `CliApp::extra_root_cert`.
+//!
+//! [`HttpConfig::build_client`] honors a small set of environment variables
+//! so users can adapt TLS / proxy behavior without rebuilding the CLI.
+//! Variables are prefixed with `<NAME>_` (the CLI's name uppercased with `-`
+//! mapped to `_`).
+//!
+//! | Variable                          | Effect                                              |
+//! | --------------------------------- | --------------------------------------------------- |
+//! | `<NAME>_CA_BUNDLE`                | Path to PEM file appended to the default trust roots. Generic fallback: `SSL_CERT_FILE`. |
+//! | `<NAME>_INSECURE` = `1`/`true`/`yes` | Disable TLS verification (with a one-time stderr warning). |
+//! | `<NAME>_PROXY`                    | HTTP(S) proxy URL — replaces `HTTPS_PROXY`/`HTTP_PROXY` for this CLI. Pair with `<NAME>_NO_PROXY` for a scoped bypass list, or rely on the global `NO_PROXY` (used as a fallback when `<NAME>_NO_PROXY` is unset). |
+//! | `<NAME>_TIMEOUT_SECS`             | Total request timeout in seconds (default: no timeout). |
+//! | `<NAME>_CONNECT_TIMEOUT_SECS`     | Connection-establishment timeout in seconds.        |
+//!
+//! Aliases: `<NAME>_EXTRA_CA_CERTS` (= `_CA_BUNDLE`),
+//! `<NAME>_INSECURE_SKIP_VERIFY` (= `_INSECURE`).
+//!
+//! `HTTPS_PROXY` / `HTTP_PROXY` / `NO_PROXY` are honored by reqwest's defaults
+//! when the scoped overrides are absent.
+//!
+//! ## Configuration timing
+//!
+//! Compile-time roots passed via [`HttpConfig::with_extra_root_cert`] are
+//! captured once when the config is built. Env vars are re-read on every
+//! [`HttpConfig::build_client`] call, so a long-running consumer that
+//! rebuilds the client picks up env changes for `_INSECURE`, `_PROXY`, etc.
+//! For one-shot CLI use this distinction doesn't matter.
+
+use std::collections::HashSet;
+use std::sync::{Arc, LazyLock, Mutex};
+use std::time::Duration;
+
+use reqwest::header::{HeaderMap, HeaderValue, USER_AGENT};
+
+use crate::error::CliError;
+
+// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// HttpConfig — the SDK's HTTP layer configuration
+// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/// Configuration for building HTTP clients on behalf of a named CLI.
+///
+/// Holds the binary name (which scopes env-var lookups) and any compile-time
+/// trust roots the binary author registered. `CliApp::run` builds one once
+/// and threads it through to the executor.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+pub struct HttpConfig {
+    /// CLI binary name (e.g. `"myapi"`). Cheap to clone via `Arc`.
+    name: Arc<str>,
+    /// Env-var prefix derived once from `name`: uppercase + `-` → `_`. Cached
+    /// so the transform isn't recomputed on every `build_client` call (and
+    /// so external callers can't forget the `-` substitution).
+    prefix: Arc<str>,
+    /// Trust roots baked in at compile time. We store parsed `Certificate`s
+    /// (not raw PEM bytes) so `build_client` doesn't re-parse — and so a
+    /// later `build_client` failure can only come from runtime input.
+    extra_root_certs: Vec<reqwest::Certificate>,
+    /// Raw PEM bytes for each compile-time trust root, kept alongside the
+    /// parsed `reqwest::Certificate` above. Required by transport-neutral
+    /// consumers (`resolve()`) that build their own TLS connectors (e.g.
+    /// `tokio-tungstenite` for WebSockets) and need to feed PEM in rather
+    /// than reqwest-typed certs. Each `Vec<u8>` is the raw bytes supplied
+    /// to [`HttpConfig::with_extra_root_cert`].
+    extra_root_certs_pem: Vec<Vec<u8>>,
+}
+
+/// Transport-neutral view of the resolved HTTP/TLS configuration.
+///
+/// Returned by [`HttpConfig::resolve`]. Holds compile-time roots, the
+/// env-var-resolved CA bundle (if any), insecure-skip-verify flag, proxy
+/// settings, and timeouts. Lets non-reqwest transports (e.g. WebSocket via
+/// `tokio-tungstenite`, future SSE / gRPC) build their own clients while
+/// honouring the same `<NAME>_*` env vars users already configure for the
+/// reqwest path.
+///
+/// The reqwest path in [`HttpConfig::build_client`] reads env vars
+/// independently for historical reasons — keep both readers in sync. The
+/// `resolved_matches_build_client` test asserts agreement on the subset
+/// that's representable in both shapes.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct ResolvedTlsConfig {
+    /// Raw PEM bytes of all trust roots — compile-time first, then the
+    /// env-resolved bundle (if any). Order matches the order they would be
+    /// added to a `reqwest::ClientBuilder` via `add_root_certificate`.
+    pub extra_root_certs_pem: Vec<Vec<u8>>,
+    /// `<NAME>_INSECURE=1` / `<NAME>_INSECURE_SKIP_VERIFY=1` was set.
+    /// Transports honoring this should disable cert+hostname verification.
+    pub insecure_skip_verify: bool,
+    /// `<NAME>_PROXY=<url>` was set. Transports that support HTTP proxying
+    /// should route through this URL. The `no_proxy` field carries either
+    /// `<NAME>_NO_PROXY` or the fallback `NO_PROXY`, matching the reqwest
+    /// path's bypass-list resolution.
+    pub proxy: Option<ResolvedProxy>,
+    /// `<NAME>_CONNECT_TIMEOUT_SECS` if set. Bound on socket establishment.
+    pub connect_timeout: Option<Duration>,
+    /// `<NAME>_TIMEOUT_SECS` if set. Bound on total request lifetime
+    /// (reqwest semantics); for streaming transports (WebSocket), use as a
+    /// handshake-only deadline since the connection lifetime is unbounded.
+    pub request_timeout: Option<Duration>,
+}
+
+/// Resolved proxy override, as parsed from `<NAME>_PROXY` / `<NAME>_NO_PROXY`.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct ResolvedProxy {
+    /// Proxy URL (`http://...` or `https://...`).
+    pub url: String,
+    /// Bypass list — either `<NAME>_NO_PROXY` (if set) or the fallback
+    /// `NO_PROXY` env var. `None` means honor the standard reqwest defaults.
+    pub no_proxy: Option<String>,
+}
+
+impl HttpConfig {
+    /// Create a config for the given CLI name. Empty names are rejected —
+    /// they would silently disable the entire env-var scoping system.
+    pub fn new(name: impl Into<String>) -> Result<Self, CliError> {
+        let name = name.into();
+        if name.is_empty() {
+            return Err(CliError::Other(anyhow::anyhow!(
+                "HttpConfig::new called with empty name — \
+                 env-var scoping requires a non-empty CLI name"
+            )));
+        }
+        let prefix: Arc<str> = Arc::from(name.to_uppercase().replace('-', "_"));
+        Ok(Self {
+            name: Arc::from(name),
+            prefix,
+            extra_root_certs: Vec::new(),
+            extra_root_certs_pem: Vec::new(),
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Append a PEM-encoded trust root that this CLI will accept on top of
+    /// the system's default roots. Typically called via `CliApp::extra_root_cert`.
+    /// Returns an error if the PEM is unparseable or contains zero certs.
+    pub fn with_extra_root_cert(mut self, pem: &[u8]) -> Result<Self, CliError> {
+        // Validate the PEM up front (`parse_extra_root_cert` rejects empty /
+        // unparseable bundles). Storing the raw bytes alongside lets
+        // non-reqwest transports build their own connectors without
+        // re-parsing through reqwest types.
+        self.extra_root_certs.extend(parse_extra_root_cert(pem)?);
+        self.extra_root_certs_pem.push(pem.to_vec());
+        Ok(self)
+    }
+
+    /// Append already-parsed trust roots. Used internally by `CliApp` to
+    /// thread compile-time roots from the builder into the runtime config
+    /// without re-parsing. The matching PEM bytes must be supplied so
+    /// `resolve()` can hand them to non-reqwest transports.
+    pub(crate) fn with_parsed_root_certs(
+        mut self,
+        certs: impl IntoIterator<Item = reqwest::Certificate>,
+        pem_bytes: impl IntoIterator<Item = Vec<u8>>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        self.extra_root_certs.extend(certs);
+        self.extra_root_certs_pem.extend(pem_bytes);
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// CLI binary name (e.g. `"myapi"`).
+    pub fn name(&self) -> &str {
+        &self.name
+    }
+
+    /// Env-var prefix derived from the binary name (uppercase, `-` → `_`).
+    /// `MYAPI`, `OTHER_API`, etc. Use this when constructing scoped env vars
+    /// so the transform stays consistent across the codebase.
+    pub fn env_prefix(&self) -> &str {
+        &self.prefix
+    }
+
+    /// Resolve the transport-neutral view of this config: compile-time
+    /// trust roots concatenated with the env-resolved `<NAME>_CA_BUNDLE`,
+    /// the `<NAME>_INSECURE` flag, the proxy override, and timeouts.
+    ///
+    /// Used by non-reqwest transports (`fern_cli_sdk::websocket`, future
+    /// SSE / raw-socket consumers) that need to build their own TLS
+    /// connector while honoring the same `<NAME>_*` env vars users
+    /// already configure for the reqwest path.
+    ///
+    /// Reads env vars at call time. Reading the CA bundle file can fail
+    /// (missing / unparseable / no PEM certs) — those errors surface here
+    /// rather than getting swallowed by the transport's own connect path.
+    ///
+    /// Side effects mirror [`HttpConfig::build_client`]: emits the
+    /// `<NAME>_INSECURE` warning at most once per (binary, process). No
+    /// network calls.
+    pub fn resolve(&self) -> Result<ResolvedTlsConfig, CliError> {
+        let prefix = &self.prefix;
+
+        let mut extra_root_certs_pem: Vec<Vec<u8>> = self.extra_root_certs_pem.clone();
+        if let Some(path) = first_env([
+            scoped(prefix, "_CA_BUNDLE"),
+            scoped(prefix, "_EXTRA_CA_CERTS"),
+            "SSL_CERT_FILE".to_string(),
+        ]) {
+            let pem = std::fs::read(&path).map_err(|e| {
+                CliError::Other(anyhow::anyhow!(
+                    "failed to read CA bundle from {path}: {e}"
+                ))
+            })?;
+            // Validate the bundle here so transport callers don't have to
+            // re-implement the "empty / non-PEM" diagnostic. We parse but
+            // discard the certs — the raw bytes are what we hand back.
+            let source = format!("CA bundle at {path}");
+            let _ = parse_pem_bundle(&pem, &source)?;
+            extra_root_certs_pem.push(pem);
+        }
+
+        let insecure_skip_verify = if let Some(active_key) = first_env_truthy([
+            scoped(prefix, "_INSECURE"),
+            scoped(prefix, "_INSECURE_SKIP_VERIFY"),
+        ]) {
+            warn_insecure_once(&self.name, &active_key);
+            true
+        } else {
+            false
+        };
+
+        let proxy = first_env([scoped(prefix, "_PROXY")]).map(|url| {
+            // Mirror the reqwest path's bypass-list resolution: <PREFIX>_NO_PROXY
+            // wins when set, otherwise fall back to the standard NO_PROXY env.
+            let no_proxy = first_env([scoped(prefix, "_NO_PROXY")])
+                .or_else(|| first_env(["NO_PROXY".to_string()]));
+            ResolvedProxy { url, no_proxy }
+        });
+
+        let connect_timeout = parse_secs(&scoped(prefix, "_CONNECT_TIMEOUT_SECS"))
+            .map(Duration::from_secs);
+        let request_timeout = parse_secs(&scoped(prefix, "_TIMEOUT_SECS"))
+            .map(Duration::from_secs);
+
+        Ok(ResolvedTlsConfig {
+            extra_root_certs_pem,
+            insecure_skip_verify,
+            proxy,
+            connect_timeout,
+            request_timeout,
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Build an HTTP client, applying compile-time roots, env-var overrides,
+    /// proxy settings, and timeouts. Reads `<NAME>_*` env vars at call time;
+    /// compile-time roots were captured when this config was built.
+    pub fn build_client(&self) -> Result<reqwest::Client, CliError> {
+        let prefix = &self.prefix;
+
+        let mut builder = reqwest::Client::builder();
+        let user_agent = format!("{}/{}", env!("CARGO_PKG_NAME"), env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION"));
+        if let Ok(header_value) = HeaderValue::from_str(&user_agent) {
+            let mut headers = HeaderMap::new();
+            headers.insert(USER_AGENT, header_value);
+            builder = builder.default_headers(headers);
+        }
+
+        // --- Compile-time trust roots (from CliApp::extra_root_cert) ---
+        for cert in &self.extra_root_certs {
+            builder = builder.add_root_certificate(cert.clone());
+        }
+
+        // --- Runtime trust roots from env ---
+        if let Some(path) = first_env([
+            scoped(prefix, "_CA_BUNDLE"),
+            scoped(prefix, "_EXTRA_CA_CERTS"),
+            "SSL_CERT_FILE".to_string(),
+        ]) {
+            let pem = std::fs::read(&path).map_err(|e| {
+                CliError::Other(anyhow::anyhow!(
+                    "failed to read CA bundle from {path}: {e}"
+                ))
+            })?;
+            let source = format!("CA bundle at {path}");
+            for cert in parse_pem_bundle(&pem, &source)? {
+                builder = builder.add_root_certificate(cert);
+            }
+        }
+
+        // --- Insecure mode (opt-in, loud) ---
+        if let Some(active_key) = first_env_truthy([
+            scoped(prefix, "_INSECURE"),
+            scoped(prefix, "_INSECURE_SKIP_VERIFY"),
+        ]) {
+            warn_insecure_once(&self.name, &active_key);
+            builder = builder
+                .danger_accept_invalid_certs(true)
+                .danger_accept_invalid_hostnames(true);
+        }
+
+        // --- Proxy override ---
+        //
+        // Reqwest's default behavior reads `HTTPS_PROXY` / `HTTP_PROXY` and
+        // adds them automatically. Adding our explicit `.proxy(...)` on top
+        // would result in *both* being tried in order — the env-detected one
+        // first. So when `<PREFIX>_PROXY` is set, we clear reqwest's
+        // auto-detection with `.no_proxy()` first, then add ours.
+        //
+        // Bypass-list semantics: `<PREFIX>_PROXY` *replaces* the global
+        // `HTTPS_PROXY`/`HTTP_PROXY`, but the bypass list is *augmenting*:
+        //   - if `<PREFIX>_NO_PROXY` is set, it's used (global NO_PROXY ignored);
+        //   - otherwise, the standard `NO_PROXY` is honored as a fallback so
+        //     a user who only set the shell-wide bypass list doesn't lose it.
+        // Standalone `<PREFIX>_NO_PROXY` (without `<PREFIX>_PROXY`) is *not*
+        // honored — it would have ambiguous semantics (override which proxy?).
+        let proxy_key = scoped(prefix, "_PROXY");
+        if let Some(url) = first_env([proxy_key.clone()]) {
+            let mut proxy = reqwest::Proxy::all(&url).map_err(|e| {
+                CliError::Other(anyhow::anyhow!("invalid {proxy_key}={url}: {e}"))
+            })?;
+            if let Some(list) = first_env([scoped(prefix, "_NO_PROXY")]) {
+                if let Some(np) = reqwest::NoProxy::from_string(&list) {
+                    proxy = proxy.no_proxy(Some(np));
+                }
+            } else if let Some(np) = reqwest::NoProxy::from_env() {
+                proxy = proxy.no_proxy(Some(np));
+            }
+            builder = builder.no_proxy().proxy(proxy);
+        }
+
+        // --- Timeouts ---
+        if let Some(secs) = parse_secs(&scoped(prefix, "_TIMEOUT_SECS")) {
+            builder = builder.timeout(std::time::Duration::from_secs(secs));
+        }
+        if let Some(secs) = parse_secs(&scoped(prefix, "_CONNECT_TIMEOUT_SECS")) {
+            builder = builder.connect_timeout(std::time::Duration::from_secs(secs));
+        }
+
+        builder.build().map_err(|e| {
+            CliError::Other(anyhow::anyhow!("failed to build HTTP client: {e}"))
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+/// Parse a PEM bundle into trust-root certs, with the SDK's standard
+/// validation: empty bytes / no PEM headers / unparseable bytes all surface
+/// as errors. `source` is woven into error messages so users can tell where
+/// the bad PEM came from (`"extra root cert"`, `"CA bundle at /path/..."`).
+fn parse_pem_bundle(pem: &[u8], source: &str) -> Result<Vec<reqwest::Certificate>, CliError> {
+    let certs = reqwest::Certificate::from_pem_bundle(pem).map_err(|e| {
+        CliError::Other(anyhow::anyhow!(
+            "failed to parse {source}: {e} — check the bytes are valid PEM-encoded certificates"
+        ))
+    })?;
+    if certs.is_empty() {
+        return Err(CliError::Other(anyhow::anyhow!(
+            "{source} contains no PEM certificates — check the bytes are PEM-encoded"
+        )));
+    }
+    Ok(certs)
+}
+
+/// Convenience wrapper for the compile-time path. Used by
+/// [`HttpConfig::with_extra_root_cert`] and `CliApp::extra_root_cert`.
+pub(crate) fn parse_extra_root_cert(pem: &[u8]) -> Result<Vec<reqwest::Certificate>, CliError> {
+    parse_pem_bundle(pem, "extra root cert")
+}
+
+// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// TLS error diagnostics
+// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/// If the given reqwest error looks like a TLS chain failure, print a hint
+/// to stderr telling the user how to fix it (export `<NAME>_CA_BUNDLE`,
+/// unset `HTTPS_PROXY`, or use `<NAME>_INSECURE=1` for debugging).
+///
+/// Emits at most once per (binary, process) so paginated callers don't spam.
+pub(crate) fn maybe_emit_tls_hint(cfg: &HttpConfig, err: &reqwest::Error) {
+    if !looks_like_tls_failure(err) {
+        return;
+    }
+    if !is_first_emission(&cfg.name, "tls") {
+        return;
+    }
+    let prefix = cfg.env_prefix();
+    eprintln!(
+        "hint: TLS chain validation failed. If you're behind a corporate proxy or \
+         interception tool (Proxyman, Charles, mitmproxy):\n  \
+         export {prefix}_CA_BUNDLE=/path/to/ca.pem    # trust an extra root\n  \
+         export SSL_CERT_FILE=/path/to/ca.pem         # generic fallback\n  \
+         {prefix}_INSECURE=1 <cmd>                    # skip verification (debugging only)"
+    );
+}
+
+/// Detect whether a reqwest error is plausibly a TLS chain failure. Uses the
+/// typed `is_connect()` predicate plus a deliberately-broad substring match
+/// against `"certificate"` in the rendered error chain. We accept some false
+/// positives (the hint is benign when wrong) in exchange for not missing real
+/// TLS failures when reqwest's error wording shifts between versions.
+fn looks_like_tls_failure(err: &reqwest::Error) -> bool {
+    if !err.is_connect() {
+        return false;
+    }
+    // `{:#}` prints the full source chain — TLS errors are usually wrapped
+    // several layers deep, with the actual word appearing near the bottom.
+    format!("{err:#}").to_lowercase().contains("certificate")
+}
+
+/// Print the insecure-mode warning at most once per (binary, process).
+fn warn_insecure_once(name: &str, active_key: &str) {
+    if !is_first_emission(name, "insecure") {
+        return;
+    }
+    eprintln!(
+        "warning: TLS verification disabled via {active_key} — \
+         requests are vulnerable to MITM. Unset for production use."
+    );
+}
+
+/// Returns true the *first* time a (binary, kind) pair is seen in this
+/// process, false thereafter. Lets us print one-shot warnings/hints without
+/// silencing them across multiple binaries built on the SDK in the same
+/// process (e.g. test harnesses, library consumers wiring up two CLIs).
+fn is_first_emission(name: &str, kind: &str) -> bool {
+    static EMITTED: LazyLock<Mutex<HashSet<String>>> =
+        LazyLock::new(|| Mutex::new(HashSet::new()));
+    let mut guard = EMITTED.lock().unwrap_or_else(|e| e.into_inner());
+    guard.insert(format!("{name}::{kind}"))
+}
+
+// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Env-var helpers
+// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/// Format a scoped env-var name. `scoped("MYAPI", "_CA_BUNDLE")` →
+/// `"MYAPI_CA_BUNDLE"`.
+fn scoped(prefix: &str, suffix: &str) -> String {
+    format!("{prefix}{suffix}")
+}
+
+/// Return the first non-empty env var value among the given keys, in order.
+fn first_env<S: AsRef<str>>(keys: impl IntoIterator<Item = S>) -> Option<String> {
+    keys.into_iter().find_map(|k| {
+        let k = k.as_ref();
+        if k.is_empty() {
+            return None;
+        }
+        std::env::var(k).ok().filter(|v| !v.is_empty())
+    })
+}
+
+/// Like `first_env`, but checks for truthy values and returns the *name* of
+/// the env var that fired so warnings can name the actual variable the user
+/// set.
+fn first_env_truthy<S: AsRef<str>>(keys: impl IntoIterator<Item = S>) -> Option<String> {
+    keys.into_iter().find_map(|k| {
+        let k = k.as_ref();
+        if k.is_empty() {
+            return None;
+        }
+        match std::env::var(k) {
+            Ok(v) if is_truthy(&v) => Some(k.to_string()),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    })
+}
+
+fn is_truthy(v: &str) -> bool {
+    v.eq_ignore_ascii_case("1")
+        || v.eq_ignore_ascii_case("true")
+        || v.eq_ignore_ascii_case("yes")
+        || v.eq_ignore_ascii_case("on")
+}
+
+fn parse_secs(key: &str) -> Option<u64> {
+    std::env::var(key).ok().and_then(|v| v.parse().ok())
+}
+
+// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Tests
+// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    /// RAII guard that sets env vars on construction and unsets them on
+    /// drop, so a panic mid-test doesn't leak mutations into other tests.
+    /// The `unset` helper additionally restores any pre-existing value
+    /// on drop so the guard works for both setting and clearing.
+    #[derive(Default)]
+    struct EnvGuard {
+        set_keys: Vec<String>,
+        unset_keys: Vec<(String, Option<std::ffi::OsString>)>,
+    }
+
+    impl EnvGuard {
+        fn set(&mut self, k: &str, v: impl AsRef<std::ffi::OsStr>) {
+            std::env::set_var(k, v);
+            self.set_keys.push(k.to_string());
+        }
+        /// Temporarily clear `k` for the duration of the guard, restoring
+        /// any previously-set value on drop. Used to isolate tests from
+        /// ambient CI/local env (e.g. Linux runners that set
+        /// `SSL_CERT_FILE` globally — that var would otherwise leak into
+        /// `HttpConfig::resolve`'s CA-bundle fallback).
+        fn unset(&mut self, k: &str) {
+            let prior = std::env::var_os(k);
+            std::env::remove_var(k);
+            self.unset_keys.push((k.to_string(), prior));
+        }
+    }
+
+    impl Drop for EnvGuard {
+        fn drop(&mut self) {
+            for k in &self.set_keys {
+                std::env::remove_var(k);
+            }
+            for (k, prior) in &self.unset_keys {
+                if let Some(v) = prior {
+                    std::env::set_var(k, v);
+                } else {
+                    std::env::remove_var(k);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Standard env-isolation for `resolve()` tests — clears the
+    /// CA-bundle fallback chain that CI may have pre-populated. Use at
+    /// the top of any test that asserts on a clean / minimal resolved
+    /// config.
+    fn isolated_env_guard() -> EnvGuard {
+        let mut g = EnvGuard::default();
+        g.unset("SSL_CERT_FILE");
+        g
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    #[serial_test::serial]
+    fn build_client_succeeds_with_clean_env() {
+        let cfg = HttpConfig::new("myapi").unwrap();
+        assert!(cfg.build_client().is_ok());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn http_config_rejects_empty_name() {
+        let err = HttpConfig::new("").expect_err("empty name should error");
+        assert!(err.to_string().contains("empty name"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn env_prefix_uppercases_and_translates_dashes() {
+        let cfg = HttpConfig::new("openapi-fixture").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(cfg.env_prefix(), "OPENAPI_FIXTURE");
+        assert_eq!(cfg.name(), "openapi-fixture");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn with_extra_root_cert_rejects_non_pem() {
+        let cfg = HttpConfig::new("regtest").unwrap();
+        let err = cfg
+            .with_extra_root_cert(b"not a pem")
+            .expect_err("non-PEM should error");
+        assert!(err.to_string().contains("extra root cert"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn with_extra_root_cert_rejects_empty_bundle() {
+        let cfg = HttpConfig::new("regtest").unwrap();
+        let err = cfg
+            .with_extra_root_cert(b"")
+            .expect_err("empty bytes should error");
+        let msg = err.to_string().to_lowercase();
+        assert!(msg.contains("empty") || msg.contains("no pem"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    #[serial_test::serial]
+    fn first_env_truthy_returns_active_key_name() {
+        let mut env = EnvGuard::default();
+        env.set("CLI_TEST_ACTIVE_PRIMARY", "1");
+        env.set("CLI_TEST_ACTIVE_ALIAS", "true");
+        let primary = "CLI_TEST_ACTIVE_PRIMARY".to_string();
+        let alias = "CLI_TEST_ACTIVE_ALIAS".to_string();
+        assert_eq!(
+            first_env_truthy([&primary, &alias]).as_deref(),
+            Some("CLI_TEST_ACTIVE_PRIMARY"),
+        );
+        std::env::remove_var("CLI_TEST_ACTIVE_PRIMARY");
+        // Alias wins now that primary is unset.
+        assert_eq!(
+            first_env_truthy([&primary, &alias]).as_deref(),
+            Some("CLI_TEST_ACTIVE_ALIAS"),
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    #[serial_test::serial]
+    fn first_env_truthy_rejects_falsy() {
+        let mut env = EnvGuard::default();
+        env.set("CLI_TEST_FALSY", "0");
+        let key = "CLI_TEST_FALSY".to_string();
+        assert!(first_env_truthy([&key]).is_none());
+        env.set("CLI_TEST_FALSY", "false");
+        assert!(first_env_truthy([&key]).is_none());
+        env.set("CLI_TEST_FALSY", "");
+        assert!(first_env_truthy([&key]).is_none());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn is_truthy_is_case_insensitive() {
+        assert!(is_truthy("1"));
+        assert!(is_truthy("TRUE"));
+        assert!(is_truthy("True"));
+        assert!(is_truthy("yes"));
+        assert!(is_truthy("ON"));
+        assert!(!is_truthy("0"));
+        assert!(!is_truthy(""));
+        assert!(!is_truthy("anything-else"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    #[serial_test::serial]
+    fn parse_secs_handles_numeric_and_invalid() {
+        let mut env = EnvGuard::default();
+        env.set("CLI_TEST_SECS", "42");
+        assert_eq!(parse_secs("CLI_TEST_SECS"), Some(42));
+        env.set("CLI_TEST_SECS", "not-a-number");
+        assert_eq!(parse_secs("CLI_TEST_SECS"), None);
+        assert_eq!(parse_secs("CLI_TEST_NEVER_SET"), None);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    #[serial_test::serial]
+    fn first_env_picks_first_set_value_and_skips_empty() {
+        let mut env = EnvGuard::default();
+        env.set("CLI_TEST_FIRST_A", "");
+        env.set("CLI_TEST_FIRST_B", "winner");
+        env.set("CLI_TEST_FIRST_C", "loser");
+        let a = "CLI_TEST_FIRST_A".to_string();
+        let b = "CLI_TEST_FIRST_B".to_string();
+        let c = "CLI_TEST_FIRST_C".to_string();
+        assert_eq!(first_env([&a, &b, &c]), Some("winner".to_string()));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    #[serial_test::serial]
+    fn ca_bundle_env_invalid_path_returns_error() {
+        let mut env = EnvGuard::default();
+        env.set("CLI_E2E_TEST_CA_BUNDLE", "/no/such/file.pem");
+        let cfg = HttpConfig::new("cli-e2e-test").unwrap();
+        let err = cfg.build_client().expect_err("missing path should error");
+        let msg = err.to_string();
+        assert!(msg.contains("/no/such/file.pem"), "error: {msg}");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    #[serial_test::serial]
+    fn ca_bundle_env_empty_file_returns_error() {
+        let mut env = EnvGuard::default();
+        let tmp = tempfile::NamedTempFile::new().unwrap();
+        env.set("CLI_EMPTY_BUNDLE_TEST_CA_BUNDLE", tmp.path());
+        let cfg = HttpConfig::new("cli-empty-bundle-test").unwrap();
+        let err = cfg.build_client().expect_err("empty bundle should error");
+        let msg = err.to_string().to_lowercase();
+        assert!(msg.contains("no pem") || msg.contains("empty"), "error: {msg}");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    #[serial_test::serial]
+    fn is_first_emission_dedupes_by_binary_and_kind() {
+        // The emission tracker is a process-global LazyLock, so this test
+        // shares state with anything else that calls `is_first_emission`.
+        // Serializing keeps it deterministic; unique binary-name keys would
+        // be required if other tests called it.
+        assert!(is_first_emission("emit-dedupe-test", "marker-1"));
+        assert!(!is_first_emission("emit-dedupe-test", "marker-1"));
+        assert!(is_first_emission("emit-dedupe-test", "marker-2"));
+        assert!(is_first_emission("emit-dedupe-test-other", "marker-1"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn scoped_helper_concatenates_prefix_and_suffix() {
+        assert_eq!(scoped("MYAPI", "_CA_BUNDLE"), "MYAPI_CA_BUNDLE");
+        assert_eq!(scoped("OTHER", "_INSECURE"), "OTHER_INSECURE");
+    }
+
+    // ----- resolve() — transport-neutral view ---------------------------------
+
+    /// Minimal valid self-signed PEM. Used by both reqwest and rustls parsers
+    /// to verify the round-trip stays byte-identical after going through
+    /// [`HttpConfig::resolve`].
+    const TEST_PEM: &str = "-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----\n\
+MIIBhTCCASugAwIBAgIQIRi6zePL6mKjOipn+dNuaTAKBggqhkjOPQQDAjASMRAw\n\
+DgYDVQQKEwdBY21lIENvMB4XDTE3MTAyMDE5NDMwNloXDTE4MTAyMDE5NDMwNlow\n\
+EjEQMA4GA1UEChMHQWNtZSBDbzBZMBMGByqGSM49AgEGCCqGSM49AwEHA0IABD0d\n\
+7VNhbWvZLWPuj/RtHFjvtJBEwOkhbN/BnnE8rnZR8+sbwnc/KhCk3FhnpHZnQz7B\n\
+5aETbbIgmuvewdjvSBSjYzBhMA4GA1UdDwEB/wQEAwICpDATBgNVHSUEDDAKBggr\n\
+BgEFBQcDATAPBgNVHRMBAf8EBTADAQH/MCkGA1UdEQQiMCCCDmxvY2FsaG9zdDo1\n\
+NDUzgg4xMjcuMC4wLjE6NTQ1MzAKBggqhkjOPQQDAgNIADBFAiEA2zpJEPQyz6/l\n\
+Wf86aX6PepsntZv2GYlA5UpabfT2EZICICpJ5h/iI+i341gBmLiAFQOyTDT+/wQc\n\
+6MF9+Yw1Yy0t\n\
+-----END CERTIFICATE-----\n";
+
+    #[test]
+    #[serial_test::serial]
+    fn resolve_clean_env_yields_no_overrides() {
+        // CI runners (notably ubuntu-latest) set SSL_CERT_FILE globally;
+        // `resolve()` reads it as the CA-bundle fallback so we must clear
+        // it for the duration of this test to actually see "clean env".
+        let _g = isolated_env_guard();
+        let cfg = HttpConfig::new("resolve-clean").unwrap();
+        let resolved = cfg.resolve().expect("clean env should resolve");
+        assert!(resolved.extra_root_certs_pem.is_empty());
+        assert!(!resolved.insecure_skip_verify);
+        assert!(resolved.proxy.is_none());
+        assert!(resolved.connect_timeout.is_none());
+        assert!(resolved.request_timeout.is_none());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    #[serial_test::serial]
+    fn resolve_preserves_compile_time_pem_bytes_unchanged() {
+        let _g = isolated_env_guard();
+        let cfg = HttpConfig::new("resolve-ct-pem")
+            .unwrap()
+            .with_extra_root_cert(TEST_PEM.as_bytes())
+            .expect("test PEM should parse");
+        let resolved = cfg.resolve().expect("resolve should succeed");
+        assert_eq!(resolved.extra_root_certs_pem.len(), 1);
+        // Round-trip must be byte-identical — non-reqwest transports parse
+        // these bytes with their own PEM reader and need them verbatim.
+        assert_eq!(resolved.extra_root_certs_pem[0], TEST_PEM.as_bytes());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    #[serial_test::serial]
+    fn resolve_appends_env_ca_bundle_after_compile_time_roots() {
+        let mut env = isolated_env_guard();
+        let mut tmp = tempfile::NamedTempFile::new().unwrap();
+        std::io::Write::write_all(&mut tmp, TEST_PEM.as_bytes()).unwrap();
+        env.set("RESOLVE_ENV_PEM_CA_BUNDLE", tmp.path());
+
+        let cfg = HttpConfig::new("resolve-env-pem")
+            .unwrap()
+            .with_extra_root_cert(TEST_PEM.as_bytes())
+            .unwrap();
+        let resolved = cfg.resolve().expect("resolve should succeed");
+        assert_eq!(resolved.extra_root_certs_pem.len(), 2,
+            "compile-time PEM first, env PEM appended");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    #[serial_test::serial]
+    fn resolve_invalid_ca_bundle_path_errors() {
+        let mut env = EnvGuard::default();
+        env.set("RESOLVE_BAD_PATH_CA_BUNDLE", "/no/such/file.pem");
+        let cfg = HttpConfig::new("resolve-bad-path").unwrap();
+        let err = cfg.resolve().expect_err("missing path should error");
+        assert!(err.to_string().contains("/no/such/file.pem"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    #[serial_test::serial]
+    fn resolve_invalid_ca_bundle_contents_errors() {
+        let mut env = EnvGuard::default();
+        let mut tmp = tempfile::NamedTempFile::new().unwrap();
+        std::io::Write::write_all(&mut tmp, b"not a pem").unwrap();
+        env.set("RESOLVE_BAD_PEM_CA_BUNDLE", tmp.path());
+        let cfg = HttpConfig::new("resolve-bad-pem").unwrap();
+        let err = cfg.resolve().expect_err("unparseable PEM should error");
+        let msg = err.to_string().to_lowercase();
+        assert!(msg.contains("ca bundle") || msg.contains("pem"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    #[serial_test::serial]
+    fn resolve_picks_up_insecure_flag() {
+        let mut env = EnvGuard::default();
+        env.set("RESOLVE_INSECURE_INSECURE", "1");
+        let cfg = HttpConfig::new("resolve-insecure").unwrap();
+        let resolved = cfg.resolve().unwrap();
+        assert!(resolved.insecure_skip_verify);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    #[serial_test::serial]
+    fn resolve_proxy_with_explicit_no_proxy_wins_over_env() {
+        let mut env = EnvGuard::default();
+        env.set("RESOLVE_PROXY_PROXY", "http://proxy.example:3128");
+        env.set("RESOLVE_PROXY_NO_PROXY", "internal.example");
+        env.set("NO_PROXY", "should-be-ignored");
+        let cfg = HttpConfig::new("resolve-proxy").unwrap();
+        let resolved = cfg.resolve().unwrap();
+        let p = resolved.proxy.expect("proxy should be set");
+        assert_eq!(p.url, "http://proxy.example:3128");
+        assert_eq!(p.no_proxy.as_deref(), Some("internal.example"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    #[serial_test::serial]
+    fn resolve_proxy_falls_back_to_global_no_proxy() {
+        let mut env = EnvGuard::default();
+        env.set("RESOLVE_PROXY_FALLBACK_PROXY", "http://p.example:3128");
+        env.set("NO_PROXY", "fallback.example");
+        let cfg = HttpConfig::new("resolve-proxy-fallback").unwrap();
+        let resolved = cfg.resolve().unwrap();
+        let p = resolved.proxy.expect("proxy should be set");
+        assert_eq!(p.no_proxy.as_deref(), Some("fallback.example"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    #[serial_test::serial]
+    fn resolve_and_build_client_agree_on_common_env_var_shape() {
+        // Cheap drift check: with the same env vars set, both readers
+        // succeed. This doesn't prove they map values identically into
+        // their respective output types (reqwest::Client vs
+        // ResolvedTlsConfig) — that would require introspecting reqwest
+        // internals — but it does catch the class of bug where one
+        // reader accepts an env-var combination the other rejects.
+        let mut env = isolated_env_guard();
+        let mut tmp = tempfile::NamedTempFile::new().unwrap();
+        std::io::Write::write_all(&mut tmp, TEST_PEM.as_bytes()).unwrap();
+        env.set("RESOLVE_AGREE_CA_BUNDLE", tmp.path());
+        env.set("RESOLVE_AGREE_TIMEOUT_SECS", "42");
+        env.set("RESOLVE_AGREE_CONNECT_TIMEOUT_SECS", "7");
+
+        let cfg = HttpConfig::new("resolve-agree").unwrap();
+        let resolved = cfg.resolve().expect("resolve should succeed");
+        assert_eq!(resolved.extra_root_certs_pem.len(), 1);
+        assert_eq!(resolved.request_timeout, Some(Duration::from_secs(42)));
+        assert_eq!(resolved.connect_timeout, Some(Duration::from_secs(7)));
+
+        // build_client reads env vars independently. If it errors here
+        // with the same env set, the two readers have drifted on a
+        // value the spec says both accept.
+        cfg.build_client()
+            .expect("build_client should accept the same env vars as resolve()");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    #[serial_test::serial]
+    fn resolve_timeouts_parsed_as_seconds() {
+        let mut env = EnvGuard::default();
+        env.set("RESOLVE_TIMEOUTS_TIMEOUT_SECS", "30");
+        env.set("RESOLVE_TIMEOUTS_CONNECT_TIMEOUT_SECS", "5");
+        let cfg = HttpConfig::new("resolve-timeouts").unwrap();
+        let resolved = cfg.resolve().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(resolved.request_timeout, Some(Duration::from_secs(30)));
+        assert_eq!(resolved.connect_timeout, Some(Duration::from_secs(5)));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/lib.rs b/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/lib.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..304537e57f71
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/lib.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+//! Fern CLI SDK
+//!
+//! A library for building CLIs from OpenAPI or GraphQL SDL schemas.
+//! Uses `x-fern-sdk-group-name` and `x-fern-sdk-method-name` extensions
+//! to build the command hierarchy.
+
+// Public API — building blocks
+pub mod app;
+pub mod arg_source;
+pub mod auth;
+pub mod binding;
+pub mod cli_args;
+pub mod completions;
+pub(crate) mod custom_commands;
+pub mod http;
+pub mod error;
+pub mod formatter;
+pub mod graphql;
+pub mod hooks;
+pub mod man;
+pub mod openapi;
+pub mod stability;
+pub mod validate;
+pub mod websocket;
+
+// Convenience re-exports for auth types
+pub use auth::{ApiKeyAuth, BasicAuth, BearerAuth, OAuth2Auth, OAuth2Grant, OAuth2TokenProvider, TokenCache};
+
+// Internal modules
+pub(crate) mod early_intercept;
+pub(crate) mod logging;
+pub(crate) mod output;
+pub(crate) mod text;
+
+/// Initialize logging from environment variables. Call once at startup.
+///
+/// `cli_name` is the binary name (e.g. `"my-cli"`). The function reads
+/// `<PREFIX>_LOG` and `<PREFIX>_LOG_FILE` where `<PREFIX>` is
+/// `cli_name` uppercased with hyphens replaced by underscores.
+pub fn init_logging(cli_name: &str) {
+    logging::init_logging(cli_name);
+}
+
+/// Reset the `SIGPIPE` signal handler to its default disposition (`SIG_DFL`).
+///
+/// Rust's runtime sets `SIGPIPE` to `SIG_IGN`, which causes writes to a
+/// broken pipe (e.g. `<cli> completion bash | head -5`) to return
+/// `EPIPE` errors instead of terminating the process. For CLI tools that
+/// produce large output this surfaces as a panic in `println!` or
+/// `write_all`. Resetting to `SIG_DFL` lets the OS deliver the signal
+/// and terminate the process cleanly — the standard behavior expected by
+/// Unix pipelines.
+///
+/// This is the idiomatic fix used by `bat`, `ripgrep`, `fd`, `eza`, and
+/// most other Rust CLI tools. Called at the very top of each binary's
+/// `run()` method before any I/O.
+///
+/// On non-Unix platforms this is a no-op.
+#[cfg(unix)]
+pub fn reset_sigpipe() {
+    unsafe {
+        libc::signal(libc::SIGPIPE, libc::SIG_DFL);
+    }
+}
+
+/// No-op on non-Unix platforms.
+#[cfg(not(unix))]
+pub fn reset_sigpipe() {}
diff --git a/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/logging.rs b/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/logging.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..d90f70af5d4d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/logging.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+//! Structured Logging
+//!
+//! Provides opt-in, PII-free logging for HTTP requests and CLI operations.
+//! All output goes to stderr or a log file — stdout remains clean for
+//! machine-consumable JSON output.
+//!
+//! ## Environment Variables
+//!
+//! - `<NAME>_LOG`: Filter directive for stderr logging
+//!   (e.g., `fern=debug`). `<NAME>` is the CLI binary name uppercased
+//!   with hyphens replaced by underscores. If unset, no stderr logging.
+//!
+//! - `<NAME>_LOG_FILE`: Directory path for JSON-line log
+//!   files with daily rotation. If unset, no file logging.
+
+use tracing_subscriber::prelude::*;
+
+/// Compute the env-var prefix from a CLI binary name: uppercase, hyphens → underscores.
+fn env_prefix(cli_name: &str) -> String {
+    cli_name.to_uppercase().replace('-', "_")
+}
+
+/// Initialize the tracing subscriber based on environment variables.
+///
+/// `cli_name` is the binary name (e.g. `"my-cli"`). The function reads
+/// `<PREFIX>_LOG` and `<PREFIX>_LOG_FILE` where `<PREFIX>` is
+/// `cli_name` uppercased with hyphens replaced by underscores.
+///
+/// If neither variable is set, this is a no-op and logging adds zero
+/// overhead.
+pub fn init_logging(cli_name: &str) {
+    let prefix = env_prefix(cli_name);
+    let env_log = format!("{prefix}_LOG");
+    let env_log_file = format!("{prefix}_LOG_FILE");
+
+    let stderr_filter = std::env::var(&env_log).ok();
+    let log_file_dir = std::env::var(&env_log_file).ok();
+
+    if stderr_filter.is_none() && log_file_dir.is_none() {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    let registry = tracing_subscriber::registry();
+
+    let stderr_layer = stderr_filter.map(|filter| {
+        let env_filter = tracing_subscriber::EnvFilter::new(filter);
+        tracing_subscriber::fmt::layer()
+            .with_writer(std::io::stderr)
+            .with_target(false)
+            .compact()
+            .with_filter(env_filter)
+    });
+
+    let (file_layer, _guard) = if let Some(ref dir) = log_file_dir {
+        let log_filename = format!("{cli_name}.log");
+        let file_appender = tracing_appender::rolling::daily(dir, log_filename);
+        let (non_blocking, guard) = tracing_appender::non_blocking(file_appender);
+        let layer = tracing_subscriber::fmt::layer()
+            .json()
+            .with_writer(non_blocking)
+            .with_target(true)
+            .with_filter(tracing_subscriber::EnvFilter::new("debug"));
+        (Some(layer), Some(guard))
+    } else {
+        (None, None)
+    };
+
+    let subscriber = registry.with(stderr_layer).with(file_layer);
+    if tracing::subscriber::set_global_default(subscriber).is_ok() {
+        if let Some(guard) = _guard {
+            std::mem::forget(guard);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use serial_test::serial;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_env_prefix() {
+        assert_eq!(env_prefix("test-cli"), "TEST_CLI");
+        assert_eq!(env_prefix("box"), "BOX");
+        assert_eq!(env_prefix("my-long-name"), "MY_LONG_NAME");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_env_var_names_derived() {
+        let prefix = env_prefix("test-cli");
+        assert_eq!(format!("{prefix}_LOG"), "TEST_CLI_LOG");
+        assert_eq!(format!("{prefix}_LOG_FILE"), "TEST_CLI_LOG_FILE");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    #[serial]
+    fn test_init_logging_default_no_panic() {
+        std::env::remove_var("TEST_CLI_LOG");
+        std::env::remove_var("TEST_CLI_LOG_FILE");
+        init_logging("test-cli");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    #[serial]
+    fn test_init_logging_with_stderr_filter_no_panic() {
+        // set_global_default may fail if another test already set it — that's fine,
+        // we still exercise the branch up to and including that call.
+        std::env::set_var("TEST_CLI_LOG", "fern=debug");
+        std::env::remove_var("TEST_CLI_LOG_FILE");
+        init_logging("test-cli");
+        std::env::remove_var("TEST_CLI_LOG");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    #[serial]
+    fn test_init_logging_with_file_dir_no_panic() {
+        let dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+        std::env::remove_var("TEST_CLI_LOG");
+        std::env::set_var("TEST_CLI_LOG_FILE", dir.path().to_str().unwrap());
+        init_logging("test-cli");
+        std::env::remove_var("TEST_CLI_LOG_FILE");
+    }
+}
diff --git a/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/man.rs b/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/man.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..9bd15fd580c9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/man.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+//! Man page generation.
+//!
+//! Shared infrastructure for emitting roff-formatted man pages. Sits above
+//! both protocol paths (`openapi/` and `graphql/`) and has no
+//! protocol-specific dependencies. Mirrors the shape of `completions.rs`.
+
+use clap::Command;
+
+/// Returns `true` when `args` contains `"man"` as the first positional
+/// token (i.e. the subcommand position). This allows early interception
+/// before normal API dispatch — avoiding collision with an API resource
+/// that might also be named `man`.
+///
+/// Delegates to the shared [`crate::early_intercept::first_positional_is`]
+/// helper which handles `--flag value` skip logic and boolean-flag awareness.
+pub fn wants_man(args: &[String]) -> bool {
+    crate::early_intercept::first_positional_is(args, "man")
+}
+
+/// Generate a roff-formatted man page for `cmd` and write it to `writer`.
+///
+/// `bin_name` is the name the user types to invoke the CLI (e.g. `"box"`).
+/// The caller is responsible for building a `Command` that mirrors the full
+/// CLI surface (subcommands, flags, etc.) so the generated page is complete.
+///
+/// Returns an IO error if writing fails.
+pub fn generate_man_to(cmd: Command, bin_name: &str, writer: &mut dyn std::io::Write) -> std::io::Result<()> {
+    let cmd = cmd.name(bin_name.to_owned());
+    let man = clap_mangen::Man::new(cmd);
+    let mut buf = Vec::new();
+    man.render(&mut buf)?;
+    writer.write_all(&buf)
+}
+
+/// Generate a roff-formatted man page for `cmd` and write it to stdout.
+///
+/// Thin wrapper around [`generate_man_to`] that targets `stdout`.
+pub fn generate_man(cmd: Command, bin_name: &str) -> std::io::Result<()> {
+    generate_man_to(cmd, bin_name, &mut std::io::stdout())
+}
+
+/// Build the `man` subcommand definition. Registered at the root of the
+/// command tree so `<cli> man` works.
+pub fn man_command() -> Command {
+    Command::new("man")
+        .about("Generate a man page (roff format)")
+        .after_help(
+            "EXAMPLES:\n    \
+             # macOS / Linux (user-local)\n    \
+             <CLI> man > ~/.local/share/man/man1/<CLI>.1\n    \
+             # System-wide (Linux)\n    \
+             <CLI> man | sudo tee /usr/local/share/man/man1/<CLI>.1\n    \
+             # View directly without installing\n    \
+             <CLI> man | groff -Tutf8 -man | less",
+        )
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    fn args(slice: &[&str]) -> Vec<String> {
+        slice.iter().map(|s| s.to_string()).collect()
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn wants_man_basic() {
+        assert!(wants_man(&args(&["box", "man"])));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn wants_man_false_when_flag_value() {
+        assert!(!wants_man(&args(&["box", "--base-url", "man"])));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn wants_man_with_boolean_flag() {
+        assert!(wants_man(&args(&["box", "--dry-run", "man"])));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn generate_man_produces_roff() {
+        let cmd = Command::new("box").about("test");
+        let mut buf = Vec::new();
+        generate_man_to(cmd, "box", &mut buf).expect("generate_man_to should succeed");
+        let output = String::from_utf8(buf).expect("man page should be valid UTF-8");
+        assert!(
+            output.contains(".TH"),
+            "man page should contain a .TH title-header macro, got:\n{}",
+            &output[..output.len().min(200)]
+        );
+        assert!(
+            output.contains("box"),
+            "man page should contain the binary name"
+        );
+        assert!(
+            output.contains("test"),
+            "man page should contain the about text"
+        );
+    }
+}
diff --git a/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/openapi/app.rs b/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/openapi/app.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..e0dcfb9e7deb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/openapi/app.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,3656 @@
+//! High-level API for building CLIs from OpenAPI specs.
+//!
+//! [`CliApp`] provides a builder-style API that lets consumers create a
+//! fully-functional CLI in just a few lines. [`AppContext`] exposes the
+//! loaded spec and executor so that custom command handlers can call the
+//! API programmatically.
+
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+
+use crate::auth::{AuthCredentialSource, AuthStrategy, DynAuthProvider, SchemeBinding};
+use crate::error::CliError;
+use crate::formatter;
+use crate::openapi::discovery::{JsonSchema, RestDescription, RestMethod, RestResource};
+use crate::openapi::executor;
+
+/// Split a slash-delimited prefix string into its path components, dropping
+/// empty segments so accidental leading/trailing slashes are forgiving.
+fn split_prefix(prefix: &str) -> Vec<String> {
+    prefix
+        .split('/')
+        .filter(|s| !s.is_empty())
+        .map(str::to_string)
+        .collect()
+}
+
+/// Merge `incoming` resources into `target` at the given nested namespace
+/// path. Empty path = flat top-level merge. Multi-segment path = walk/create
+/// intermediate resources, merge at the leaf.
+///
+/// **Stutter elision:** at the leaf, if `incoming` contains a top-level
+/// resource whose name matches the leaf namespace, that resource's methods
+/// and sub-resources are *hoisted* into the namespace itself — eliminating
+/// the `myapi v3 customers customers get` repetition that would
+/// otherwise occur when a spec's primary domain matches the namespace name.
+/// Other top-level resources from the spec become children of the
+/// namespace as usual.
+fn merge_into_path(
+    target: &mut HashMap<String, RestResource>,
+    path: &[String],
+    mut incoming: HashMap<String, RestResource>,
+) -> Result<(), CliError> {
+    if path.is_empty() {
+        for key in incoming.keys() {
+            if target.contains_key(key) {
+                return Err(CliError::Discovery(format!(
+                    "Resource key collision: '{key}' appears in multiple specs"
+                )));
+            }
+        }
+        target.extend(incoming);
+        return Ok(());
+    }
+
+    if path.len() == 1 {
+        let leaf = path[0].clone();
+        let entry = target.entry(leaf.clone()).or_insert_with(|| RestResource {
+            resources: HashMap::new(),
+            methods: HashMap::new(),
+        });
+
+        // Hoist a matching-name resource from the spec into the namespace.
+        if let Some(matching) = incoming.remove(&leaf) {
+            for (k, v) in matching.methods {
+                if entry.methods.contains_key(&k) {
+                    return Err(CliError::Discovery(format!(
+                        "Method key collision: '{k}' under namespace '{leaf}'"
+                    )));
+                }
+                entry.methods.insert(k, v);
+            }
+            for (k, v) in matching.resources {
+                if entry.resources.contains_key(&k) {
+                    return Err(CliError::Discovery(format!(
+                        "Resource key collision: '{k}' under namespace '{leaf}'"
+                    )));
+                }
+                entry.resources.insert(k, v);
+            }
+        }
+
+        for (k, v) in incoming {
+            if entry.resources.contains_key(&k) {
+                return Err(CliError::Discovery(format!(
+                    "Resource key collision: '{k}' under namespace '{leaf}'"
+                )));
+            }
+            entry.resources.insert(k, v);
+        }
+        return Ok(());
+    }
+
+    let head = path[0].clone();
+    let entry = target.entry(head).or_insert_with(|| RestResource {
+        resources: HashMap::new(),
+        methods: HashMap::new(),
+    });
+    merge_into_path(&mut entry.resources, &path[1..], incoming)
+}
+
+/// Replace `{name}` substrings in `s` with values from `subs`. Variables not
+/// in the map are left literal so dry-run output and downstream errors can
+/// still pinpoint what's missing.
+fn substitute_url_vars(s: &str, subs: &HashMap<String, String>) -> String {
+    let mut out = s.to_string();
+    for (name, value) in subs {
+        out = out.replace(&format!("{{{name}}}"), value);
+    }
+    out
+}
+
+/// Walk the merged doc and substitute server variables in every `root_url`
+/// (top-level + per-method, since per-operation server overrides each have
+/// their own URL).
+fn apply_server_var_substitutions(
+    doc: &mut crate::openapi::discovery::RestDescription,
+    subs: &HashMap<String, String>,
+) {
+    if subs.is_empty() {
+        return;
+    }
+    doc.root_url = substitute_url_vars(&doc.root_url, subs);
+    for server in &mut doc.servers {
+        server.url = substitute_url_vars(&server.url, subs);
+    }
+    fn walk(res: &mut crate::openapi::discovery::RestResource, subs: &HashMap<String, String>) {
+        for method in res.methods.values_mut() {
+            method.root_url = substitute_url_vars(&method.root_url, subs);
+            for server in &mut method.servers {
+                server.url = substitute_url_vars(&server.url, subs);
+            }
+        }
+        for sub in res.resources.values_mut() {
+            walk(sub, subs);
+        }
+    }
+    for res in doc.resources.values_mut() {
+        walk(res, subs);
+    }
+}
+
+/// Apply generator-supplied env-var overrides to every idempotent
+/// operation's synthetic idempotency-header parameter. The parser
+/// already populated `MethodParameter.env_var` from each
+/// `IdempotencyHeader.env` declared in the spec; this pass overlays the
+/// builder map so calls like `.idempotency_header_env("Idempotency-Key",
+/// "API_IDEMPOTENCY_KEY")` win over a value baked into the spec.
+///
+/// Keys in `envs` are matched against the entry's `name` first, then
+/// its `header` value — letting generators register against whichever
+/// identifier they emit at the call site.
+fn apply_idempotency_header_envs(
+    doc: &mut crate::openapi::discovery::RestDescription,
+    envs: &HashMap<String, String>,
+) {
+    if envs.is_empty() || doc.idempotency_headers.is_empty() {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    // Resolve each idempotency header's wire header name to an env var,
+    // checking the `name` field first and falling back to `header`.
+    // Collected up front so the per-method walk below is O(headers) per
+    // method instead of O(headers * builder_entries).
+    let mut header_to_env: HashMap<String, String> = HashMap::new();
+    for h in &doc.idempotency_headers {
+        let resolved = h
+            .name
+            .as_deref()
+            .and_then(|n| envs.get(n))
+            .or_else(|| envs.get(&h.header));
+        if let Some(env_var) = resolved {
+            header_to_env.insert(h.header.clone(), env_var.clone());
+        }
+    }
+    if header_to_env.is_empty() {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    fn walk(
+        res: &mut crate::openapi::discovery::RestResource,
+        header_to_env: &HashMap<String, String>,
+    ) {
+        for method in res.methods.values_mut() {
+            if !method.idempotent {
+                continue;
+            }
+            for (header, env_var) in header_to_env {
+                if let Some(param) = method.parameters.get_mut(header) {
+                    if param.location.as_deref() == Some("header") {
+                        param.env_var = Some(env_var.clone());
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        for sub in res.resources.values_mut() {
+            walk(sub, header_to_env);
+        }
+    }
+    for res in doc.resources.values_mut() {
+        walk(res, &header_to_env);
+    }
+}
+
+fn merge_schemas(
+    acc: &mut HashMap<String, JsonSchema>,
+    incoming: HashMap<String, JsonSchema>,
+) -> Result<(), CliError> {
+    // Multi-spec setups share common schema
+    // names (`ErrorResponse`, `Pagination`, `Meta`) across many specs that are
+    // authored from the same template — collisions are the norm, not a bug.
+    // First write wins; schemas are only used for best-effort request-body
+    // validation, so a worst-case mismatch surfaces as a client-side
+    // validation warning, not silent corruption. A future structural-equality
+    // check could promote real differences back to an error.
+    for (key, schema) in incoming {
+        acc.entry(key).or_insert(schema);
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// Merge security-scheme declarations from another spec into the accumulator.
+/// First write wins on collisions — multi-spec setups frequently re-declare a
+/// shared `bearerAuth` from a common template, and a structural-equality check
+/// would surface noise rather than help. Each operation's
+/// `security_requirements` are denormalized into the operation itself at parse
+/// time, so schemes only need to be merged at the top level for the eventual
+/// `RoutingAuthProvider` registry.
+fn merge_security_schemes(
+    acc: &mut HashMap<String, crate::openapi::discovery::SecurityScheme>,
+    incoming: HashMap<String, crate::openapi::discovery::SecurityScheme>,
+) {
+    for (key, scheme) in incoming {
+        acc.entry(key).or_insert(scheme);
+    }
+}
+
+/// Merge `x-fern-sdk-variables` declarations across specs. First write
+/// wins on name collisions, mirroring [`merge_schemas`] and
+/// [`merge_security_schemes`]. Multi-spec setups that share a common
+/// variable across two OpenAPI files should only register the flag once
+/// at the root, and a single source of truth is what makes resolution
+/// deterministic.
+fn merge_sdk_variables(
+    acc: &mut Vec<crate::openapi::discovery::SdkVariable>,
+    incoming: Vec<crate::openapi::discovery::SdkVariable>,
+) {
+    use std::collections::HashSet;
+    let existing: HashSet<String> = acc.iter().map(|v| v.name.clone()).collect();
+    for var in incoming {
+        if !existing.contains(&var.name) {
+            acc.push(var);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Returns true when the kebab-cased flag derived from an
+/// `x-fern-sdk-variables` declaration collides with a built-in CLI flag
+/// (`--params`, `--format`, `--dry-run`, …). Registering a global with
+/// the same long name would panic clap's debug_assert at command tree
+/// construction; the caller skips the offending entry and emits a
+/// `tracing::warn!` so the spec author can rename the variable.
+pub(crate) fn sdk_variable_collides_with_builtin(kebab: &str) -> bool {
+    crate::openapi::commands::BUILTIN_FLAG_NAMES.contains(&kebab)
+}
+
+/// Merge `x-fern-global-headers` declarations across specs. First write
+/// wins on header-name collisions, mirroring [`merge_sdk_variables`].
+/// Multi-spec setups that share a common header across two OpenAPI files
+/// should only register the flag once at the root.
+fn merge_global_headers(
+    acc: &mut Vec<crate::openapi::discovery::GlobalHeader>,
+    incoming: Vec<crate::openapi::discovery::GlobalHeader>,
+) {
+    use std::collections::HashSet;
+    let existing: HashSet<String> = acc.iter().map(|h| h.header.clone()).collect();
+    for h in incoming {
+        if !existing.contains(&h.header) {
+            acc.push(h);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Derive the kebab-cased CLI flag (`--<flag>`) for a global header.
+/// Prefers `name` (the SDK display identifier) when present; otherwise
+/// falls back to kebab-casing the wire header name. Mirrors the
+/// `flag_name_override` pathway used by `x-fern-idempotency-headers`.
+pub(crate) fn global_header_flag_name(h: &crate::openapi::discovery::GlobalHeader) -> String {
+    let source = h.name.as_deref().unwrap_or(h.header.as_str());
+    crate::text::to_kebab_flag(source)
+}
+
+/// Stable clap arg ID for a global header. Anchored to the wire header
+/// name so per-op parameter lookups (which key off the same string)
+/// remain consistent with what clap returns.
+pub(crate) fn global_header_arg_id(h: &crate::openapi::discovery::GlobalHeader) -> String {
+    format!("__global_header::{}", h.header)
+}
+
+/// Returns true when the kebab-cased flag derived from an
+/// `x-fern-global-headers` entry collides with a built-in CLI flag
+/// (`--params`, `--format`, …) or an already-registered global. clap
+/// would panic in debug builds on collision; we skip the offending entry
+/// with a `tracing::warn!` so the spec still loads.
+fn global_header_flag_collides_with_builtin(kebab: &str) -> bool {
+    crate::openapi::commands::BUILTIN_FLAG_NAMES.contains(&kebab)
+}
+
+/// Resolve a global header value from `matched_args`, the env, and the
+/// configured default — in that order. Returns `None` when none of the
+/// three sources produced a value, OR when the resolved value is empty
+/// or whitespace-only (callers shouldn't stamp a header like `X-API-Stage:`
+/// on the wire — that's almost always a user mistake worth surfacing as a
+/// required-header error, and matches the env-var-handling convention).
+///
+/// `matched_args.get_one::<String>` already incorporates clap's
+/// `.env()` and `.default_value()` bindings, so the lookup is a single
+/// read; the explicit env/default fields on [`GlobalHeader`] are what
+/// feed those clap bindings at registration time.
+pub(crate) fn resolve_global_header_value(
+    matched_args: &clap::ArgMatches,
+    h: &crate::openapi::discovery::GlobalHeader,
+) -> Option<String> {
+    matched_args
+        .get_one::<String>(&global_header_arg_id(h))
+        .map(|s| s.trim())
+        .filter(|s| !s.is_empty())
+        .map(|s| s.to_string())
+}
+
+/// True when an operation declares a `header`-located parameter with
+/// the same wire-name as a global header AND the user supplied a value
+/// for it in `params`. HTTP header names are case-insensitive per RFC
+/// 7230 §3.2, so the lookup is `eq_ignore_ascii_case` rather than
+/// `HashMap::contains_key` / `HashMap::get`.
+pub(crate) fn per_op_header_param_overrides_global(
+    params: &serde_json::Map<String, serde_json::Value>,
+    method: &RestMethod,
+    wire_name: &str,
+) -> bool {
+    let supplied = params
+        .keys()
+        .any(|k| k.eq_ignore_ascii_case(wire_name));
+    if !supplied {
+        return false;
+    }
+    method
+        .parameters
+        .iter()
+        .any(|(k, p)| k.eq_ignore_ascii_case(wire_name) && p.location.as_deref() == Some("header"))
+}
+
+/// Build the structured validation error used when a required global
+/// header has neither a CLI/env/default value nor a per-op override.
+/// Shared by both the built-in command path
+/// ([`build_global_header_overrides`]) and the custom-command path
+/// ([`AppContext::extra_headers_for`]) so users get the same message
+/// regardless of which dispatcher they hit.
+fn missing_required_global_header_error(h: &crate::openapi::discovery::GlobalHeader) -> CliError {
+    let flag = global_header_flag_name(h);
+    let env_hint = match &h.env {
+        Some(e) => format!(" or set ${e}"),
+        None => String::new(),
+    };
+    CliError::Validation(format!(
+        "Missing required global header '{}': provide --{}{}",
+        h.header, flag, env_hint
+    ))
+}
+
+/// Shared implementation of the per-op-aware required-header walk.
+/// Both [`build_global_header_overrides`] (built-in path) and
+/// [`AppContext::extra_headers_for`] (custom-command path) call this
+/// helper, differing only in how a header's value is resolved — the
+/// built-in path reads directly from clap's `ArgMatches`, the
+/// custom-command path looks up the pre-resolved map.
+///
+/// Walks `doc_global_headers` and for each entry:
+///   * skips if the operation declares a same-named header param that
+///     the user supplied (per-op wins);
+///   * emits `(wire-name, value)` if the resolver returns a non-empty
+///     value;
+///   * errors if the header is required (`optional: false`) and neither
+///     a resolved value nor a per-op override is present.
+///
+/// The resolver closure is responsible for any trimming / empty-string
+/// filtering — see [`resolve_global_header_value`] for the canonical
+/// implementation.
+fn finalize_global_header_overrides<R>(
+    doc_global_headers: &[crate::openapi::discovery::GlobalHeader],
+    method: &RestMethod,
+    per_op_params: &serde_json::Map<String, serde_json::Value>,
+    mut resolver: R,
+) -> Result<Vec<(String, String)>, CliError>
+where
+    R: FnMut(&crate::openapi::discovery::GlobalHeader) -> Option<String>,
+{
+    let mut out = Vec::new();
+    for h in doc_global_headers {
+        let overridden_by_per_op =
+            per_op_header_param_overrides_global(per_op_params, method, &h.header);
+        let resolved = resolver(h);
+        match (resolved, overridden_by_per_op) {
+            (Some(value), false) => out.push((h.header.clone(), value)),
+            (Some(_), true) => { /* per-op wins, do not stamp */ }
+            (None, true) => { /* per-op satisfies the required check */ }
+            (None, false) => {
+                if !h.optional {
+                    return Err(missing_required_global_header_error(h));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    Ok(out)
+}
+
+/// Build the resolved `(wire-name, value)` list of `x-fern-global-headers`
+/// to stamp on every outgoing request for this invocation.
+///
+/// The resolution chain per header is `CLI flag > env var > default`,
+/// implemented by clap's `.env()` + `.default_value()` bindings — see
+/// the registration loop in `run_async`.
+///
+/// Per-operation overrides: if the operation declares a `header`-located
+/// parameter with the same (case-insensitive) wire-name AND the user
+/// supplied a value for it (present in `params`), the global header is
+/// suppressed; the per-op value wins both on the wire and in the
+/// required-header satisfiability check. This mirrors Fern's importer
+/// behavior where a header parameter declared on the operation replaces
+/// the global.
+///
+/// Errors when a `required` (i.e. `optional: false`) global header has
+/// neither a CLI/env/default value nor a per-op override.
+pub(crate) fn build_global_header_overrides(
+    matched_args: &clap::ArgMatches,
+    doc: &RestDescription,
+    method: &RestMethod,
+    params: &serde_json::Map<String, serde_json::Value>,
+) -> Result<Vec<(String, String)>, CliError> {
+    finalize_global_header_overrides(&doc.global_headers, method, params, |h| {
+        resolve_global_header_value(matched_args, h)
+    })
+}
+
+/// Compose the root `--help` footer from the optional global-headers
+/// section, the optional auth section, and the always-present runtime
+/// footer. Sections are joined with a single newline; absent sections
+/// are skipped entirely (no stray blank dividers).
+///
+/// Extracted so the section-skipping logic is unit-testable in
+/// isolation — the clap `Command` it eventually feeds into is opaque
+/// and harder to introspect from tests.
+pub(crate) fn compose_root_after_help_sections(
+    global_headers_section: Option<&str>,
+    auth_section: Option<&str>,
+    footer: &str,
+) -> String {
+    let mut sections: Vec<&str> = Vec::with_capacity(3);
+    if let Some(s) = global_headers_section {
+        sections.push(s);
+    }
+    if let Some(s) = auth_section {
+        sections.push(s);
+    }
+    sections.push(footer);
+    sections.join("\n")
+}
+
+/// Internal entry describing one OpenAPI spec to be merged.
+pub(crate) struct SpecEntry {
+    yaml: String,
+    /// Empty = flat at the top level. One entry = wrap under that prefix.
+    /// Multiple = wrap under nested resources (`["v3", "customers"]` →
+    /// `v3.customers.*`). Path is constructed from slash-delimited input on
+    /// the public API.
+    prefix_path: Vec<String>,
+    /// Overlay documents to apply before parsing.
+    overlays: Vec<String>,
+    /// Optional overrides YAML strings that are deep-merged onto the base spec
+    /// before parsing. Applied sequentially — later overrides take precedence.
+    /// Matches the Fern CLI `generators.yml` `overrides:` key behavior:
+    /// maps merge key-by-key, arrays replace wholesale, `null` deletes keys.
+    overrides: Vec<String>,
+}
+
+/// A server-URL template variable like `{store_hash}` in
+/// `https://api.example.com/stores/{store_hash}/v3`. Resolved at runtime
+/// from a CLI flag (`--<name>`), an env var, or a built-in default — first
+/// match wins.
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub(crate) struct ServerVar {
+    /// OpenAPI variable name as it appears in the URL template (`store_hash`).
+    name: String,
+    /// Env var consulted when the flag isn't passed (e.g. `MYAPI_STORE_HASH`).
+    env_var: Option<String>,
+    /// Fallback default (for variables that have one — most
+    /// store identifiers don't).
+    default: Option<String>,
+    /// One-line `--help` string.
+    description: Option<String>,
+}
+
+/// Builder for a schema-driven CLI application (OpenAPI).
+pub struct CliApp {
+    pub(crate) name: String,
+    pub(crate) specs: Vec<SpecEntry>,
+    title_override: Option<String>,
+    description_override: Option<String>,
+    /// Auth bindings registered via [`auth_scheme`](Self::auth_scheme),
+    /// [`auth_basic_scheme`](Self::auth_basic_scheme), and
+    /// [`auth_provider`](Self::auth_provider). The constructed provider is
+    /// built from these (lowered against the spec's
+    /// `components.securitySchemes`).
+    pub(crate) auth_bindings: Vec<(String, SchemeBinding)>,
+    /// Override for how bindings compose. Defaults to [`AuthStrategy::Auto`]
+    /// — the spec drives the choice. Generators that already know the
+    /// API's auth model can pin a specific strategy.
+    auth_strategy: AuthStrategy,
+    /// Trust roots parsed at builder-call time. Storing parsed certs (not
+    /// raw bytes) means the validation error message lives in one place
+    /// — at the call site of `extra_root_cert`, where it's most useful.
+    pub(crate) extra_root_certs: Vec<reqwest::Certificate>,
+    /// Raw PEM bytes for each trust root added via `extra_root_cert`, kept
+    /// alongside the parsed `extra_root_certs` above. Threaded through to
+    /// `HttpConfig::with_parsed_root_certs` so transport-neutral callers
+    /// (`HttpConfig::resolve`) can hand PEM to non-reqwest TLS connectors
+    /// (e.g. `tokio-tungstenite`).
+    pub(crate) extra_root_certs_pem: Vec<Vec<u8>>,
+    pub(crate) server_vars: Vec<ServerVar>,
+    /// Generator-supplied environment-variable overrides for spec-root
+    /// idempotency headers (parsed from `x-fern-idempotency-headers`).
+    /// Keyed by the entry's `name` (preferred) or `header` value;
+    /// `CliApp::build_doc` applies these to every idempotent operation's
+    /// synthetic header parameter so the `--<flag>` accepts the value
+    /// from the env var as a fallback.
+    idempotency_header_envs: HashMap<String, String>,
+    /// Compile-time preset audiences. Operations whose
+    /// `x-fern-audiences` doesn't intersect this set are dropped from
+    /// the command tree before clap ever sees them. Empty (the default)
+    /// = no filter — every operation is included.
+    ///
+    /// Configured by the binary's `main.rs` via [`Self::audiences`]; not
+    /// exposed as a CLI flag, mirroring fern's intent that audience
+    /// selection is a build-time decision baked into the generated SDK
+    /// (`packages/cli/api-importers/openapi/openapi-ir-parser/src/openapi/v3/generateIr.ts:117-143`).
+    pub(crate) audiences: Vec<String>,
+}
+
+#[allow(dead_code)] // Methods available for binding wrappers to delegate to.
+impl CliApp {
+    /// Create a new CLI application with the given binary name.
+    pub fn new(name: &str) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            name: name.to_string(),
+            specs: Vec::new(),
+            title_override: None,
+            description_override: None,
+            auth_bindings: Vec::new(),
+            auth_strategy: AuthStrategy::Auto,
+            extra_root_certs: Vec::new(),
+            extra_root_certs_pem: Vec::new(),
+            server_vars: Vec::new(),
+            idempotency_header_envs: HashMap::new(),
+            audiences: Vec::new(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Pin the CLI surface to operations tagged with one of the given
+    /// `x-fern-audiences` values. Operations without an
+    /// `x-fern-audiences` tag, or whose tags don't intersect this set,
+    /// are dropped from the command tree at build time — they don't
+    /// appear in `--help`, JSON help, completions, or anywhere else.
+    ///
+    /// Multiple audiences union (OR): an operation tagged with *any* of
+    /// the listed audiences survives. Calling `.audiences([])` (or not
+    /// calling this at all) is a no-op — every operation is included.
+    ///
+    /// Audience selection is a compile-time decision baked into each
+    /// binary's `main.rs`, not a runtime flag. This mirrors fern's
+    /// importer semantics
+    /// (`packages/cli/api-importers/openapi/openapi-ir-parser/src/openapi/v3/generateIr.ts:117-143`),
+    /// where the audience filter physically removes operations from the
+    /// IR rather than hiding them at execution time.
+    ///
+    /// ```ignore
+    /// CliApp::new("my-public-api")
+    ///     .spec(include_str!("openapi.yaml"))
+    ///     .audiences(["public"])
+    ///     .run();
+    /// ```
+    pub fn audiences<I, S>(mut self, audiences: I) -> Self
+    where
+        I: IntoIterator<Item = S>,
+        S: Into<String>,
+    {
+        self.audiences = audiences
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(Into::into)
+            .map(|s| s.trim().to_string())
+            .filter(|s| !s.is_empty())
+            .collect();
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Register an environment-variable fallback for a spec-root
+    /// idempotency header (declared via `x-fern-idempotency-headers`).
+    ///
+    /// `name` matches against the entry's `name` field first, then its
+    /// `header` field — whichever the generator finds most convenient at
+    /// the call site. When the user invokes an idempotent operation
+    /// without the corresponding `--<flag>`, the value is taken from the
+    /// named environment variable.
+    ///
+    /// ```ignore
+    /// CliApp::new("api")
+    ///     .spec(include_str!("openapi.yaml"))
+    ///     .idempotency_header_env("Idempotency-Key", "API_IDEMPOTENCY_KEY")
+    ///     .run();
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// This is the cli-sdk entry point referenced by FER-9852, where the
+    /// generator emits one call per parsed idempotency header. The
+    /// header itself is only sent on operations marked
+    /// `x-fern-idempotent: true`; non-idempotent operations are
+    /// unaffected.
+    pub fn idempotency_header_env(mut self, name: &str, env_var: &str) -> Self {
+        self.idempotency_header_envs.insert(name.to_string(), env_var.to_string());
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Register a server-URL template variable (e.g. `{store_hash}`).
+    ///
+    /// Auto-generates a global `--<name>` flag (with kebab-cased name) and
+    /// resolves the value at request time from, in order:
+    ///   1. The CLI flag
+    ///   2. The given env var (if any)
+    ///   3. The built-in default (if any)
+    ///   4. Otherwise, errors with a helpful message
+    ///
+    /// Used for multi-tenant APIs where every URL is parameterized — the
+    /// canonical example is a `{store_hash}` placeholder. Variables
+    /// referenced in `servers[].url` but not registered here remain literal
+    /// in the URL (and the request will fail at send time), so registering
+    /// them is effectively required.
+    pub fn server_var(
+        mut self,
+        name: &str,
+        env_var: Option<&str>,
+        default: Option<&str>,
+        description: Option<&str>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        self.server_vars.push(ServerVar {
+            name: name.to_string(),
+            env_var: env_var.map(str::to_string),
+            default: default.map(str::to_string),
+            description: description.map(str::to_string),
+        });
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Add an OpenAPI spec YAML string. May be called multiple times; specs are flat-merged.
+    /// Typically used with `include_str!`.
+    pub fn spec(mut self, yaml: &str) -> Self {
+        self.specs.push(SpecEntry {
+            yaml: yaml.to_string(),
+            prefix_path: Vec::new(),
+            overlays: Vec::new(),
+            overrides: Vec::new(),
+        });
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Add an OpenAPI spec with a Fern-style overrides file applied before parsing.
+    ///
+    /// The override YAML is deep-merged onto the spec: maps merge key-by-key
+    /// (override wins on leaf collisions), arrays replace wholesale, and
+    /// `null` values delete the corresponding key. This matches the Fern CLI's
+    /// `generators.yml` `overrides:` behavior.
+    ///
+    /// Use this to add `x-fern-sdk-group-name`, `x-fern-sdk-method-name`, or
+    /// any other spec-level patches without modifying the upstream spec.
+    pub fn spec_with_overrides(mut self, yaml: &str, overrides: &str) -> Self {
+        self.specs.push(SpecEntry {
+            yaml: yaml.to_string(),
+            prefix_path: Vec::new(),
+            overlays: Vec::new(),
+            overrides: vec![overrides.to_string()],
+        });
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Add an OpenAPI spec whose resources are wrapped under `prefix`. Use
+    /// slashes to nest: `"v3/customers"` puts the spec's resources under
+    /// `v3.customers.*`. Multiple `spec_under` calls with the same path
+    /// merge into a shared namespace; inner-resource collisions error.
+    pub fn spec_under(mut self, prefix: &str, yaml: &str) -> Self {
+        self.specs.push(SpecEntry {
+            yaml: yaml.to_string(),
+            prefix_path: split_prefix(prefix),
+            overlays: Vec::new(),
+            overrides: Vec::new(),
+        });
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Like [`spec_under`](Self::spec_under), but with a Fern-style overrides
+    /// file deep-merged onto the spec before parsing.
+    pub fn spec_under_with_overrides(
+        mut self,
+        prefix: &str,
+        yaml: &str,
+        overrides: &str,
+    ) -> Self {
+        self.specs.push(SpecEntry {
+            yaml: yaml.to_string(),
+            prefix_path: split_prefix(prefix),
+            overlays: Vec::new(),
+            overrides: vec![overrides.to_string()],
+        });
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Add multiple specs that all merge under the same `prefix` (flat).
+    /// Equivalent to repeated `spec_under` calls; inner-resource collisions
+    /// across the specs error at startup.
+    pub fn specs_under<I, S>(mut self, prefix: &str, yamls: I) -> Self
+    where
+        I: IntoIterator<Item = S>,
+        S: AsRef<str>,
+    {
+        let path = split_prefix(prefix);
+        for yaml in yamls {
+            self.specs.push(SpecEntry {
+                yaml: yaml.as_ref().to_string(),
+                prefix_path: path.clone(),
+                overlays: Vec::new(),
+                overrides: Vec::new(),
+            });
+        }
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Add multiple specs under `prefix`, each given its own sub-namespace.
+    /// `specs_under_named("v3", [("customers", yaml1), ("orders", yaml2)])`
+    /// produces `v3.customers.*` and `v3.orders.*` — what `specs_under`
+    /// would flatten, this preserves per-spec scoping. Useful when specs
+    /// share cross-cutting tags (`Metafields`) that would otherwise collide
+    /// once flattened.
+    pub fn specs_under_named<I, K, V>(mut self, prefix: &str, named: I) -> Self
+    where
+        I: IntoIterator<Item = (K, V)>,
+        K: AsRef<str>,
+        V: AsRef<str>,
+    {
+        let parent = split_prefix(prefix);
+        for (sub, yaml) in named {
+            let mut path = parent.clone();
+            path.extend(split_prefix(sub.as_ref()));
+            self.specs.push(SpecEntry {
+                yaml: yaml.as_ref().to_string(),
+                prefix_path: path,
+                overlays: Vec::new(),
+                overrides: Vec::new(),
+            });
+        }
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Like [`specs_under_named`](Self::specs_under_named), but each entry is
+    /// a `(name, yaml, overrides_yaml)` triple. The overrides file is
+    /// deep-merged onto the spec before parsing.
+    ///
+    /// ```ignore
+    /// CliApp::new("myapi")
+    ///     .specs_under_named_with_overrides("v3", [
+    ///         ("customers",
+    ///          include_str!("specs/management/customers.v3.yml"),
+    ///          include_str!("overrides/management/customers.v3.yml")),
+    ///     ])
+    /// ```
+    pub fn specs_under_named_with_overrides<I, K, V, O>(
+        mut self,
+        prefix: &str,
+        named: I,
+    ) -> Self
+    where
+        I: IntoIterator<Item = (K, V, O)>,
+        K: AsRef<str>,
+        V: AsRef<str>,
+        O: AsRef<str>,
+    {
+        let parent = split_prefix(prefix);
+        for (sub, yaml, overrides) in named {
+            let mut path = parent.clone();
+            path.extend(split_prefix(sub.as_ref()));
+            self.specs.push(SpecEntry {
+                yaml: yaml.as_ref().to_string(),
+                prefix_path: path,
+                overlays: Vec::new(),
+                overrides: vec![overrides.as_ref().to_string()],
+            });
+        }
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Add an [OpenAPI Overlay](https://spec.openapis.org/overlay/latest.html)
+    /// to the most recently added spec. Overlays are applied in order before
+    /// the spec is parsed into the internal representation.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// Panics if called before `.spec()` or `.spec_under()`.
+    ///
+    /// # Example
+    ///
+    /// ```rust,ignore
+    /// use fern_cli_sdk::openapi::CliApp;
+    ///
+    /// CliApp::new("my-api")
+    ///     .spec(include_str!("openapi.yaml"))
+    ///     .overlay(include_str!("overlay.yaml"))
+    ///     .auth_scheme_env("bearerAuth", "MY_API_TOKEN")
+    ///     .run()
+    /// ```
+    pub fn overlay(mut self, overlay_yaml: &str) -> Self {
+        let entry = self
+            .specs
+            .last_mut()
+            .expect("overlay() called before spec(); add a spec first");
+        entry.overlays.push(overlay_yaml.to_string());
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Override the top-level --help title, regardless of what the spec(s) declare.
+    pub fn title(mut self, t: &str) -> Self {
+        self.title_override = Some(t.to_string());
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Override the top-level --help description, regardless of what the spec(s) declare.
+    pub fn description(mut self, d: &str) -> Self {
+        self.description_override = Some(d.to_string());
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Build the merged `RestDescription` from all registered specs.
+    pub(crate) fn build_doc(&self) -> Result<RestDescription, CliError> {
+        if self.specs.is_empty() {
+            return Err(CliError::Discovery(
+                "No spec provided. Call .spec() on CliApp.".to_string(),
+            ));
+        }
+
+        let mut merged: Option<RestDescription> = None;
+
+        for entry in &self.specs {
+            // 1. Apply overlays (RFC 7396 style) first.
+            let effective_yaml = crate::openapi::overlay::apply_overlays_to_spec(
+                &entry.yaml,
+                &entry.overlays,
+            )?;
+
+            // 2. Apply Fern-style overrides (deep-merge) on top.
+            let spec_doc = if entry.overrides.is_empty() {
+                crate::openapi::load_openapi_spec(&effective_yaml, &self.name)?
+            } else {
+                let mut value: serde_yaml::Value = serde_yaml::from_str(&effective_yaml)
+                    .map_err(|e| CliError::Discovery(
+                        format!("Failed to parse OpenAPI spec: {e}"),
+                    ))?;
+                for ovr in &entry.overrides {
+                    let override_value: serde_yaml::Value = serde_yaml::from_str(ovr)
+                        .map_err(|e| CliError::Discovery(
+                            format!("Failed to parse overrides YAML: {e}"),
+                        ))?;
+                    value = crate::openapi::deep_merge_yaml(value, override_value);
+                }
+                crate::openapi::load_openapi_spec_from_value(value, &self.name)?
+            };
+
+            match merged {
+                None => {
+                    let mut base = spec_doc;
+                    let resources = std::mem::take(&mut base.resources);
+                    base.resources = HashMap::new();
+                    merge_into_path(&mut base.resources, &entry.prefix_path, resources)?;
+                    merged = Some(base);
+                }
+                Some(ref mut acc) => {
+                    merge_into_path(&mut acc.resources, &entry.prefix_path, spec_doc.resources)?;
+                    merge_schemas(&mut acc.schemas, spec_doc.schemas)?;
+                    merge_security_schemes(&mut acc.security_schemes, spec_doc.security_schemes);
+                    merge_sdk_variables(&mut acc.sdk_variables, spec_doc.sdk_variables);
+                    merge_global_headers(&mut acc.global_headers, spec_doc.global_headers);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        let mut doc = merged.expect("at least one spec was processed");
+        if let Some(ref t) = self.title_override {
+            doc.title = Some(t.clone());
+        }
+        if let Some(ref d) = self.description_override {
+            doc.description = Some(d.clone());
+        }
+
+        // Apply generator-supplied idempotency-header env overrides.
+        // The parser populates each idempotent operation's synthetic
+        // header MethodParameter with `env_var = entry.env` from the
+        // spec; this pass lets the generator override or supply that
+        // mapping post-hoc (FER-9852 builder API) so end users don't
+        // need to edit the spec to wire a new env var.
+        if !self.idempotency_header_envs.is_empty() {
+            apply_idempotency_header_envs(&mut doc, &self.idempotency_header_envs);
+        }
+
+        Ok(doc)
+    }
+
+    /// Shorthand for `auth_scheme(name, AuthCredentialSource::from_env(env))`.
+    /// Covers the 80% case — most callers bind a scheme to one env var.
+    ///
+    /// ```ignore
+    /// CliApp::new("api")
+    ///     .spec(include_str!("openapi.yaml"))
+    ///     .auth_scheme_env("bearerAuth", "API_TOKEN")
+    ///     .run();
+    /// ```
+    pub fn auth_scheme_env(self, scheme_name: &str, env_var: &str) -> Self {
+        self.auth_scheme(scheme_name, AuthCredentialSource::from_env(env_var))
+    }
+
+    /// Shorthand for `auth_scheme(name, AuthCredentialSource::cli(arg_name))`.
+    /// Auto-registers a global `--<arg_name>` flag at run time. Accepts
+    /// either `"api-token"` or `"--api-token"`.
+    pub fn auth_scheme_cli(self, scheme_name: &str, arg_name: &str) -> Self {
+        self.auth_scheme(scheme_name, AuthCredentialSource::cli(arg_name))
+    }
+
+    /// Shorthand for `auth_scheme(name, AuthCredentialSource::file(path))`.
+    /// `~` and `~/` are expanded against `$HOME`.
+    pub fn auth_scheme_file(self, scheme_name: &str, path: impl AsRef<std::path::Path>) -> Self {
+        self.auth_scheme(scheme_name, AuthCredentialSource::file(path))
+    }
+
+    /// Bind a credential source to a single-value auth scheme declared in the
+    /// spec's `components.securitySchemes` (bearer / apiKey / oauth2).
+    ///
+    /// `scheme_name` should match the spec key. The credential's resolved
+    /// value is sent according to the scheme's declared shape:
+    ///
+    /// | Scheme               | Outgoing                              |
+    /// | -------------------- | ------------------------------------- |
+    /// | `http: bearer`       | `Authorization: Bearer <value>`       |
+    /// | `apiKey, in: header` | `<name>: <value>`                     |
+    /// | `oauth2`             | `Authorization: Bearer <value>`       |
+    ///
+    /// When any operation in the spec declares per-endpoint `security:`,
+    /// the constructed provider is a [`RoutingAuthProvider`][rap] that picks
+    /// the right scheme per request. Otherwise it's a plain
+    /// [`AnyAuthProvider`][aap] that tries each binding in order.
+    ///
+    /// [rap]: crate::auth::RoutingAuthProvider
+    /// [aap]: crate::auth::AnyAuthProvider
+    pub fn auth_scheme(mut self, scheme_name: &str, source: AuthCredentialSource) -> Self {
+        self.auth_bindings
+            .push((scheme_name.to_string(), SchemeBinding::Token(source)));
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Bind separate username and password sources to an `http: basic` scheme.
+    /// Both must resolve for the provider to attach `Authorization: Basic
+    /// base64(user:pass)`; if either is missing the binding contributes no
+    /// credentials.
+    pub fn auth_basic_scheme(
+        mut self,
+        scheme_name: &str,
+        username: AuthCredentialSource,
+        password: AuthCredentialSource,
+    ) -> Self {
+        self.auth_bindings.push((
+            scheme_name.to_string(),
+            SchemeBinding::Basic { username, password },
+        ));
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Plug in a fully-custom [`AuthProvider`][crate::auth::AuthProvider] for
+    /// a scheme name. Useful when the spec uses a scheme the SDK doesn't
+    /// model out-of-the-box (mTLS-derived headers, request signing, OAuth2
+    /// client-credentials with token refresh, etc.).
+    ///
+    /// Accepts any concrete `AuthProvider` by value and wraps it in [`Arc`]
+    /// internally. For pre-built `Arc<dyn AuthProvider>` values (sharing a
+    /// provider across multiple binders), use [`auth_provider_shared`].
+    ///
+    /// [`auth_provider_shared`]: Self::auth_provider_shared
+    pub fn auth_provider<P>(self, scheme_name: &str, provider: P) -> Self
+    where
+        P: crate::auth::AuthProvider + 'static,
+    {
+        self.auth_provider_shared(scheme_name, std::sync::Arc::new(provider))
+    }
+
+    /// Same as [`auth_provider`] but takes an already-built
+    /// [`DynAuthProvider`]. Use this when sharing one provider across
+    /// multiple bindings or storing custom providers in a registry.
+    ///
+    /// [`auth_provider`]: Self::auth_provider
+    pub fn auth_provider_shared(
+        mut self,
+        scheme_name: &str,
+        provider: DynAuthProvider,
+    ) -> Self {
+        self.auth_bindings.push((
+            scheme_name.to_string(),
+            SchemeBinding::Custom(provider),
+        ));
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Pin how the bound auth schemes compose into a single provider.
+    /// Defaults to [`AuthStrategy::Auto`], which derives the strategy from
+    /// the spec (Routing if any operation declares per-endpoint security,
+    /// otherwise Any).
+    ///
+    /// Generators that know their API's auth model statically can override
+    /// this — most importantly to express the [`All`][a] case (every
+    /// scheme on every request) which the spec doesn't always model.
+    ///
+    /// [a]: AuthStrategy::All
+    pub fn auth_strategy(mut self, strategy: AuthStrategy) -> Self {
+        self.auth_strategy = strategy;
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Register an extra trust root that this CLI will accept on top of the
+    /// system's default roots. `pem` must be a PEM-encoded certificate (or
+    /// concatenated PEM bundle), typically loaded with `include_bytes!`.
+    ///
+    /// Useful for distributing a CLI inside an organization where every
+    /// machine should trust the company's internal CA out of the box, without
+    /// asking each user to set `<NAME>_CA_BUNDLE`.
+    ///
+    /// ```ignore
+    /// # // ignored: needs a real PEM file at the include path.
+    /// CliApp::new("internal-tool")
+    ///     .spec(include_str!("openapi.yaml"))
+    ///     .extra_root_cert(include_bytes!("../certs/corp-ca.pem"))
+    ///     .run()
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// Panics if the bytes don't parse as PEM, or if the PEM contains no
+    /// certificates. Failing fast at startup is preferable to silently
+    /// shipping a CLI that ignores its bundled cert.
+    pub fn extra_root_cert(mut self, pem: &[u8]) -> Self {
+        // Share the validation path with `HttpConfig::with_extra_root_cert`
+        // so error wording stays in sync between the panicking builder API
+        // and the Result-returning lower-level API.
+        let certs = crate::http::parse_extra_root_cert(pem)
+            .unwrap_or_else(|e| panic!("CliApp::extra_root_cert: {e}"));
+        self.extra_root_certs.extend(certs);
+        self.extra_root_certs_pem.push(pem.to_vec());
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Decorate a clap `Command` with server-variable flags, SDK-variable
+    /// flags, global-header flags, and the composed help footer.
+    /// Called from `OpenApiBinding::build_command()` to replicate what the
+    /// old `run_async` pipeline used to do inline.
+    pub(crate) fn decorate_command(
+        &self,
+        doc: &RestDescription,
+        mut cli: clap::Command,
+    ) -> clap::Command {
+        let auth_section = crate::auth::render_auth_help_section(&self.auth_bindings);
+
+        // Server-variable flags (e.g. `--store-hash` for {store_hash}).
+        for var in &self.server_vars {
+            let kebab = var.name.replace('_', "-");
+            let help_text = var
+                .description
+                .clone()
+                .unwrap_or_else(|| {
+                    format!("Value for the {{{}}} URL template variable", var.name)
+                });
+            let mut arg = clap::Arg::new(var.name.clone())
+                .long(kebab)
+                .global(true)
+                .value_name(var.name.to_uppercase())
+                .help(help_text);
+            if let Some(env) = &var.env_var {
+                arg = arg.env(env.clone());
+            }
+            if let Some(default) = &var.default {
+                arg = arg.default_value(default.clone());
+            }
+            cli = cli.arg(arg);
+        }
+
+        // SDK-variable flags (`x-fern-sdk-variables`).
+        for var in &doc.sdk_variables {
+            let kebab = crate::text::to_kebab_flag(&var.name);
+            if sdk_variable_collides_with_builtin(&kebab) {
+                tracing::warn!(
+                    variable = %var.name,
+                    flag = %kebab,
+                    "SDK variable flag collides with built-in; skipping"
+                );
+                continue;
+            }
+            let screaming = crate::text::to_screaming_snake(&var.name);
+            let mut arg = clap::Arg::new(var.name.clone())
+                .long(kebab)
+                .global(true)
+                .value_name(screaming.clone())
+                .env(screaming);
+            if let Some(desc) = &var.description {
+                arg = arg.help(desc.clone());
+            }
+            cli = cli.arg(arg);
+        }
+
+        // Global-header flags (`x-fern-global-headers`).
+        use std::collections::HashSet;
+        let mut registered_kebabs: HashSet<String> = HashSet::new();
+        let mut global_header_help_pairs: Vec<(String, String)> = Vec::new();
+        for h in &doc.global_headers {
+            let kebab = global_header_flag_name(h);
+            if global_header_flag_collides_with_builtin(&kebab) {
+                tracing::warn!(
+                    header = %h.header,
+                    flag = %kebab,
+                    "Global-header flag collides with built-in; skipping"
+                );
+                continue;
+            }
+            if !registered_kebabs.insert(kebab.clone()) {
+                tracing::warn!(
+                    header = %h.header,
+                    flag = %kebab,
+                    "Duplicate global-header flag; skipping"
+                );
+                continue;
+            }
+            let arg_id = global_header_arg_id(h);
+            let value_name = crate::text::to_screaming_snake(&kebab);
+            let mut help_lines: Vec<String> =
+                vec![format!("Global header `{}` (sent on every request).", h.header)];
+            if let Some(env) = &h.env {
+                help_lines.push(format!("Env: {env}."));
+            }
+            if let Some(def) = &h.default {
+                help_lines.push(format!("Default: {def}."));
+            } else if !h.optional {
+                help_lines.push("Required.".to_string());
+            }
+            let help_text = help_lines.join(" ");
+            let prefix = format!("--{kebab} <{value_name}>");
+            global_header_help_pairs.push((prefix, help_text.clone()));
+            let mut arg = clap::Arg::new(arg_id)
+                .long(kebab)
+                .global(true)
+                .hide(true)
+                .value_name(value_name)
+                .help(help_text);
+            if let Some(env) = &h.env {
+                arg = arg.env(env.clone());
+            }
+            if let Some(def) = &h.default {
+                arg = arg.default_value(def.clone());
+            }
+            cli = cli.arg(arg);
+        }
+
+        // Compose the root --help footer. Preserves the section order
+        // from the old run_async path: global headers → auth → env vars.
+        let existing_after_help = cli.get_after_help().map(|s| s.to_string());
+        let global_headers_section: Option<String> = if global_header_help_pairs.is_empty() {
+            None
+        } else {
+            let prefix_width = global_header_help_pairs
+                .iter()
+                .map(|(p, _)| p.chars().count())
+                .max()
+                .unwrap_or(0);
+            let rows: Vec<String> = global_header_help_pairs
+                .iter()
+                .map(|(prefix, help)| {
+                    let pad = prefix_width.saturating_sub(prefix.chars().count());
+                    format!("  {prefix}{:pad$}  {help}", "", pad = pad)
+                })
+                .collect();
+            Some(format!("Global headers:\n{}", rows.join("\n")))
+        };
+        let env_footer = super::commands::after_help_footer(&doc.name);
+        let base_footer = match existing_after_help {
+            Some(ref s) if !s.is_empty() => format!("{s}\n{env_footer}"),
+            _ => env_footer,
+        };
+        cli = cli.after_help(compose_root_after_help_sections(
+            global_headers_section.as_deref(),
+            auth_section.as_deref(),
+            &base_footer,
+        ));
+
+        cli
+    }
+
+    /// Resolve server variable values from clap matches and substitute
+    /// them into the doc's URLs.
+    pub(crate) fn apply_server_vars(
+        &self,
+        doc: &mut RestDescription,
+        matches: &clap::ArgMatches,
+    ) {
+        let mut subs = std::collections::HashMap::new();
+        for var in &self.server_vars {
+            if let Some(val) = matches.get_one::<String>(&var.name) {
+                subs.insert(var.name.clone(), val.clone());
+            }
+        }
+        apply_server_var_substitutions(doc, &subs);
+    }
+
+    /// Handle the `generate-skills` subcommand: validate the output
+    /// path, emit SKILL.md files, and report to stderr.
+    pub(crate) fn handle_generate_skills(
+        &self,
+        output_dir: Option<&str>,
+        doc: &RestDescription,
+    ) -> Result<(), CliError> {
+        let out_dir = output_dir.unwrap_or("skills").to_string();
+        let resolved = crate::validate::validate_safe_output_dir(&out_dir)?;
+
+        let files =
+            crate::openapi::skill_emitter::generate_skills(doc, &self.name, &self.auth_bindings);
+
+        for (rel_path, content) in &files {
+            let full_path = resolved.join(rel_path);
+            if let Some(parent) = full_path.parent() {
+                std::fs::create_dir_all(parent).map_err(|e| {
+                    CliError::Validation(format!(
+                        "Failed to create directory {}: {e}",
+                        parent.display()
+                    ))
+                })?;
+            }
+            std::fs::write(&full_path, content).map_err(|e| {
+                CliError::Validation(format!(
+                    "Failed to write {}: {e}",
+                    full_path.display()
+                ))
+            })?;
+        }
+
+        eprintln!(
+            "Wrote {} skill file(s) to {}/",
+            files.len(),
+            resolved.display()
+        );
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Construct the [`DynAuthProvider`] used for this run from the
+    /// registered bindings. With no bindings, returns a `NoAuthProvider`
+    /// — the CLI runs unauthenticated.
+    pub(crate) fn build_auth_provider(&self, doc: &RestDescription) -> DynAuthProvider {
+        let has_per_endpoint = doc.resources.values().any(resource_has_per_endpoint_security);
+        crate::auth::build_provider_with_strategy(
+            &self.auth_bindings,
+            &doc.security_schemes,
+            self.auth_strategy,
+            has_per_endpoint,
+        )
+    }
+
+    /// Build an auth provider from externally-finalized bindings.
+    /// Used by `OpenApiBinding::dispatch` after CLI-bound auth sources
+    /// have been resolved against the parsed clap matches.
+    pub(crate) fn build_auth_provider_from_finalized(
+        &self,
+        finalized: &[(String, crate::auth::SchemeBinding)],
+        doc: &RestDescription,
+    ) -> DynAuthProvider {
+        let has_per_endpoint = doc.resources.values().any(resource_has_per_endpoint_security);
+        crate::auth::build_provider_with_strategy(
+            finalized,
+            &doc.security_schemes,
+            self.auth_strategy,
+            has_per_endpoint,
+        )
+    }
+}
+
+/// One binding's worth of prepared state inside an [`AppContext`].
+///
+/// When a CLI registers multiple `OpenApiBinding`s, each contributes one
+/// entry. Method lookups and execution are routed to the entry whose
+/// spec owns the target method.
+pub(crate) struct BindingEntry {
+    pub(crate) doc: RestDescription,
+    pub(crate) auth_provider: DynAuthProvider,
+    pub(crate) http_config: crate::http::HttpConfig,
+    pub(crate) global_headers: Vec<(String, String)>,
+}
+
+/// Runtime context passed to custom command handlers.
+///
+/// Provides access to the loaded API spec(s), the constructed auth
+/// provider(s), and convenience methods for executing API methods.
+///
+/// When multiple `OpenApiBinding`s are registered on the same `CliApp`,
+/// `AppContext` holds all of their specs. Method lookups and
+/// `execute()`/`invoke()` calls are automatically routed to the binding
+/// that owns the target method — callers do not need to know which
+/// binding a method came from.
+pub struct AppContext {
+    entries: Vec<BindingEntry>,
+    /// Whether `--quiet` was passed on the command line. Threaded into
+    /// `OutputPipeline` by [`AppContext::execute`] so custom commands
+    /// honor the flag.
+    quiet: bool,
+}
+
+impl AppContext {
+    pub(crate) fn new(
+        doc: RestDescription,
+        auth_provider: DynAuthProvider,
+        http_config: crate::http::HttpConfig,
+        global_headers: Vec<(String, String)>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            entries: vec![BindingEntry { doc, auth_provider, http_config, global_headers }],
+            quiet: false,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn with_quiet(mut self, quiet: bool) -> Self {
+        self.quiet = quiet;
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Add another binding's prepared state to this context.
+    pub(crate) fn add_entry(&mut self, entry: BindingEntry) {
+        self.entries.push(entry);
+    }
+
+    /// Find which entry owns `method` by pointer identity.
+    fn entry_for_method(&self, method: &RestMethod) -> &BindingEntry {
+        for entry in &self.entries {
+            if resource_tree_contains_method(&entry.doc.resources, method) {
+                return entry;
+            }
+        }
+        &self.entries[0]
+    }
+
+    /// Compute the per-op `extra_headers` slice from the pre-resolved
+    /// global headers, suppressing entries whose wire-name is also
+    /// supplied as a per-op `header` parameter via `params_json`
+    /// (per-op wins, mirroring the built-in command path).
+    ///
+    /// Required-header validation lives here rather than at
+    /// `AppContext` construction time because per-op overrides depend
+    /// on the specific operation being invoked: a required global
+    /// header with no resolved value is allowed when the operation
+    /// itself declares the same header as a per-op parameter (the
+    /// per-op value takes its place on the wire). This mirrors
+    /// `build_global_header_overrides` on the built-in command path so
+    /// custom-command handlers get the same validation error shape.
+    #[cfg(test)]
+    fn extra_headers_for(
+        &self,
+        method: &RestMethod,
+        params_json: Option<&str>,
+    ) -> Result<Vec<(String, String)>, CliError> {
+        let entry = self.entry_for_method(method);
+        self.extra_headers_for_entry(entry, method, params_json)
+    }
+
+    fn extra_headers_for_entry(
+        &self,
+        entry: &BindingEntry,
+        method: &RestMethod,
+        params_json: Option<&str>,
+    ) -> Result<Vec<(String, String)>, CliError> {
+        let params: serde_json::Map<String, serde_json::Value> = match params_json {
+            Some(s) if !s.trim().is_empty() => serde_json::from_str(s)
+                .map_err(|e| CliError::Validation(format!("Invalid params JSON: {e}")))?,
+            _ => serde_json::Map::new(),
+        };
+        // HTTP header names are case-insensitive per RFC 7230 §3.2 — key
+        // the lookup table by lowercased wire-name so a custom-command
+        // handler that resolved `x-api-stage` still satisfies the spec's
+        // declared `X-API-Stage` global.
+        let resolved_by_wire: std::collections::HashMap<String, &str> = entry
+            .global_headers
+            .iter()
+            .map(|(n, v)| (n.to_ascii_lowercase(), v.as_str()))
+            .collect();
+        finalize_global_header_overrides(&entry.doc.global_headers, method, &params, |h| {
+            resolved_by_wire
+                .get(&h.header.to_ascii_lowercase())
+                .map(|v| (*v).to_string())
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Execute an API method by name, using the same executor as built-in
+    /// commands. Automatically routes to the binding that owns `method`.
+    pub fn execute(
+        &self,
+        method: &RestMethod,
+        params_json: Option<&str>,
+        body_json: Option<&str>,
+        output_format: &formatter::OutputFormat,
+    ) -> Result<(), CliError> {
+        let entry = self.entry_for_method(method);
+        let pagination = executor::PaginationConfig {
+            page_all: false,
+            page_limit: 10,
+            page_delay_ms: 100,
+            token_query_param: entry
+                .doc
+                .pagination_token_query_param
+                .clone()
+                .unwrap_or_else(|| "pageToken".to_string()),
+            token_response_path: entry
+                .doc
+                .pagination_token_response_path
+                .clone()
+                .unwrap_or_else(|| "nextPageToken".to_string()),
+        };
+
+        let pipeline = formatter::OutputPipeline {
+            format: output_format.clone(),
+            color_mode: formatter::ColorMode::default(),
+            quiet: self.quiet,
+        };
+        let extra_headers = self.extra_headers_for_entry(entry, method, params_json)?;
+
+        // Custom commands dispatch from inside `run_async`, which is itself
+        // driven by a tokio runtime. Naively calling `block_on` from a sync
+        // handler panics ("Cannot start a runtime from within a runtime").
+        // `block_in_place` parks the current worker so `block_on` is legal.
+        tokio::task::block_in_place(|| {
+            tokio::runtime::Handle::current().block_on(executor::execute_method(
+                &entry.doc,
+                method,
+                params_json,
+                body_json,
+                &entry.auth_provider,
+                None,
+                None,
+                None,
+                false,
+                &pagination,
+                &pipeline,
+                false,
+                None,
+                &entry.http_config,
+                // TODO(mcp/programmatic): programmatic callers always
+                // honor `x-fern-sdk-return-value` (matches typed-SDK
+                // semantics). If/when an MCP-tool surface wraps this
+                // path and needs to expose `--no-extract` to its
+                // clients, plumb a flag through `AppContext::execute`
+                // rather than flipping this constant.
+                false,
+                // Programmatic callers always honor `x-fern-retries`
+                // — the debug-only `--no-retry` flag is intentionally
+                // a CLI-only surface. If/when an MCP-tool path needs
+                // to disable retries for stability/debugging, plumb
+                // a flag through `AppContext::execute` rather than
+                // flipping this constant.
+                false,
+                // Same trade-off for `--no-stream`: programmatic callers
+                // chaining streaming endpoints almost always want the
+                // events emitted as they arrive (stdout printing path);
+                // forcing buffered mode here would block the entire
+                // response in memory. The CLI surface keeps the
+                // streaming default; only the CLI front-end exposes the
+                // opt-in buffered toggle.
+                false,
+                &extra_headers,
+            ))
+        })
+        .map(|_| ())
+    }
+
+    /// Invoke an API method and return the parsed JSON response.
+    ///
+    /// Like [`execute`](Self::execute) but captures the response instead of
+    /// printing it, and accepts a `binary_body_path` for operations with a
+    /// binary request body (e.g. a file upload endpoint). Designed for
+    /// custom commands that chain multiple API calls.
+    pub fn invoke(
+        &self,
+        method: &RestMethod,
+        params_json: Option<&str>,
+        body_json: Option<&str>,
+        binary_body_path: Option<&str>,
+    ) -> Result<serde_json::Value, CliError> {
+        let entry = self.entry_for_method(method);
+        let pagination = executor::PaginationConfig {
+            page_all: false,
+            page_limit: 10,
+            page_delay_ms: 100,
+            token_query_param: entry
+                .doc
+                .pagination_token_query_param
+                .clone()
+                .unwrap_or_else(|| "pageToken".to_string()),
+            token_response_path: entry
+                .doc
+                .pagination_token_response_path
+                .clone()
+                .unwrap_or_else(|| "nextPageToken".to_string()),
+        };
+
+        let extra_headers = self.extra_headers_for_entry(entry, method, params_json)?;
+        // See note in `execute` — `block_in_place` is required because the
+        // handler runs inside the outer tokio runtime.
+        let value = tokio::task::block_in_place(|| {
+            tokio::runtime::Handle::current().block_on(executor::execute_method(
+                &entry.doc,
+                method,
+                params_json,
+                body_json,
+                &entry.auth_provider,
+                None,
+                None,
+                binary_body_path,
+                false,
+                &pagination,
+                &formatter::OutputPipeline::default(),
+                true, // capture_output
+                None,
+                &entry.http_config,
+                // See TODO in `execute` above — same trade-off applies
+                // here: chained custom commands expect the
+                // spec-promised subvalue, not the raw envelope.
+                false,
+                // Programmatic callers always honor `x-fern-retries`
+                // (see note in `execute`).
+                false,
+                // `invoke` captures the response into a `serde_json::Value`
+                // for callers that chain multiple API calls. Stream-mode
+                // makes no sense here — the executor would have to invent
+                // an ordering decision (last event? array of events?)
+                // when the caller just wants a typed value back. Force
+                // buffered semantics so the captured value mirrors the
+                // unary-response shape callers already handle.
+                true,
+                &extra_headers,
+            ))
+        })?;
+
+        value.ok_or_else(|| {
+            CliError::Other(anyhow::anyhow!(
+                "API method returned no value (non-JSON or empty body)"
+            ))
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Returns a reference to the loaded API spec.
+    ///
+    /// When multiple `OpenApiBinding`s are registered, this returns the
+    /// first binding's spec. Use [`find_method`](Self::find_method) to
+    /// search across all bindings.
+    pub fn spec(&self) -> &RestDescription {
+        &self.entries[0].doc
+    }
+
+    /// Returns references to all loaded API specs.
+    ///
+    /// Each entry corresponds to one `OpenApiBinding` registered on the
+    /// `CliApp`. For single-binding CLIs the slice has exactly one element.
+    pub fn specs(&self) -> Vec<&RestDescription> {
+        self.entries.iter().map(|e| &e.doc).collect()
+    }
+
+    /// Search all registered specs for a method at `resource.method_name`.
+    ///
+    /// This is the recommended way to look up methods in a multi-binding
+    /// CLI — it searches across all bindings and returns the first match.
+    pub fn find_method(
+        &self,
+        resource: &str,
+        method_name: &str,
+    ) -> Result<&RestMethod, CliError> {
+        for entry in &self.entries {
+            if let Some(r) = entry.doc.resources.get(resource) {
+                if let Some(m) = r.methods.get(method_name) {
+                    return Ok(m);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        Err(CliError::Validation(format!(
+            "no method '{method_name}' found in resource '{resource}' across {} binding(s)",
+            self.entries.len(),
+        )))
+    }
+
+    /// Returns a reference to the HTTP/TLS configuration for this CLI run.
+    ///
+    /// Holds the binary name (used to scope `<NAME>_*` env vars) and any
+    /// compile-time trust roots. Non-reqwest transports — e.g. the
+    /// [`websocket`](crate::websocket) module — call
+    /// [`HttpConfig::resolve`](crate::http::HttpConfig::resolve) on this to
+    /// build their own TLS connectors while honoring the same env vars
+    /// users already configure for the HTTP path.
+    ///
+    /// Auth credentials are intentionally *not* exposed via `AppContext`:
+    /// transports needing a credential value take an
+    /// [`AuthCredentialSource`](crate::auth::AuthCredentialSource) directly
+    /// at the call site. See `docs/adr/0001-auth-provider-no-cred-extraction.md`.
+    pub fn http_config(&self) -> &crate::http::HttpConfig {
+        &self.entries[0].http_config
+    }
+
+}
+
+/// Recursively check whether any method in the resource tree is the
+/// same object (pointer-equal) as `target`. Used by
+/// [`AppContext::entry_for_method`] to route `execute()`/`invoke()`
+/// to the correct binding's auth and HTTP config.
+fn resource_tree_contains_method(
+    resources: &std::collections::HashMap<String, RestResource>,
+    target: &RestMethod,
+) -> bool {
+    for resource in resources.values() {
+        for m in resource.methods.values() {
+            if std::ptr::eq(m, target) {
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+        if resource_tree_contains_method(&resource.resources, target) {
+            return true;
+        }
+    }
+    false
+}
+
+/// Walk a resource (and its sub-resources) for any method that declares
+/// `security_requirements`. Used by `build_auth_provider` to feed the
+/// per-endpoint flag into `build_provider_with_strategy`.
+fn resource_has_per_endpoint_security(resource: &RestResource) -> bool {
+    if resource
+        .methods
+        .values()
+        .any(|m| m.security_requirements.is_some())
+    {
+        return true;
+    }
+    resource.resources.values().any(resource_has_per_endpoint_security)
+}
+
+/// Recursively walks clap ArgMatches to find the leaf method and its matches.
+pub fn resolve_method_from_matches<'a>(
+    doc: &'a RestDescription,
+    matches: &'a clap::ArgMatches,
+) -> Result<(&'a RestMethod, &'a clap::ArgMatches), CliError> {
+    let mut path: Vec<&str> = Vec::new();
+    let mut current_matches = matches;
+
+    while let Some((sub_name, sub_matches)) = current_matches.subcommand() {
+        path.push(sub_name);
+        current_matches = sub_matches;
+    }
+
+    if path.is_empty() {
+        return Err(CliError::Validation(
+            "No resource or method specified".to_string(),
+        ));
+    }
+
+    let resource_name = path[0];
+    let resource = doc
+        .resources
+        .get(resource_name)
+        .ok_or_else(|| CliError::Validation(format!("Resource '{resource_name}' not found")))?;
+
+    let mut current_resource = resource;
+
+    for &name in &path[1..path.len() - 1] {
+        if let Some(sub) = current_resource.resources.get(name) {
+            current_resource = sub;
+        } else {
+            return Err(CliError::Validation(format!(
+                "Sub-resource '{name}' not found"
+            )));
+        }
+    }
+
+    let method_name = path[path.len() - 1];
+
+    if let Some(method) = current_resource.methods.get(method_name) {
+        return Ok((method, current_matches));
+    }
+
+    Err(CliError::Validation(format!(
+        "Method '{method_name}' not found on resource. Available methods: {:?}",
+        current_resource.methods.keys().collect::<Vec<_>>()
+    )))
+}
+
+/// Collect individual flag values into a params map.
+/// Values from --params JSON override individual flags.
+///
+/// When a parameter has a `default_value` from `x-fern-default` and
+/// the user did not supply the flag, clap surfaces the default as a
+/// stringified value. We detect this via `ArgMatches::value_source`
+/// and substitute the originally-typed JSON so numbers and booleans
+/// keep their wire type — strings pass through unchanged.
+///
+/// Parameters whose only default comes from the OpenAPI standard
+/// `default:` keyword (stored on `documentation_default_value`) do
+/// **not** get a clap default, so `get_one` returns `None` and the
+/// `let-else continue` below correctly omits them from the outgoing
+/// request — the API server applies its own default.
+pub(crate) fn collect_params_from_flags(
+    matched_args: &clap::ArgMatches,
+    method: &crate::openapi::discovery::RestMethod,
+    params_override: Option<&str>,
+) -> Result<serde_json::Map<String, serde_json::Value>, CliError> {
+    let mut params = serde_json::Map::new();
+
+    // Collect values from individual flags. Three extensions interact here:
+    //
+    // 1. `x-fern-sdk-variable`: variable-bound path params are NOT
+    //    registered as per-op flags (see `commands::build_resource_command`);
+    //    their value comes from the root-level global flag registered in
+    //    `run_async` from `doc.sdk_variables`. clap propagates global args
+    //    down to subcommand matches so we look them up by the variable
+    //    name on the same `matched_args`. If the global is unset, defer
+    //    the validation error until AFTER the `--params` JSON override is
+    //    applied below — `--params` is documented as "overrides individual
+    //    flags" and must be allowed to act as a fallback here too,
+    //    mirroring how plain path params behave when their per-op flag is
+    //    absent.
+    //
+    // 2. `x-fern-default`: when clap surfaced an `x-fern-default` value
+    //    (i.e. the user omitted the flag and the parameter had a
+    //    `default_value` populated by `x-fern-default`), use the
+    //    originally-typed JSON value so numbers/booleans keep their
+    //    wire type instead of arriving as strings.
+    //
+    // 3. `x-fern-enum`: for user-supplied values on (non-variable-bound)
+    //    parameters that declare enum aliases, resolve the display
+    //    alias back to the wire value so the executor only ever sees
+    //    what the server expects.
+    let mut missing_variable_bound: Vec<(String, String)> = Vec::new();
+    for (param_name, param_def) in &method.parameters {
+        if let Some(var_name) = param_def.variable_reference.as_deref() {
+            // Global flag ids match the variable name (see `run_async`).
+            // clap's `.env(...)` on the global arg already covers the
+            // env-var fallback before we get here, so a missing value
+            // means neither CLI flag nor env var was provided.
+            match matched_args.get_one::<String>(var_name) {
+                Some(value) => {
+                    params.insert(
+                        param_name.clone(),
+                        serde_json::Value::String(value.clone()),
+                    );
+                }
+                None => {
+                    missing_variable_bound.push((param_name.clone(), var_name.to_string()));
+                }
+            }
+            continue;
+        }
+        if param_def.repeated {
+            if let Some(values) = matched_args.get_many::<String>(param_name) {
+                let arr: Vec<serde_json::Value> = values
+                    .map(|v| serde_json::Value::String(v.clone()))
+                    .collect();
+                params.insert(param_name.clone(), serde_json::Value::Array(arr));
+            }
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        let Some(value) = matched_args.get_one::<String>(param_name) else {
+            continue;
+        };
+        let from_default = matched_args.value_source(param_name)
+            == Some(clap::parser::ValueSource::DefaultValue);
+        let json_value = match (from_default, &param_def.default_value) {
+            (true, Some(typed)) => typed.clone(),
+            _ => {
+                // For object-typed params (e.g. deepObject query parameters),
+                // attempt JSON parsing so deepObject serialization receives a
+                // Value::Object rather than a string.
+                if param_def.param_type.as_deref() == Some("object") {
+                    serde_json::from_str(value.as_str())
+                        .unwrap_or_else(|_| serde_json::Value::String(value.clone()))
+                } else {
+                    let wire = param_def
+                        .resolve_enum_display_to_wire(value.as_str())
+                        .into_owned();
+                    serde_json::Value::String(wire)
+                }
+            }
+        };
+        params.insert(param_name.clone(), json_value);
+    }
+
+    // Override with --params JSON if provided (--params wins).
+    if let Some(json_str) = params_override {
+        let overrides: serde_json::Map<String, serde_json::Value> =
+            serde_json::from_str(json_str)
+                .map_err(|e| CliError::Validation(format!("Invalid --params JSON: {e}")))?;
+        for (key, value) in overrides {
+            params.insert(key, value);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Now that --params has had its say, check whether any variable-bound
+    // parameter is still unsupplied. Only then emit the validation error
+    // naming both the global CLI flag and its env-var fallback.
+    for (param_name, var_name) in missing_variable_bound {
+        if !params.contains_key(&param_name) {
+            let kebab = crate::text::to_kebab_flag(&var_name);
+            let env = crate::text::to_screaming_snake(&var_name);
+            return Err(CliError::Validation(format!(
+                "Missing required SDK variable '{var_name}': provide --{kebab}, \
+                 set ${env}, or include it in --params"
+            )));
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok(params)
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn build_pagination_config(
+    matches: &clap::ArgMatches,
+    doc: &RestDescription,
+) -> executor::PaginationConfig {
+    executor::PaginationConfig {
+        page_all: matches.get_flag("page-all"),
+        page_limit: matches
+            .get_one::<u32>("page-limit")
+            .copied()
+            .unwrap_or(10),
+        page_delay_ms: matches
+            .get_one::<u64>("page-delay")
+            .copied()
+            .unwrap_or(100),
+        token_query_param: doc
+            .pagination_token_query_param
+            .clone()
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| "pageToken".to_string()),
+        token_response_path: doc
+            .pagination_token_response_path
+            .clone()
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| "nextPageToken".to_string()),
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    // ------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // x-fern-global-headers (FER-9864 P2) — registration helpers.
+    // ------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    /// `global_header_flag_name` honors `name:` (kebab-cased) when set,
+    /// otherwise falls back to kebab-casing the wire header. This is
+    /// the same precedence the upstream Fern importer uses.
+    #[test]
+    fn test_global_header_flag_name_respects_name_field_then_header() {
+        let h_with_name = crate::openapi::discovery::GlobalHeader {
+            header: "X-API-Stage".into(),
+            name: Some("apiStage".into()),
+            optional: false,
+            env: None,
+            default: None,
+        };
+        assert_eq!(global_header_flag_name(&h_with_name), "api-stage");
+
+        let h_no_name = crate::openapi::discovery::GlobalHeader {
+            header: "X-Tenant-Id".into(),
+            name: None,
+            optional: false,
+            env: None,
+            default: None,
+        };
+        assert_eq!(global_header_flag_name(&h_no_name), "x-tenant-id");
+    }
+
+    /// The clap arg ID for a global header must be namespaced so it
+    /// can't collide with any per-op parameter HashMap key. The wire
+    /// header is preserved verbatim so the executor's lookup against
+    /// `RestMethod.parameters` stays straightforward.
+    #[test]
+    fn test_global_header_arg_id_is_namespaced_by_wire_name() {
+        let h = crate::openapi::discovery::GlobalHeader {
+            header: "X-API-Stage".into(),
+            name: Some("apiStage".into()),
+            optional: false,
+            env: None,
+            default: None,
+        };
+        assert_eq!(global_header_arg_id(&h), "__global_header::X-API-Stage");
+    }
+
+    /// `build_global_header_overrides` errors with a message naming the
+    /// flag, env var, and wire-header name when a required header has
+    /// no value source. Pins the human-facing error shape required by
+    /// the FER-9864 acceptance criteria ("required-without-value
+    /// fails"), at the level where the validation actually lives.
+    #[test]
+    fn test_build_global_header_overrides_errors_when_required_missing() {
+        use crate::openapi::discovery::{GlobalHeader, RestDescription, RestMethod};
+        use clap::Command;
+
+        let doc = RestDescription {
+            global_headers: vec![GlobalHeader {
+                header: "X-API-Stage".into(),
+                name: Some("apiStage".into()),
+                optional: false,
+                env: Some("FIXTURE_API_STAGE".into()),
+                default: None,
+            }],
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let method = RestMethod::default();
+
+        // Use a clap Command with NO defaults bound for the arg —
+        // simulating "user passed nothing, env unset, no default".
+        let cmd = Command::new("test").arg(
+            clap::Arg::new(global_header_arg_id(&doc.global_headers[0]))
+                .long(global_header_flag_name(&doc.global_headers[0]))
+                .global(true),
+        );
+        let matches = cmd.try_get_matches_from(["test"]).unwrap();
+        let params = serde_json::Map::new();
+
+        let err = build_global_header_overrides(&matches, &doc, &method, &params).unwrap_err();
+        let msg = format!("{err}");
+        assert!(
+            msg.contains("--api-stage"),
+            "error should name the CLI flag: {msg}"
+        );
+        assert!(
+            msg.contains("FIXTURE_API_STAGE"),
+            "error should name the env var: {msg}"
+        );
+        assert!(
+            msg.contains("X-API-Stage"),
+            "error should name the wire header: {msg}"
+        );
+    }
+
+    /// When the user supplies a per-op header parameter with the same
+    /// wire-name as a global header, the per-op value wins and the
+    /// global is dropped from the override list. Mirrors the upstream
+    /// Fern importer's per-op-wins behavior so operators get a single
+    /// override surface for collision cases.
+    #[test]
+    fn test_build_global_header_overrides_per_op_param_wins() {
+        use crate::openapi::discovery::{
+            GlobalHeader, MethodParameter, RestDescription, RestMethod,
+        };
+        use clap::Command;
+        use std::collections::HashMap;
+
+        let doc = RestDescription {
+            global_headers: vec![GlobalHeader {
+                header: "X-API-Stage".into(),
+                name: Some("apiStage".into()),
+                optional: false,
+                env: None,
+                default: Some("production".into()),
+            }],
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+
+        // Per-op method declares `X-API-Stage` as a header parameter.
+        let mut parameters: HashMap<String, MethodParameter> = HashMap::new();
+        parameters.insert(
+            "X-API-Stage".into(),
+            MethodParameter {
+                location: Some("header".into()),
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+        );
+        let method = RestMethod {
+            parameters,
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+
+        // Simulate clap matches with the global default applied.
+        let cmd = Command::new("test").arg(
+            clap::Arg::new(global_header_arg_id(&doc.global_headers[0]))
+                .long(global_header_flag_name(&doc.global_headers[0]))
+                .default_value("production")
+                .global(true),
+        );
+        let matches = cmd.try_get_matches_from(["test"]).unwrap();
+
+        // The per-op `params` map contains a value for the same wire-name.
+        let mut params = serde_json::Map::new();
+        params.insert("X-API-Stage".into(), serde_json::json!("canary"));
+
+        let overrides =
+            build_global_header_overrides(&matches, &doc, &method, &params).unwrap();
+        assert!(
+            overrides.is_empty(),
+            "per-op param suppresses the global override, got: {overrides:?}",
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_sdk_variable_collides_with_builtin_flags() {
+        // Variables whose kebab form matches any built-in per-op flag
+        // must be flagged as colliding so the global registration site
+        // can skip them with a warning instead of letting clap panic.
+        // Cover the names that are most likely to be picked accidentally.
+        for builtin in ["params", "format", "dry-run", "base-url", "page-all", "output", "json"] {
+            assert!(
+                sdk_variable_collides_with_builtin(builtin),
+                "expected '{builtin}' to collide with a built-in flag",
+            );
+        }
+        // Plain identifiers and innocuous variable names must NOT collide.
+        for ok in ["garden-id", "tenant-id", "page-token", "uuid", "client-id"] {
+            assert!(
+                !sdk_variable_collides_with_builtin(ok),
+                "expected '{ok}' NOT to collide with a built-in flag",
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_cli_app_builder() {
+        let app = CliApp::new("test-cli")
+            .spec("openapi: 3.0.0\ninfo:\n  title: Test\n  version: '1.0'\npaths: {}")
+            .auth_scheme_env("bearer", "TEST_TOKEN");
+
+        assert_eq!(app.name, "test-cli");
+        assert_eq!(app.specs.len(), 1);
+        assert_eq!(app.auth_bindings.len(), 1);
+        assert_eq!(app.auth_bindings[0].0, "bearer");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_auth_scheme_records_token_binding() {
+        let app = CliApp::new("t")
+            .spec("openapi: 3.0.0\ninfo:\n  title: T\n  version: '1.0'\npaths: {}")
+            .auth_scheme("bearerAuth", AuthCredentialSource::from_env("API_TOKEN"));
+        assert_eq!(app.auth_bindings.len(), 1);
+        assert_eq!(app.auth_bindings[0].0, "bearerAuth");
+        match &app.auth_bindings[0].1 {
+            SchemeBinding::Token(_) => {}
+            other => panic!("expected Token, got {other:?}"),
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_auth_basic_scheme_records_basic_binding() {
+        let app = CliApp::new("t")
+            .spec("openapi: 3.0.0\ninfo:\n  title: T\n  version: '1.0'\npaths: {}")
+            .auth_basic_scheme(
+                "basic",
+                AuthCredentialSource::from_env("U"),
+                AuthCredentialSource::from_env("P"),
+            );
+        assert!(matches!(
+            app.auth_bindings[0].1,
+            SchemeBinding::Basic { .. },
+        ));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_resolve_method_from_matches_basic() {
+        let mut resources = std::collections::HashMap::new();
+        let mut files_res = crate::openapi::discovery::RestResource::default();
+        files_res.methods.insert(
+            "list".to_string(),
+            crate::openapi::discovery::RestMethod {
+                id: Some("files.list".to_string()),
+                http_method: "GET".to_string(),
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+        );
+        resources.insert("files".to_string(), files_res);
+
+        let doc = RestDescription {
+            name: "test".to_string(),
+            resources,
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+
+        let cmd = clap::Command::new("cli")
+            .subcommand(clap::Command::new("files").subcommand(clap::Command::new("list")));
+
+        let matches = cmd.get_matches_from(vec!["cli", "files", "list"]);
+        let (method, _) = resolve_method_from_matches(&doc, &matches).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(method.id.as_deref(), Some("files.list"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_resolve_method_from_matches_nested() {
+        let mut resources = std::collections::HashMap::new();
+        let mut files_res = crate::openapi::discovery::RestResource::default();
+        let mut permissions_res = crate::openapi::discovery::RestResource::default();
+        permissions_res.methods.insert(
+            "get".to_string(),
+            crate::openapi::discovery::RestMethod {
+                id: Some("files.permissions.get".to_string()),
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+        );
+        files_res
+            .resources
+            .insert("permissions".to_string(), permissions_res);
+        resources.insert("files".to_string(), files_res);
+
+        let doc = RestDescription {
+            name: "test".to_string(),
+            resources,
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+
+        let cmd =
+            clap::Command::new("cli").subcommand(clap::Command::new("files").subcommand(
+                clap::Command::new("permissions").subcommand(clap::Command::new("get")),
+            ));
+
+        let matches = cmd.get_matches_from(vec!["cli", "files", "permissions", "get"]);
+        let (method, _) = resolve_method_from_matches(&doc, &matches).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(method.id.as_deref(), Some("files.permissions.get"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_resolve_method_empty_path() {
+        let doc = RestDescription {
+            name: "test".to_string(),
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+
+        let cmd = clap::Command::new("cli");
+        let matches = cmd.get_matches_from(vec!["cli"]);
+        let result = resolve_method_from_matches(&doc, &matches);
+        assert!(result.is_err());
+    }
+
+    /// `AppContext::extra_headers_for` mirrors the built-in command
+    /// path: a required global header with no resolved value and no
+    /// per-op override fails with a validation error that names both
+    /// the CLI flag and the env var. This is the regression test for
+    /// the custom-command-handler path that previously dropped the
+    /// header silently.
+    #[test]
+    fn test_app_context_extra_headers_required_missing_errors() {
+        use crate::openapi::discovery::{GlobalHeader, RestDescription, RestMethod};
+
+        let doc = RestDescription {
+            global_headers: vec![GlobalHeader {
+                header: "X-API-Stage".into(),
+                name: Some("apiStage".into()),
+                optional: false,
+                env: Some("FIXTURE_API_STAGE".into()),
+                default: None,
+            }],
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let ctx = AppContext::new(
+            doc,
+            crate::auth::no_auth_provider(),
+            crate::http::HttpConfig::new("test").unwrap(),
+            // Note: the custom-command path's filter_map silently
+            // dropped this required header. With the fix,
+            // extra_headers_for surfaces a validation error.
+            Vec::new(),
+        );
+        let method = RestMethod::default();
+        let err = ctx.extra_headers_for(&method, None).unwrap_err();
+        let msg = format!("{err}");
+        assert!(msg.contains("--api-stage"), "should name flag: {msg}");
+        assert!(msg.contains("FIXTURE_API_STAGE"), "should name env: {msg}");
+        assert!(msg.contains("X-API-Stage"), "should name wire header: {msg}");
+    }
+
+    /// A required global header with no resolved value is permitted
+    /// when the operation itself declares a same-named header
+    /// parameter that the user supplied — the per-op value will be
+    /// sent on the wire in place of the global. Mirrors the built-in
+    /// command path's per-op-wins behavior.
+    #[test]
+    fn test_app_context_extra_headers_per_op_param_satisfies_required() {
+        use crate::openapi::discovery::{
+            GlobalHeader, MethodParameter, RestDescription, RestMethod,
+        };
+        use std::collections::HashMap;
+
+        let doc = RestDescription {
+            global_headers: vec![GlobalHeader {
+                header: "X-API-Stage".into(),
+                name: Some("apiStage".into()),
+                optional: false,
+                env: None,
+                default: None,
+            }],
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let ctx = AppContext::new(
+            doc,
+            crate::auth::no_auth_provider(),
+            crate::http::HttpConfig::new("test").unwrap(),
+            Vec::new(),
+        );
+        let mut parameters: HashMap<String, MethodParameter> = HashMap::new();
+        parameters.insert(
+            "X-API-Stage".into(),
+            MethodParameter {
+                location: Some("header".into()),
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+        );
+        let method = RestMethod {
+            parameters,
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let params_json = r#"{"X-API-Stage":"canary"}"#;
+        let headers = ctx
+            .extra_headers_for(&method, Some(params_json))
+            .expect("per-op override should satisfy the required global header");
+        assert!(headers.is_empty(), "per-op wins: globals dropped: {headers:?}");
+    }
+
+    /// An optional global header with no resolved value is silently
+    /// omitted (no error). Pins the negative case so a future
+    /// over-strict change to the required-header guard doesn't start
+    /// failing optional headers too.
+    #[test]
+    fn test_app_context_extra_headers_optional_missing_is_ok() {
+        use crate::openapi::discovery::{GlobalHeader, RestDescription, RestMethod};
+
+        let doc = RestDescription {
+            global_headers: vec![GlobalHeader {
+                header: "X-Tenant-Id".into(),
+                name: None,
+                optional: true,
+                env: None,
+                default: None,
+            }],
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let ctx = AppContext::new(
+            doc,
+            crate::auth::no_auth_provider(),
+            crate::http::HttpConfig::new("test").unwrap(),
+            Vec::new(),
+        );
+        let method = RestMethod::default();
+        let headers = ctx.extra_headers_for(&method, None).expect("optional ok");
+        assert!(headers.is_empty(), "optional with no value: {headers:?}");
+    }
+
+    /// Multi-spec merge: when two specs declare the same wire-name in
+    /// `x-fern-global-headers`, the first write wins and the second is
+    /// silently dropped. Mirrors `merge_sdk_variables` and keeps the
+    /// resolved flag registry deterministic across spec ordering.
+    #[test]
+    fn test_merge_global_headers_first_write_wins() {
+        use crate::openapi::discovery::GlobalHeader;
+
+        let mut acc = vec![GlobalHeader {
+            header: "X-API-Stage".into(),
+            name: Some("apiStage".into()),
+            optional: false,
+            env: Some("FIRST_STAGE".into()),
+            default: Some("production".into()),
+        }];
+        let incoming = vec![
+            // Same wire-name → must be dropped, preserving the first env / default.
+            GlobalHeader {
+                header: "X-API-Stage".into(),
+                name: Some("stage".into()),
+                optional: true,
+                env: Some("SECOND_STAGE".into()),
+                default: Some("staging".into()),
+            },
+            // Distinct wire-name → must be appended.
+            GlobalHeader {
+                header: "X-Tenant-Id".into(),
+                name: None,
+                optional: true,
+                env: None,
+                default: None,
+            },
+        ];
+        merge_global_headers(&mut acc, incoming);
+        assert_eq!(acc.len(), 2, "got: {acc:?}");
+        assert_eq!(acc[0].header, "X-API-Stage");
+        assert_eq!(acc[0].env.as_deref(), Some("FIRST_STAGE"));
+        assert_eq!(acc[0].default.as_deref(), Some("production"));
+        assert!(!acc[0].optional);
+        assert_eq!(acc[1].header, "X-Tenant-Id");
+    }
+
+    /// Per-op-override match must be case-insensitive per RFC 7230 §3.2.
+    /// A spec that declares `X-API-Stage` globally and `x-api-stage` as a
+    /// header param on a single op should treat them as the same header
+    /// — the per-op value wins and the global is suppressed (rather than
+    /// both landing on the wire).
+    #[test]
+    fn test_per_op_header_param_override_is_case_insensitive() {
+        use crate::openapi::discovery::{GlobalHeader, MethodParameter, RestDescription, RestMethod};
+        use std::collections::HashMap;
+
+        let doc = RestDescription {
+            global_headers: vec![GlobalHeader {
+                header: "X-API-Stage".into(),
+                name: Some("apiStage".into()),
+                optional: false,
+                env: None,
+                default: None,
+            }],
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        // Per-op param uses lowercase wire-name; case-insensitive lookup
+        // must still treat this as an override of the global.
+        let mut parameters: HashMap<String, MethodParameter> = HashMap::new();
+        parameters.insert(
+            "x-api-stage".into(),
+            MethodParameter {
+                location: Some("header".into()),
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+        );
+        let method = RestMethod {
+            parameters,
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let ctx = AppContext::new(
+            doc,
+            crate::auth::no_auth_provider(),
+            crate::http::HttpConfig::new("test").unwrap(),
+            Vec::new(),
+        );
+        // User supplied the per-op param under a third casing — the
+        // override should still kick in, satisfying the required check
+        // without a CLI flag / env value.
+        let headers = ctx
+            .extra_headers_for(&method, Some(r#"{"X-Api-Stage": "canary"}"#))
+            .expect(
+                "per-op override should satisfy required-header check regardless of casing",
+            );
+        assert!(
+            headers.is_empty(),
+            "global header must be suppressed when per-op param overrides it: {headers:?}",
+        );
+    }
+
+    /// `--api-stage ""` (or trimming-only whitespace) must NOT resolve
+    /// to `Some("")`. `resolve_global_header_value` trims and treats
+    /// empties as "no value supplied", so the required-header guard
+    /// fires instead of silently sending an empty `X-API-Stage:` header.
+    /// Pins the fix for the self-review finding noted in PR #45.
+    #[test]
+    fn test_resolve_global_header_value_filters_empty_and_whitespace() {
+        use crate::openapi::discovery::GlobalHeader;
+
+        let h = GlobalHeader {
+            header: "X-API-Stage".into(),
+            name: Some("apiStage".into()),
+            optional: false,
+            env: None,
+            default: None,
+        };
+        let cmd = clap::Command::new("t").arg(
+            clap::Arg::new(global_header_arg_id(&h))
+                .long(global_header_flag_name(&h)),
+        );
+        // Empty string flag value → None.
+        let m = cmd.clone().get_matches_from(["t", "--api-stage", ""]);
+        assert!(
+            resolve_global_header_value(&m, &h).is_none(),
+            "empty flag value must resolve to None",
+        );
+        // Whitespace-only flag value → None.
+        let m = cmd.clone().get_matches_from(["t", "--api-stage", "   "]);
+        assert!(
+            resolve_global_header_value(&m, &h).is_none(),
+            "whitespace-only flag value must resolve to None",
+        );
+        // Normal value → Some(trimmed).
+        let m = cmd.get_matches_from(["t", "--api-stage", "  canary  "]);
+        assert_eq!(
+            resolve_global_header_value(&m, &h).as_deref(),
+            Some("canary"),
+        );
+    }
+
+    /// `compose_root_after_help_sections` joins present sections with
+    /// the footer and skips any `None` sections cleanly. Pins the
+    /// neither-auth-nor-global-headers regression target raised in PR
+    /// #45's self-review.
+    #[test]
+    fn test_compose_root_after_help_sections_skips_absent() {
+        let footer = "Standard env vars: …";
+        let g = "Global headers:\n  --api-stage <STAGE>  …";
+        let a = "Authentication:\n  bearer  …";
+
+        // Both absent: only the footer.
+        assert_eq!(
+            compose_root_after_help_sections(None, None, footer),
+            footer,
+            "no global headers, no auth → only the footer is rendered",
+        );
+        // Auth only: same as the pre-FER-9864 baseline.
+        assert_eq!(
+            compose_root_after_help_sections(None, Some(a), footer),
+            format!("{a}\n{footer}"),
+        );
+        // Globals only: no auth section.
+        assert_eq!(
+            compose_root_after_help_sections(Some(g), None, footer),
+            format!("{g}\n{footer}"),
+        );
+        // Both present: globals first, then auth, then footer.
+        assert_eq!(
+            compose_root_after_help_sections(Some(g), Some(a), footer),
+            format!("{g}\n{a}\n{footer}"),
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_app_context_spec_accessor() {
+        let doc = RestDescription {
+            name: "test".to_string(),
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let ctx = AppContext::new(
+            doc,
+            crate::auth::no_auth_provider(),
+            crate::http::HttpConfig::new("test").unwrap(),
+            Vec::new(),
+        );
+        assert_eq!(ctx.spec().name, "test");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_find_method_across_entries() {
+        use std::collections::HashMap;
+
+        let mut res_a = HashMap::new();
+        let mut methods_a = HashMap::new();
+        methods_a.insert("upload".to_string(), RestMethod {
+            id: Some("files.upload".to_string()),
+            ..Default::default()
+        });
+        res_a.insert("files".to_string(), RestResource {
+            methods: methods_a,
+            ..Default::default()
+        });
+
+        let mut res_b = HashMap::new();
+        let mut methods_b = HashMap::new();
+        methods_b.insert("list".to_string(), RestMethod {
+            id: Some("users.list".to_string()),
+            ..Default::default()
+        });
+        res_b.insert("users".to_string(), RestResource {
+            methods: methods_b,
+            ..Default::default()
+        });
+
+        let doc_a = RestDescription {
+            name: "spec-a".to_string(),
+            resources: res_a,
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let doc_b = RestDescription {
+            name: "spec-b".to_string(),
+            resources: res_b,
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+
+        let mut ctx = AppContext::new(
+            doc_a,
+            crate::auth::no_auth_provider(),
+            crate::http::HttpConfig::new("test").unwrap(),
+            Vec::new(),
+        );
+        ctx.add_entry(BindingEntry {
+            doc: doc_b,
+            auth_provider: crate::auth::no_auth_provider(),
+            http_config: crate::http::HttpConfig::new("test").unwrap(),
+            global_headers: Vec::new(),
+        });
+
+        // find_method should find methods from either entry.
+        let m1 = ctx.find_method("files", "upload").expect("should find files.upload");
+        assert_eq!(m1.id.as_deref(), Some("files.upload"));
+
+        let m2 = ctx.find_method("users", "list").expect("should find users.list");
+        assert_eq!(m2.id.as_deref(), Some("users.list"));
+
+        // entry_for_method routes to the correct entry.
+        let entry1 = ctx.entry_for_method(m1);
+        assert_eq!(entry1.doc.name, "spec-a");
+
+        let entry2 = ctx.entry_for_method(m2);
+        assert_eq!(entry2.doc.name, "spec-b");
+
+        // Missing method returns error.
+        assert!(ctx.find_method("orders", "get").is_err());
+
+        // specs() returns both.
+        assert_eq!(ctx.specs().len(), 2);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_collect_params_individual_flags() {
+        let mut params = std::collections::HashMap::new();
+        params.insert(
+            "uuid".to_string(),
+            crate::openapi::discovery::MethodParameter {
+                param_type: Some("string".to_string()),
+                location: Some("path".to_string()),
+                required: true,
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+        );
+
+        let method = crate::openapi::discovery::RestMethod {
+            parameters: params,
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+
+        let cmd = clap::Command::new("test")
+            .arg(clap::Arg::new("uuid").long("uuid"))
+            .arg(clap::Arg::new("params").long("params"));
+
+        let matches = cmd.get_matches_from(vec!["test", "--uuid", "abc-123"]);
+        let result = collect_params_from_flags(&matches, &method, None).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(result.get("uuid").unwrap().as_str().unwrap(), "abc-123");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_collect_params_override_wins() {
+        let mut params = std::collections::HashMap::new();
+        params.insert(
+            "uuid".to_string(),
+            crate::openapi::discovery::MethodParameter::default(),
+        );
+
+        let method = crate::openapi::discovery::RestMethod {
+            parameters: params,
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+
+        let cmd = clap::Command::new("test")
+            .arg(clap::Arg::new("uuid").long("uuid"))
+            .arg(clap::Arg::new("params").long("params"));
+
+        let matches = cmd.get_matches_from(vec![
+            "test",
+            "--uuid",
+            "from-flag",
+            "--params",
+            r#"{"uuid":"from-json"}"#,
+        ]);
+        let override_str = matches.get_one::<String>("params").map(|s| s.as_str());
+        let result = collect_params_from_flags(&matches, &method, override_str).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(result.get("uuid").unwrap().as_str().unwrap(), "from-json");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_collect_params_empty_when_no_flags() {
+        let method = crate::openapi::discovery::RestMethod::default();
+        let cmd = clap::Command::new("test").arg(clap::Arg::new("params").long("params"));
+        let matches = cmd.get_matches_from(vec!["test"]);
+        let result = collect_params_from_flags(&matches, &method, None).unwrap();
+        assert!(result.is_empty());
+    }
+
+    // ------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // CliApp::idempotency_header_env — generator-side env-var wiring for
+    // FER-9852, implemented in cli-sdk for FER-9864 P1. Verifies the
+    // builder overlays env vars on every idempotent operation's
+    // synthetic header MethodParameter (and skips non-idempotent
+    // siblings).
+    // ------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    const IDEMPOTENCY_SPEC: &str = r#"
+openapi: 3.0.2
+info:
+  title: Idempotency Builder Test
+  version: "1.0"
+servers:
+  - url: https://api.example.com
+x-fern-idempotency-headers:
+  - header: Idempotency-Key
+    name: idempotency_key
+paths:
+  /payments:
+    get:
+      x-fern-sdk-group-name: [payments]
+      x-fern-sdk-method-name: list
+      operationId: payments_list
+      responses:
+        "200":
+          description: ok
+    post:
+      x-fern-sdk-group-name: [payments]
+      x-fern-sdk-method-name: create
+      operationId: payments_create
+      x-fern-idempotent: true
+      responses:
+        "201":
+          description: ok
+"#;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_idempotency_header_env_matches_by_name() {
+        // Generator wires env var by `name` field (kebab/snake form,
+        // not the wire header). Should land on the idempotent op's
+        // synthetic param.
+        let doc = CliApp::new("test")
+            .spec(IDEMPOTENCY_SPEC)
+            .idempotency_header_env("idempotency_key", "API_IDEMPOTENCY_KEY")
+            .build_doc()
+            .unwrap();
+        let create = &doc.resources["payments"].methods["create"];
+        let p = create.parameters.get("Idempotency-Key").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(p.env_var.as_deref(), Some("API_IDEMPOTENCY_KEY"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_idempotency_header_env_matches_by_header() {
+        // Falls back to the wire header name when `name` isn't matched.
+        let doc = CliApp::new("test")
+            .spec(IDEMPOTENCY_SPEC)
+            .idempotency_header_env("Idempotency-Key", "API_IDEMPOTENCY_KEY")
+            .build_doc()
+            .unwrap();
+        let create = &doc.resources["payments"].methods["create"];
+        let p = create.parameters.get("Idempotency-Key").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(p.env_var.as_deref(), Some("API_IDEMPOTENCY_KEY"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_idempotency_header_env_skips_non_idempotent_ops() {
+        let doc = CliApp::new("test")
+            .spec(IDEMPOTENCY_SPEC)
+            .idempotency_header_env("idempotency_key", "API_IDEMPOTENCY_KEY")
+            .build_doc()
+            .unwrap();
+        let list = &doc.resources["payments"].methods["list"];
+        assert!(!list.idempotent);
+        assert!(
+            !list.parameters.contains_key("Idempotency-Key"),
+            "non-idempotent op must have no idempotency-header param at all",
+        );
+    }
+
+    fn pagination_cmd() -> clap::Command {
+        clap::Command::new("test")
+            .arg(
+                clap::Arg::new("page-all")
+                    .long("page-all")
+                    .action(clap::ArgAction::SetTrue),
+            )
+            .arg(
+                clap::Arg::new("page-limit")
+                    .long("page-limit")
+                    .value_parser(clap::value_parser!(u32)),
+            )
+            .arg(
+                clap::Arg::new("page-delay")
+                    .long("page-delay")
+                    .value_parser(clap::value_parser!(u64)),
+            )
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_build_pagination_config_defaults() {
+        let doc = RestDescription::default();
+        let matches = pagination_cmd().get_matches_from(vec!["test"]);
+        let config = build_pagination_config(&matches, &doc);
+        assert!(!config.page_all);
+        assert_eq!(config.page_limit, 10);
+        assert_eq!(config.page_delay_ms, 100);
+        assert_eq!(config.token_query_param, "pageToken");
+        assert_eq!(config.token_response_path, "nextPageToken");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_build_pagination_config_uses_doc_token_names() {
+        let doc = RestDescription {
+            pagination_token_query_param: Some("cursor".to_string()),
+            pagination_token_response_path: Some("meta.next_cursor".to_string()),
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let matches = pagination_cmd().get_matches_from(vec!["test"]);
+        let config = build_pagination_config(&matches, &doc);
+        assert_eq!(config.token_query_param, "cursor");
+        assert_eq!(config.token_response_path, "meta.next_cursor");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_resolve_method_resource_not_found() {
+        let doc = RestDescription::default();
+        let cmd =
+            clap::Command::new("cli").subcommand(clap::Command::new("unknown"));
+        let matches = cmd.get_matches_from(vec!["cli", "unknown"]);
+        let err = resolve_method_from_matches(&doc, &matches).unwrap_err();
+        assert!(err.to_string().contains("Resource 'unknown' not found"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_resolve_method_method_not_found() {
+        let mut resources = std::collections::HashMap::new();
+        resources.insert("files".to_string(), crate::openapi::discovery::RestResource::default());
+        let doc = RestDescription { resources, ..Default::default() };
+
+        let cmd = clap::Command::new("cli")
+            .subcommand(clap::Command::new("files").subcommand(clap::Command::new("delete")));
+        let matches = cmd.get_matches_from(vec!["cli", "files", "delete"]);
+        let err = resolve_method_from_matches(&doc, &matches).unwrap_err();
+        assert!(err.to_string().contains("Method 'delete' not found"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_resolve_method_sub_resource_not_found() {
+        let mut resources = std::collections::HashMap::new();
+        resources.insert("files".to_string(), crate::openapi::discovery::RestResource::default());
+        let doc = RestDescription { resources, ..Default::default() };
+
+        let cmd = clap::Command::new("cli").subcommand(
+            clap::Command::new("files").subcommand(
+                clap::Command::new("permissions").subcommand(clap::Command::new("list")),
+            ),
+        );
+        let matches = cmd.get_matches_from(vec!["cli", "files", "permissions", "list"]);
+        let err = resolve_method_from_matches(&doc, &matches).unwrap_err();
+        assert!(err.to_string().contains("Sub-resource 'permissions' not found"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_collect_params_invalid_json_override() {
+        let method = crate::openapi::discovery::RestMethod::default();
+        let cmd = clap::Command::new("test").arg(clap::Arg::new("params").long("params"));
+        let matches = cmd.get_matches_from(vec!["test"]);
+        let err =
+            collect_params_from_flags(&matches, &method, Some("{not valid json}")).unwrap_err();
+        assert!(err.to_string().contains("Invalid --params JSON"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_multi_spec_flat_merge() {
+        // Two specs with non-overlapping resources should merge
+        let spec_a = r#"
+openapi: "3.0.0"
+info:
+  title: "API A"
+  version: "1.0"
+servers:
+  - url: "https://api-a.example.com"
+paths:
+  /users:
+    get:
+      x-fern-sdk-group-name: ["users"]
+      x-fern-sdk-method-name: list
+      responses:
+        "200":
+          description: ok
+"#;
+        let spec_b = r#"
+openapi: "3.0.0"
+info:
+  title: "API B"
+  version: "1.0"
+servers:
+  - url: "https://api-b.example.com"
+paths:
+  /orders:
+    get:
+      x-fern-sdk-group-name: ["orders"]
+      x-fern-sdk-method-name: list
+      responses:
+        "200":
+          description: ok
+"#;
+        let app = CliApp::new("test").spec(spec_a).spec(spec_b);
+        let doc = app.build_doc().unwrap();
+        assert!(doc.resources.contains_key("users"));
+        assert!(doc.resources.contains_key("orders"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_multi_spec_collision_error() {
+        let spec = r#"
+openapi: "3.0.0"
+info:
+  title: "API"
+  version: "1.0"
+paths:
+  /users:
+    get:
+      x-fern-sdk-group-name: ["users"]
+      x-fern-sdk-method-name: list
+      responses:
+        "200":
+          description: ok
+"#;
+        let app = CliApp::new("test").spec(spec).spec(spec);
+        let result = app.build_doc();
+        assert!(result.is_err());
+        let msg = result.unwrap_err().to_string();
+        assert!(msg.contains("users"), "error should name the colliding key");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_title_description_override() {
+        let spec = r#"
+openapi: "3.0.0"
+info:
+  title: "Original Title"
+  description: "Original description"
+  version: "1.0"
+paths: {}
+"#;
+        let app = CliApp::new("test")
+            .spec(spec)
+            .title("My Custom Title")
+            .description("My custom description");
+        let doc = app.build_doc().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(doc.title.as_deref(), Some("My Custom Title"));
+        assert_eq!(doc.description.as_deref(), Some("My custom description"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_spec_under_namespaces_resources() {
+        let spec = r#"
+openapi: "3.0.0"
+info:
+  title: "Billing API"
+  version: "1.0"
+servers:
+  - url: "https://billing.example.com"
+paths:
+  /invoices:
+    get:
+      x-fern-sdk-group-name: ["invoices"]
+      x-fern-sdk-method-name: list
+      responses:
+        "200":
+          description: ok
+"#;
+        let app = CliApp::new("test").spec_under("billing", spec);
+        let doc = app.build_doc().unwrap();
+        assert!(doc.resources.contains_key("billing"));
+        let billing = doc.resources.get("billing").unwrap();
+        assert!(billing.resources.contains_key("invoices"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_security_schemes_merge_across_multi_spec() {
+        // When two specs each declare `components.securitySchemes`, the
+        // merged doc should contain the union. Without merging, the second
+        // spec's schemes would silently disappear and the eventual
+        // RoutingAuthProvider registry would be missing entries — operations
+        // referencing those schemes would fall through to passthrough.
+        let spec_a = r#"
+openapi: "3.0.0"
+info: { title: A, version: "1.0" }
+servers: [{ url: "https://a.example.com" }]
+components:
+  securitySchemes:
+    bearerAuth: { type: http, scheme: bearer }
+paths:
+  /alpha:
+    get:
+      x-fern-sdk-group-name: ["alpha"]
+      x-fern-sdk-method-name: list
+      responses: { "200": { description: ok } }
+"#;
+        let spec_b = r#"
+openapi: "3.0.0"
+info: { title: B, version: "1.0" }
+servers: [{ url: "https://b.example.com" }]
+components:
+  securitySchemes:
+    apiKey: { type: apiKey, in: header, name: X-Api-Key }
+paths:
+  /beta:
+    get:
+      x-fern-sdk-group-name: ["beta"]
+      x-fern-sdk-method-name: list
+      responses: { "200": { description: ok } }
+"#;
+        let doc = CliApp::new("multi").spec(spec_a).spec(spec_b).build_doc().unwrap();
+        // Both schemes from both specs survive the merge.
+        assert!(
+            doc.security_schemes.contains_key("bearerAuth"),
+            "spec A's scheme missing: {:?}",
+            doc.security_schemes,
+        );
+        assert!(
+            doc.security_schemes.contains_key("apiKey"),
+            "spec B's scheme missing: {:?}",
+            doc.security_schemes,
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_merge_security_schemes_first_write_wins() {
+        use crate::openapi::discovery::SecurityScheme;
+        let mut acc = HashMap::new();
+        acc.insert("bearerAuth".to_string(), SecurityScheme::HttpBearer);
+        let mut incoming = HashMap::new();
+        // Same name, different shape — first write wins, like merge_schemas.
+        incoming.insert(
+            "bearerAuth".to_string(),
+            SecurityScheme::ApiKeyHeader {
+                name: "X-Api-Key".to_string(),
+            },
+        );
+        merge_security_schemes(&mut acc, incoming);
+        assert_eq!(acc["bearerAuth"], SecurityScheme::HttpBearer);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_merge_schemas_first_write_wins_on_duplicate() {
+        // Multi-spec setups commonly share schema names (`ErrorResponse`,
+        // `Pagination`). Strict-error policy made multi-spec use
+        // unworkable; first-write-wins lets specs share without manual
+        // de-duplication.
+        let mut acc = HashMap::new();
+        acc.insert(
+            "ErrorResponse".to_string(),
+            crate::openapi::discovery::JsonSchema {
+                description: Some("first".to_string()),
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+        );
+        let mut incoming = HashMap::new();
+        incoming.insert(
+            "ErrorResponse".to_string(),
+            crate::openapi::discovery::JsonSchema {
+                description: Some("second".to_string()),
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+        );
+        merge_schemas(&mut acc, incoming).expect("collision should not error");
+        assert_eq!(
+            acc["ErrorResponse"].description.as_deref(),
+            Some("first"),
+            "first write should win"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_specs_under_batch_helper() {
+        // specs_under accepts an iterator of yamls and registers each under
+        // the same prefix. Sanity check it actually wires through.
+        let s1 = r#"
+openapi: "3.0.0"
+info: { title: A, version: "1.0" }
+servers: [{ url: "https://x.com" }]
+paths:
+  /alpha:
+    get:
+      x-fern-sdk-group-name: ["alpha"]
+      x-fern-sdk-method-name: list
+      responses: { "200": { description: ok } }
+"#;
+        let s2 = r#"
+openapi: "3.0.0"
+info: { title: B, version: "1.0" }
+servers: [{ url: "https://x.com" }]
+paths:
+  /beta:
+    get:
+      x-fern-sdk-group-name: ["beta"]
+      x-fern-sdk-method-name: list
+      responses: { "200": { description: ok } }
+"#;
+        let app = CliApp::new("t").specs_under("ns", [s1, s2]);
+        let doc = app.build_doc().unwrap();
+        let ns = &doc.resources["ns"];
+        assert!(ns.resources.contains_key("alpha"));
+        assert!(ns.resources.contains_key("beta"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_spec_under_accepts_slash_delimited_path() {
+        // Slash splits into nested namespaces equivalent to specs_under_named.
+        let spec = r#"
+openapi: "3.0.0"
+info: { title: T, version: "1.0" }
+servers: [{ url: "https://x.com" }]
+paths:
+  /widgets:
+    get:
+      x-fern-sdk-group-name: ["widgets"]
+      x-fern-sdk-method-name: list
+      responses: { "200": { description: ok } }
+"#;
+        let doc = CliApp::new("t")
+            .spec_under("v3/products", spec)
+            .build_doc()
+            .unwrap();
+        let v3 = doc.resources.get("v3").expect("v3 namespace");
+        let products = v3.resources.get("products").expect("nested products");
+        assert!(products.resources.contains_key("widgets"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_spec_under_merges_multiple_specs_into_same_prefix() {
+        // Two specs sharing a prefix should merge under it (not error).
+        // Prevents use cases where many v2 specs all need
+        // to live under a single `v2` namespace.
+        let spec_a = r#"
+openapi: "3.0.0"
+info: { title: "A", version: "1.0" }
+servers: [{ url: "https://a.example.com" }]
+paths:
+  /alpha:
+    get:
+      x-fern-sdk-group-name: ["alpha"]
+      x-fern-sdk-method-name: list
+      responses: { "200": { description: ok } }
+"#;
+        let spec_b = r#"
+openapi: "3.0.0"
+info: { title: "B", version: "1.0" }
+servers: [{ url: "https://b.example.com" }]
+paths:
+  /beta:
+    get:
+      x-fern-sdk-group-name: ["beta"]
+      x-fern-sdk-method-name: list
+      responses: { "200": { description: ok } }
+"#;
+        let app = CliApp::new("test")
+            .spec_under("v2", spec_a)
+            .spec_under("v2", spec_b);
+        let doc = app.build_doc().unwrap();
+        let v2 = doc.resources.get("v2").expect("v2 prefix should exist");
+        assert!(v2.resources.contains_key("alpha"));
+        assert!(v2.resources.contains_key("beta"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_spec_under_collides_on_inner_resource() {
+        // Two specs with the same inner resource under the same prefix collide.
+        let spec = r#"
+openapi: "3.0.0"
+info: { title: "T", version: "1.0" }
+servers: [{ url: "https://x.example.com" }]
+paths:
+  /things:
+    get:
+      x-fern-sdk-group-name: ["things"]
+      x-fern-sdk-method-name: list
+      responses: { "200": { description: ok } }
+"#;
+        let err = CliApp::new("test")
+            .spec_under("v2", spec)
+            .spec_under("v2", spec)
+            .build_doc()
+            .expect_err("inner-key collision should error");
+        assert!(err.to_string().contains("things"), "error: {err}");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_spec_under_hoists_matching_top_level_resource() {
+        // When the namespace name matches a top-level resource in the spec,
+        // hoist that resource's methods into the namespace itself — so users
+        // type `customers get` instead of `customers customers get`.
+        let spec = r#"
+openapi: "3.0.0"
+info: { title: "T", version: "1.0" }
+servers: [{ url: "https://api.example.com" }]
+paths:
+  /customers:
+    get:
+      tags: [Customers]
+      operationId: getCustomers
+      responses: { "200": { description: ok } }
+  /customers/{id}/addresses:
+    get:
+      tags: [Addresses]
+      operationId: getAddresses
+      responses: { "200": { description: ok } }
+"#;
+        let app = CliApp::new("t").spec_under("customers", spec);
+        let doc = app.build_doc().unwrap();
+        let customers = doc.resources.get("customers").expect("namespace exists");
+        // Methods from the spec's `customers` resource hoisted into namespace.
+        assert!(customers.methods.contains_key("get-customers"));
+        // Sibling top-level resources (`addresses`) become children of the namespace.
+        assert!(customers.resources.contains_key("addresses"));
+        // No double-nested `customers.customers` from the hoist.
+        assert!(!customers.resources.contains_key("customers"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_specs_under_named_creates_nested_namespaces() {
+        let spec_a = r#"
+openapi: "3.0.0"
+info: { title: "A", version: "1.0" }
+servers: [{ url: "https://a.example.com" }]
+paths:
+  /alpha:
+    get:
+      x-fern-sdk-group-name: ["alpha"]
+      x-fern-sdk-method-name: list
+      responses: { "200": { description: ok } }
+"#;
+        let spec_b = r#"
+openapi: "3.0.0"
+info: { title: "B", version: "1.0" }
+servers: [{ url: "https://b.example.com" }]
+paths:
+  /beta:
+    get:
+      x-fern-sdk-group-name: ["beta"]
+      x-fern-sdk-method-name: list
+      responses: { "200": { description: ok } }
+"#;
+        let app = CliApp::new("t").specs_under_named(
+            "v3",
+            [("alpha", spec_a), ("beta", spec_b)],
+        );
+        let doc = app.build_doc().unwrap();
+        let v3 = doc.resources.get("v3").expect("v3 namespace");
+        // Both specs nested under their own sub-namespace inside v3 (with hoist).
+        assert!(v3.resources.contains_key("alpha"));
+        assert!(v3.resources.contains_key("beta"));
+        let alpha = &v3.resources["alpha"];
+        assert!(alpha.methods.contains_key("list"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_substitute_url_vars_replaces_known_and_leaves_unknown() {
+        let mut subs = HashMap::new();
+        subs.insert("store_hash".to_string(), "abc123".to_string());
+        let url = "https://api.example.com/stores/{store_hash}/v3/customers/{customer_id}";
+        let out = substitute_url_vars(url, &subs);
+        // Known var substituted, unknown left literal so the failure mode is
+        // visible in dry-run output and downstream error messages.
+        assert_eq!(
+            out,
+            "https://api.example.com/stores/abc123/v3/customers/{customer_id}"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_apply_server_var_substitutions_walks_nested_resources() {
+        let spec = r#"
+openapi: "3.0.0"
+info: { title: "T", version: "1.0" }
+servers: [{ url: "https://api.example.com/stores/{store_hash}/v3" }]
+paths:
+  /a/{id}/b:
+    get:
+      x-fern-sdk-group-name: ["a", "b"]
+      x-fern-sdk-method-name: get
+      responses: { "200": { description: ok } }
+"#;
+        let mut doc = CliApp::new("t").spec(spec).build_doc().unwrap();
+        let mut subs = HashMap::new();
+        subs.insert("store_hash".to_string(), "xyz".to_string());
+        apply_server_var_substitutions(&mut doc, &subs);
+
+        let nested_method = doc.resources["a"].resources["b"].methods.get("get").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(nested_method.root_url, "https://api.example.com/stores/xyz/v3");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_apply_server_var_substitutions_walks_named_servers() {
+        // Spec combines `{store_hash}` URL template variables with
+        // `x-fern-server-name` named servers. The substitution pass
+        // must rewrite the named-server URLs too — otherwise
+        // `resolve_named_server_url` reads back an unsubstituted URL
+        // and the executor sends the request to a literal
+        // `{store_hash}` host.
+        let spec = r#"
+openapi: "3.0.0"
+info: { title: "T", version: "1.0" }
+servers:
+  - url: "https://api.example.com/stores/{store_hash}/v3"
+    x-fern-server-name: Production
+  - url: "https://staging.example.com/stores/{store_hash}/v3"
+    x-fern-server-name: Staging
+paths:
+  /uploads:
+    post:
+      x-fern-sdk-group-name: ["uploads"]
+      x-fern-sdk-method-name: create
+      servers:
+        - url: "https://upload.example.com/stores/{store_hash}/v3"
+          x-fern-server-name: Upload
+      responses: { "200": { description: ok } }
+"#;
+        let mut doc = CliApp::new("t").spec(spec).build_doc().unwrap();
+        let mut subs = HashMap::new();
+        subs.insert("store_hash".to_string(), "abc123".to_string());
+        apply_server_var_substitutions(&mut doc, &subs);
+
+        // Top-level named servers are substituted.
+        assert_eq!(doc.servers.len(), 2);
+        assert_eq!(doc.servers[0].name.as_deref(), Some("Production"));
+        assert_eq!(doc.servers[0].url, "https://api.example.com/stores/abc123/v3");
+        assert_eq!(doc.servers[1].name.as_deref(), Some("Staging"));
+        assert_eq!(doc.servers[1].url, "https://staging.example.com/stores/abc123/v3");
+
+        // Per-operation `servers:` overrides are substituted too.
+        let create = doc.resources["uploads"].methods.get("create").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(create.servers.len(), 1);
+        assert_eq!(create.servers[0].name.as_deref(), Some("Upload"));
+        assert_eq!(
+            create.servers[0].url,
+            "https://upload.example.com/stores/abc123/v3",
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_spec_under_root_url_on_methods() {
+        let spec = r#"
+openapi: "3.0.0"
+info:
+  title: "Billing API"
+  version: "1.0"
+servers:
+  - url: "https://billing.example.com"
+paths:
+  /invoices:
+    get:
+      x-fern-sdk-group-name: ["invoices"]
+      x-fern-sdk-method-name: list
+      responses:
+        "200":
+          description: ok
+"#;
+        let app = CliApp::new("test").spec_under("billing", spec);
+        let doc = app.build_doc().unwrap();
+        let billing = doc.resources.get("billing").unwrap();
+        let invoices = billing.resources.get("invoices").unwrap();
+        let list = invoices.methods.get("list").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(list.root_url, "https://billing.example.com");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_per_method_root_url_set_by_openapi_parser() {
+        let spec = r#"
+openapi: "3.0.0"
+info:
+  title: "API"
+  version: "1.0"
+servers:
+  - url: "https://myapi.example.com"
+paths:
+  /things:
+    get:
+      x-fern-sdk-group-name: ["things"]
+      x-fern-sdk-method-name: list
+      responses:
+        "200":
+          description: ok
+"#;
+        let doc = crate::openapi::load_openapi_spec(spec, "myapi").unwrap();
+        let method = doc.resources["things"].methods["list"].clone();
+        assert_eq!(method.root_url, "https://myapi.example.com");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_overlay_applied_before_parsing() {
+        let spec = r#"
+openapi: "3.0.0"
+info:
+  title: Plant API
+  version: "1.0"
+servers:
+  - url: https://api.plants.example.com
+paths:
+  /plants:
+    get:
+      operationId: list-plants
+      summary: List plants
+      x-fern-sdk-group-name:
+        - plants
+      x-fern-sdk-method-name: list
+      responses:
+        "200":
+          description: ok
+"#;
+        let overlay = r#"
+overlay: "1.0.0"
+info:
+  title: Add description
+  version: "1.0"
+actions:
+  - target: "$.info"
+    update:
+      description: "A plant management API"
+"#;
+        let app = CliApp::new("plant-api").spec(spec).overlay(overlay);
+        let doc = app.build_doc().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(doc.description, Some("A plant management API".to_string()));
+        assert!(doc.resources.contains_key("plants"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_overlay_adds_fern_extensions() {
+        let spec = r#"
+openapi: "3.0.0"
+info:
+  title: Plant API
+  version: "1.0"
+servers:
+  - url: https://api.plants.example.com
+paths:
+  /plants:
+    get:
+      operationId: list-plants
+      summary: List plants
+      responses:
+        "200":
+          description: ok
+"#;
+        // Overlay adds the fern extensions that were missing
+        let overlay = r#"
+overlay: "1.0.0"
+info:
+  title: Add fern extensions
+  version: "1.0"
+actions:
+  - target: "$.paths['/plants'].get"
+    update:
+      x-fern-sdk-group-name:
+        - plants
+      x-fern-sdk-method-name: list
+"#;
+        let app = CliApp::new("plant-api").spec(spec).overlay(overlay);
+        let doc = app.build_doc().unwrap();
+        assert!(doc.resources.contains_key("plants"));
+        assert!(doc.resources["plants"].methods.contains_key("list"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_multiple_overlays_on_same_spec() {
+        let spec = r#"
+openapi: "3.0.0"
+info:
+  title: Plant API
+  version: "1.0"
+servers:
+  - url: https://api.plants.example.com
+paths:
+  /plants:
+    get:
+      operationId: list-plants
+      summary: List plants
+      x-fern-sdk-group-name:
+        - plants
+      x-fern-sdk-method-name: list
+      responses:
+        "200":
+          description: ok
+"#;
+        let overlay1 = r#"
+overlay: "1.0.0"
+info:
+  title: Overlay 1
+  version: "1.0"
+actions:
+  - target: "$.info"
+    update:
+      description: "Plant API v1"
+"#;
+        let overlay2 = r#"
+overlay: "1.0.0"
+info:
+  title: Overlay 2
+  version: "1.0"
+actions:
+  - target: "$.info"
+    update:
+      contact:
+        name: "Plant Store"
+"#;
+        let app = CliApp::new("plant-api")
+            .spec(spec)
+            .overlay(overlay1)
+            .overlay(overlay2);
+        let doc = app.build_doc().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(doc.description, Some("Plant API v1".to_string()));
+        assert!(doc.resources.contains_key("plants"));
+    }
+
+    // -----------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // Overrides integration tests
+    // -----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_spec_with_overrides_applies_fern_extensions() {
+        let base = r#"
+openapi: "3.0.0"
+info: { title: T, version: "1.0" }
+servers: [{ url: "https://api.example.com" }]
+paths:
+  /customers:
+    get:
+      tags: [Customers]
+      operationId: getCustomers
+      responses: { "200": { description: ok } }
+"#;
+        let overrides = r#"
+paths:
+  /customers:
+    get:
+      x-fern-sdk-group-name: [customers]
+      x-fern-sdk-method-name: list
+"#;
+        let app = CliApp::new("test").spec_with_overrides(base, overrides);
+        let doc = app.build_doc().unwrap();
+        let customers = &doc.resources["customers"];
+        assert!(
+            customers.methods.contains_key("list"),
+            "overrides should rename method to 'list', got: {:?}",
+            customers.methods.keys().collect::<Vec<_>>()
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_spec_under_with_overrides() {
+        let base = r#"
+openapi: "3.0.0"
+info: { title: T, version: "1.0" }
+servers: [{ url: "https://api.example.com" }]
+paths:
+  /items:
+    get:
+      tags: [Items]
+      operationId: getItems
+      responses: { "200": { description: ok } }
+"#;
+        let overrides = r#"
+paths:
+  /items:
+    get:
+      x-fern-sdk-group-name: [items]
+      x-fern-sdk-method-name: list
+"#;
+        let app = CliApp::new("test").spec_under_with_overrides("v3", base, overrides);
+        let doc = app.build_doc().unwrap();
+        let v3 = &doc.resources["v3"];
+        let items = &v3.resources["items"];
+        assert!(
+            items.methods.contains_key("list"),
+            "overrides under prefix should rename method to 'list'"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_specs_under_named_with_overrides() {
+        let spec_a = r#"
+openapi: "3.0.0"
+info: { title: T, version: "1.0" }
+servers: [{ url: "https://api.example.com" }]
+paths:
+  /orders:
+    get:
+      tags: [Orders]
+      operationId: getOrders
+      responses: { "200": { description: ok } }
+"#;
+        let overrides_a = r#"
+paths:
+  /orders:
+    get:
+      x-fern-sdk-group-name: [orders]
+      x-fern-sdk-method-name: list
+"#;
+        let app = CliApp::new("test")
+            .specs_under_named_with_overrides("v3", [("orders", spec_a, overrides_a)]);
+        let doc = app.build_doc().unwrap();
+        let v3 = &doc.resources["v3"];
+        // merge_into_path hoists: prefix "v3/orders" + group-name "orders" → v3 > orders > list
+        let orders = &v3.resources["orders"];
+        assert!(
+            orders.methods.contains_key("list"),
+            "named overrides should rename method to 'list', got: {:?}",
+            orders.methods.keys().collect::<Vec<_>>()
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_spec_without_overrides_unchanged() {
+        // Verify that `.spec()` (no overrides) still works identically.
+        let yaml = r#"
+openapi: "3.0.0"
+info: { title: T, version: "1.0" }
+servers: [{ url: "https://api.example.com" }]
+paths:
+  /pets:
+    get:
+      tags: [Pets]
+      operationId: getPets
+      responses: { "200": { description: ok } }
+"#;
+        let app = CliApp::new("test").spec(yaml);
+        let doc = app.build_doc().unwrap();
+        let pets = &doc.resources["pets"];
+        assert!(
+            pets.methods.contains_key("get-pets"),
+            "without overrides, method name should come from operationId"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_overrides_null_removes_field() {
+        let base = r#"
+openapi: "3.0.0"
+info:
+  title: T
+  version: "1.0"
+  description: "Remove me"
+servers: [{ url: "https://api.example.com" }]
+paths:
+  /items:
+    get:
+      tags: [Items]
+      operationId: listItems
+      summary: "Original summary"
+      responses: { "200": { description: ok } }
+"#;
+        let overrides = r#"
+paths:
+  /items:
+    get:
+      summary: null
+      x-fern-sdk-group-name: [items]
+      x-fern-sdk-method-name: list
+"#;
+        let app = CliApp::new("test").spec_with_overrides(base, overrides);
+        let doc = app.build_doc().unwrap();
+        let items = &doc.resources["items"];
+        assert!(
+            items.methods.contains_key("list"),
+            "overrides should rename method even when combined with null deletions"
+        );
+    }
+
+    /// Array-of-objects merge via overrides: servers array elements are merged
+    /// by index (Fern parity), so the override can patch just one field.
+    #[test]
+    fn test_overrides_array_of_objects_merged_by_index() {
+        let base = r#"
+openapi: "3.0.0"
+info: { title: T, version: "1.0" }
+servers:
+  - url: "https://api.example.com"
+    description: Production
+  - url: "https://staging.example.com"
+    description: Staging
+paths:
+  /items:
+    get:
+      tags: [Items]
+      operationId: listItems
+      responses: { "200": { description: ok } }
+"#;
+        let overrides = r#"
+servers:
+  - url: "https://api-patched.example.com"
+"#;
+        let app = CliApp::new("test").spec_with_overrides(base, overrides);
+        let doc = app.build_doc().unwrap();
+        // Server[0] should be merged (url patched, description preserved)
+        assert_eq!(doc.root_url, "https://api-patched.example.com");
+    }
+
+    /// Primitive array replacement via overrides: tags are primitives so the
+    /// override replaces rather than merging by index.
+    #[test]
+    fn test_overrides_primitive_array_replaced() {
+        let base = r#"
+openapi: "3.0.0"
+info: { title: T, version: "1.0" }
+servers: [{ url: "https://api.example.com" }]
+paths:
+  /items:
+    get:
+      tags: [OldTag]
+      operationId: listItems
+      responses: { "200": { description: ok } }
+"#;
+        let overrides = r#"
+paths:
+  /items:
+    get:
+      tags: [NewTag]
+      x-fern-sdk-group-name: [items]
+      x-fern-sdk-method-name: list
+"#;
+        let app = CliApp::new("test").spec_with_overrides(base, overrides);
+        let doc = app.build_doc().unwrap();
+        let items = &doc.resources["items"];
+        assert!(
+            items.methods.contains_key("list"),
+            "overrides with replaced tags should still apply fern extensions"
+        );
+    }
+
+    /// Sequential overrides: two overrides applied in order.
+    #[test]
+    fn test_sequential_overrides_chain() {
+        use crate::openapi::parser::deep_merge_yaml;
+
+        let base = r#"
+openapi: "3.0.0"
+info: { title: T, version: "1.0" }
+servers: [{ url: "https://api.example.com" }]
+paths:
+  /a:
+    get:
+      tags: [A]
+      operationId: getA
+      responses: { "200": { description: ok } }
+  /b:
+    get:
+      tags: [B]
+      operationId: getB
+      responses: { "200": { description: ok } }
+"#;
+        let ovr1 = r#"
+paths:
+  /a:
+    get:
+      x-fern-sdk-group-name: [alpha]
+      x-fern-sdk-method-name: list
+"#;
+        let ovr2 = r#"
+paths:
+  /b:
+    get:
+      x-fern-sdk-group-name: [beta]
+      x-fern-sdk-method-name: list
+"#;
+        let base_val: serde_yaml::Value = serde_yaml::from_str(base).unwrap();
+        let ovr1_val: serde_yaml::Value = serde_yaml::from_str(ovr1).unwrap();
+        let ovr2_val: serde_yaml::Value = serde_yaml::from_str(ovr2).unwrap();
+        let merged = deep_merge_yaml(deep_merge_yaml(base_val, ovr1_val), ovr2_val);
+        let doc = crate::openapi::parser::load_openapi_spec_from_value(merged, "t").unwrap();
+        assert!(doc.resources["alpha"].methods.contains_key("list"));
+        assert!(doc.resources["beta"].methods.contains_key("list"));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/openapi/binding.rs b/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/openapi/binding.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..afce90e0a08c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/openapi/binding.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,597 @@
+//! [`OpenApiBinding`] — adapts [`super::CliApp`] to the root
+//! [`crate::binding::Binding`] trait so it can be composed into
+//! a root-level [`crate::app::CliApp`].
+
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use crate::auth::{AuthCredentialSource, DynAuthProvider};
+use crate::binding::{Binding, BoxFuture, DispatchResult};
+use crate::error::CliError;
+use crate::openapi::commands;
+use crate::openapi::discovery::RestDescription;
+use crate::openapi::executor;
+
+/// Prepared state computed once in `build_command()` and reused in
+/// `dispatch()`. This avoids parsing the spec twice.
+struct Prepared {
+    doc: RestDescription,
+    http_config: crate::http::HttpConfig,
+    auth_provider: DynAuthProvider,
+}
+
+/// An OpenAPI binding that wraps [`super::CliApp`]'s internals and
+/// exposes them through the [`Binding`] trait.
+///
+/// ```rust,ignore
+/// use fern_cli_sdk::app::CliApp;
+/// use fern_cli_sdk::openapi::OpenApiBinding;
+///
+/// fn main() {
+///     CliApp::new("my-cli")
+///         .binding(
+///             OpenApiBinding::new()
+///                 .spec(include_str!("openapi.yaml"))
+///                 .auth_scheme_env("bearer", "MY_API_KEY"),
+///         )
+///         .run()
+/// }
+/// ```
+#[must_use]
+pub struct OpenApiBinding {
+    inner: super::CliApp,
+    /// Lazily computed on first `build_command()`, then reused in
+    /// `dispatch()`. `Arc` so we can clone it out of the lock without
+    /// holding across await.
+    prepared: std::sync::Mutex<Option<Arc<Prepared>>>,
+}
+
+impl Default for OpenApiBinding {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            inner: super::CliApp::new(""),
+            prepared: std::sync::Mutex::new(None),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl OpenApiBinding {
+    /// Create a new OpenAPI binding. The CLI name is set automatically
+    /// by `CliApp::binding()` — no need to pass it here.
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        Self::default()
+    }
+
+    /// Set the OpenAPI spec YAML string.
+    pub fn spec(mut self, yaml: &str) -> Self {
+        self.inner = self.inner.spec(yaml);
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Set a spec YAML with Fern-style overrides.
+    pub fn spec_with_overrides(mut self, yaml: &str, overrides: &str) -> Self {
+        self.inner = self.inner.spec_with_overrides(yaml, overrides);
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Set a spec under a prefix path.
+    pub fn spec_under(mut self, prefix: &str, yaml: &str) -> Self {
+        self.inner = self.inner.spec_under(prefix, yaml);
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Set multiple specs under a prefix.
+    pub fn specs_under<I, S>(mut self, prefix: &str, yamls: I) -> Self
+    where
+        I: IntoIterator<Item = S>,
+        S: AsRef<str>,
+    {
+        self.inner = self.inner.specs_under(prefix, yamls);
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Bind a credential source to a named auth scheme (env var shorthand).
+    pub fn auth_scheme_env(mut self, scheme_name: &str, env_var: &str) -> Self {
+        self.inner = self.inner.auth_scheme_env(scheme_name, env_var);
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Bind a credential source to a named auth scheme.
+    pub fn auth_scheme(mut self, scheme_name: &str, source: AuthCredentialSource) -> Self {
+        self.inner = self.inner.auth_scheme(scheme_name, source);
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Add multiple specs under `prefix`, each in its own sub-namespace.
+    pub fn specs_under_named<I, K, V>(mut self, prefix: &str, named: I) -> Self
+    where
+        I: IntoIterator<Item = (K, V)>,
+        K: AsRef<str>,
+        V: AsRef<str>,
+    {
+        self.inner = self.inner.specs_under_named(prefix, named);
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Bind a custom auth provider to a named scheme.
+    pub fn auth_provider(
+        mut self,
+        scheme_name: &str,
+        provider: impl crate::auth::provider::AuthProvider + 'static,
+    ) -> Self {
+        self.inner = self.inner.auth_provider(scheme_name, provider);
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Bind a pre-built shared auth provider to a named scheme.
+    pub fn auth_provider_shared(
+        mut self,
+        scheme_name: &str,
+        provider: crate::auth::DynAuthProvider,
+    ) -> Self {
+        self.inner = self.inner.auth_provider_shared(scheme_name, provider);
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Bind HTTP Basic auth for the named scheme.
+    pub fn auth_basic_scheme(
+        mut self,
+        scheme_name: &str,
+        username: AuthCredentialSource,
+        password: AuthCredentialSource,
+    ) -> Self {
+        self.inner = self.inner.auth_basic_scheme(scheme_name, username, password);
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Register a server variable for URL template substitution.
+    pub fn server_var(
+        mut self,
+        name: &str,
+        env_var: Option<&str>,
+        default: Option<&str>,
+        description: Option<&str>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        self.inner = self.inner.server_var(name, env_var, default, description);
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Apply an overlay.
+    pub fn overlay(mut self, overlay_yaml: &str) -> Self {
+        self.inner = self.inner.overlay(overlay_yaml);
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Set compile-time audiences.
+    pub fn audiences<I, S>(mut self, audiences: I) -> Self
+    where
+        I: IntoIterator<Item = S>,
+        S: Into<String>,
+    {
+        self.inner = self.inner.audiences(audiences);
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Prepare the binding state (idempotent; only runs once).
+    /// Returns an `Arc` clone so the caller doesn't hold the lock.
+    fn ensure_prepared(&self) -> Result<Arc<Prepared>, CliError> {
+        let mut guard = self.prepared.lock().unwrap();
+        if let Some(ref arc) = *guard {
+            return Ok(Arc::clone(arc));
+        }
+
+        let mut doc = self.inner.build_doc()?;
+        commands::filter_doc_by_audiences(&mut doc, &self.inner.audiences);
+
+        let http_config = crate::http::HttpConfig::new(&self.inner.name)?
+            .with_parsed_root_certs(
+                self.inner.extra_root_certs.iter().cloned(),
+                self.inner.extra_root_certs_pem.iter().cloned(),
+            );
+        let auth_provider = self.inner.build_auth_provider(&doc);
+
+        let arc = Arc::new(Prepared {
+            doc,
+            http_config,
+            auth_provider,
+        });
+        *guard = Some(Arc::clone(&arc));
+        Ok(arc)
+    }
+
+    /// Build a [`BindingEntry`](super::app::BindingEntry) from this
+    /// binding's prepared state and the current CLI matches.
+    fn build_binding_entry(
+        &self,
+        matches: &clap::ArgMatches,
+    ) -> Result<super::app::BindingEntry, CliError> {
+        let prepared = self.ensure_prepared()?;
+        let mut doc_owned;
+        let doc = if self.inner.server_vars.is_empty() {
+            &prepared.doc
+        } else {
+            doc_owned = prepared.doc.clone();
+            self.inner.apply_server_vars(&mut doc_owned, matches);
+            &doc_owned
+        };
+
+        // Finalize CLI-arg-bound auth sources against parsed matches,
+        // mirroring dispatch() so custom command handlers get working auth.
+        let cli_auth_args = crate::auth::collect_binding_cli_args(&self.inner.auth_bindings);
+        let auth_provider = if cli_auth_args.is_empty() {
+            prepared.auth_provider.clone()
+        } else {
+            let matches_arc = std::sync::Arc::new(matches.clone());
+            let finalized = crate::auth::finalize_bindings(
+                self.inner.auth_bindings.clone(),
+                &matches_arc,
+            );
+            self.inner.build_auth_provider_from_finalized(&finalized, doc)
+        };
+
+        let global_headers: Vec<(String, String)> = doc
+            .global_headers
+            .iter()
+            .filter_map(|h| {
+                let val = super::app::resolve_global_header_value(matches, h)?;
+                Some((h.header.clone(), val))
+            })
+            .collect();
+        Ok(super::app::BindingEntry {
+            doc: doc.clone(),
+            auth_provider,
+            http_config: prepared.http_config.clone(),
+            global_headers,
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Wrap a typed handler function into a [`CliCommandHandler`] that
+    /// automatically downcasts the binding context to
+    /// [`AppContext`](super::AppContext).
+    ///
+    /// Use this with [`CliApp::command()`](crate::app::CliApp::command)
+    /// or [`CliApp::command_under()`](crate::app::CliApp::command_under):
+    ///
+    /// ```rust,ignore
+    /// CliApp::new("my-cli")
+    ///     .binding(OpenApiBinding::new().spec(include_str!("openapi.yaml")))
+    ///     .command(my_cmd(), OpenApiBinding::handler(my_handler))
+    ///     .run()
+    /// ```
+    pub fn handler(
+        f: fn(&clap::ArgMatches, &super::AppContext) -> Result<(), crate::error::CliError>,
+    ) -> crate::app::CliCommandHandler {
+        Box::new(move |matches: &clap::ArgMatches, ctx: &dyn std::any::Any| {
+            let ctx = ctx.downcast_ref::<super::AppContext>().ok_or_else(|| {
+                crate::error::CliError::Validation(
+                    "handler requires an OpenAPI binding context".into(),
+                )
+            })?;
+            f(matches, ctx)
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl Binding for OpenApiBinding {
+    fn name(&self) -> &str {
+        &self.inner.name
+    }
+
+    fn set_cli_name(&mut self, name: &str) {
+        self.inner.name = name.to_string();
+    }
+
+    fn set_root_auth(&mut self, bindings: &[(String, crate::auth::SchemeBinding)]) {
+        // Root-level auth bindings are prepended to the inner CliApp's
+        // auth_bindings. If the binding also has its own auth_scheme_env()
+        // calls, those take priority (they appear later and override).
+        let mut merged = bindings.to_vec();
+        merged.extend(std::mem::take(&mut self.inner.auth_bindings));
+        self.inner.auth_bindings = merged;
+    }
+
+    fn validate_auth(&self) -> Result<(), CliError> {
+        // Only validate when root-level auth is being used (auth_bindings
+        // is non-empty). If the binding has no auth bindings at all, it's
+        // intentionally running unauthenticated — no validation needed.
+        if self.inner.auth_bindings.is_empty() {
+            return Ok(());
+        }
+        let prepared = self.ensure_prepared()?;
+        let registered: std::collections::HashSet<&str> = self
+            .inner
+            .auth_bindings
+            .iter()
+            .map(|(name, _)| name.as_str())
+            .collect();
+        let mut missing: Vec<&str> = Vec::new();
+        for scheme_name in prepared.doc.security_schemes.keys() {
+            if !registered.contains(scheme_name.as_str()) {
+                missing.push(scheme_name.as_str());
+            }
+        }
+        if !missing.is_empty() {
+            missing.sort();
+            // Warn rather than fail — multi-spec binaries may intentionally
+            // bind only a subset of schemes (e.g. basic auth
+            // but not the OAuth2 schemes).
+            tracing::warn!(
+                "Spec declares security scheme(s) [{}] with no .auth() binding. \
+                 Those endpoints will run unauthenticated.",
+                missing.join(", "),
+            );
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn build_command(&self) -> Result<clap::Command, CliError> {
+        let prepared = self.ensure_prepared()?;
+        let cli = commands::build_cli(&prepared.doc)
+            .subcommand(crate::openapi::skill_emitter::generate_skills_command());
+        let mut cli = self.inner.decorate_command(&prepared.doc, cli);
+
+        // Register global --<name> flags for CLI-bound auth sources
+        // so clap knows about them before parsing.
+        let cli_auth_args = crate::auth::collect_binding_cli_args(&self.inner.auth_bindings);
+        for arg_name in &cli_auth_args {
+            let kebab = arg_name.replace('_', "-");
+            cli = cli.arg(
+                clap::Arg::new(arg_name.clone())
+                    .long(kebab)
+                    .global(true)
+                    .value_name(arg_name.to_uppercase())
+                    .help("Auth credential"),
+            );
+        }
+
+        Ok(cli)
+    }
+
+    fn render_json_help(
+        &self,
+        subcommand_path: &[String],
+        out: &mut dyn std::io::Write,
+    ) -> Result<bool, CliError> {
+        let prepared = self.ensure_prepared()?;
+        match super::help::write_json_help(&prepared.doc, subcommand_path, out) {
+            Ok(()) => Ok(true),
+            // "Resource not found" / "Operation not found" means the path
+            // belongs to a different binding — return false so the
+            // dispatch_pipeline loop tries the next one.
+            Err(CliError::Validation(msg))
+                if msg.contains("not found") =>
+            {
+                Ok(false)
+            }
+            Err(e) => Err(e),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn dispatch<'a>(
+        &'a self,
+        root_matches: &'a clap::ArgMatches,
+        _sub_matches: &'a clap::ArgMatches,
+        _op_path: &'a [String],
+    ) -> BoxFuture<'a, Result<DispatchResult, CliError>> {
+        // Clone the Arc so we don't hold the lock across the await.
+        let prepared = match self.ensure_prepared() {
+            Ok(p) => p,
+            Err(e) => return Box::pin(async move { Err(e) }),
+        };
+
+        // Intercept `generate-skills` — it's not a spec operation.
+        if _op_path == ["generate-skills"] {
+            let output_dir = _sub_matches.get_one::<String>("output-dir");
+            let result = self.inner.handle_generate_skills(
+                output_dir.map(|s| s.as_str()),
+                &prepared.doc,
+            );
+            return Box::pin(async move {
+                result?;
+                Ok(DispatchResult::Handled)
+            });
+        }
+
+        Box::pin(async move {
+            // If any auth source uses CLI flags, finalize them against
+            // the parsed matches and rebuild the auth provider.
+            let cli_auth_args = crate::auth::collect_binding_cli_args(&self.inner.auth_bindings);
+            let auth_provider = if cli_auth_args.is_empty() {
+                prepared.auth_provider.clone()
+            } else {
+                let matches_arc = std::sync::Arc::new(root_matches.clone());
+                let finalized = crate::auth::finalize_bindings(
+                    self.inner.auth_bindings.clone(),
+                    &matches_arc,
+                );
+                self.inner.build_auth_provider_from_finalized(&finalized, &prepared.doc)
+            };
+
+            // Apply server-variable substitutions to a local copy of the doc
+            // if any server vars are registered.
+            let mut doc_owned;
+            let doc = if self.inner.server_vars.is_empty() {
+                &prepared.doc
+            } else {
+                doc_owned = prepared.doc.clone();
+                self.inner.apply_server_vars(&mut doc_owned, root_matches);
+                &doc_owned
+            };
+
+            // Walk the subcommand tree from root to find the target method.
+            let (method, matched_args) =
+                super::resolve_method_from_matches(doc, root_matches)?;
+
+            let params_override = matched_args
+                .get_one::<String>("params")
+                .map(|s| s.as_str());
+            let params = super::app::collect_params_from_flags(
+                matched_args,
+                method,
+                params_override,
+            )?;
+            let params_json_string = serde_json::to_string(&params)
+                .map_err(|e| CliError::Validation(format!("Failed to serialize params: {e}")))?;
+            let params_json: Option<&str> = if params.is_empty() {
+                None
+            } else {
+                Some(&params_json_string)
+            };
+
+            let body_json_owned = crate::cli_args::resolve_body_json(matched_args)?;
+            let body_json = body_json_owned.as_deref();
+
+            let dry_run = matched_args.get_flag("dry-run");
+
+            let pagination = super::app::build_pagination_config(matched_args, doc);
+
+            let no_extract = matched_args.get_flag("no-extract");
+            let no_retry = matched_args.get_flag("no-retry");
+            let no_stream = matched_args
+                .try_get_one::<bool>("no-stream")
+                .ok()
+                .flatten()
+                .copied()
+                .unwrap_or(false);
+
+            let binary_body_path = method
+                .binary_request_body
+                .as_ref()
+                .and_then(|b| {
+                    matched_args
+                        .try_get_one::<String>(&b.flag_name)
+                        .ok()
+                        .flatten()
+                        .map(|s| s.as_str())
+                });
+
+            // Validate binary body path for dangerous characters.
+            if let Some(path_str) = binary_body_path {
+                let stripped = path_str.strip_prefix('@').unwrap_or(path_str);
+                if stripped != "-" {
+                    let flag = method.binary_request_body.as_ref()
+                        .map(|b| b.flag_name.as_str()).unwrap_or("file");
+                    crate::output::reject_dangerous_chars(stripped, &format!("--{flag}"))?;
+                }
+            }
+
+            let global_header_overrides = super::app::build_global_header_overrides(
+                matched_args,
+                doc,
+                method,
+                &params,
+            )?;
+
+            // --base-url flag wins; otherwise {NAME}_BASE_URL env var.
+            let base_url_override_owned =
+                crate::cli_args::resolve_base_url_override(root_matches, &self.inner.name)?;
+            let base_url_override = base_url_override_owned.as_deref();
+
+            // Read --output flag for binary response file writing.
+            // validate_safe_file_path rejects traversal, symlink escapes,
+            // and control characters per AGENTS.md.
+            let output_path_owned = matched_args
+                .try_get_one::<String>("output")
+                .ok()
+                .flatten()
+                .cloned();
+            let output_path_buf = if let Some(ref p) = output_path_owned {
+                Some(crate::validate::validate_safe_file_path(p, "--output")?)
+            } else {
+                None
+            };
+            let output_path = output_path_buf.as_deref().and_then(|p| p.to_str());
+
+            // Execute with capture_output = true to get the Value back
+            // instead of printing to stdout.
+            let result = executor::execute_method(
+                doc,
+                method,
+                params_json,
+                body_json,
+                &auth_provider,
+                output_path,
+                None,  // upload
+                binary_body_path,
+                dry_run,
+                &pagination,
+                &crate::formatter::OutputPipeline::default(),
+                true,  // capture_output = true
+                base_url_override,
+                &prepared.http_config,
+                no_extract,
+                no_retry,
+                no_stream,
+                &global_header_overrides,
+            )
+            .await?;
+
+            match result {
+                Some(value) => Ok(DispatchResult::Value(value)),
+                None => Ok(DispatchResult::Handled),
+            }
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn binding_context(
+        &self,
+        matches: &clap::ArgMatches,
+    ) -> Result<Option<Box<dyn std::any::Any + Send + Sync>>, CliError> {
+        let entry = self.build_binding_entry(matches)?;
+        let quiet = matches
+            .try_get_one::<bool>("quiet")
+            .ok()
+            .flatten()
+            .copied()
+            .unwrap_or(false);
+        let ctx = super::AppContext::new(
+            entry.doc,
+            entry.auth_provider,
+            entry.http_config,
+            entry.global_headers,
+        ).with_quiet(quiet);
+        Ok(Some(Box::new(ctx)))
+    }
+
+    fn merge_binding_context(
+        &self,
+        matches: &clap::ArgMatches,
+        existing: Option<Box<dyn std::any::Any + Send + Sync>>,
+    ) -> Result<Option<Box<dyn std::any::Any + Send + Sync>>, CliError> {
+        let entry = self.build_binding_entry(matches)?;
+        let quiet = matches
+            .try_get_one::<bool>("quiet")
+            .ok()
+            .flatten()
+            .copied()
+            .unwrap_or(false);
+        match existing {
+            Some(ctx_box) => match ctx_box.downcast::<super::AppContext>() {
+                Ok(mut ctx) => {
+                    ctx.add_entry(entry);
+                    Ok(Some(ctx as Box<dyn std::any::Any + Send + Sync>))
+                }
+                Err(original) => {
+                    // Different binding type — start a new AppContext,
+                    // discard the incompatible context.
+                    let ctx = super::AppContext::new(
+                        entry.doc,
+                        entry.auth_provider,
+                        entry.http_config,
+                        entry.global_headers,
+                    ).with_quiet(quiet);
+                    let _ = original;
+                    Ok(Some(Box::new(ctx)))
+                }
+            },
+            None => {
+                let ctx = super::AppContext::new(
+                    entry.doc,
+                    entry.auth_provider,
+                    entry.http_config,
+                    entry.global_headers,
+                ).with_quiet(quiet);
+                Ok(Some(Box::new(ctx)))
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/openapi/commands.rs b/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/openapi/commands.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..c5d3897cc368
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/openapi/commands.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,1563 @@
+//! CLI Command Builder
+//!
+//! Builds a dynamic `clap::Command` tree from the internal API representation.
+
+use clap::builder::{PossibleValue, PossibleValuesParser};
+use clap::{Arg, Command};
+
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+
+use crate::openapi::discovery::{
+    Availability, FernEnumValue, MethodParameter, RestDescription, RestResource, SdkGroupInfo,
+};
+use crate::text::to_kebab_flag;
+
+/// Filter the document in-place so only operations matching at least
+/// one of `active_audiences` survive into the command tree. Mirrors
+/// fern-api/fern's OpenAPI importer behavior in
+/// `packages/cli/api-importers/openapi/openapi-ir-parser/src/openapi/v3/generateIr.ts:117-143`:
+///
+/// ```text
+/// if (audiences.length > 0
+///     && !audiences.some(a => operationAudiences.includes(a))) {
+///     continue;
+/// }
+/// ```
+///
+/// Semantics, mirroring fern verbatim:
+///
+/// 1. **No active audience** (`active_audiences` is empty) — every
+///    operation survives regardless of its tags.
+/// 2. **One or more active audiences** — an operation is kept only if
+///    its `audiences` set intersects `active_audiences` (set OR, not
+///    AND). Operations with empty `audiences` are dropped, since
+///    `[].some(...)` is always false.
+/// 3. **Untagged operations are NOT included** when a filter is active —
+///    deliberate fern parity (a "no audience" tag is treated as "belongs
+///    to no audience", not "belongs to all audiences").
+///
+/// After the per-operation prune, empty resource groups (no methods,
+/// no non-empty children) are collapsed so they don't surface as bare
+/// subcommands with no leaves — same approach used by the
+/// `x-fern-ignore` pass in `parser.rs::prune_empty_resources`.
+pub fn filter_doc_by_audiences(doc: &mut RestDescription, active_audiences: &[String]) {
+    if active_audiences.is_empty() {
+        return;
+    }
+    filter_resources_by_audiences(&mut doc.resources, active_audiences);
+}
+
+/// Recursive worker for [`filter_doc_by_audiences`]. Drops methods that
+/// don't intersect `active`, then recurses into nested resources, then
+/// finally prunes resources that ended up empty.
+fn filter_resources_by_audiences(
+    resources: &mut std::collections::HashMap<String, RestResource>,
+    active: &[String],
+) {
+    resources.retain(|_, resource| {
+        resource
+            .methods
+            .retain(|_, method| method_matches_audiences(&method.audiences, active));
+        filter_resources_by_audiences(&mut resource.resources, active);
+        !resource.methods.is_empty() || !resource.resources.is_empty()
+    });
+}
+
+/// Membership check mirroring fern's
+/// `audiences.some(a => operationAudiences.includes(a))`. The names are
+/// compared as opaque strings (case-sensitive, no normalization) so a
+/// preset `audiences(["Public"])` and an operation tagged
+/// `x-fern-audiences: [public]` deliberately do NOT match — matching
+/// how the upstream importer treats audience names as identifiers.
+fn method_matches_audiences(method_audiences: &[String], active: &[String]) -> bool {
+    active.iter().any(|a| method_audiences.iter().any(|m| m == a))
+}
+
+/// Prepends the availability badge (e.g. `[BETA] `) to `text` when one is
+/// present. Falls back to `text` unchanged for generally-available items
+/// and items with no availability marker.
+fn with_availability_badge(text: &str, availability: Option<Availability>) -> String {
+    match availability.and_then(Availability::badge) {
+        Some(badge) if text.is_empty() => badge.to_string(),
+        Some(badge) => format!("{badge} {text}"),
+        None => text.to_string(),
+    }
+}
+
+/// Names of built-in flags that must not be duplicated by parameter-derived flags.
+pub(crate) const BUILTIN_FLAG_NAMES: &[&str] = &[
+    "params",
+    "output",
+    "json",
+    "format",
+    "dry-run",
+    "base-url",
+    "page-all",
+    "page-limit",
+    "page-delay",
+    "no-extract",
+    "no-retry",
+    "no-stream",
+    "quiet",
+    "help",
+];
+
+/// The non-auth portion of the `--help` footer. Auth env vars are
+/// computed dynamically from bindings by `CliApp::run_async` and
+/// prepended via `Command::after_help` — keeping them out of this string
+/// avoids stale `{NAME}_API_KEY` boilerplate.
+pub fn after_help_footer(binary_name: &str) -> String {
+    let prefix = binary_name.to_uppercase().replace('-', "_");
+    format!(
+        "Environment variables:\n  \
+         {prefix}_BASE_URL             Override the API base URL\n  \
+         {prefix}_CA_BUNDLE            Path to PEM file with extra trust roots (or SSL_CERT_FILE)\n  \
+         {prefix}_INSECURE=1           Skip TLS verification (debugging only)\n  \
+         {prefix}_PROXY                HTTP(S) proxy URL\n  \
+         {prefix}_TIMEOUT_SECS         Total request timeout\n\n\
+         Standard env vars (HTTPS_PROXY / HTTP_PROXY / NO_PROXY / SSL_CERT_FILE) are also honored."
+    )
+}
+
+/// Builds the full CLI command tree from an API description.
+pub fn build_cli(doc: &RestDescription) -> Command {
+    let about_text = doc
+        .title
+        .clone()
+        .unwrap_or_else(|| format!("{} CLI", doc.name));
+    let after_help = after_help_footer(&doc.name);
+    let mut root = Command::new(doc.name.clone())
+        .about(about_text)
+        .after_help(after_help)
+        .term_width(200)
+        .subcommand_required(true)
+        .arg_required_else_help(true)
+        .arg(
+            clap::Arg::new("dry-run")
+                .long("dry-run")
+                .help("Validate the request locally without sending it to the API")
+                .action(clap::ArgAction::SetTrue)
+                .global(true),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            clap::Arg::new("format")
+                .long("format")
+                .help("Output format: json (default), table, yaml, csv")
+                .value_name("FORMAT")
+                .global(true),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            clap::Arg::new("base-url")
+                .long("base-url")
+                .help("Override the API base URL (e.g. for testing against a mock server)")
+                .value_name("URL")
+                .global(true),
+        )
+        .arg(
+            clap::Arg::new("quiet")
+                .long("quiet")
+                .short('q')
+                .help("Suppress stdout output on success (errors still go to stderr)")
+                .action(clap::ArgAction::SetTrue)
+                .global(true),
+        );
+
+    // Add resource subcommands
+    let mut resource_names: Vec<_> = doc.resources.keys().collect();
+    resource_names.sort();
+    for name in resource_names {
+        let resource = &doc.resources[name];
+        if let Some(cmd) = build_resource_command(name, resource, &doc.groups) {
+            root = root.subcommand(cmd);
+        }
+    }
+
+    root
+}
+
+/// Resolve the `about()` line for a group's clap subcommand. Returns
+/// the `summary` from a matching [`SdkGroupInfo`] entry (sourced from
+/// the document-root `x-fern-groups` extension) when present; falls
+/// back to the legacy `Operations on '<name>'` label otherwise. The
+/// fallback preserves the current default behavior unchanged for any
+/// group identifier that doesn't appear in `x-fern-groups`.
+pub(crate) fn group_about_text(name: &str, groups: &HashMap<String, SdkGroupInfo>) -> String {
+    groups
+        .get(name)
+        .and_then(|info| info.summary.clone())
+        .filter(|s| !s.is_empty())
+        .unwrap_or_else(|| format!("Operations on '{name}'"))
+}
+
+/// Resolve the `long_about()` line for a group's clap subcommand from
+/// the document-root `x-fern-groups` extension's `description` field.
+/// `None` when the group has no entry or the entry omits `description`
+/// — clap then falls back to the `about()` text for `--help`.
+pub(crate) fn group_long_about_text(
+    name: &str,
+    groups: &HashMap<String, SdkGroupInfo>,
+) -> Option<String> {
+    groups
+        .get(name)
+        .and_then(|info| info.description.clone())
+        .filter(|s| !s.is_empty())
+}
+
+/// Stringify a parameter's resolved client-side default value for
+/// clap's `Arg::default_value`. Strings pass through verbatim; numbers
+/// and booleans use their natural lexical form (e.g. `100`, `true`);
+/// other JSON shapes (arrays, objects) fall through to compact JSON —
+/// but in practice `x-fern-default` only carries scalar literals so the
+/// scalar branch is the load-bearing case.
+///
+/// Returns `None` for `Value::Null` and the `None` input so the caller
+/// can skip setting any clap default.
+pub(crate) fn default_value_for_clap(value: &Option<serde_json::Value>) -> Option<String> {
+    match value.as_ref()? {
+        serde_json::Value::Null => None,
+        serde_json::Value::String(s) => Some(s.clone()),
+        serde_json::Value::Bool(b) => Some(b.to_string()),
+        serde_json::Value::Number(n) => Some(n.to_string()),
+        other => Some(other.to_string()),
+    }
+}
+
+/// Format an OpenAPI standard `default:` value as a trailing
+/// documentation suffix to append to a flag's help text. Renders as
+/// `[default: <value>]` so the user sees the same shape as clap's
+/// auto-generated `[default: ...]` for `x-fern-default` — the help
+/// surface intentionally does not distinguish client-side defaults
+/// (sent on the wire) from server-side defaults (doc-only). The split
+/// stays a wire-behavior concern, not a documentation concern.
+///
+/// Returns the bare scalar rendering with a leading space so callers
+/// can concatenate it directly onto `Arg::help`.
+pub(crate) fn documentation_default_help_suffix(
+    value: &Option<serde_json::Value>,
+) -> Option<String> {
+    let rendered = match value.as_ref()? {
+        serde_json::Value::Null => return None,
+        serde_json::Value::String(s) => s.clone(),
+        serde_json::Value::Bool(b) => b.to_string(),
+        serde_json::Value::Number(n) => n.to_string(),
+        other => other.to_string(),
+    };
+    Some(format!(" [default: {rendered}]"))
+}
+
+/// Recursively builds a Command for a resource.
+/// Returns None if the resource has no methods or sub-resources.
+///
+/// `groups` carries the parsed document-root `x-fern-groups` block; when
+/// a matching entry exists for `name` it overrides the `about()`/
+/// `long_about()` text rendered in `--help`. Unmatched resources retain
+/// the legacy `Operations on '<name>'` label and alphabetical placement
+/// so adding `x-fern-groups` is strictly additive.
+fn build_resource_command(
+    name: &str,
+    resource: &RestResource,
+    groups: &HashMap<String, SdkGroupInfo>,
+) -> Option<Command> {
+    let mut cmd = Command::new(name.to_string())
+        .about(group_about_text(name, groups))
+        .subcommand_required(true)
+        .arg_required_else_help(true);
+
+    if let Some(long_about) = group_long_about_text(name, groups) {
+        cmd = cmd.long_about(long_about);
+    }
+
+    let mut has_children = false;
+
+    // Add method subcommands
+    let mut method_names: Vec<_> = resource.methods.keys().collect();
+    method_names.sort();
+    for method_name in method_names {
+        let method = &resource.methods[method_name];
+
+        has_children = true;
+
+        let about = crate::text::truncate_description(
+            method.description.as_deref().unwrap_or(""),
+            crate::text::CLI_DESCRIPTION_LIMIT,
+            true,
+        );
+        let about = with_availability_badge(&about, method.availability);
+
+        let mut method_cmd = Command::new(method_name.to_string())
+            .about(about)
+            .arg(
+                Arg::new("params")
+                    .long("params")
+                    .help("Additional parameters as JSON (overrides individual flags)")
+                    .value_name("JSON"),
+            )
+            .arg(
+                Arg::new("output")
+                    .long("output")
+                    .short('o')
+                    .help("Output file path for binary responses")
+                    .value_name("PATH"),
+            );
+
+        // Add --json flag for REST request bodies
+        if method.request.is_some() {
+            method_cmd = method_cmd.arg(
+                Arg::new("json")
+                    .long("json")
+                    .help("JSON request body (use `-` to read from stdin; auto-detected, errors if no data piped)")
+                    .value_name("JSON|-"),
+            );
+        }
+
+        // Add a typed flag for operations with a binary request body
+        // (e.g. application/octet-stream). The file is streamed as the body
+        // with the content type declared in the spec. The flag name comes from
+        // `x-fern-parameter-name` on the requestBody, or defaults to `file`
+        // for `format: binary` schemas (else `body`).
+        //
+        // Accepts three forms: <PATH>, @<PATH> (curl-style), or `-` for stdin.
+        if let Some(ref binary) = method.binary_request_body {
+            method_cmd = method_cmd.arg(
+                Arg::new(binary.flag_name.clone())
+                    .long(binary.flag_name.clone())
+                    .value_name("PATH|@PATH|-")
+                    .help(format!(
+                        "Body for the request (Content-Type: {}). Accepts:\n  \
+                         <PATH>     plain filesystem path\n  \
+                         @<PATH>    same path (curl-style prefix)\n  \
+                         -          read from stdin (sent chunked)",
+                        binary.content_type,
+                    )),
+            );
+        }
+
+        // Pagination flags
+        method_cmd = method_cmd
+            .arg(
+                Arg::new("page-all")
+                    .long("page-all")
+                    .help("Auto-paginate through all results (NDJSON)")
+                    .action(clap::ArgAction::SetTrue),
+            )
+            .arg(
+                Arg::new("page-limit")
+                    .long("page-limit")
+                    .help("Maximum number of pages to fetch (default: 10)")
+                    .value_name("N")
+                    .value_parser(clap::value_parser!(u32)),
+            )
+            .arg(
+                Arg::new("page-delay")
+                    .long("page-delay")
+                    .help("Delay in milliseconds between page fetches (default: 100)")
+                    .value_name("MS")
+                    .value_parser(clap::value_parser!(u64)),
+            )
+            .arg(
+                Arg::new("no-extract")
+                    .long("no-extract")
+                    .help(
+                        "Disable x-fern-sdk-return-value extraction and print the full response body",
+                    )
+                    .action(clap::ArgAction::SetTrue),
+            )
+            .arg(
+                Arg::new("no-retry")
+                    .long("no-retry")
+                    .help(
+                        "Disable retries declared by x-fern-retries on this operation, \
+                         including network errors. Useful for debugging.",
+                    )
+                    .action(clap::ArgAction::SetTrue),
+            );
+
+        // `--no-stream` is only meaningful on operations with
+        // `x-fern-streaming`. Registering it unconditionally would let
+        // clap accept it on unrelated ops and silently no-op, which
+        // hides spec/runtime mismatches; instead, expose it only where
+        // it does something so non-streaming siblings reject the flag
+        // up-front.
+        if method.streaming.is_some() {
+            method_cmd = method_cmd.arg(
+                Arg::new("no-stream")
+                    .long("no-stream")
+                    .help(
+                        "Buffer the streaming response and print it as a single value once \
+                        complete (handy for piping into another JSON tool)",
+                    )
+                    .action(clap::ArgAction::SetTrue),
+            );
+        }
+
+        // Generate individual flags from method parameters
+        let mut param_names: Vec<_> = method.parameters.keys().collect();
+        param_names.sort();
+        for param_name in param_names {
+            let param = &method.parameters[param_name];
+
+            // Flag name resolution:
+            //   1. `flag_name_override` (set verbatim, no kebab pass) —
+            //      populated only by synthetic Fern-extension injections
+            //      (currently `inject_idempotency_header_params`). See
+            //      `MethodParameter::flag_name_override`.
+            //   2. `display_name` from `x-fern-parameter-name` — kebabed.
+            //      Renames the CLI flag while keeping `param_name` (the
+            //      wire name) as the clap arg ID. Downstream
+            //      `collect_params_from_flags` looks values up by arg ID,
+            //      and the executor uses the params map key (= wire name)
+            //      when serializing the request, so the alias never leaks
+            //      onto the wire — only the user-facing flag changes.
+            //      Mirrors fern's openapi-ir-parser, which renames the
+            //      SDK parameter via `parameterNameOverride` while
+            //      preserving the OpenAPI parameter's `name` on the HTTP
+            //      request.
+            //   3. Fallback: kebab the HashMap key.
+            let kebab_name = if let Some(override_flag) = param.flag_name_override.as_deref() {
+                override_flag.to_string()
+            } else {
+                let flag_source = param.display_name.as_deref().unwrap_or(param_name.as_str());
+                to_kebab_flag(flag_source)
+            };
+            if BUILTIN_FLAG_NAMES.contains(&kebab_name.as_str()) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            // Variable-bound path parameters get their value from a
+            // root-level global flag (registered in `app::run_async` from
+            // `doc.sdk_variables`) plus its env-var fallback. Skipping
+            // here keeps the per-operation flag surface clean and matches
+            // Fern's openapi-ir-parser, which lowers these into
+            // constructor-style globals rather than method arguments.
+            if param.variable_reference.is_some() {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            let value_name = match param.param_type.as_deref() {
+                Some("string") => "STRING",
+                Some("integer") => "NUMBER",
+                Some("number") => "NUMBER",
+                Some("boolean") => "BOOLEAN",
+                Some("array") => "JSON_ARRAY",
+                Some("object") => "JSON_OBJECT",
+                _ => "VALUE",
+            };
+
+            let help_text = crate::text::truncate_description(
+                param.description.as_deref().unwrap_or(""),
+                crate::text::CLI_DESCRIPTION_LIMIT,
+                true,
+            );
+            let help_text = with_availability_badge(&help_text, param.availability);
+            // When the flag has been renamed via `x-fern-parameter-name`,
+            // surface the original wire name in `--help` so users can
+            // still correlate the flag with the API doc / `--params` JSON.
+            // (Synthetic `flag_name_override` injections already encode
+            // the wire name in their description, so they skip this.)
+            let help_text = match param.display_name.as_deref() {
+                Some(alias) if param.flag_name_override.is_none() && alias != param_name => {
+                    if help_text.is_empty() {
+                        format!("(wire name: {param_name})")
+                    } else {
+                        format!("{help_text} (wire name: {param_name})")
+                    }
+                }
+                _ => help_text,
+            };
+            // Append the OpenAPI standard `default:` value as a
+            // `[default: ...]` suffix when it is the only default
+            // source. Same visual shape as clap's auto-rendered
+            // `[default: ...]` for `x-fern-default` — the user sees
+            // "there is a default" without being told whether the CLI
+            // or the server applies it. The CLI itself does not send
+            // this value on the wire (only `x-fern-default` populates
+            // `default_value` below).
+            let help_text = match documentation_default_help_suffix(
+                &param.documentation_default_value,
+            ) {
+                Some(suffix) => format!("{help_text}{suffix}"),
+                None => help_text,
+            };
+
+            let mut arg = Arg::new(param_name.clone())
+                .long(kebab_name)
+                .value_name(value_name)
+                .help(help_text);
+
+            // Only `x-fern-default` (lowered into `default_value`)
+            // becomes a clap default. The standard `default:` keyword
+            // is doc-only and handled above via the help-text suffix.
+            if let Some(default_str) = default_value_for_clap(&param.default_value) {
+                arg = arg.default_value(default_str);
+            }
+
+            // Environment-variable fallback (currently populated by the
+            // OpenAPI parser for synthetic idempotency-header params from
+            // `x-fern-idempotency-headers`, with overrides applied by
+            // `CliApp::idempotency_header_env`). Clap reads `.env(...)`
+            // when the flag is absent on the command line, giving us the
+            // same priority order — flag → env → default — used for auth
+            // sources.
+            if let Some(ref env_var) = param.env_var {
+                arg = arg.env(env_var.clone());
+            }
+
+            if let Some(ref enum_values) = param.enum_values {
+                arg = arg.value_parser(build_enum_value_parser(enum_values, param));
+            }
+
+            if param.repeated {
+                arg = arg.action(clap::ArgAction::Append);
+            }
+
+            method_cmd = method_cmd.arg(arg);
+        }
+
+        cmd = cmd.subcommand(method_cmd);
+    }
+
+    // Add sub-resource subcommands (recursive)
+    let mut sub_names: Vec<_> = resource.resources.keys().collect();
+    sub_names.sort();
+    for sub_name in sub_names {
+        let sub_resource = &resource.resources[sub_name];
+        if let Some(sub_cmd) = build_resource_command(sub_name, sub_resource, groups) {
+            has_children = true;
+            cmd = cmd.subcommand(sub_cmd);
+        }
+    }
+
+    if has_children {
+        Some(cmd)
+    } else {
+        None
+    }
+}
+
+/// Build a `PossibleValuesParser` that respects an optional `x-fern-enum`
+/// override. When the parameter has no `fern_enum` map, this is a plain
+/// `PossibleValuesParser::new(wire_values)`. When it does, each wire value
+/// gets an alias + per-value help string so `--help` renders the display
+/// name and description while either the display name or wire value parses
+/// successfully on the command line.
+fn build_enum_value_parser(
+    wire_values: &[String],
+    param: &MethodParameter,
+) -> PossibleValuesParser {
+    let possible: Vec<PossibleValue> = wire_values
+        .iter()
+        .map(|wire| {
+            let cfg = param
+                .fern_enum
+                .as_ref()
+                .and_then(|m| m.get(wire));
+            build_possible_value(wire, cfg)
+        })
+        .collect();
+    PossibleValuesParser::from(possible)
+}
+
+/// Construct a single `PossibleValue` from a wire value and its optional
+/// `x-fern-enum` config. The display name (if set and different from the
+/// wire value) becomes the canonical rendered name, with the wire value
+/// as a parse-time alias. Descriptions surface as long-help text.
+fn build_possible_value(wire: &str, cfg: Option<&FernEnumValue>) -> PossibleValue {
+    let display = cfg.and_then(|c| c.display_name.as_deref());
+    let mut pv = match display {
+        Some(name) if name != wire => PossibleValue::new(name.to_string()).alias(wire.to_string()),
+        _ => PossibleValue::new(wire.to_string()),
+    };
+    if let Some(desc) = cfg.and_then(|c| c.description.as_deref()) {
+        pv = pv.help(desc.to_string());
+    }
+    pv
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::openapi::discovery::{FernEnumValue, MethodParameter, RestMethod, RestResource};
+    use std::collections::HashMap;
+
+    fn make_doc() -> RestDescription {
+        let mut methods = HashMap::new();
+        methods.insert(
+            "list".to_string(),
+            RestMethod {
+                http_method: "GET".to_string(),
+                path: "list".to_string(),
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+        );
+        methods.insert(
+            "delete".to_string(),
+            RestMethod {
+                http_method: "DELETE".to_string(),
+                path: "delete".to_string(),
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+        );
+
+        let mut resources = HashMap::new();
+        resources.insert(
+            "files".to_string(),
+            RestResource {
+                methods,
+                resources: HashMap::new(),
+            },
+        );
+
+        RestDescription {
+            name: "test-cli".to_string(),
+            resources,
+            ..Default::default()
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_all_commands_always_shown() {
+        let doc = make_doc();
+        let cmd = build_cli(&doc);
+
+        let files_cmd = cmd
+            .find_subcommand("files")
+            .expect("files resource missing");
+
+        assert!(files_cmd.find_subcommand("list").is_some());
+        assert!(files_cmd.find_subcommand("delete").is_some());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_root_uses_doc_name() {
+        let doc = make_doc();
+        let cmd = build_cli(&doc);
+        assert_eq!(cmd.get_name(), "test-cli");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_method_params_become_flags() {
+        let mut params = HashMap::new();
+        params.insert(
+            "uuid".to_string(),
+            MethodParameter {
+                param_type: Some("string".to_string()),
+                description: Some("The user UUID".to_string()),
+                location: Some("path".to_string()),
+                required: true,
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+        );
+        params.insert(
+            "status".to_string(),
+            MethodParameter {
+                param_type: Some("string".to_string()),
+                description: Some("Filter by status".to_string()),
+                location: Some("query".to_string()),
+                enum_values: Some(vec!["active".to_string(), "inactive".to_string()]),
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+        );
+
+        let mut methods = HashMap::new();
+        methods.insert(
+            "get-user".to_string(),
+            RestMethod {
+                http_method: "GET".to_string(),
+                path: "/users/{uuid}".to_string(),
+                parameters: params,
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+        );
+
+        let mut resources = HashMap::new();
+        resources.insert(
+            "users".to_string(),
+            RestResource {
+                methods,
+                resources: HashMap::new(),
+            },
+        );
+
+        let doc = RestDescription {
+            name: "test-cli".to_string(),
+            resources,
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+
+        let cmd = build_cli(&doc);
+        let users_cmd = cmd.find_subcommand("users").expect("users resource missing");
+        let get_user_cmd = users_cmd
+            .find_subcommand("get-user")
+            .expect("get-user method missing");
+
+        // Verify individual flags exist
+        let args: Vec<String> = get_user_cmd
+            .get_arguments()
+            .map(|a| a.get_id().to_string())
+            .collect();
+        assert!(args.contains(&"uuid".to_string()), "uuid flag missing");
+        assert!(args.contains(&"status".to_string()), "status flag missing");
+        assert!(args.contains(&"params".to_string()), "params flag missing");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_variable_bound_param_skipped_from_per_op_flags() {
+        // Path parameters that carry `x-fern-sdk-variable` must NOT appear
+        // as per-operation flags. Their value comes from a root-level
+        // global flag registered in `app::run_async` from
+        // `doc.sdk_variables` (with env-var fallback). Mirrors Fern's
+        // openapi-ir-parser semantics: variables are constructor-style
+        // globals, not per-method arguments.
+        let mut params = HashMap::new();
+        params.insert(
+            "gardenId".to_string(),
+            MethodParameter {
+                param_type: Some("string".to_string()),
+                description: Some("Garden tenant".to_string()),
+                location: Some("path".to_string()),
+                required: true,
+                variable_reference: Some("gardenId".to_string()),
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+        );
+        // A plain (non-variable-bound) path param on the same op still
+        // surfaces as a per-op flag.
+        params.insert(
+            "zoneId".to_string(),
+            MethodParameter {
+                param_type: Some("string".to_string()),
+                description: Some("Zone id".to_string()),
+                location: Some("path".to_string()),
+                required: true,
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+        );
+
+        let mut methods = HashMap::new();
+        methods.insert(
+            "get".to_string(),
+            RestMethod {
+                http_method: "GET".to_string(),
+                path: "/gardens/{gardenId}/zones/{zoneId}".to_string(),
+                parameters: params,
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+        );
+        let mut resources = HashMap::new();
+        resources.insert(
+            "zones".to_string(),
+            RestResource {
+                methods,
+                resources: HashMap::new(),
+            },
+        );
+        let doc = RestDescription {
+            name: "garden-cli".to_string(),
+            resources,
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let cmd = build_cli(&doc);
+        let zones_cmd = cmd
+            .find_subcommand("zones")
+            .expect("zones resource missing");
+        let get_cmd = zones_cmd
+            .find_subcommand("get")
+            .expect("zones.get missing");
+        let arg_ids: Vec<String> = get_cmd
+            .get_arguments()
+            .map(|a| a.get_id().to_string())
+            .collect();
+        assert!(
+            !arg_ids.contains(&"gardenId".to_string()),
+            "variable-bound path param should NOT be a per-op flag, got: {arg_ids:?}",
+        );
+        assert!(
+            arg_ids.contains(&"zoneId".to_string()),
+            "plain path param should still surface as a per-op flag, got: {arg_ids:?}",
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_builtin_flag_names_not_duplicated() {
+        let mut params = HashMap::new();
+        params.insert(
+            "format".to_string(),
+            MethodParameter {
+                param_type: Some("string".to_string()),
+                description: Some("Response format".to_string()),
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+        );
+        params.insert(
+            "output".to_string(),
+            MethodParameter {
+                param_type: Some("string".to_string()),
+                description: Some("Output type".to_string()),
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+        );
+        params.insert(
+            "real_param".to_string(),
+            MethodParameter {
+                param_type: Some("string".to_string()),
+                description: Some("A real param".to_string()),
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+        );
+
+        let mut methods = HashMap::new();
+        methods.insert(
+            "test-method".to_string(),
+            RestMethod {
+                http_method: "GET".to_string(),
+                path: "/test".to_string(),
+                parameters: params,
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+        );
+
+        let mut resources = HashMap::new();
+        resources.insert(
+            "things".to_string(),
+            RestResource {
+                methods,
+                resources: HashMap::new(),
+            },
+        );
+
+        let doc = RestDescription {
+            name: "test-cli".to_string(),
+            resources,
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+
+        // This should not panic from duplicate arg names
+        let cmd = build_cli(&doc);
+        let things_cmd = cmd
+            .find_subcommand("things")
+            .expect("things resource missing");
+        let test_cmd = things_cmd
+            .find_subcommand("test-method")
+            .expect("test-method missing");
+
+        let args: Vec<String> = test_cmd
+            .get_arguments()
+            .map(|a| a.get_id().to_string())
+            .collect();
+
+        // "format" and "output" should NOT appear as duplicated param flags
+        // but "real_param" should be present
+        assert!(
+            args.contains(&"real_param".to_string()),
+            "real_param flag missing"
+        );
+
+        // Count occurrences of "format" — should be at most 1 (from the global flag)
+        let format_count = args.iter().filter(|a| *a == "format").count();
+        assert!(
+            format_count <= 1,
+            "format flag duplicated: found {format_count}"
+        );
+    }
+    // ------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // x-fern-enum → clap PossibleValue wiring
+    //
+    // These tests target `build_enum_value_parser` directly so the
+    // mapping between the `MethodParameter.fern_enum` map and clap's
+    // `PossibleValue` (canonical name + alias + help) can't drift.
+    // ------------------------------------------------------------------
+    fn param_with_fern_enum(
+        wire_values: &[&str],
+        entries: &[(&str, Option<&str>, Option<&str>)],
+    ) -> MethodParameter {
+        let mut map = HashMap::new();
+        for (wire, name, desc) in entries {
+            map.insert(
+                (*wire).to_string(),
+                FernEnumValue {
+                    display_name: name.map(|s| s.to_string()),
+                    description: desc.map(|s| s.to_string()),
+                },
+            );
+        }
+        MethodParameter {
+            param_type: Some("string".to_string()),
+            enum_values: Some(wire_values.iter().map(|s| s.to_string()).collect()),
+            fern_enum: Some(map),
+            ..Default::default()
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Drive `build_enum_value_parser` through a real `clap::Command`
+    /// `--help` render so the assertions cover what the user sees, not
+    /// just internals. Returns the lower-cased help text so substring
+    /// matches are case-insensitive.
+    fn render_arg_long_help(param: &MethodParameter) -> String {
+        let parser = build_enum_value_parser(param.enum_values.as_ref().unwrap(), param);
+        let cmd = Command::new("test").arg(
+            Arg::new("status")
+                .long("status")
+                .value_parser(parser)
+                .help("Filter by status"),
+        );
+        let mut buf = Vec::new();
+        cmd.clone()
+            .write_long_help(&mut buf)
+            .expect("clap should render long help");
+        String::from_utf8(buf).expect("clap long help is utf-8")
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_build_enum_value_parser_no_fern_enum_uses_wire_values() {
+        let param = MethodParameter {
+            param_type: Some("string".to_string()),
+            enum_values: Some(vec!["a".to_string(), "b".to_string()]),
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let help = render_arg_long_help(&param);
+        assert!(
+            help.contains("possible values") && help.contains("a") && help.contains("b"),
+            "wire values must be listed in long help when no fern_enum is set; got:\n{help}",
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_build_enum_value_parser_renders_display_name_and_per_value_help() {
+        let param = param_with_fern_enum(
+            &["all", "managed", "external"],
+            &[
+                ("all", Some("All"), Some("Every user.")),
+                (
+                    "managed",
+                    Some("Managed"),
+                    Some("Enterprise-managed users."),
+                ),
+                ("external", None, Some("External collaborators only.")),
+            ],
+        );
+        let help = render_arg_long_help(&param);
+
+        // Display names are the rendered option labels in long help.
+        assert!(
+            help.contains("All") && help.contains("Managed"),
+            "display names must appear in long help, got:\n{help}",
+        );
+        // The un-overridden entry still surfaces its wire value.
+        assert!(
+            help.contains("external"),
+            "wire value must appear when no display override is set, got:\n{help}",
+        );
+        // Per-value descriptions land in long help.
+        assert!(
+            help.contains("Every user."),
+            "missing first description in:\n{help}"
+        );
+        assert!(
+            help.contains("Enterprise-managed users."),
+            "missing second description in:\n{help}",
+        );
+        assert!(
+            help.contains("External collaborators only."),
+            "missing third description in:\n{help}",
+        );
+    }
+
+    /// Both the display alias and the wire value must successfully parse
+    /// when `display_name` is set — this is the key affordance promised
+    /// by `x-fern-enum` for CLI users who only know one of the names.
+    #[test]
+    fn test_build_enum_value_parser_accepts_both_display_and_wire() {
+        let param = param_with_fern_enum(
+            &["all", "managed", "external"],
+            &[
+                ("all", Some("All"), None),
+                ("managed", Some("Managed"), None),
+            ],
+        );
+        let parser = build_enum_value_parser(param.enum_values.as_ref().unwrap(), &param);
+        let cmd = Command::new("test").arg(Arg::new("status").long("status").value_parser(parser));
+
+        for input in ["All", "all", "Managed", "managed", "external"] {
+            let matches = cmd
+                .clone()
+                .try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "--status", input])
+                .unwrap_or_else(|e| panic!("input `{input}` should parse; got error: {e}"));
+            let parsed = matches.get_one::<String>("status").unwrap();
+            assert_eq!(
+                parsed, input,
+                "clap returns the user-typed value verbatim; display->wire mapping happens later",
+            );
+        }
+
+        // A bogus value still fails — guards against accidentally
+        // accepting arbitrary strings when fern_enum is set.
+        assert!(
+            cmd.clone()
+                .try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "--status", "Bogus"])
+                .is_err(),
+            "values not in the enum must still be rejected",
+        );
+    }
+
+    /// `name == wire` is a no-op: clap rejects an alias equal to the
+    /// canonical name, so the builder must dedupe instead of crashing.
+    /// Build the parser into a `Command` to confirm clap accepts it.
+    #[test]
+    fn test_build_enum_value_parser_skips_alias_when_display_equals_wire() {
+        let param = param_with_fern_enum(
+            &["managed"],
+            &[("managed", Some("managed"), Some("Same wire & display."))],
+        );
+        let parser = build_enum_value_parser(param.enum_values.as_ref().unwrap(), &param);
+        let cmd = Command::new("test").arg(Arg::new("status").long("status").value_parser(parser));
+        let matches = cmd
+            .try_get_matches_from(vec!["test", "--status", "managed"])
+            .expect("clap should accept a PossibleValue without a self-alias");
+        assert_eq!(matches.get_one::<String>("status").unwrap(), "managed");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_json_help_text_rest_method() {
+        use crate::openapi::discovery::SchemaRef;
+
+        // REST method with a request body → --json should describe the request body.
+        let mut rest_methods = HashMap::new();
+        rest_methods.insert(
+            "create".to_string(),
+            RestMethod {
+                http_method: "POST".to_string(),
+                path: "/things".to_string(),
+                request: Some(SchemaRef {
+                    schema_ref: Some("Thing".to_string()),
+                    parameter_name: None,
+                }),
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+        );
+        let mut rest_resources = HashMap::new();
+        rest_resources.insert(
+            "things".to_string(),
+            RestResource {
+                methods: rest_methods,
+                resources: HashMap::new(),
+            },
+        );
+        let rest_doc = RestDescription {
+            name: "rest-cli".to_string(),
+            resources: rest_resources,
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let rest_cmd = build_cli(&rest_doc);
+        let rest_json = rest_cmd
+            .find_subcommand("things")
+            .and_then(|c| c.find_subcommand("create"))
+            .and_then(|c| c.get_arguments().find(|a| a.get_id() == "json"))
+            .expect("REST --json arg missing");
+        let rest_help = rest_json
+            .get_help()
+            .map(|s| s.to_string())
+            .unwrap_or_default();
+        assert!(
+            rest_help.contains("request body"),
+            "REST --json help should describe the request body, got: {rest_help}",
+        );
+    }
+
+    // ------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // filter_doc_by_audiences — fern parity
+    // ------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    /// Build a doc with four operations covering every audience-tag
+    /// shape used by the fixture spec: one tagged, one with a
+    /// distinct tag, one untagged, and one multi-tagged. Used by all
+    /// `filter_doc_by_audiences` tests below.
+    fn doc_with_audiences() -> RestDescription {
+        let mut methods = HashMap::new();
+        methods.insert(
+            "public-only".to_string(),
+            RestMethod {
+                http_method: "GET".to_string(),
+                path: "/p".to_string(),
+                audiences: vec!["public".to_string()],
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+        );
+        methods.insert(
+            "internal-only".to_string(),
+            RestMethod {
+                http_method: "GET".to_string(),
+                path: "/i".to_string(),
+                audiences: vec!["internal".to_string()],
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+        );
+        methods.insert(
+            "untagged".to_string(),
+            RestMethod {
+                http_method: "GET".to_string(),
+                path: "/u".to_string(),
+                audiences: vec![],
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+        );
+        methods.insert(
+            "multi-tagged".to_string(),
+            RestMethod {
+                http_method: "GET".to_string(),
+                path: "/m".to_string(),
+                audiences: vec!["public".to_string(), "internal".to_string()],
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+        );
+        let mut resources = HashMap::new();
+        resources.insert(
+            "audiences".to_string(),
+            RestResource {
+                methods,
+                resources: HashMap::new(),
+            },
+        );
+        RestDescription {
+            name: "fixture".to_string(),
+            resources,
+            ..Default::default()
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn method_names(doc: &RestDescription, group: &str) -> Vec<String> {
+        let mut names: Vec<String> = doc
+            .resources
+            .get(group)
+            .map(|r| r.methods.keys().cloned().collect())
+            .unwrap_or_default();
+        names.sort();
+        names
+    }
+
+    /// Empty audience filter is a no-op. Mirrors fern's
+    /// `audiences.length > 0 && ...` guard in
+    /// `openapi-ir-parser/generateIr.ts:141` — when no audiences are
+    /// active, every operation passes through.
+    #[test]
+    fn test_filter_doc_by_audiences_empty_is_noop() {
+        let mut doc = doc_with_audiences();
+        filter_doc_by_audiences(&mut doc, &[]);
+        assert_eq!(
+            method_names(&doc, "audiences"),
+            vec!["internal-only", "multi-tagged", "public-only", "untagged"],
+        );
+    }
+
+    /// Single audience keeps only operations whose `x-fern-audiences`
+    /// contains that tag. Untagged operations are dropped — matches
+    /// fern's `operationAudiences.includes(...)` over an empty array
+    /// always evaluating false.
+    #[test]
+    fn test_filter_doc_by_audiences_single_keeps_matching_only() {
+        let mut doc = doc_with_audiences();
+        filter_doc_by_audiences(&mut doc, &["public".to_string()]);
+        assert_eq!(
+            method_names(&doc, "audiences"),
+            vec!["multi-tagged", "public-only"],
+        );
+    }
+
+    /// Multiple active audiences union the matches (OR, not AND).
+    /// Mirrors fern's `audiences.some(a => operationAudiences.includes(a))`:
+    /// any one match keeps the operation.
+    #[test]
+    fn test_filter_doc_by_audiences_multiple_unions_matches() {
+        let mut doc = doc_with_audiences();
+        filter_doc_by_audiences(
+            &mut doc,
+            &["public".to_string(), "internal".to_string()],
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            method_names(&doc, "audiences"),
+            vec!["internal-only", "multi-tagged", "public-only"],
+        );
+    }
+
+    /// An audience that no operation declares prunes every operation
+    /// and then collapses the now-empty resource group. Matches fern's
+    /// behavior: a preset audience with no matches in the spec yields
+    /// an empty IR.
+    #[test]
+    fn test_filter_doc_by_audiences_nonexistent_prunes_empty_resources() {
+        let mut doc = doc_with_audiences();
+        filter_doc_by_audiences(&mut doc, &["nonexistent".to_string()]);
+        assert!(
+            doc.resources.is_empty(),
+            "filtering all ops out of a group should also prune the empty group itself: \
+             {:?}",
+            doc.resources
+        );
+    }
+
+    /// Audience names are compared as opaque strings — case sensitive,
+    /// no normalization — to match fern's treatment of audience tags
+    /// as identifiers. `Public` and `public` do NOT match.
+    #[test]
+    fn test_filter_doc_by_audiences_is_case_sensitive() {
+        let mut doc = doc_with_audiences();
+        filter_doc_by_audiences(&mut doc, &["Public".to_string()]);
+        assert!(
+            doc.resources.is_empty(),
+            "case-mismatched audience should match nothing"
+        );
+    }
+
+    /// Nested resources are walked recursively, and an outer resource
+    /// with only an empty child is itself collapsed. Guards against the
+    /// recursive prune accidentally leaving orphan parent groups in the
+    /// command tree.
+    #[test]
+    fn test_filter_doc_by_audiences_recurses_into_nested_resources() {
+        let mut inner_methods = HashMap::new();
+        inner_methods.insert(
+            "ping".to_string(),
+            RestMethod {
+                http_method: "GET".to_string(),
+                path: "/p".to_string(),
+                audiences: vec!["public".to_string()],
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+        );
+        let mut inner_resources = HashMap::new();
+        inner_resources.insert(
+            "v2".to_string(),
+            RestResource {
+                methods: inner_methods,
+                resources: HashMap::new(),
+            },
+        );
+        let outer = RestResource {
+            methods: HashMap::new(),
+            resources: inner_resources,
+        };
+        let mut resources = HashMap::new();
+        resources.insert("audiences".to_string(), outer);
+        let mut doc = RestDescription {
+            name: "fixture".to_string(),
+            resources,
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+
+        filter_doc_by_audiences(&mut doc, &["public".to_string()]);
+        let nested = &doc.resources["audiences"].resources["v2"];
+        assert!(nested.methods.contains_key("ping"));
+
+        filter_doc_by_audiences(&mut doc, &["nonexistent".to_string()]);
+        assert!(
+            doc.resources.is_empty(),
+            "nested empty groups should propagate up and prune the outer"
+        );
+    }
+
+    // ------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // x-fern-groups (FER-9864 P3): document-root metadata that
+    // re-labels `x-fern-sdk-group-name` group subcommands for the
+    // help surface. No tree restructuring; the `--help` `about` /
+    // `long_about` lines for the group's clap Command change when a
+    // matching entry exists, otherwise the legacy `Operations on
+    // '<name>'` fallback applies (preserving prior behavior).
+    // ------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    fn make_doc_with_things_resource() -> RestDescription {
+        let mut methods = HashMap::new();
+        methods.insert(
+            "list".to_string(),
+            RestMethod {
+                http_method: "GET".to_string(),
+                path: "/things".to_string(),
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+        );
+        let mut resources = HashMap::new();
+        resources.insert(
+            "things".to_string(),
+            RestResource {
+                methods,
+                resources: HashMap::new(),
+            },
+        );
+        RestDescription {
+            name: "test-cli".to_string(),
+            resources,
+            ..Default::default()
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Precondition for the rest of the suite: without `x-fern-groups`
+    /// metadata, the group's clap Command uses the legacy
+    /// `Operations on '<name>'` about text. This is the fallback the
+    /// "missing metadata" integration case verifies end-to-end.
+    #[test]
+    fn test_group_about_falls_back_to_legacy_label_when_no_metadata() {
+        let doc = make_doc_with_things_resource();
+        let cmd = build_cli(&doc);
+        let things = cmd
+            .find_subcommand("things")
+            .expect("things subcommand missing");
+        assert_eq!(
+            things.get_about().map(|s| s.to_string()).unwrap_or_default(),
+            "Operations on 'things'",
+        );
+        assert!(things.get_long_about().is_none());
+    }
+
+    /// A matching `x-fern-groups` entry with `summary` overrides the
+    /// fallback `Operations on '<name>'` label on the clap `about()`
+    /// line. The `summary` text surfaces in both the parent's command
+    /// table (next to the subcommand name) and in `--help` for the
+    /// group itself.
+    #[test]
+    fn test_group_summary_overrides_about_text() {
+        let mut doc = make_doc_with_things_resource();
+        doc.groups.insert(
+            "things".to_string(),
+            SdkGroupInfo {
+                summary: Some("Things Operations".to_string()),
+                description: None,
+            },
+        );
+        let cmd = build_cli(&doc);
+        let things = cmd
+            .find_subcommand("things")
+            .expect("things subcommand missing");
+        assert_eq!(
+            things.get_about().map(|s| s.to_string()).unwrap_or_default(),
+            "Things Operations",
+        );
+        // No `description` → no long_about override; clap will fall
+        // back to `about` for `--help`.
+        assert!(things.get_long_about().is_none());
+    }
+
+    /// `description` populates `long_about()` so `--help` shows the
+    /// detailed prose for the group. Setting `description` alone
+    /// (without `summary`) keeps the legacy short label — fern's IR
+    /// allows either field to be present without the other and we
+    /// preserve that asymmetry.
+    #[test]
+    fn test_group_description_sets_long_about_only() {
+        let mut doc = make_doc_with_things_resource();
+        doc.groups.insert(
+            "things".to_string(),
+            SdkGroupInfo {
+                summary: None,
+                description: Some("Long-form prose about things.".to_string()),
+            },
+        );
+        let cmd = build_cli(&doc);
+        let things = cmd
+            .find_subcommand("things")
+            .expect("things subcommand missing");
+        assert_eq!(
+            things.get_about().map(|s| s.to_string()).unwrap_or_default(),
+            "Operations on 'things'",
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            things
+                .get_long_about()
+                .map(|s| s.to_string())
+                .unwrap_or_default(),
+            "Long-form prose about things.",
+        );
+    }
+
+    /// Both fields set: `summary` becomes `about`, `description`
+    /// becomes `long_about`. This is the canonical case the
+    /// integration test exercises against `--help`.
+    #[test]
+    fn test_group_summary_and_description_populate_both_about_fields() {
+        let mut doc = make_doc_with_things_resource();
+        doc.groups.insert(
+            "things".to_string(),
+            SdkGroupInfo {
+                summary: Some("Things Operations".to_string()),
+                description: Some("Long-form prose about things.".to_string()),
+            },
+        );
+        let cmd = build_cli(&doc);
+        let things = cmd
+            .find_subcommand("things")
+            .expect("things subcommand missing");
+        assert_eq!(
+            things.get_about().map(|s| s.to_string()).unwrap_or_default(),
+            "Things Operations",
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            things
+                .get_long_about()
+                .map(|s| s.to_string())
+                .unwrap_or_default(),
+            "Long-form prose about things.",
+        );
+    }
+
+    /// Integration case (a) — matched group: spec carries
+    /// `x-fern-groups: { foo: { summary: "Foo Operations" } }`, two
+    /// operations are tagged `x-fern-sdk-group-name: foo`, and one is
+    /// untagged. Verifies the `foo` subcommand's `about()` line is
+    /// `Foo Operations` (driven by `summary`) and that the untagged
+    /// op lands on its tag-derived sibling group with the legacy
+    /// fallback label.
+    ///
+    /// Drives the parser end-to-end so the full path
+    /// (YAML → `OpenApiSpec` → `RestDescription` → `Command`) is
+    /// covered.
+    #[test]
+    fn test_x_fern_groups_summary_drives_about_for_matched_group() {
+        let yaml = r#"
+openapi: 3.0.2
+info:
+  title: t
+  version: "1"
+servers:
+  - url: https://api.example.com
+x-fern-groups:
+  foo:
+    summary: Foo Operations
+    description: Operations on foo resources.
+paths:
+  /foo/list:
+    get:
+      x-fern-sdk-group-name: [foo]
+      x-fern-sdk-method-name: list
+      operationId: foo_list
+      responses:
+        "200": { description: ok }
+  /foo/create:
+    post:
+      x-fern-sdk-group-name: [foo]
+      x-fern-sdk-method-name: create
+      operationId: foo_create
+      responses:
+        "200": { description: ok }
+  /misc:
+    get:
+      tags: [Misc]
+      x-fern-sdk-method-name: list
+      operationId: misc_list
+      responses:
+        "200": { description: ok }
+"#;
+        let doc = crate::openapi::load_openapi_spec(yaml, "test-cli").unwrap();
+        let cmd = build_cli(&doc);
+
+        // Matched group: `summary` wins over the legacy fallback.
+        let foo = cmd
+            .find_subcommand("foo")
+            .expect("foo subcommand should exist");
+        assert_eq!(
+            foo.get_about().map(|s| s.to_string()).unwrap_or_default(),
+            "Foo Operations",
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            foo.get_long_about().map(|s| s.to_string()).unwrap_or_default(),
+            "Operations on foo resources.",
+        );
+        // Group children are still present — `x-fern-groups` does not
+        // restructure the clap tree.
+        assert!(foo.find_subcommand("list").is_some());
+        assert!(foo.find_subcommand("create").is_some());
+    }
+
+    /// Integration case (b) — missing-metadata fallback: an operation
+    /// carries `x-fern-sdk-group-name: [bar]` but the spec has no
+    /// matching `x-fern-groups: bar` entry. The CLI must build
+    /// without error and the `bar` subcommand keeps the legacy
+    /// `Operations on 'bar'` about line. Verifies no crash and clean
+    /// fallback when only one side of the pair is present.
+    #[test]
+    fn test_x_fern_groups_missing_entry_falls_back_to_default_label() {
+        let yaml = r#"
+openapi: 3.0.2
+info:
+  title: t
+  version: "1"
+servers:
+  - url: https://api.example.com
+paths:
+  /bar/list:
+    get:
+      x-fern-sdk-group-name: [bar]
+      x-fern-sdk-method-name: list
+      operationId: bar_list
+      responses:
+        "200": { description: ok }
+"#;
+        let doc = crate::openapi::load_openapi_spec(yaml, "test-cli").unwrap();
+        assert!(
+            doc.groups.is_empty(),
+            "no x-fern-groups → groups map should be empty",
+        );
+        let cmd = build_cli(&doc);
+        let bar = cmd
+            .find_subcommand("bar")
+            .expect("bar subcommand should exist");
+        assert_eq!(
+            bar.get_about().map(|s| s.to_string()).unwrap_or_default(),
+            "Operations on 'bar'",
+        );
+        assert!(bar.get_long_about().is_none());
+        assert!(bar.find_subcommand("list").is_some());
+    }
+
+    /// `x-fern-groups` is purely metadata for rendering — adding it
+    /// must NOT change which subcommands exist, their nesting, or
+    /// their leaf method commands. This guards the hard constraint
+    /// that the clap tree structure stays untouched.
+    #[test]
+    fn test_x_fern_groups_does_not_restructure_clap_tree() {
+        let yaml_without = r#"
+openapi: 3.0.2
+info:
+  title: t
+  version: "1"
+servers:
+  - url: https://api.example.com
+paths:
+  /foo/list:
+    get:
+      x-fern-sdk-group-name: [foo]
+      x-fern-sdk-method-name: list
+      operationId: foo_list
+      responses:
+        "200": { description: ok }
+"#;
+        let yaml_with = r#"
+openapi: 3.0.2
+info:
+  title: t
+  version: "1"
+servers:
+  - url: https://api.example.com
+x-fern-groups:
+  foo:
+    summary: Foo Operations
+paths:
+  /foo/list:
+    get:
+      x-fern-sdk-group-name: [foo]
+      x-fern-sdk-method-name: list
+      operationId: foo_list
+      responses:
+        "200": { description: ok }
+"#;
+        let collect_tree = |yaml: &str| -> Vec<String> {
+            let doc = crate::openapi::load_openapi_spec(yaml, "test-cli").unwrap();
+            let cmd = build_cli(&doc);
+            let mut out = Vec::new();
+            for sub in cmd.get_subcommands() {
+                for leaf in sub.get_subcommands() {
+                    out.push(format!("{}.{}", sub.get_name(), leaf.get_name()));
+                }
+            }
+            out.sort();
+            out
+        };
+        assert_eq!(collect_tree(yaml_without), collect_tree(yaml_with));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/openapi/discovery.rs b/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/openapi/discovery.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..3f67f8a2228a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/openapi/discovery.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,1129 @@
+//! Internal OpenAPI Representation
+//!
+//! Data structures representing an OpenAPI API's resources, methods, parameters, and schemas.
+//! These structs serve as the internal representation that the command builder and
+//! executor consume.
+
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+
+use serde::Deserialize;
+
+/// Top-level API description.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize, Default)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct RestDescription {
+    pub name: String,
+    pub version: String,
+    pub title: Option<String>,
+    pub description: Option<String>,
+    pub root_url: String,
+    /// All top-level `servers:` entries from the spec, in declaration order.
+    /// `root_url` is the URL of the first entry (kept for backwards
+    /// compatibility with existing call sites). Servers with a resolved
+    /// `name` (from `x-name`, falling back to `x-fern-server-name`) drive
+    /// the global `--server <name>` flag — when the spec has at least one
+    /// named server, the flag is exposed and its allowed values are the
+    /// top-level named server names. Unnamed entries are still preserved
+    /// here so the order matches the spec; helpers like
+    /// [`RestDescription::named_servers`] filter them out for the help
+    /// surface.
+    #[serde(default, skip)]
+    pub servers: Vec<Server>,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub service_path: String,
+    pub base_url: Option<String>,
+    /// Common prefix prepended to every operation path at request time —
+    /// sourced from the spec-level `x-fern-base-path` extension. Used to
+    /// declare a shared base like `/v1` or `/api/public` once on the spec
+    /// instead of duplicating it on every path. Mirrors the upstream
+    /// Fern OpenAPI importer:
+    /// <https://github.com/fern-api/fern/blob/main/packages/cli/api-importers/openapi/openapi-ir-parser/src/openapi/v3/extensions/getFernBasePath.ts>
+    ///
+    /// At request time the executor inserts this between the server URL
+    /// and the operation path with exactly one slash between segments.
+    /// An empty string is treated the same as `None`.
+    pub base_path: Option<String>,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub schemas: HashMap<String, JsonSchema>,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub resources: HashMap<String, RestResource>,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub parameters: HashMap<String, MethodParameter>,
+    pub auth: Option<AuthDescription>,
+    /// Auth schemes declared in `components.securitySchemes`. The key is the
+    /// scheme name as it appears in the spec — that name is what
+    /// per-operation `security` requirements reference, and what
+    /// `CliApp::auth_scheme(name, source)` binds a credential source to.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub security_schemes: HashMap<String, SecurityScheme>,
+    /// Query parameter name for pagination tokens (default: "pageToken").
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub pagination_token_query_param: Option<String>,
+    /// Dotted path to next page token in response JSON (default: "nextPageToken").
+    /// Supports nested paths like "pagination.next_page_token".
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub pagination_token_response_path: Option<String>,
+    /// Idempotency header definitions parsed from the spec-root
+    /// [`x-fern-idempotency-headers`](https://buildwithfern.com/learn/api-definitions/openapi/extensions/idempotency-headers)
+    /// extension. Empty when the extension is absent.
+    ///
+    /// Each entry describes a header that operations marked with
+    /// `x-fern-idempotent: true` accept. The parser materializes one CLI
+    /// flag per header on every idempotent operation; non-idempotent
+    /// operations are unaffected and never send these headers.
+    #[serde(default, skip)]
+    pub idempotency_headers: Vec<IdempotencyHeader>,
+    /// Constructor-style globals declared by the spec's top-level
+    /// `x-fern-sdk-variables` extension. Each entry surfaces as a global
+    /// CLI flag (kebab-cased) with an env-var fallback
+    /// (SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE of the variable name) and replaces the
+    /// corresponding `{varName}` placeholder in path templates of
+    /// operations whose path parameter carries `x-fern-sdk-variable`.
+    ///
+    /// See <https://buildwithfern.com/learn/api-definitions/openapi/extensions/sdk-variables>.
+    #[serde(default, skip)]
+    pub sdk_variables: Vec<SdkVariable>,
+    /// Spec-root [`x-fern-retries`](https://buildwithfern.com/learn/api-definitions/openapi/extensions/retries)
+    /// extension. Inherited by every operation that omits its own
+    /// `x-fern-retries` block, or that sets `x-fern-retries: true` to
+    /// opt in to the spec-root defaults. A per-op object merges over
+    /// this baseline; a per-op `false` (or `{ disabled: true }`)
+    /// disables retries on that operation regardless of root.
+    #[serde(default, skip)]
+    pub retries: Option<RetriesConfig>,
+    /// Global header definitions parsed from the spec-root
+    /// [`x-fern-global-headers`](https://buildwithfern.com/learn/api-definitions/openapi/extensions/global-headers)
+    /// extension. Empty when the extension is absent.
+    ///
+    /// Each entry surfaces as a global CLI flag at the root of the
+    /// command tree with an env-var fallback and (when configured) a
+    /// baked-in default value. The resolved value is stamped on every
+    /// outgoing request as the named HTTP header — per-operation
+    /// parameters with the same wire-name win.
+    #[serde(default, skip)]
+    pub global_headers: Vec<GlobalHeader>,
+    /// Top-level group metadata sourced from the document-root
+    /// [`x-fern-groups`](https://buildwithfern.com/learn/api-definitions/openapi/extensions/groups)
+    /// extension. Mirrors the upstream Fern OpenAPI importer's
+    /// [`SdkGroupInfo`](https://github.com/fern-api/fern/blob/main/packages/cli/api-importers/openapi/openapi-ir-parser/src/openapi/v3/extensions/getFernGroups.ts)
+    /// record (`{ summary?, description? }`).
+    ///
+    /// Keys are kebab-cased to match the resource keys built from
+    /// `x-fern-sdk-group-name`, so a `foo` entry binds to the `foo`
+    /// subcommand resource and a `myGroup` entry binds to the
+    /// `my-group` resource. Values are purely metadata for `--help`
+    /// rendering — `x-fern-groups` does NOT restructure the clap tree,
+    /// matching fern's semantics where the extension only annotates
+    /// existing groups for documentation.
+    #[serde(default, skip)]
+    pub groups: HashMap<String, SdkGroupInfo>,
+}
+
+/// Metadata for a single group declared via the spec-root
+/// [`x-fern-groups`](https://buildwithfern.com/learn/api-definitions/openapi/extensions/groups)
+/// extension.
+///
+/// Mirrors fern's `SdkGroupInfo` IR type (both fields optional):
+/// <https://github.com/fern-api/fern/blob/main/packages/cli/api-importers/openapi/openapi-ir/fern/definition/finalIr.yml>
+/// (`SdkGroupInfo { summary: optional<string>, description: optional<string> }`).
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct SdkGroupInfo {
+    /// Short human-friendly label for the group. When present, replaces
+    /// the default `Operations on '<name>'` text used as the clap
+    /// subcommand's `about()` line.
+    pub summary: Option<String>,
+    /// Longer prose description of the group. When present, used as the
+    /// clap subcommand's `long_about()` so `--help` shows the full text
+    /// for the group.
+    pub description: Option<String>,
+}
+
+/// A single global header definition from the spec-root
+/// [`x-fern-global-headers`](https://buildwithfern.com/learn/api-definitions/openapi/extensions/global-headers)
+/// extension. Mirrors the [`GlobalHeader`] IR type emitted by the
+/// upstream Fern OpenAPI importer.
+///
+/// The CLI uses `name` (if set) to derive the kebab-cased flag name and
+/// `header` as the on-the-wire HTTP header name. When `env` is set the
+/// flag accepts the value from that environment variable as a fallback,
+/// and `default` is used when neither the flag nor the env var is
+/// supplied. Operations may opt out of sending the header by declaring
+/// a same-named per-operation parameter, which takes precedence.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Default)]
+pub struct GlobalHeader {
+    /// HTTP header name sent on the wire (e.g. `X-API-Version`).
+    pub header: String,
+    /// Optional SDK/CLI parameter name. When set, used as the basis for
+    /// the kebab-cased CLI flag name; otherwise the flag derives from
+    /// `header`.
+    pub name: Option<String>,
+    /// When `false` (the default), the CLI flag is required — every
+    /// outgoing request must carry a value. When `true`, the header is
+    /// omitted from requests where no value resolved.
+    pub optional: bool,
+    /// Optional environment variable that provides a fallback value for
+    /// the generated flag.
+    pub env: Option<String>,
+    /// Optional baked-in default value applied when neither the flag
+    /// nor the environment variable is supplied. Mirrors the upstream
+    /// `x-fern-default` shape — only the value is preserved; the
+    /// schema type is informational.
+    pub default: Option<String>,
+}
+
+/// A single idempotency-header definition from the spec-root
+/// [`x-fern-idempotency-headers`](https://buildwithfern.com/learn/api-definitions/openapi/extensions/idempotency-headers)
+/// extension. Mirrors the [`IdempotencyHeader`] IR type emitted by the
+/// upstream Fern OpenAPI importer.
+///
+/// The CLI uses `name` (if set) to derive the kebab-cased flag name and
+/// `header` as the on-the-wire HTTP header name. When `env` is set the
+/// flag accepts the value from that environment variable as a fallback.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Default)]
+pub struct IdempotencyHeader {
+    /// HTTP header name sent on the wire (e.g. `Idempotency-Key`).
+    pub header: String,
+    /// Optional SDK/CLI parameter name. When set, used as the basis for
+    /// the kebab-cased CLI flag name; otherwise the flag derives from
+    /// `header`.
+    pub name: Option<String>,
+    /// Optional environment variable that provides a default value for
+    /// the generated flag. Generators can override this at build time via
+    /// [`crate::openapi::app::CliApp::idempotency_header_env`].
+    pub env: Option<String>,
+}
+
+/// A spec-level `x-fern-sdk-variables` entry. Modeled as a constructor-style
+/// global that operations can bind path parameters to via
+/// `x-fern-sdk-variable: <name>`.
+///
+/// Fern's TS/Python/Java SDKs only support `type: string` here today, so the
+/// parser warns and skips non-string entries (mirroring the upstream
+/// importer's `Variable <name> has unsupported schema` rejection but without
+/// failing the whole spec load — the CLI is intentionally permissive).
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct SdkVariable {
+    /// Variable name as it appears in path templates (e.g. `gardenId`).
+    pub name: String,
+    /// Lowered OpenAPI primitive type. Always `string` today; carried so a
+    /// future generator change can specialize the global flag's `value_name`.
+    pub ty: String,
+    /// One-line `--help` description (from the variable schema's
+    /// `description:` field).
+    pub description: Option<String>,
+}
+
+/// How the request body should be serialized on the wire.
+///
+/// Determines the `Content-Type` header and payload encoding strategy.
+/// Modeled as an enum so future body formats (multipart/form-data, etc.)
+/// can be added as variants without boolean proliferation.
+///
+/// ## OpenAPI form encoding options (future work)
+///
+/// For `FormUrlEncoded`, the OAS 3.x `encoding` map supports per-property
+/// overrides: `style` (form | spaceDelimited | pipeDelimited | deepObject),
+/// `explode` (true | false), `contentType`, and `allowReserved`. These are
+/// not yet parsed or acted upon — the current implementation uses the
+/// defaults (`style: form`, `explode: true`) which produce repeated keys
+/// for arrays (e.g. `tag=a&tag=b`). When a real consumer needs non-default
+/// serialization, these fields should be added to the `FormUrlEncoded`
+/// variant as a `HashMap<String, PropertyEncoding>`.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default, PartialEq, Eq, Deserialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub enum BodyEncoding {
+    /// `application/json` — the default encoding for request bodies.
+    #[default]
+    Json,
+    /// `application/x-www-form-urlencoded` — flat key=value pairs.
+    ///
+    /// Current behavior: top-level keys emitted as-is, arrays repeat the
+    /// key (`tag=a&tag=b`), nested objects are JSON-encoded as values.
+    FormUrlEncoded,
+    // Future variants:
+    // MultipartFormData { encoding: HashMap<String, PropertyEncoding> },
+}
+
+impl BodyEncoding {
+    /// The `Content-Type` header value for this encoding.
+    pub fn content_type(&self) -> &'static str {
+        match self {
+            Self::Json => "application/json",
+            Self::FormUrlEncoded => "application/x-www-form-urlencoded",
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns `true` when the encoding is form-urlencoded.
+    pub fn is_form(&self) -> bool {
+        matches!(self, Self::FormUrlEncoded)
+    }
+}
+
+/// Lifecycle/availability of an operation or parameter, sourced from the
+/// `x-fern-availability` extension on the OpenAPI element. Mirrors the
+/// canonical Fern values documented at
+/// <https://buildwithfern.com/learn/api-definitions/openapi/extensions/availability>.
+///
+/// `Deprecated` is also reached when an operation has no
+/// `x-fern-availability` extension but does carry the OpenAPI
+/// `deprecated: true` flag — in that case the parser surfaces
+/// `Deprecated` (see `parser.rs`).
+///
+/// NOTE: deliberate divergence from the Fern OpenAPI IR importer
+/// (`packages/cli/api-importers/openapi/openapi-ir-parser`): the importer
+/// collapses `pre-release` into [`Availability::Beta`] in the IR, since
+/// downstream SDK generators only need to know "is this stable" /
+/// "is this pre-stable" / "is this gone". The cli-sdk parser keeps
+/// `PreRelease` as its own variant so the help-output badge can
+/// differentiate `[PRE-RELEASE]` from `[BETA]` — both are documented
+/// values in the [Fern reference], and treating them as the same loses
+/// signal at the CLI surface where the user is reading help text.
+///
+/// [Fern reference]: https://buildwithfern.com/learn/api-definitions/openapi/extensions/availability
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Deserialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "kebab-case")]
+pub enum Availability {
+    /// Pre-stable, in active development. Tagged `[ALPHA]` in help output.
+    Alpha,
+    /// Pre-release / preview API. Tagged `[PRE-RELEASE]` in help output.
+    /// Distinct from [`Availability::Beta`] in cli-sdk; see enum docs.
+    PreRelease,
+    /// Public beta. Tagged `[BETA]` in help output.
+    Beta,
+    /// Public preview. Tagged `[PREVIEW]` in help output.
+    Preview,
+    /// Generally available. No badge — this is the implicit default when
+    /// `x-fern-availability` is absent. Accepts `ga` as an alias (matches
+    /// the Fern OpenAPI importer).
+    #[serde(alias = "ga")]
+    GenerallyAvailable,
+    /// Deprecated; still callable but discouraged. Tagged `[DEPRECATED]`
+    /// in help output. Also inferred from OpenAPI `deprecated: true`.
+    Deprecated,
+    /// Legacy / sunset API. Tagged `[LEGACY]` in help output.
+    Legacy,
+}
+
+impl Availability {
+    /// Returns the badge label used in CLI help output for this
+    /// availability, or `None` for [`Availability::GenerallyAvailable`]
+    /// (the implicit default — no badge).
+    pub fn badge(self) -> Option<&'static str> {
+        match self {
+            Availability::Alpha => Some("[ALPHA]"),
+            Availability::PreRelease => Some("[PRE-RELEASE]"),
+            Availability::Beta => Some("[BETA]"),
+            Availability::Preview => Some("[PREVIEW]"),
+            Availability::GenerallyAvailable => None,
+            Availability::Deprecated => Some("[DEPRECATED]"),
+            Availability::Legacy => Some("[LEGACY]"),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Lowercase wire identifier matching the canonical Fern spelling
+    /// (`alpha`, `beta`, `pre-release`, `preview`, `generally-available`,
+    /// `deprecated`, `legacy`). Used for the `availability` field
+    /// surfaced in JSON help output.
+    pub fn as_str(self) -> &'static str {
+        match self {
+            Availability::Alpha => "alpha",
+            Availability::PreRelease => "pre-release",
+            Availability::Beta => "beta",
+            Availability::Preview => "preview",
+            Availability::GenerallyAvailable => "generally-available",
+            Availability::Deprecated => "deprecated",
+            Availability::Legacy => "legacy",
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// A single auth scheme declared in `components.securitySchemes`. Mirrors
+/// the OpenAPI 3 Security Scheme Object, lowered to just the bits we
+/// dispatch on at runtime.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum SecurityScheme {
+    /// `type: http, scheme: bearer` → `Authorization: Bearer <token>`.
+    HttpBearer,
+    /// `type: http, scheme: basic` → `Authorization: Basic <base64>`.
+    HttpBasic,
+    /// `type: apiKey, in: header, name: X-Api-Key` → `<name>: <value>`.
+    ApiKeyHeader { name: String },
+    /// `type: apiKey, in: query, name: api_key` — represented for parsing
+    /// fidelity. The CLI doesn't attach query-key auth itself today;
+    /// `RoutingAuthProvider` will skip a requirement that names this scheme.
+    ApiKeyQuery { name: String },
+    /// `type: oauth2`. The CLI treats these the same as `HttpBearer` at
+    /// request time — the user supplies an already-issued access token via
+    /// env var. Token refresh is out of scope.
+    OAuth2,
+    /// Anything we don't model (mTLS, openIdConnect, etc.). Recorded so the
+    /// scheme name is still routable if a separate provider is bound to it
+    /// programmatically.
+    Other(String),
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize, Default)]
+pub struct AuthDescription {
+    pub oauth2: Option<OAuth2Description>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize, Default)]
+pub struct OAuth2Description {
+    pub scopes: Option<HashMap<String, ScopeDescription>>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize, Default)]
+pub struct ScopeDescription {
+    pub description: Option<String>,
+}
+
+/// A resource which can contain methods and nested sub-resources.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize, Default)]
+pub struct RestResource {
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub methods: HashMap<String, RestMethod>,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub resources: HashMap<String, RestResource>,
+}
+
+/// One entry from an OpenAPI `servers:` array (top-level or per-operation),
+/// lowered into the internal representation.
+///
+/// `name` is populated from the Fern extensions `x-name` (v1, the
+/// legacy alias) or `x-fern-server-name` (v2, the canonical Fern
+/// spelling). When both are present on the same server entry, v1 wins
+/// to mirror fern's `getExtension([SERVER_NAME_V1, SERVER_NAME_V2])`
+/// first-match-wins semantics in
+/// `packages/cli/api-importers/openapi/openapi-ir-parser/src/openapi/v3/converters/convertServer.ts:72-75`.
+/// Unnamed servers (no `x-fern-server-name` and no `x-name`) carry
+/// `None`; they still participate in the default-URL chain (first
+/// server wins) but are not selectable via the global `--server <name>`
+/// flag.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct Server {
+    /// Server URL as it appears in the spec (may contain `{variable}`
+    /// placeholders that are substituted later by [`CliApp::server_var`]).
+    pub url: String,
+    /// Resolved server name from `x-name` (v1 legacy alias, preferred to
+    /// mirror fern) or `x-fern-server-name` (v2 canonical Fern spelling).
+    /// `None` for unnamed entries.
+    pub name: Option<String>,
+    /// Optional human-readable description from the spec — surfaced in
+    /// `--help` next to the server URL.
+    pub description: Option<String>,
+}
+
+impl RestDescription {
+    /// Returns the top-level servers that have a resolved name, paired
+    /// with the resolved name itself, in declaration order. Drives the
+    /// global `--server <name>` flag's allowed values and the
+    /// help-section listing.
+    ///
+    /// Yielding `(name, server)` tuples lets callers avoid re-checking
+    /// `server.name.is_some()` after the filter — the name is right
+    /// there, statically guaranteed to be non-empty (see
+    /// [`OpenApiServer::resolved_name`] in the parser, which trims and
+    /// drops empty strings at the source).
+    pub fn named_servers(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = (&str, &Server)> {
+        self.servers
+            .iter()
+            .filter_map(|s| s.name.as_deref().map(|n| (n, s)))
+    }
+}
+
+/// Default total attempts (initial + retries) when retries are enabled.
+///
+/// CLI users typically don't expect retries by default — they want fast,
+/// observable failures — so we ship a *conservative* default that retries
+/// at most once. The spec author can override this with
+/// `x-fern-retries: { max_attempts: N }`.
+///
+/// This is deliberately lower than the fern Python/TypeScript runtime SDKs
+/// (which default to 3 total attempts) because those SDKs are embedded in
+/// long-running applications where the latency of an extra retry is
+/// acceptable. The CLI is interactive — a 3-second backoff before the
+/// final failure feels broken.
+pub const DEFAULT_RETRY_MAX_ATTEMPTS: u32 = 2;
+
+/// Default exponential-backoff base delay in milliseconds. The wait before
+/// retry N is `base * factor^N` (plus jitter). With
+/// [`DEFAULT_RETRY_MAX_ATTEMPTS`] = 2 the single retry happens after
+/// `base * factor^0` = 250ms.
+pub const DEFAULT_RETRY_BASE_DELAY_MS: u64 = 250;
+
+/// Default exponential-backoff growth factor.
+pub const DEFAULT_RETRY_FACTOR: f64 = 2.0;
+
+/// Default jitter fraction (`0.1` = ±10% of the computed delay).
+pub const DEFAULT_RETRY_JITTER: f64 = 0.1;
+
+/// Resolved retry policy for an endpoint (or the spec-root default),
+/// lowered from the [`x-fern-retries`](https://buildwithfern.com/learn/api-definitions/openapi/extensions/retries)
+/// extension.
+///
+/// Mirrors the upstream Fern OpenAPI importer's tagged shape — the
+/// canonical lever is `disabled: bool`, which the importer surfaces as
+/// `RetriesConfiguration::Disabled(value)`. cli-sdk extends the same
+/// extension with optional knobs that the runtime retry loop honors at
+/// request time: `max_attempts`, `base_delay_ms`, `factor`, `jitter`. The
+/// extra knobs are forward-compatible with the upstream importer — they
+/// are simply ignored on the fern side until the IR carries them.
+///
+/// Resolution precedence (handled by the parser):
+/// - per-op block absent → inherit the spec-root block (or `None` if also absent)
+/// - per-op `true` → spec-root config, or all-defaults when root is absent
+/// - per-op `false` (or `{ disabled: true }`) → disabled regardless of root
+/// - per-op object → root values, overridden field-by-field by the op block
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq)]
+pub struct RetriesConfig {
+    /// `true` (the default) means the executor's retry loop is active;
+    /// `false` disables retries for the operation. Maps to upstream
+    /// fern's `RetriesConfiguration::Disabled(value)` — the importer's
+    /// `disabled: true` lowers here as `enabled: false`.
+    pub enabled: bool,
+    /// Maximum total attempts (the initial request counts as attempt 1).
+    /// `max_attempts: 2` performs the request once and retries up to one
+    /// additional time. Validated as `>= 0` at parse time; a value of
+    /// `0` is treated identically to `disabled: true`.
+    pub max_attempts: u32,
+    /// Base delay between retries in milliseconds. The actual wait before
+    /// retry `n` (1-indexed) is `base_delay_ms * factor^(n-1)`, plus
+    /// optional jitter, capped by any server-supplied `Retry-After`.
+    pub base_delay_ms: u64,
+    /// Growth factor for exponential backoff (e.g. `2.0` doubles the
+    /// delay each retry).
+    pub factor: f64,
+    /// Jitter fraction in `[0.0, 1.0]`. A value of `0.1` adds a uniform
+    /// random offset in `±10%` of the computed delay so a stampede of
+    /// clients does not synchronize retries.
+    pub jitter: f64,
+}
+
+impl Default for RetriesConfig {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            enabled: true,
+            max_attempts: DEFAULT_RETRY_MAX_ATTEMPTS,
+            base_delay_ms: DEFAULT_RETRY_BASE_DELAY_MS,
+            factor: DEFAULT_RETRY_FACTOR,
+            jitter: DEFAULT_RETRY_JITTER,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl RetriesConfig {
+    /// Explicitly-disabled retry policy. Returned by the parser when the
+    /// spec sets `x-fern-retries: false` or `{ disabled: true }`. The
+    /// executor short-circuits on this variant — no retry loop, no
+    /// backoff, no Retry-After honor.
+    pub fn disabled() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            enabled: false,
+            max_attempts: 0,
+            base_delay_ms: 0,
+            factor: DEFAULT_RETRY_FACTOR,
+            jitter: 0.0,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// A single API method.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize, Default)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct RestMethod {
+    pub id: Option<String>,
+    pub description: Option<String>,
+    pub http_method: String,
+    pub path: String,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub parameters: HashMap<String, MethodParameter>,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub parameter_order: Vec<String>,
+    pub request: Option<SchemaRef>,
+    pub response: Option<SchemaRef>,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub scopes: Vec<String>,
+    pub flat_path: Option<String>,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub supports_media_download: bool,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub supports_media_upload: bool,
+    pub media_upload: Option<MediaUpload>,
+    /// Per-operation base URL (populated from the spec's servers block during parsing).
+    /// When non-empty, takes priority over RestDescription.root_url in URL construction.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub root_url: String,
+    /// Per-operation `servers:` overrides (named or unnamed), in declaration
+    /// order. Empty when the operation has no `servers:` block (the
+    /// top-level [`RestDescription::servers`] applies instead).
+    ///
+    /// When non-empty, this list is the authoritative server set for the
+    /// operation — per-op `servers:` *replaces* the global default, it does
+    /// not augment it. The global `--server <name>` flag resolves against
+    /// this list first for operations that have it; if the flag value
+    /// doesn't match any per-op name, the executor falls back to
+    /// [`RestMethod::root_url`] (the first per-op server) so per-op routing
+    /// overrides are preserved.
+    #[serde(default, skip)]
+    pub servers: Vec<Server>,
+    /// Metadata for operations whose request body is raw binary (e.g.
+    /// `application/octet-stream`, `audio/mpeg`). When `Some`, the CLI exposes
+    /// a typed flag that streams a file as the body with the declared content
+    /// type.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub binary_request_body: Option<BinaryRequestBody>,
+    /// How the request body should be serialized on the wire.
+    ///
+    /// Defaults to `BodyEncoding::Json`. The executor reads this to decide
+    /// the `Content-Type` header and encoding strategy.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub body_encoding: BodyEncoding,
+    /// Lowered OpenAPI security requirements: OR of ANDs.
+    ///
+    /// - `None` — operation didn't declare `security` and there was no
+    ///   spec-level default to inherit.
+    /// - `Some(vec![])` — operation explicitly opts out (`security: []` in
+    ///   the spec, or inherited explicit empty).
+    /// - `Some(vec![req1, req2, ...])` — satisfy any one requirement; each
+    ///   requirement is an AND of scheme names with their requested scopes.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub security_requirements: Option<Vec<HashMap<String, Vec<String>>>>,
+    /// Resolved `x-fern-pagination` extension for this operation, after
+    /// applying root-level inheritance (per-op `x-fern-pagination: true`
+    /// inherits from the spec-root `x-fern-pagination` block).
+    ///
+    /// `None` means the operation has no explicit pagination config — the
+    /// executor falls back to the document-wide heuristic
+    /// (`pagination_token_query_param` + `pagination_token_response_path`).
+    #[serde(default, skip)]
+    pub pagination: Option<PaginationConfig>,
+    /// Lowered `x-fern-availability` for the operation. `None` is the
+    /// implicit default (no badge). When the extension is absent but the
+    /// operation carries `deprecated: true`, the parser sets this to
+    /// `Some(Availability::Deprecated)` so the standard OpenAPI flag is
+    /// honored.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub availability: Option<Availability>,
+    /// `true` when the operation is marked with
+    /// [`x-fern-idempotent: true`](https://buildwithfern.com/learn/api-definitions/openapi/extensions/idempotent).
+    /// Idempotent operations surface the spec-root idempotency-header
+    /// definitions as CLI flags; non-idempotent operations do not, and
+    /// never send idempotency headers on the wire.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub idempotent: bool,
+    /// Resolved `x-fern-sdk-return-value` extension — a dot-separated key
+    /// path through the JSON response body identifying the subvalue the
+    /// SDK / CLI should return to the caller. `None` (the implicit
+    /// default) means the executor prints the full response.
+    ///
+    /// Mirrors fern-api/fern's OpenAPI importer
+    /// (`FernOpenAPIExtension.RESPONSE_PROPERTY = "x-fern-sdk-return-value"`):
+    /// the value is consumed as a property path on the response body,
+    /// surfacing only the named subvalue. cli-sdk extends this to
+    /// support nested paths (e.g. `result.items`) at runtime — the
+    /// upstream Fern Definition path resolves a single object property,
+    /// but the CLI executor walks dotted paths the same way it does for
+    /// `x-fern-pagination`'s `next_*` / `results` paths.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub return_value: Option<String>,
+    /// Resolved `x-fern-streaming` extension. `None` means the operation
+    /// returns a unary response and the executor reads/buffers the body
+    /// normally. `Some(_)` opts the executor into incremental
+    /// line-by-line response handling: each event/value is decoded as it
+    /// arrives and emitted to stdout (or buffered when `--no-stream` is
+    /// set). Mirrors the upstream Fern OpenAPI importer's
+    /// `getFernStreamingExtension`
+    /// (`fern-api/fern/.../extensions/getFernStreamingExtension.ts`).
+    ///
+    /// The runtime variant carries only what the executor needs at
+    /// request time: the wire format (SSE vs newline-delimited JSON) and
+    /// an optional terminator line. Upstream's `stream-condition` form
+    /// (which generates a streaming-and-unary endpoint pair in typed
+    /// SDKs) is parsed for parity but is not surfaced at the CLI
+    /// runtime — the CLI exposes one command per OpenAPI operation, so
+    /// the boolean stream-condition is treated as an unconditional
+    /// stream.
+    #[serde(default, skip)]
+    pub streaming: Option<StreamingConfig>,
+    /// Resolved `x-fern-retries` extension for this operation, after
+    /// applying root-level inheritance (per-op `true` adopts the spec-root
+    /// baseline; per-op object merges field-by-field over root). `None`
+    /// means the operation has no retry policy at all — the executor
+    /// runs the request exactly once. See [`RetriesConfig`] for the
+    /// precedence rules.
+    #[serde(default, skip)]
+    pub retries: Option<RetriesConfig>,
+    /// Resolved [`x-fern-audiences`](https://buildwithfern.com/learn/api-definitions/openapi/extensions/audiences)
+    /// tags for this operation, in declaration order with duplicates
+    /// preserved. Empty when the operation has no `x-fern-audiences`
+    /// extension.
+    ///
+    /// Used by the audience-filter pass at command-tree build time
+    /// (`commands::filter_doc_by_audiences`) to decide whether the
+    /// operation appears as a CLI subcommand. Untouched at request
+    /// time — the executor never inspects this field, matching fern's
+    /// "drop from IR" semantics rather than "skip at runtime".
+    ///
+    /// Mirrors fern-api/fern's OpenAPI importer
+    /// (`packages/cli/api-importers/openapi/openapi-ir-parser/src/openapi/v3/converters/operation/convertHttpOperation.ts:330`):
+    /// `audiences: getExtension<string[]>(operation, FernOpenAPIExtension.AUDIENCES) ?? []`.
+    ///
+    /// `skip` mirrors the convention used by peer internal-only
+    /// fields parsed from `x-fern-*` extensions (`retries`,
+    /// `streaming`, `pagination`) — set programmatically by the
+    /// parser, never round-tripped through `RestMethod` serialization.
+    #[serde(default, skip)]
+    pub audiences: Vec<String>,
+}
+
+/// Per-operation pagination configuration, resolved from the
+/// [`x-fern-pagination`](https://buildwithfern.com/learn/api-definitions/openapi/extensions/pagination)
+/// OpenAPI extension.
+///
+/// The five forms mirror `fern-api/fern`'s OpenAPI importer (see
+/// `getPaginationExtension.ts`):
+///
+/// - [`PaginationConfig::Cursor`] — token-based forward pagination
+/// - [`PaginationConfig::Offset`] — numeric offset pagination
+/// - [`PaginationConfig::Uri`] — server returns a fully-formed next URL
+/// - [`PaginationConfig::Path`] — server returns a relative next path
+/// - [`PaginationConfig::Custom`] — caller-driven; the executor stops after
+///   one request (no automatic continuation) and exposes only the
+///   `results` extraction
+///
+/// `$request.` / `$response.` JSONPath prefixes are stripped during
+/// parsing so values can be consumed directly: `cursor` / `offset` are the
+/// request parameter name to populate on the next page, and `next_*`,
+/// `results`, `has_next_page` are dotted JSON paths into the response.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum PaginationConfig {
+    /// Cursor-style pagination — send the previous response's
+    /// `next_cursor` value as the request's `cursor` parameter on the next
+    /// page. Pagination stops when `next_cursor` is absent, null, or empty.
+    Cursor {
+        /// Request parameter name receiving the cursor token.
+        cursor: String,
+        /// Dotted JSON path in the response to the next cursor token.
+        next_cursor: String,
+        /// Dotted JSON path in the response to the results array.
+        results: String,
+    },
+    /// Offset-style pagination — send the running offset as the request's
+    /// `offset` parameter on each page. Pagination stops when
+    /// `has_next_page` is `false`, when the results array is empty, or
+    /// when the configured page limit is reached.
+    Offset {
+        /// Request parameter name receiving the offset value.
+        offset: String,
+        /// Dotted JSON path in the response to the results array.
+        results: String,
+        /// Optional request parameter name holding the page-size step. When
+        /// present, the offset advances by the step value the caller
+        /// supplied (e.g. `--params '{"limit": 50}'`). When absent, the
+        /// offset advances by the response page's results length.
+        step: Option<String>,
+        /// Optional dotted JSON path in the response to a boolean
+        /// "more pages?" flag.
+        has_next_page: Option<String>,
+    },
+    /// URI pagination — the server returns a fully-formed URL for the
+    /// next page (e.g. `https://api.example.com/v1/things?cursor=abc`).
+    /// The executor uses that URL verbatim for the next request.
+    /// Pagination stops when the URL is absent, null, or empty.
+    Uri {
+        /// Dotted JSON path in the response to the next-page URL.
+        next_uri: String,
+        /// Dotted JSON path in the response to the results array.
+        results: String,
+    },
+    /// Path pagination — like [`PaginationConfig::Uri`] but the response
+    /// contains a relative path (e.g. `/v1/things?cursor=abc`) that the
+    /// executor resolves against the original request's base URL.
+    /// Pagination stops when the path is absent, null, or empty.
+    Path {
+        /// Dotted JSON path in the response to the next-page path.
+        next_path: String,
+        /// Dotted JSON path in the response to the results array.
+        results: String,
+    },
+    /// Custom pagination — caller-driven. The CLI does not attempt
+    /// automatic continuation; it issues exactly one request and only
+    /// uses the `results` path for result extraction.
+    Custom {
+        /// Dotted JSON path in the response to the results array.
+        results: String,
+    },
+}
+
+/// Per-operation streaming configuration, resolved from the
+/// [`x-fern-streaming`](https://buildwithfern.com/learn/api-definitions/openapi/extensions/streaming)
+/// OpenAPI extension. Mirrors the upstream Fern OpenAPI importer's
+/// `getFernStreamingExtension` tagged union — the three wire formats
+/// the runtime distinguishes (`sse`, `json`, `text`) line up with
+/// Fern IR's `StreamingResponse` union (see
+/// `packages/ir-sdk/fern/apis/ir-types-latest/definition/http.yml`).
+///
+/// Recognized YAML shapes (parser side):
+/// - `x-fern-streaming: true`              → [`StreamingConfig::Json`] with no terminator
+///   (matches upstream's boolean shorthand: `format: "json"`).
+/// - `x-fern-streaming: false`             → `None` (explicit opt-out).
+/// - `x-fern-streaming: { format: sse }`   → [`StreamingConfig::Sse`].
+/// - `x-fern-streaming: { format: json }`  → [`StreamingConfig::Json`].
+/// - `x-fern-streaming: { format: text }`  → [`StreamingConfig::Text`].
+/// - `{ format: sse, terminator: "[DONE]" }` → SSE with explicit terminator.
+///
+/// The optional `terminator` is the literal line that ends the stream
+/// — for SSE, the event payload after the `data:` prefix; for JSON,
+/// the full line. When unset, the executor reads until the server
+/// closes the connection (matches the TS / C# typed-SDK runtimes,
+/// which also skip the terminator check when the spec didn't declare
+/// one). Text streams have no terminator concept.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum StreamingConfig {
+    /// Server-Sent Events stream (`format: sse`). Body is parsed line
+    /// by line; lines beginning with `data: ` have the prefix stripped
+    /// and the remainder is emitted as one event. Other SSE field
+    /// lines (`event:`, `id:`, `retry:`, comment lines starting with
+    /// `:`) are ignored at runtime.
+    Sse {
+        /// Optional sentinel line that terminates the stream
+        /// (compared against the post-`data: ` event payload using
+        /// exact equality, matching the C# generator). When `None`,
+        /// the stream reads to EOF; mirrors the TS/C# typed-SDK
+        /// behavior of only checking the terminator when the spec
+        /// declared one.
+        terminator: Option<String>,
+    },
+    /// Newline-delimited JSON stream (`format: json`, aka NDJSON /
+    /// JSONL). Each non-empty line is a complete JSON value; the
+    /// executor parses one value per line and emits it as it arrives.
+    Json {
+        /// Optional sentinel line that terminates the stream (compared
+        /// against the raw line, before JSON parsing). When `None`,
+        /// the stream ends when the server closes the connection.
+        terminator: Option<String>,
+    },
+    /// Plain-text line stream (`format: text`). Each non-empty line is
+    /// emitted verbatim as a raw string event — no JSON parsing, no
+    /// SSE framing strip, no terminator check. Mirrors the C# SDK
+    /// generator (`HttpEndpointGenerator.ts:815-825`), which reads
+    /// the response line-by-line and `yield return line` for any
+    /// non-empty line.
+    ///
+    /// `x-fern-sdk-return-value` is a no-op for text streams — the
+    /// event payload is already a JSON string after escaping.
+    Text,
+}
+
+/// Metadata describing a binary request body.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize, Default)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct BinaryRequestBody {
+    /// Content type to send with the request (e.g. `application/octet-stream`).
+    pub content_type: String,
+    /// CLI flag name (kebab-cased). Resolved from `x-fern-parameter-name` on
+    /// the requestBody when present; falls back to `file` for `format: binary`
+    /// schemas, otherwise `body`.
+    pub flag_name: String,
+}
+
+/// Media upload metadata.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize, Default)]
+pub struct MediaUpload {
+    pub protocols: Option<MediaUploadProtocols>,
+    pub accept: Option<Vec<String>>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize, Default)]
+pub struct MediaUploadProtocols {
+    pub simple: Option<MediaUploadProtocol>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize, Default)]
+pub struct MediaUploadProtocol {
+    pub path: String,
+    pub multipart: Option<bool>,
+}
+
+/// A reference to a schema (e.g., `{ "$ref": "File" }`).
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize, Default)]
+pub struct SchemaRef {
+    #[serde(rename = "$ref")]
+    pub schema_ref: Option<String>,
+    #[serde(rename = "parameterName")]
+    pub parameter_name: Option<String>,
+}
+
+/// A parameter definition for a method.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize, Default)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct MethodParameter {
+    #[serde(rename = "type")]
+    pub param_type: Option<String>,
+    pub description: Option<String>,
+    pub location: Option<String>,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub required: bool,
+    pub format: Option<String>,
+    /// Client-side default sourced only from the Fern `x-fern-default`
+    /// extension. When set, the generated CLI plumbs this into clap's
+    /// `.default_value(...)` (so the value shows up in `--help` and the
+    /// flag becomes optional) AND substitutes the original JSON value
+    /// into the outgoing request when the caller omits the flag. Stored
+    /// as a typed `serde_json::Value` so numbers/booleans keep their
+    /// wire type.
+    ///
+    /// Precedence within this field, **first match wins**:
+    ///   1. `x-fern-default` placed at the ref-site (next to `$ref`)
+    ///   2. `x-fern-default` on the resolved component parameter
+    ///
+    /// The OpenAPI standard `default:` keyword does **not** populate
+    /// this field — it lives separately on
+    /// [`documentation_default_value`]. See ticket FER-9864.
+    pub default_value: Option<serde_json::Value>,
+    /// Documentation hint sourced from the OpenAPI standard `default:`
+    /// keyword on the parameter's `schema`. The OpenAPI spec defines
+    /// `default:` as describing **server** behavior when the parameter
+    /// is omitted — it is not a directive to clients to send the value.
+    ///
+    /// We surface this in `--help` (so users know what the API will do
+    /// if they leave the flag off) but we do **not** wire it into
+    /// clap's `.default_value(...)` and we do **not** send it on the
+    /// wire. Only `x-fern-default` (stored on [`default_value`])
+    /// produces a client-side default.
+    ///
+    /// Ignored when `default_value` is set — the extension supersedes
+    /// the documentation hint for display purposes too.
+    pub documentation_default_value: Option<serde_json::Value>,
+    #[serde(rename = "enum")]
+    pub enum_values: Option<Vec<String>>,
+    pub enum_descriptions: Option<Vec<String>>,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub repeated: bool,
+    pub minimum: Option<String>,
+    pub maximum: Option<String>,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub deprecated: bool,
+    /// OpenAPI serialization style (form, deepObject, etc.)
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub style: Option<String>,
+    /// Whether arrays/objects should be exploded into separate params.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub explode: Option<bool>,
+    /// Lowered `x-fern-availability` for the parameter. `None` is the
+    /// implicit default (no badge).
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub availability: Option<Availability>,
+    /// Optional environment variable that supplies a default value when
+    /// the corresponding CLI flag is not passed. Populated for synthetic
+    /// parameters injected by Fern extensions (e.g. idempotency headers);
+    /// not currently set for spec-declared parameters.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub env_var: Option<String>,
+    /// Override the kebab-cased long-flag derived from the parameter's
+    /// HashMap key. When `Some(_)`, `commands.rs` uses this value
+    /// verbatim as the `--<flag>` instead of running the key through
+    /// `to_kebab_flag`. The clap arg ID — and the on-the-wire wire-key
+    /// (e.g. HTTP header name) — still derives from the HashMap key, so
+    /// the executor's lookup pathway is unchanged.
+    ///
+    /// Populated by `inject_idempotency_header_params` so an entry like
+    /// `{ header: X-Trace-Id, name: trace_id }` surfaces as `--trace-id`
+    /// (matching the SDK parameter naming the upstream Fern OpenAPI
+    /// importer produces) while still sending the `X-Trace-Id` header.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub flag_name_override: Option<String>,
+    /// Lowered `x-fern-parameter-name` for the parameter. When `Some`,
+    /// the command builder renames the CLI flag (kebab-cased), while the
+    /// executor keeps using the original wire name (the map key) for the
+    /// outgoing HTTP request. Mirrors fern's OpenAPI importer, which uses
+    /// the alias on the SDK surface but the wire name in the request.
+    /// See https://buildwithfern.com/learn/api-definitions/openapi/extensions/parameter-name
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub display_name: Option<String>,
+    /// Lowered `x-fern-enum` per-value overrides. Keyed by the wire
+    /// value. Entries are only present when the spec opted into the
+    /// extension; absent → fall back to the raw wire value with no
+    /// description.
+    #[serde(default, skip)]
+    pub fern_enum: Option<HashMap<String, FernEnumValue>>,
+    /// Name of the spec-level `x-fern-sdk-variables` entry that supplies
+    /// this parameter's value. Set when the parameter carries an
+    /// `x-fern-sdk-variable: <name>` extension. Variable-bound path
+    /// parameters are excluded from the per-operation flag surface; their
+    /// value is read from the global root flag (or its env-var fallback)
+    /// and substituted into the path template at request time.
+    #[serde(default, skip)]
+    pub variable_reference: Option<String>,
+}
+
+impl MethodParameter {
+    /// Map a user-supplied value (which may be either the wire value or
+    /// the `x-fern-enum` display alias) back to the **wire** value the
+    /// HTTP layer must send. When no override matches, returns the input
+    /// unchanged so non-enum params and absent extensions are pure
+    /// identity.
+    pub fn resolve_enum_display_to_wire<'a>(
+        &self,
+        input: &'a str,
+    ) -> std::borrow::Cow<'a, str> {
+        let Some(map) = self.fern_enum.as_ref() else {
+            return std::borrow::Cow::Borrowed(input);
+        };
+        for (wire, entry) in map {
+            if entry
+                .display_name
+                .as_deref()
+                .is_some_and(|name| name == input)
+            {
+                return std::borrow::Cow::Owned(wire.clone());
+            }
+        }
+        std::borrow::Cow::Borrowed(input)
+    }
+}
+
+/// Per-value override for `x-fern-enum`. Mirrors the Fern OpenAPI IR
+/// importer's `FernEnumConfig` entry — `description` and `name` are the
+/// only fields cli-sdk consumes; `casing` is reserved for SDK codegen.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct FernEnumValue {
+    /// User-facing rendered name. When set, surfaces as the canonical
+    /// option in `--help` while the wire value remains accepted as an
+    /// alias.
+    pub display_name: Option<String>,
+    /// Per-value description rendered in long `--help` output.
+    pub description: Option<String>,
+}
+
+/// JSON Schema definition for request/response bodies.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize, Default)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct JsonSchema {
+    pub id: Option<String>,
+    #[serde(rename = "type")]
+    pub schema_type: Option<String>,
+    /// Surfaces both OpenAPI 3.0 `nullable: true` and OpenAPI 3.1
+    /// `type: [..., "null"]` uniformly. Lowered by the parser, not the
+    /// derived deserializer.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub nullable: bool,
+    pub description: Option<String>,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub properties: HashMap<String, JsonSchemaProperty>,
+    #[serde(rename = "$ref")]
+    pub schema_ref: Option<String>,
+    pub items: Option<Box<JsonSchemaProperty>>,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub required: Vec<String>,
+    /// JSON Schema composition branches at the component-schema root. Mirrors
+    /// the same fields on [`JsonSchemaProperty`] so a top-level union like
+    /// `Auth0Role: { oneOf: [...] }` is captured, not just composition nested
+    /// inside a property. Not yet consumed by command generation.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub one_of: Vec<JsonSchemaProperty>,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub any_of: Vec<JsonSchemaProperty>,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub all_of: Vec<JsonSchemaProperty>,
+    pub additional_properties: Option<Box<JsonSchemaProperty>>,
+}
+
+/// A property within a JSON Schema.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize, Default)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct JsonSchemaProperty {
+    #[serde(rename = "type")]
+    pub prop_type: Option<String>,
+    /// See [`JsonSchema::nullable`].
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub nullable: bool,
+    pub description: Option<String>,
+    #[serde(rename = "$ref")]
+    pub schema_ref: Option<String>,
+    pub format: Option<String>,
+    pub items: Option<Box<JsonSchemaProperty>>,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub properties: HashMap<String, JsonSchemaProperty>,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub read_only: bool,
+    pub default: Option<String>,
+    #[serde(rename = "enum")]
+    pub enum_values: Option<Vec<String>>,
+    /// Inclusive numeric lower bound. Lowered by the parser so the OpenAPI
+    /// 3.0 / 3.1 `exclusiveMinimum` divergence is resolved before reaching
+    /// the IR.
+    pub minimum: Option<f64>,
+    /// Inclusive numeric upper bound. See `minimum` above.
+    pub maximum: Option<f64>,
+    /// Strict numeric lower bound. Lowered uniformly from both OpenAPI 3.0
+    /// (`exclusiveMinimum: true` with paired `minimum`) and 3.1
+    /// (`exclusiveMinimum: <number>`).
+    pub exclusive_minimum: Option<f64>,
+    /// Strict numeric upper bound. See `exclusive_minimum` above.
+    pub exclusive_maximum: Option<f64>,
+    /// Single example value (OpenAPI 3.0 `example` or 3.1 fallback).
+    pub example: Option<serde_yaml::Value>,
+    /// `examples` block, captured as raw YAML. Real-world specs use this
+    /// field in three different shapes (3.1 array, lax-3.0 map keyed by
+    /// example name, single value); the parser preserves all three.
+    pub examples: Option<serde_yaml::Value>,
+    /// JSON Schema composition branches. Lowered by the parser from
+    /// `oneOf`. Empty when the source had no `oneOf` block.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub one_of: Vec<JsonSchemaProperty>,
+    /// JSON Schema composition: `anyOf`.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub any_of: Vec<JsonSchemaProperty>,
+    /// JSON Schema composition: `allOf`.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub all_of: Vec<JsonSchemaProperty>,
+    pub additional_properties: Option<Box<JsonSchemaProperty>>,
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_deserialize_rest_description() {
+        let json = r#"{
+            "name": "test",
+            "version": "v1",
+            "rootUrl": "https://api.example.com/",
+            "servicePath": "",
+            "resources": {
+                "users": {
+                    "methods": {
+                        "list": {
+                            "httpMethod": "GET",
+                            "path": "/users"
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }"#;
+
+        let doc: RestDescription = serde_json::from_str(json).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(doc.name, "test");
+        assert_eq!(doc.version, "v1");
+
+        let users = doc.resources.get("users").expect("users resource missing");
+        let list = users.methods.get("list").expect("list method missing");
+        assert_eq!(list.http_method, "GET");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_deserialize_defaults() {
+        let json = r#"{
+            "name": "test",
+            "version": "v1",
+            "rootUrl": "https://api.example.com/"
+        }"#;
+
+        let doc: RestDescription = serde_json::from_str(json).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(doc.service_path, "");
+        assert!(doc.resources.is_empty());
+        assert!(doc.schemas.is_empty());
+    }
+}
diff --git a/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/openapi/executor.rs b/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/openapi/executor.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..2af619a5c605
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/openapi/executor.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,6847 @@
+//! API Request Execution
+//!
+//! Handles building and dispatching HTTP requests to APIs.
+//! Responsibilities include multipart file uploads, response pagination,
+//! and error mapping.
+
+use std::collections::{HashMap, HashSet};
+use std::path::PathBuf;
+
+use anyhow::Context;
+use futures_util::stream::TryStreamExt;
+use futures_util::StreamExt;
+use serde_json::{json, Map, Value};
+use tokio::io::AsyncWriteExt;
+
+use crate::auth::{handle_error_response, DynAuthProvider, EndpointAuthMetadata};
+use crate::error::CliError;
+use crate::openapi::discovery::{
+    BodyEncoding, MethodParameter, PaginationConfig as EndpointPagination, RestDescription,
+    RestMethod, RetriesConfig, StreamingConfig,
+};
+
+/// Resolved source for a binary request body (octet-stream uploads etc.).
+///
+/// Driven by the value passed on the CLI's binary-body flag (`--file`, `--body`,
+/// or whatever name the spec dictates). Accepts three forms:
+///
+/// - `<PATH>` — plain filesystem path. Sent with `Content-Length`.
+/// - `@<PATH>` — same path, curl-style prefix. Sent with `Content-Length`.
+/// - `-` — read from stdin. Sent with `Transfer-Encoding: chunked` (no length).
+pub enum BinaryBodySource<'a> {
+    /// Stream from a file on disk. Content-Length comes from file metadata.
+    File(&'a str),
+    /// Read from stdin. Body is streamed with chunked transfer encoding.
+    Stdin,
+}
+
+impl<'a> BinaryBodySource<'a> {
+    /// Parse a raw flag value into one of the three accepted forms. Stripping
+    /// the optional `@` prefix happens here so the rest of the pipeline only
+    /// sees a clean path or `Stdin`.
+    pub fn parse(raw: &'a str) -> Self {
+        let stripped = raw.strip_prefix('@').unwrap_or(raw);
+        if stripped == "-" {
+            Self::Stdin
+        } else {
+            Self::File(stripped)
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Source for media upload content.
+///
+/// Two mutually exclusive strategies: upload from a file on disk (for Drive,
+/// Chat, etc.) or from in-memory bytes (for Gmail's constructed RFC 5322
+/// messages). Using an enum makes illegal states (both set, or mismatched
+/// content types) unrepresentable.
+pub enum UploadSource<'a> {
+    /// Stream from a file on disk. Content type is inferred from the file
+    /// extension, overridden by metadata mimeType, or explicitly set.
+    File {
+        path: &'a str,
+        content_type: Option<&'a str>,
+    },
+    /// Upload from in-memory bytes with an explicit content type.
+    Bytes {
+        data: &'a [u8],
+        content_type: &'a str,
+    },
+}
+
+/// Configuration for auto-pagination.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct PaginationConfig {
+    /// Whether to auto-paginate through all pages.
+    pub page_all: bool,
+    /// Maximum number of pages to fetch (default: 10).
+    pub page_limit: u32,
+    /// Delay between page fetches in milliseconds (default: 100).
+    pub page_delay_ms: u64,
+    /// Query parameter name for the page token (default: "pageToken").
+    pub token_query_param: String,
+    /// Dotted path in JSON response to find the next page token (default: "nextPageToken").
+    /// Supports nested paths like "pagination.next_page_token".
+    pub token_response_path: String,
+}
+
+impl Default for PaginationConfig {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            page_all: false,
+            page_limit: 10,
+            page_delay_ms: 100,
+            token_query_param: "pageToken".to_string(),
+            token_response_path: "nextPageToken".to_string(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Outcome of a single retry-loop iteration.
+///
+/// Captures everything the retry policy needs to make its next decision:
+/// the HTTP status (or `None` for transport-layer failures), the
+/// `Retry-After` header value if any, and the wall-clock timestamp the
+/// header should be interpreted against. Keeping the timestamp on the
+/// outcome lets unit tests pin `SystemTime::now` to a known instant
+/// without monkey-patching the global clock.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub(crate) struct RetryOutcome<'a> {
+    pub status: Option<u16>,
+    pub retry_after: Option<&'a str>,
+}
+
+/// Returns the default set of retryable HTTP status codes.
+///
+/// Matches fern's TypeScript SDK `retryStatusCodes: recommended` mode
+/// ([fern PR](https://github.com/fern-api/fern/blob/main/generators/typescript/sdk/changes/3.67.0/feat-retry-status-codes.yml)):
+///
+///   - 408 Request Timeout      — server gave up before reading; safe.
+///   - 429 Too Many Requests    — backoff signal; safe.
+///   - 502 Bad Gateway          — upstream layer failed; transient.
+///   - 503 Service Unavailable  — explicitly transient by spec.
+///   - 504 Gateway Timeout      — upstream timeout; transient.
+///
+/// Deliberately *excludes* 500 Internal Server Error — a 500 often
+/// indicates a non-transient bug on the server (bad input shape, app
+/// crash) where retrying just masks the underlying issue. Servers that
+/// genuinely want us to retry a 500 can still surface a `Retry-After`
+/// header and the executor will honor it.
+///
+/// Also excludes 425 Too Early (TLS 1.3 0-RTT replay protection) —
+/// never seen in practice from reqwest's HTTP/1.1 client.
+pub(crate) fn is_retryable_status(status: u16) -> bool {
+    matches!(status, 408 | 429 | 502 | 503 | 504)
+}
+
+/// Whether the per-method retry policy allows retrying *non-idempotent*
+/// HTTP responses (e.g. a 503 on a POST). GET / HEAD / OPTIONS / DELETE
+/// / PUT are idempotent by the HTTP spec; `x-fern-idempotent` on the
+/// operation marks an otherwise-unsafe method (POST / PATCH) as
+/// safe-to-retry, which mirrors fern's per-method retry policy.
+pub(crate) fn method_allows_retry(http_method: &str, marked_idempotent: bool) -> bool {
+    if marked_idempotent {
+        return true;
+    }
+    matches!(
+        http_method.to_ascii_uppercase().as_str(),
+        "GET" | "HEAD" | "OPTIONS" | "DELETE" | "PUT"
+    )
+}
+
+/// Whether the given `binary_body_path` raw string designates stdin
+/// (`-` or `@-`). Stdin-sourced bodies cannot be replayed on retry —
+/// the pipe is consumed by the first send — so callers must disable
+/// retries when this returns `true`. Mirrors `BinaryBodySource::parse`
+/// without the lifetime gymnastics needed at the call site.
+pub(crate) fn binary_body_is_stdin(binary_body_path: Option<&str>) -> bool {
+    match binary_body_path {
+        Some(raw) => matches!(BinaryBodySource::parse(raw), BinaryBodySource::Stdin),
+        None => false,
+    }
+}
+
+/// Parse a `Retry-After` header value into a `Duration`.
+///
+/// HTTP/1.1 allows two forms (RFC 7231 §7.1.3): a non-negative integer
+/// number of seconds, or an HTTP-date. We accept either. Past dates
+/// (the server's clock is ahead, or `Retry-After: 0`) collapse to
+/// zero so callers don't underflow.
+pub(crate) fn parse_retry_after(value: &str, now: std::time::SystemTime) -> Option<std::time::Duration> {
+    let trimmed = value.trim();
+    if trimmed.is_empty() {
+        return None;
+    }
+    // Numeric seconds first — cheaper and far more common in practice.
+    if let Ok(secs) = trimmed.parse::<u64>() {
+        return Some(std::time::Duration::from_secs(secs));
+    }
+    // HTTP-date (IMF-fixdate / RFC 850 / asctime). `httpdate::parse_http_date`
+    // accepts all three formats per RFC 7231.
+    if let Ok(target) = httpdate::parse_http_date(trimmed) {
+        return Some(target.duration_since(now).unwrap_or(std::time::Duration::ZERO));
+    }
+    None
+}
+
+/// Compute the delay for the *next* retry attempt (i.e. the wait
+/// between attempt `attempt` and attempt `attempt + 1`).
+///
+/// Math: `base * factor^attempt`, with deterministic jitter in
+/// `[1 - jitter/2, 1 + jitter/2]` applied to the result. The jitter
+/// factor is sampled from a fast LCG so test runs are deterministic
+/// when seeded — see [`compute_backoff_delay_with_rand`] below.
+pub(crate) fn compute_backoff_delay(
+    attempt: u32,
+    config: &RetriesConfig,
+) -> std::time::Duration {
+    // Use system entropy for the random sample. Unit tests use
+    // `compute_backoff_delay_with_rand` to pin the sample.
+    let jitter_sample = if config.jitter > 0.0 {
+        // Sub-second component of wall-clock time as cheap entropy.
+        // We don't care about cryptographic quality here — just enough
+        // variance to de-correlate retries from competing clients
+        // (i.e. avoid the thundering-herd problem during an outage).
+        let nanos = std::time::SystemTime::now()
+            .duration_since(std::time::UNIX_EPOCH)
+            .unwrap_or_default()
+            .subsec_nanos() as u64;
+        ((nanos.wrapping_mul(2654435761)) & 0xFFFF) as f64 / 65535.0
+    } else {
+        0.5
+    };
+    compute_backoff_delay_with_rand(attempt, config, jitter_sample)
+}
+
+/// Test-friendly variant of [`compute_backoff_delay`]. `rand_unit` is
+/// any value in `[0.0, 1.0]`; pass `0.5` for the "exact" backoff
+/// (no jitter offset).
+pub(crate) fn compute_backoff_delay_with_rand(
+    attempt: u32,
+    config: &RetriesConfig,
+    rand_unit: f64,
+) -> std::time::Duration {
+    if !config.enabled {
+        return std::time::Duration::ZERO;
+    }
+    let exponent = attempt as i32;
+    let raw_ms = (config.base_delay_ms as f64) * config.factor.powi(exponent);
+
+    // Jitter spreads the delay symmetrically around `raw_ms` to
+    // de-correlate clients all retrying off the same server outage.
+    let jitter_span = raw_ms * config.jitter;
+    let offset = (rand_unit.clamp(0.0, 1.0) - 0.5) * jitter_span;
+    let ms = (raw_ms + offset).max(0.0);
+
+    // Cap at u64 to avoid panics on absurd configs (e.g. factor=1e9).
+    let capped = if ms > u64::MAX as f64 {
+        u64::MAX
+    } else {
+        ms as u64
+    };
+    std::time::Duration::from_millis(capped)
+}
+
+/// Decide whether to retry after an HTTP outcome.
+///
+/// Returns `Some(delay)` to schedule a retry, or `None` to surface the
+/// outcome to the caller. Encapsulates the precedence rules in one
+/// place so the wire executor stays a thin loop body.
+pub(crate) fn decide_retry(
+    attempt: u32,
+    outcome: &RetryOutcome<'_>,
+    config: &RetriesConfig,
+    http_method: &str,
+    marked_idempotent: bool,
+    no_retry: bool,
+) -> Option<std::time::Duration> {
+    // Hard opt-outs first.
+    if no_retry || !config.enabled || config.max_attempts == 0 {
+        return None;
+    }
+    // attempt is 0-indexed (the request just completed was attempt
+    // `attempt`); we retry while we still have room before
+    // `max_attempts` total sends.
+    if attempt + 1 >= config.max_attempts {
+        return None;
+    }
+
+    match outcome.status {
+        // Network / transport failure (no response at all).
+        None => {
+            // Network errors are always treated as transient. GET-like
+            // methods retry per default; POST/PATCH only when the
+            // operation is explicitly marked idempotent.
+            if !method_allows_retry(http_method, marked_idempotent) {
+                return None;
+            }
+            Some(compute_backoff_delay(attempt, config))
+        }
+        Some(status) => {
+            if !is_retryable_status(status) {
+                return None;
+            }
+            // 408/429 are safe to retry on any method (the request
+            // didn't reach business logic). 5xx on non-idempotent
+            // methods *could* have been processed — respect per-method
+            // policy unless the op is marked idempotent.
+            let always_safe = matches!(status, 408 | 429);
+            if !always_safe && !method_allows_retry(http_method, marked_idempotent) {
+                return None;
+            }
+            // Honor `Retry-After` when present, fall back to backoff.
+            if let Some(raw) = outcome.retry_after {
+                if let Some(d) = parse_retry_after(raw, std::time::SystemTime::now()) {
+                    return Some(d);
+                }
+            }
+            Some(compute_backoff_delay(attempt, config))
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Parsed and validated inputs ready for request execution.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+struct ExecutionInput {
+    body: Option<Value>,
+    full_url: String,
+    query_params: Vec<(String, String)>,
+    header_params: Vec<(String, String)>,
+    is_upload: bool,
+}
+
+/// Parse parameters and body JSON, validate against schema, check required params, and build the URL.
+fn parse_and_validate_inputs(
+    doc: &RestDescription,
+    method: &RestMethod,
+    params_json: Option<&str>,
+    body_json: Option<&str>,
+    is_media_upload: bool,
+    base_url_override: Option<&str>,
+    extra_headers: &[(String, String)],
+) -> Result<ExecutionInput, CliError> {
+    let params: Map<String, Value> = if let Some(p) = params_json {
+        serde_json::from_str(p)
+            .map_err(|e| CliError::Validation(format!("Invalid --params JSON: {e}")))?
+    } else {
+        Map::new()
+    };
+
+    // Helper: build the `Provide it via …` hint listing every channel a
+    // user can satisfy this parameter through. Mirrors `commands.rs`'s
+    // flag-name resolution so the suggested `--<flag>` is the actual flag
+    // the user can pass: `flag_name_override` wins verbatim (synthetic
+    // injections that already encode the wire name); otherwise kebab the
+    // `display_name` from `x-fern-parameter-name`, falling back to the
+    // wire name. Body fields also accept `--json`; every other location
+    // only accepts the per-field flag or `--params`.
+    let missing_param_hint = |param_def: &MethodParameter, param_name: &str| -> String {
+        let flag = if let Some(override_flag) = param_def.flag_name_override.as_deref() {
+            override_flag.to_string()
+        } else {
+            crate::text::to_kebab_flag(
+                param_def.display_name.as_deref().unwrap_or(param_name),
+            )
+        };
+        if param_def.location.as_deref() == Some("body") {
+            format!("Provide it via --{flag}, --json, or --params")
+        } else {
+            format!("Provide it via --{flag} or --params")
+        }
+    };
+
+    for param_name in &method.parameter_order {
+        if let Some(param_def) = method.parameters.get(param_name) {
+            if param_def.required
+                && param_def.location.as_deref() == Some("path")
+                && !params.contains_key(param_name)
+            {
+                let hint = missing_param_hint(param_def, param_name);
+                return Err(CliError::Validation(format!(
+                    "Required path parameter '{param_name}' is missing. {hint}"
+                )));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    for (param_name, param_def) in &method.parameters {
+        if param_def.required && !params.contains_key(param_name) {
+            // When --json is provided, body-located required params are satisfied
+            // by the JSON payload — skip their individual-flag validation.
+            if param_def.location.as_deref() == Some("body") && body_json.is_some() {
+                continue;
+            }
+            let hint = missing_param_hint(param_def, param_name);
+            return Err(CliError::Validation(format!(
+                "Required parameter '{param_name}' is missing. {hint}"
+            )));
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Split params by `location` into header / body / non-header buckets.
+    // Body-located params are coerced by type and merged into the JSON body
+    // (with --json overriding any individual flag values).
+    let mut header_params: Vec<(String, String)> = Vec::new();
+    let mut body_from_flags = Map::new();
+    let mut non_header_params = Map::new();
+
+    for (key, value) in &params {
+        let location = method.parameters.get(key).and_then(|p| p.location.as_deref());
+        match location {
+            Some("header") => {
+                let str_value = match value {
+                    Value::String(s) => s.clone(),
+                    other => other.to_string(),
+                };
+                header_params.push((key.clone(), str_value));
+            }
+            Some("body") => {
+                let coerced = coerce_body_param_value(
+                    value,
+                    method.parameters.get(key).and_then(|p| p.param_type.as_deref()),
+                )?;
+                set_nested_value(&mut body_from_flags, key, coerced);
+            }
+            _ => {
+                non_header_params.insert(key.clone(), value.clone());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Append spec-root `x-fern-global-headers` last so per-operation
+    // headers (already populated above from `params`) override globals
+    // with the same wire-name. Resolution of CLI flag / env / default
+    // happens upstream in `run_async`; the executor's job here is just
+    // to stamp the resolved value on the request when no per-op
+    // parameter already supplied it.
+    for (name, value) in extra_headers {
+        if !header_params.iter().any(|(k, _)| k == name) {
+            header_params.push((name.clone(), value.clone()));
+        }
+    }
+
+    let body: Option<Value> = match (body_json, body_from_flags.is_empty()) {
+        (None, true) => None,
+        (None, false) => Some(Value::Object(body_from_flags)),
+        (Some(b), flags_empty) => {
+            let json_val: Value = serde_json::from_str(b)
+                .map_err(|e| CliError::Validation(format!("Invalid --json body: {e}")))?;
+            // Object `--json` merges per-field flag values, with `--json`
+            // winning on overlapping keys (documented "--json > flag"
+            // precedence). Non-object `--json` (top-level array or scalar)
+            // replaces the body wholesale — there is no sensible way to
+            // merge per-field fields into it. The full precedence chain is
+            // `--json` > `--params` > per-field flag.
+            let merged = match json_val {
+                Value::Object(json_map) if !flags_empty => {
+                    let mut merged = body_from_flags;
+                    for (k, v) in json_map {
+                        merged.insert(k, v);
+                    }
+                    Value::Object(merged)
+                }
+                other => other,
+            };
+            Some(merged)
+        }
+    };
+
+    // Validate the assembled body against the request schema regardless of
+    // how it was built (per-field flags, `--json`, or both). The previous
+    // version only validated on the `--json` path, which let per-field-flag
+    // bodies skip schema checks even though those values arrive as
+    // CLI-typed strings and are more likely to violate the schema.
+    if let Some(ref body_val) = body {
+        if let Some(ref req_ref) = method.request {
+            if let Some(ref schema_name) = req_ref.schema_ref {
+                validate_body_against_schema(body_val, schema_name, doc)?;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    let (full_url, query_params) = build_url(doc, method, &non_header_params, is_media_upload, base_url_override)?;
+    let is_upload = is_media_upload && method.supports_media_upload;
+
+    Ok(ExecutionInput {
+        body,
+        full_url,
+        query_params,
+        header_params,
+        is_upload,
+    })
+}
+
+/// Build the per-operation auth metadata from the lowered security
+/// requirements. Computed once per execute_method call and reused across
+/// pagination iterations — the requirements don't change page to page.
+fn endpoint_metadata_for(method: &RestMethod) -> EndpointAuthMetadata {
+    EndpointAuthMetadata {
+        security_requirements: method.security_requirements.clone(),
+    }
+}
+
+/// Pagination loop state tracked across page fetches.
+///
+/// Each variant matches one of the five `x-fern-pagination` forms, plus
+/// the document-level heuristic (which uses [`PageState::Cursor`]):
+///
+/// - [`PageState::Cursor`] — token threaded through a request query param
+/// - [`PageState::Offset`] — running offset counter sent as a query param
+/// - [`PageState::NextUrl`] — server-returned absolute URL (uri form) or
+///   resolved relative path (path form) used verbatim for the next page
+/// - [`PageState::Custom`] — single-shot; the executor never continues
+///
+/// Encoded as a discriminated union rather than several `Option`s so that
+/// callers can't accidentally mix semantics from different forms.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+enum PageState {
+    Cursor(Option<String>),
+    Offset(u64),
+    /// `None` on the first page, `Some(url)` once the previous response
+    /// supplied a next URL/path. The string is always a fully-qualified
+    /// URL — relative `next_path` values are resolved against the
+    /// previous request's URL before being stored here.
+    NextUrl(Option<String>),
+    Custom,
+}
+
+impl PageState {
+    /// Pick the initial state from the resolved per-operation pagination
+    /// config. Operations without explicit `x-fern-pagination` (or with
+    /// cursor-style config) start with no token; offset-style starts at
+    /// 0; uri/path/custom forms start in their respective first-page
+    /// states.
+    fn initial(endpoint: Option<&EndpointPagination>) -> Self {
+        match endpoint {
+            Some(EndpointPagination::Offset { .. }) => PageState::Offset(0),
+            Some(EndpointPagination::Uri { .. } | EndpointPagination::Path { .. }) => {
+                PageState::NextUrl(None)
+            }
+            Some(EndpointPagination::Custom { .. }) => PageState::Custom,
+            // Cursor + heuristic + None all use the cursor-style state.
+            _ => PageState::Cursor(None),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Override the outgoing URL when the pagination form does so (uri /
+    /// path). `None` means leave the request's URL untouched.
+    fn url_override(&self) -> Option<&str> {
+        match self {
+            PageState::NextUrl(Some(url)) => Some(url.as_str()),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Convert the state into the (query-param name, value) pair to inject
+    /// on the next outgoing request, or `None` when the state represents
+    /// "first page, no extra param yet" or "URL is fully self-contained".
+    fn injection(
+        &self,
+        endpoint: Option<&EndpointPagination>,
+        heuristic_param: &str,
+    ) -> Option<(String, String)> {
+        match self {
+            PageState::Cursor(None) => None,
+            PageState::Cursor(Some(token)) => {
+                let name = match endpoint {
+                    Some(EndpointPagination::Cursor { cursor, .. }) => cursor.clone(),
+                    _ => heuristic_param.to_string(),
+                };
+                Some((name, token.clone()))
+            }
+            PageState::Offset(0) => None,
+            PageState::Offset(n) => {
+                let name = match endpoint {
+                    Some(EndpointPagination::Offset { offset, .. }) => offset.clone(),
+                    _ => heuristic_param.to_string(),
+                };
+                Some((name, n.to_string()))
+            }
+            // Uri / Path embed the cursor in the URL itself.
+            PageState::NextUrl(_) | PageState::Custom => None,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Build an HTTP request with auth, query params, page token, and body/multipart attachment.
+#[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
+async fn build_http_request(
+    client: &reqwest::Client,
+    method: &RestMethod,
+    input: &ExecutionInput,
+    auth_provider: &DynAuthProvider,
+    auth_metadata: &EndpointAuthMetadata,
+    page_state: &PageState,
+    pages_fetched: u32,
+    upload: &Option<UploadSource<'_>>,
+    binary_body_path: Option<&str>,
+    pagination: &PaginationConfig,
+) -> Result<reqwest::RequestBuilder, CliError> {
+    // Uri / Path pagination supplies a fully-resolved next URL in the
+    // page state; use it verbatim so that the server's cursor / query
+    // params travel as-is.
+    let target_url = page_state.url_override().unwrap_or(&input.full_url);
+
+    let mut request = match method.http_method.as_str() {
+        "GET" => client.get(target_url),
+        "POST" => client.post(target_url),
+        "PUT" => client.put(target_url),
+        "PATCH" => client.patch(target_url),
+        "DELETE" => client.delete(target_url),
+        other => {
+            return Err(CliError::Other(anyhow::anyhow!(
+                "Unsupported HTTP method: {other}"
+            )))
+        }
+    };
+
+    // `security: []` in the spec means the operation opts out of auth.
+    // Short-circuit before involving the provider so leaf providers
+    // (Bearer/Basic/Header) and composition wrappers that don't inspect
+    // the endpoint (AnyAuthProvider, AllAuthProvider, user-built custom
+    // providers) can't leak credentials onto an explicitly anonymous
+    // endpoint. RoutingAuthProvider already honors this internally; the
+    // executor-side check makes it universal.
+    if !auth_metadata.is_explicit_anonymous() {
+        request = auth_provider.apply(request, auth_metadata)?;
+    }
+
+    // Prefer JSON when the API supports content negotiation (some providers
+    // return XML otherwise). Only inject when the operation doesn't already
+    // set an Accept header.
+    if !input
+        .header_params
+        .iter()
+        .any(|(k, _)| k.eq_ignore_ascii_case("accept"))
+    {
+        request = request.header("Accept", "application/json");
+    }
+
+    // Send header parameters as HTTP headers
+    for (name, value) in &input.header_params {
+        if let Ok(header_value) = reqwest::header::HeaderValue::from_str(value) {
+            request = request.header(name.as_str(), header_value);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // When the URL is supplied by the server (uri / path pagination)
+    // the URL already carries every query param the server cares about
+    // — re-appending the user's initial filters would either double them
+    // up or fight the server's own cursor. Honor the server's URL as-is.
+    if page_state.url_override().is_none() {
+        let mut all_query_params = input.query_params.clone();
+        if let Some((name, value)) =
+            page_state.injection(method.pagination.as_ref(), &pagination.token_query_param)
+        {
+            all_query_params.push((name, value));
+        }
+        if !all_query_params.is_empty() {
+            request = request.query(&all_query_params);
+        }
+    }
+
+    if pages_fetched == 0 {
+        if let Some(upload_source) = upload {
+            request = request.query(&[("uploadType", "multipart")]);
+            let (body, content_type, content_length) = match upload_source {
+                UploadSource::Bytes { data, content_type } => {
+                    if content_type.contains('\r') || content_type.contains('\n') {
+                        return Err(CliError::Validation(
+                            "Upload content type must not contain CR or LF".to_string(),
+                        ));
+                    }
+                    build_multipart_bytes(&input.body, data, content_type)?
+                }
+                UploadSource::File { path, content_type } => {
+                    let file_meta = tokio::fs::metadata(path).await.map_err(|e| {
+                        CliError::Validation(format!(
+                            "Failed to get metadata for upload file '{path}': {e}"
+                        ))
+                    })?;
+                    let file_size = file_meta.len();
+                    let media_mime = resolve_upload_mime(*content_type, Some(path), &input.body);
+                    build_multipart_stream(&input.body, path, file_size, &media_mime)?
+                }
+            };
+            request = request.header("Content-Type", content_type);
+            request = request.header("Content-Length", content_length);
+            request = request.body(body);
+        } else if let Some(raw) = binary_body_path {
+            let binary = method.binary_request_body.as_ref().ok_or_else(|| {
+                CliError::Validation(
+                    "binary body path was provided but the operation has no binary request body declared"
+                        .to_string(),
+                )
+            })?;
+            request = request.header("Content-Type", &binary.content_type);
+            match BinaryBodySource::parse(raw) {
+                BinaryBodySource::File(path) => {
+                    let file_meta = tokio::fs::metadata(path).await.map_err(|e| {
+                        CliError::Validation(format!(
+                            "Failed to read --{} '{path}': {e}",
+                            binary.flag_name
+                        ))
+                    })?;
+                    let (body, content_length) =
+                        build_binary_file_stream(path, file_meta.len(), &binary.flag_name);
+                    request = request.header("Content-Length", content_length);
+                    request = request.body(body);
+                }
+                BinaryBodySource::Stdin => {
+                    // No Content-Length — reqwest emits Transfer-Encoding: chunked.
+                    // Memory stays at O(64 KB) regardless of input size.
+                    request = request.body(build_stdin_body_stream());
+                }
+            }
+        } else if let Some(ref body_val) = input.body {
+            request = encode_request_body(request, body_val, &method.body_encoding);
+        } else if matches!(method.http_method.as_str(), "POST" | "PUT" | "PATCH") {
+            request = request.header("Content-Length", "0");
+        }
+    } else if let Some(ref body_val) = input.body {
+        request = encode_request_body(request, body_val, &method.body_encoding);
+    }
+
+    Ok(request)
+}
+
+/// Walk a dotted path like "pagination.next_page_token" through nested JSON objects.
+fn get_nested_str<'a>(val: &'a Value, dotted_path: &str) -> Option<&'a str> {
+    let mut current = val;
+    for segment in dotted_path.split('.') {
+        current = current.get(segment)?;
+    }
+    current.as_str()
+}
+
+/// Resolve a dot-separated path (`data`, `result.items`, `users.0.name`)
+/// against a JSON value, returning a reference to the addressed subvalue.
+///
+/// Empty / pure-dot paths are treated as "no path" and return `None` so the
+/// caller can decide between "use the whole value" and "this is an error".
+/// A non-empty path that doesn't resolve also returns `None` — callers
+/// that need to surface a user-facing error (like
+/// `x-fern-sdk-return-value` extraction) check for that case and emit a
+/// `CliError::Validation` explaining which path missed.
+///
+/// Segments are matched against object keys (`Value::get(&str)`); a
+/// segment that parses as a non-negative integer additionally indexes
+/// into arrays at the corresponding position (`Value::get(usize)`).
+/// Object-key lookup wins when the same segment is ambiguous — JSON
+/// object keys can be the literal string `"0"`, and surfacing the
+/// matching key is what a user reading the spec expects. Falling back
+/// to array indexing only when the value is actually an array keeps
+/// the dot-path grammar a strict superset of upstream's
+/// `RESPONSE_PROPERTY` (object-only) behavior.
+fn get_nested_value<'a>(val: &'a Value, dotted_path: &str) -> Option<&'a Value> {
+    let trimmed = dotted_path.trim();
+    if trimmed.is_empty() {
+        return None;
+    }
+    let mut current = val;
+    for segment in trimmed.split('.') {
+        if segment.is_empty() {
+            return None;
+        }
+        // Object-key lookup first, then numeric-array-index fallback so
+        // an object with a literal `"0"` key still resolves there. The
+        // array path only triggers when the current value is actually
+        // a JSON array — otherwise the segment was meant as an object
+        // key and was simply missing, which the `?` propagates.
+        if let Some(next) = current.get(segment) {
+            current = next;
+            continue;
+        }
+        if current.is_array() {
+            if let Ok(idx) = segment.parse::<usize>() {
+                current = current.get(idx)?;
+                continue;
+            }
+        }
+        return None;
+    }
+    Some(current)
+}
+
+/// Apply `x-fern-sdk-return-value` extraction to a single response value.
+///
+/// `return_path` is the dot-separated key path declared by the spec (e.g.
+/// `data`, `result.items`). When the path resolves, the addressed subvalue
+/// is returned for downstream printing / capture. A non-empty path that
+/// resolves to JSON `null` is preserved as `Value::Null` (the field was
+/// in the response, just null — typed SDKs surface this identically).
+/// A path that fails to resolve *at all* (missing key, intermediate
+/// non-object, out-of-range index) is a hard error — the spec promised
+/// that subvalue and the server didn't deliver it. `no_extract = true`
+/// bypasses the extraction entirely so callers (typically via
+/// `--no-extract`) can see the full response for debugging.
+///
+/// TODO(error-variant): `CliError::Validation` is the closest existing
+/// variant but conceptually this is *response-contract* validation, not
+/// input validation. Worth introducing a `CliError::ResponseContract`
+/// variant once another response-side validation error needs the same
+/// classification.
+fn extract_return_value(
+    body: &Value,
+    return_path: Option<&str>,
+    no_extract: bool,
+    method_descriptor: &str,
+) -> Result<Value, CliError> {
+    match return_path {
+        Some(path) if !no_extract && !path.trim().is_empty() => {
+            match get_nested_value(body, path) {
+                Some(v) => Ok(v.clone()),
+                None => Err(CliError::Validation(format!(
+                    "x-fern-sdk-return-value path '{path}' did not resolve in response for \
+                     operation {method_descriptor}. Pass --no-extract to see the full response."
+                ))),
+            }
+        }
+        _ => Ok(body.clone()),
+    }
+}
+
+/// Resolve the offset-pagination `step` value used for the
+/// "did we get a full page?" check that gates pagination on short pages.
+///
+/// `step_field` is the post-prefix-stripped field name from the spec (e.g.
+/// `step: $request.limit` becomes `"limit"`). Resolution order:
+///
+/// 1. Look up the field name in the request's outgoing query params and
+///    parse the value as an integer — the canonical `$request.<name>`
+///    interpretation, matching fern-api/fern's SDK generators.
+/// 2. If the field is itself a parseable integer literal (e.g. `step: "50"`),
+///    use that.
+/// 3. Otherwise return `None` — the caller falls back to the legacy
+///    `items.len() > 0` check.
+///
+/// Mirrors upstream `fern-api/fern`'s SDK generators: the step value is
+/// used **only** for the `hasNextPage` full-page comparison
+/// (`items.length >= step`) — never as the increment amount. The increment
+/// is always `len(items)` in item-index semantics, which is what the
+/// executor's offset loop already does. See:
+/// - `generators/python/.../client_generator/pagination/offset.py`
+/// - `generators/typescript/.../GeneratedThrowingEndpointResponse.ts`
+fn resolve_step_target(
+    step_field: Option<&str>,
+    request_query_params: &[(String, String)],
+) -> Option<u64> {
+    let name = step_field?;
+    if let Some((_, value)) = request_query_params.iter().find(|(k, _)| k == name) {
+        if let Ok(parsed) = value.parse::<u64>() {
+            return Some(parsed);
+        }
+    }
+    name.parse::<u64>().ok()
+}
+
+/// Resolve a `next_path` value from `x-fern-pagination` against the URL of
+/// the request that produced it. Mirrors browser-style URL resolution:
+/// absolute URLs (`https://…`) replace the base; absolute paths (`/foo`)
+/// keep the scheme + host; relative paths inherit the base's directory.
+fn resolve_next_path(base_url: &str, next_path: &str) -> Result<String, String> {
+    let base = reqwest::Url::parse(base_url)
+        .map_err(|e| format!("base URL `{base_url}` is not a valid URL: {e}"))?;
+    let resolved = base
+        .join(next_path)
+        .map_err(|e| format!("could not join next_path `{next_path}` to `{base_url}`: {e}"))?;
+    Ok(resolved.to_string())
+}
+
+/// Handle a JSON response: parse, output, and check pagination.
+/// Returns `Ok(true)` if the pagination loop should continue.
+///
+/// `return_path` is the operation's resolved `x-fern-sdk-return-value`
+/// extension (a dot-separated key path into the JSON body). When set and
+/// `no_extract` is false, only the addressed subvalue is printed /
+/// captured — but the full response is still used for pagination
+/// continuation checks, since pagination paths (`next_cursor`,
+/// `results`, …) are declared relative to the whole body and would
+/// silently break if extracted away.
+#[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
+async fn handle_json_response(
+    body_text: &str,
+    pagination: &PaginationConfig,
+    endpoint_pag: Option<&EndpointPagination>,
+    pipeline: &crate::formatter::OutputPipeline,
+    pages_fetched: &mut u32,
+    page_state: &mut PageState,
+    capture_output: bool,
+    captured: &mut Vec<Value>,
+    request_url: &str,
+    request_query_params: &[(String, String)],
+    return_path: Option<&str>,
+    no_extract: bool,
+    method_descriptor: &str,
+) -> Result<bool, CliError> {
+    if let Ok(json_val) = serde_json::from_str::<Value>(body_text) {
+        let output_val =
+            extract_return_value(&json_val, return_path, no_extract, method_descriptor)?;
+
+        *pages_fetched += 1;
+
+        // The three branches below are mutually exclusive (one consumes
+        // `output_val`), so the unconditional move into `captured.push`
+        // is safe. If a future change adds a side-effect that also
+        // needs `output_val` outside this if/else chain, the compiler
+        // will flag it — clone there rather than reintroducing a
+        // speculative `.clone()` here.
+        if capture_output {
+            captured.push(output_val);
+        } else if pagination.page_all {
+            let is_first_page = *pages_fetched == 1;
+            let mut out = std::io::stdout().lock();
+            pipeline
+                .emit(&mut out, &output_val, true, is_first_page)
+                .context("Failed to write output")?;
+        } else {
+            let mut out = std::io::stdout().lock();
+            pipeline
+                .emit(&mut out, &output_val, false, true)
+                .context("Failed to write output")?;
+        }
+
+        // Check whether to fetch a next page. Per-op `x-fern-pagination`
+        // overrides the document heuristic when present.
+        if pagination.page_all && *pages_fetched < pagination.page_limit {
+            let should_continue = match endpoint_pag {
+                Some(EndpointPagination::Cursor { next_cursor, .. }) => {
+                    match get_nested_str(&json_val, next_cursor) {
+                        Some(token) if !token.is_empty() => {
+                            *page_state = PageState::Cursor(Some(token.to_string()));
+                            true
+                        }
+                        _ => false,
+                    }
+                }
+                Some(EndpointPagination::Offset {
+                    results,
+                    has_next_page,
+                    step,
+                    ..
+                }) => {
+                    let still_more = match has_next_page {
+                        Some(path) => json_val
+                            .pointer(&format!("/{}", path.replace('.', "/")))
+                            .and_then(Value::as_bool)
+                            .unwrap_or(true),
+                        None => true,
+                    };
+                    let page_size = json_val
+                        .pointer(&format!("/{}", results.replace('.', "/")))
+                        .and_then(Value::as_array)
+                        .map(|a| a.len() as u64)
+                        .unwrap_or(0);
+                    // When `step` is wired, gate the next page on whether
+                    // the server returned a *full* page. Matches upstream
+                    // fern-api/fern's `items.length >= step` check — a
+                    // server returning a short page signals end-of-data
+                    // even if `has_next_page` was omitted, preventing the
+                    // executor from over-advancing past the last record.
+                    let got_full_page =
+                        match resolve_step_target(step.as_deref(), request_query_params) {
+                            Some(target) => page_size >= target,
+                            None => page_size > 0,
+                        };
+                    if still_more && got_full_page {
+                        let current = match page_state {
+                            PageState::Offset(n) => *n,
+                            _ => 0,
+                        };
+                        // Advance by the number of items actually returned
+                        // — item-index semantics, matching upstream's
+                        // default `offsetSemantics`. The `step` field
+                        // controls only the full-page gate above, not the
+                        // increment amount.
+                        *page_state = PageState::Offset(current + page_size);
+                        true
+                    } else {
+                        false
+                    }
+                }
+                Some(EndpointPagination::Uri { next_uri, .. }) => {
+                    match get_nested_str(&json_val, next_uri) {
+                        Some(url) if !url.is_empty() => {
+                            *page_state = PageState::NextUrl(Some(url.to_string()));
+                            true
+                        }
+                        _ => false,
+                    }
+                }
+                Some(EndpointPagination::Path { next_path, .. }) => {
+                    match get_nested_str(&json_val, next_path) {
+                        Some(path) if !path.is_empty() => {
+                            // Resolve relative paths (e.g. `/v1/things?cursor=…`)
+                            // against the previous request's URL so the host
+                            // + scheme are preserved across pages.
+                            let base = page_state
+                                .url_override()
+                                .unwrap_or(request_url)
+                                .to_string();
+                            match resolve_next_path(&base, path) {
+                                Ok(resolved) => {
+                                    *page_state = PageState::NextUrl(Some(resolved));
+                                    true
+                                }
+                                Err(e) => {
+                                    tracing::warn!(
+                                        next_path = %path,
+                                        base_url = %base,
+                                        error = %e,
+                                        "failed to resolve x-fern-pagination next_path; halting pagination"
+                                    );
+                                    false
+                                }
+                            }
+                        }
+                        _ => false,
+                    }
+                }
+                // Custom: caller-driven. The executor never auto-continues;
+                // it issues exactly one request, surfaces the `results`
+                // selection like the others, and stops.
+                Some(EndpointPagination::Custom { .. }) => false,
+                None => match get_nested_str(&json_val, &pagination.token_response_path) {
+                    Some(token) if !token.is_empty() => {
+                        *page_state = PageState::Cursor(Some(token.to_string()));
+                        true
+                    }
+                    _ => false,
+                },
+            };
+
+            if should_continue {
+                if pagination.page_delay_ms > 0 {
+                    tokio::time::sleep(std::time::Duration::from_millis(
+                        pagination.page_delay_ms,
+                    ))
+                    .await;
+                }
+                return Ok(true);
+            }
+        }
+    } else if !capture_output && !pipeline.quiet && !body_text.is_empty() {
+        println!("{body_text}");
+    }
+
+    Ok(false)
+}
+
+/// Handle a binary response by streaming it to a file.
+async fn handle_binary_response(
+    response: reqwest::Response,
+    content_type: &str,
+    output_path: Option<&str>,
+    pipeline: &crate::formatter::OutputPipeline,
+    capture_output: bool,
+) -> Result<Option<Value>, CliError> {
+    let file_path = if let Some(p) = output_path {
+        PathBuf::from(p)
+    } else {
+        let ext = mime_to_extension(content_type);
+        PathBuf::from(format!("download.{ext}"))
+    };
+
+    let mut file = tokio::fs::File::create(&file_path)
+        .await
+        .context("Failed to create output file")?;
+
+    let mut stream = response.bytes_stream();
+    let mut total_bytes: u64 = 0;
+
+    while let Some(chunk) = stream.next().await {
+        let chunk = chunk.context("Failed to read response chunk")?;
+        file.write_all(&chunk)
+            .await
+            .context("Failed to write to file")?;
+        total_bytes += chunk.len() as u64;
+    }
+
+    file.flush().await.context("Failed to flush file")?;
+
+    let result = json!({
+        "status": "success",
+        "saved_file": file_path.display().to_string(),
+        "mimeType": content_type,
+        "bytes": total_bytes,
+    });
+
+    if capture_output {
+        return Ok(Some(result));
+    }
+
+    let mut out = std::io::stdout().lock();
+    pipeline
+        .emit(&mut out, &result, false, true)
+        .context("Failed to write output")?;
+
+    Ok(None)
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// x-fern-streaming response handling.
+//
+// Two entry points:
+// - `stream_response` — consume the response body line-by-line and emit
+//   each event to stdout as it arrives. Used by the default CLI path
+//   (no `--no-stream`, not `capture_output`).
+// - `buffer_streaming_response` — collect every event into one JSON value
+//   (single object when only one event arrived, array otherwise) and
+//   return it for downstream printing / capture. Used when the caller
+//   passed `--no-stream` (pretty-print to stdout) or is a programmatic
+//   `AppContext::invoke` caller that needs a typed value back.
+//
+// Line decoding is delegated to `decode_stream_event`, which is a pure
+// function over (config, raw_line) — exercised directly by unit tests
+// without spinning up a wiremock server.
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/// Outcome of decoding a single raw stream line.
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+enum StreamEvent {
+    /// A complete event payload was decoded (post-`data:` strip for
+    /// SSE; the line verbatim for NDJSON). The caller emits this.
+    Event(String),
+    /// The line was framing-only and carries no payload (blank lines,
+    /// `event:`/`id:`/`retry:` SSE field lines, SSE comments starting
+    /// with `:`, or an empty JSON line). Skip and keep reading.
+    Skip,
+    /// The terminator sentinel was reached. The caller stops reading.
+    Terminate,
+}
+
+/// Decode a single raw line of streaming response body against the
+/// configured wire format. Pure / synchronous so unit tests can hit
+/// every decoding branch (with and without `data:` prefix, comment
+/// lines, terminator handling) without setting up a mock HTTP server.
+///
+/// The `line` is expected to already have its trailing newline / CR
+/// stripped — the caller (the line-reading loop) handles framing.
+///
+/// Only the line-at-a-time formats (NDJSON, text) flow through here.
+/// SSE framing is stateful (multi-line `data:` payloads are joined
+/// with `\n` and dispatched on a blank-line separator per the WHATWG
+/// spec), so the SSE path uses [`SseLineDecoder`] instead.
+fn decode_stream_event(config: &StreamingConfig, line: &str) -> StreamEvent {
+    match config {
+        StreamingConfig::Sse { .. } => {
+            // SSE is decoded statefully via `SseLineDecoder`; reaching
+            // this arm is a bug in the caller.
+            debug_assert!(false, "SSE lines must flow through SseLineDecoder");
+            StreamEvent::Skip
+        }
+        StreamingConfig::Json { terminator } => {
+            // NDJSON / JSONL framing: empty lines are skipped (some
+            // servers emit blank keepalive lines between records).
+            if line.is_empty() {
+                return StreamEvent::Skip;
+            }
+
+            if let Some(sentinel) = terminator.as_deref() {
+                if line == sentinel {
+                    return StreamEvent::Terminate;
+                }
+            }
+
+            StreamEvent::Event(line.to_string())
+        }
+        StreamingConfig::Text => {
+            // Plain-text line stream: empty lines are dropped per the
+            // C# generator (`if(!string.IsNullOrEmpty(line)) yield
+            // return line` — see `HttpEndpointGenerator.ts:815-825`).
+            // No JSON parse, no SSE prefix strip, no terminator.
+            if line.is_empty() {
+                return StreamEvent::Skip;
+            }
+            StreamEvent::Event(line.to_string())
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Stateful SSE event accumulator. Buffers `data:` payloads across
+/// multiple lines (joined with `\n` per the WHATWG SSE spec
+/// <https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/server-sent-events.html#dispatchMessage>)
+/// and dispatches the joined payload as one event on a blank-line
+/// separator or at stream EOF. Mirrors the TS runtime's
+/// `iterSseEvents` loop in
+/// `generators/typescript/utils/core-utilities/src/core/stream/Stream.template.ts:123-165`.
+///
+/// Unknown SSE field lines (`id:`, `retry:`, or anything else) are
+/// ignored per spec; `event:` is tracked across the same event
+/// boundary for parity even though the CLI surface does not yet
+/// route on it (no `eventDiscriminator` support — a deliberate
+/// non-feature, left out of this parity sweep).
+#[derive(Default)]
+struct SseLineDecoder {
+    data_buf: Option<String>,
+    event_type: Option<String>,
+}
+
+impl SseLineDecoder {
+    /// Process one raw line. Returns `Some(payload)` when a blank
+    /// line dispatches a buffered event (the joined `data:`
+    /// payload); `None` otherwise.
+    fn push_line(&mut self, line: &str) -> Option<String> {
+        if line.is_empty() {
+            // Blank line: dispatch the buffered event if any, then
+            // reset event_type either way (matches TS, which clears
+            // both fields on dispatch regardless of whether one was
+            // actually emitted).
+            let dispatched = self.data_buf.take();
+            self.event_type = None;
+            return dispatched;
+        }
+        if line.starts_with(':') {
+            // SSE comment / heartbeat — framing only, no payload.
+            return None;
+        }
+        if let Some(rest) = line.strip_prefix("event:") {
+            self.event_type = Some(rest.trim().to_string());
+            return None;
+        }
+        if let Some(rest) = line.strip_prefix("data:") {
+            // Strip exactly one optional leading space per the SSE
+            // spec ("If value starts with a U+0020 SPACE, remove it").
+            let val = rest.strip_prefix(' ').unwrap_or(rest);
+            match &mut self.data_buf {
+                Some(buf) => {
+                    buf.push('\n');
+                    buf.push_str(val);
+                }
+                None => {
+                    self.data_buf = Some(val.to_string());
+                }
+            }
+            return None;
+        }
+        // Unknown SSE fields (`id:`, `retry:`, anything else) are
+        // ignored per spec.
+        None
+    }
+
+    /// Flush the final partial event at stream EOF. Mirrors the TS
+    /// runtime's post-loop `if (dataValue != null) yield ...` block
+    /// — servers commonly close the connection without a trailing
+    /// blank line on the last event.
+    fn flush(&mut self) -> Option<String> {
+        let dispatched = self.data_buf.take();
+        self.event_type = None;
+        dispatched
+    }
+}
+
+/// Apply `x-fern-sdk-return-value` to a decoded event payload. Each
+/// event is parsed as JSON, the configured path is projected, and the
+/// printable form (a JSON-encoded string) is returned. When the JSON
+/// fails to parse (servers occasionally emit a non-JSON keepalive
+/// frame), the raw event string is emitted verbatim so the caller can
+/// still see what came over the wire.
+///
+/// Text streams ([`StreamingConfig::Text`]) bypass this projection
+/// entirely — their event payload is a raw line, not a JSON value,
+/// so `x-fern-sdk-return-value` and `--no-extract` are both no-ops
+/// (mirrors the C# generator, which `yield return line` directly).
+fn project_stream_event(
+    streaming: &StreamingConfig,
+    event_payload: &str,
+    return_path: Option<&str>,
+    no_extract: bool,
+    method_descriptor: &str,
+) -> Result<Value, CliError> {
+    if matches!(streaming, StreamingConfig::Text) {
+        return Ok(Value::String(event_payload.to_string()));
+    }
+    match serde_json::from_str::<Value>(event_payload) {
+        Ok(parsed) => extract_return_value(&parsed, return_path, no_extract, method_descriptor),
+        // Bare strings, numbers, or partial frames flow through as
+        // strings so the caller's output stream isn't blocked by
+        // upstream noise. The user can `--no-extract` to inspect the
+        // raw frames when debugging unexpected shapes.
+        Err(_) => Ok(Value::String(event_payload.to_string())),
+    }
+}
+
+/// Stream the response body line-by-line, emitting one formatted event
+/// per dispatched payload to stdout. Stops at the configured
+/// terminator (when the spec declared one) or at end-of-body.
+async fn stream_response(
+    response: reqwest::Response,
+    streaming: &StreamingConfig,
+    return_path: Option<&str>,
+    no_extract: bool,
+    pipeline: &crate::formatter::OutputPipeline,
+    method_descriptor: &str,
+) -> Result<(), CliError> {
+    read_stream_events(response, streaming, |payload| {
+        let value = project_stream_event(
+            streaming,
+            &payload,
+            return_path,
+            no_extract,
+            method_descriptor,
+        )?;
+        let mut out = std::io::stdout().lock();
+        pipeline
+            .emit(&mut out, &value, false, true)
+            .context("Failed to write output")?;
+        Ok(())
+    })
+    .await
+}
+
+/// Buffer the streaming response into a single JSON value: a lone event
+/// is returned as-is so downstream consumers see the unary shape; two
+/// or more events are collected into a JSON array. An empty stream
+/// returns `Value::Null` — the body finished without emitting any
+/// payload, which is what the typed SDKs surface back to callers.
+async fn buffer_streaming_response(
+    response: reqwest::Response,
+    streaming: &StreamingConfig,
+    return_path: Option<&str>,
+    no_extract: bool,
+    method_descriptor: &str,
+) -> Result<Value, CliError> {
+    let mut events: Vec<Value> = Vec::new();
+    read_stream_events(response, streaming, |payload| {
+        events.push(project_stream_event(
+            streaming,
+            &payload,
+            return_path,
+            no_extract,
+            method_descriptor,
+        )?);
+        Ok(())
+    })
+    .await?;
+    Ok(match events.len() {
+        0 => Value::Null,
+        1 => events.into_iter().next().unwrap(),
+        _ => Value::Array(events),
+    })
+}
+
+/// Drive the response body through the format-appropriate line
+/// decoder, invoking `emit` for each dispatched event payload. SSE
+/// uses [`SseLineDecoder`] (stateful multi-line `data:` buffering);
+/// NDJSON and text use [`decode_stream_event`] line-by-line. The
+/// configured terminator (if any) is checked here, before `emit`, so
+/// callers don't need to know about format-specific framing rules.
+async fn read_stream_events<F>(
+    response: reqwest::Response,
+    streaming: &StreamingConfig,
+    mut emit: F,
+) -> Result<(), CliError>
+where
+    F: FnMut(String) -> Result<(), CliError>,
+{
+    let mut line_stream = ResponseLineStream::new(response);
+    match streaming {
+        StreamingConfig::Sse { terminator } => {
+            let mut decoder = SseLineDecoder::default();
+            while let Some(line) = line_stream.next_line().await? {
+                if let Some(payload) = decoder.push_line(&line) {
+                    if let Some(sentinel) = terminator.as_deref() {
+                        if payload == sentinel {
+                            return Ok(());
+                        }
+                    }
+                    emit(payload)?;
+                }
+            }
+            // EOF: flush any final unterminated event — matches the
+            // TS runtime's post-loop dispatch (see Stream.template.ts).
+            if let Some(payload) = decoder.flush() {
+                if let Some(sentinel) = terminator.as_deref() {
+                    if payload == sentinel {
+                        return Ok(());
+                    }
+                }
+                emit(payload)?;
+            }
+            Ok(())
+        }
+        StreamingConfig::Json { .. } | StreamingConfig::Text => {
+            while let Some(line) = line_stream.next_line().await? {
+                match decode_stream_event(streaming, &line) {
+                    StreamEvent::Skip => continue,
+                    StreamEvent::Terminate => return Ok(()),
+                    StreamEvent::Event(payload) => emit(payload)?,
+                }
+            }
+            Ok(())
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Adapt a `reqwest::Response`'s byte stream into a line iterator. Keeps
+/// a small in-memory buffer of bytes received but not yet terminated
+/// by a newline; reads stop at LF and emit the preceding bytes (CR is
+/// also stripped) as a UTF-8 string. The terminating line of a
+/// response that doesn't end with a newline is still emitted from
+/// `next_line` before the stream returns `None`.
+struct ResponseLineStream {
+    stream: futures_util::stream::BoxStream<'static, reqwest::Result<bytes::Bytes>>,
+    buf: Vec<u8>,
+    done: bool,
+}
+
+impl ResponseLineStream {
+    fn new(response: reqwest::Response) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            stream: Box::pin(response.bytes_stream()),
+            buf: Vec::with_capacity(4096),
+            done: false,
+        }
+    }
+
+    async fn next_line(&mut self) -> Result<Option<String>, CliError> {
+        loop {
+            // Emit a buffered line if a newline has already been received.
+            if let Some(idx) = self.buf.iter().position(|&b| b == b'\n') {
+                let mut line: Vec<u8> = self.buf.drain(..=idx).collect();
+                line.pop(); // drop the trailing '\n'
+                if line.last() == Some(&b'\r') {
+                    line.pop();
+                }
+                return Ok(Some(decode_line_lossy(line)));
+            }
+
+            // If the stream is exhausted, flush any trailing bytes that
+            // didn't end with a newline (servers commonly omit the final
+            // newline on the last event of an NDJSON stream).
+            if self.done {
+                if self.buf.is_empty() {
+                    return Ok(None);
+                }
+                let mut line: Vec<u8> = std::mem::take(&mut self.buf);
+                if line.last() == Some(&b'\r') {
+                    line.pop();
+                }
+                return Ok(Some(decode_line_lossy(line)));
+            }
+
+            // Pull the next chunk off the wire.
+            match self.stream.next().await {
+                Some(Ok(chunk)) => self.buf.extend_from_slice(&chunk),
+                Some(Err(err)) => {
+                    return Err(anyhow::Error::from(err)
+                        .context("Failed to read streaming response chunk")
+                        .into());
+                }
+                None => self.done = true,
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Decode a single line as UTF-8, replacing invalid sequences with
+/// U+FFFD so a malformed byte (e.g. truncated multibyte from a flaky
+/// proxy) doesn't crash the stream.
+fn decode_line_lossy(bytes: Vec<u8>) -> String {
+    match String::from_utf8(bytes) {
+        Ok(s) => s,
+        Err(e) => String::from_utf8_lossy(&e.into_bytes()).into_owned(),
+    }
+}
+
+/// Executes an API method call.
+///
+/// This is the core function of the CLI that handles:
+/// 1. Parameter validation and URL construction.
+/// 2. Request body validation against the Discovery Document schema.
+/// 3. Authentication (OAuth or none).
+/// 4. Sending the HTTP request (GET/POST/etc).
+/// 5. Handling various response types (JSON, binary).
+/// 6. Auto-pagination for list endpoints.
+#[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
+pub async fn execute_method(
+    doc: &RestDescription,
+    method: &RestMethod,
+    params_json: Option<&str>,
+    body_json: Option<&str>,
+    auth_provider: &DynAuthProvider,
+    output_path: Option<&str>,
+    upload: Option<UploadSource<'_>>,
+    binary_body_path: Option<&str>,
+    dry_run: bool,
+    pagination: &PaginationConfig,
+    pipeline: &crate::formatter::OutputPipeline,
+    capture_output: bool,
+    base_url_override: Option<&str>,
+    http_config: &crate::http::HttpConfig,
+    no_extract: bool,
+    no_retry: bool,
+    no_stream: bool,
+    extra_headers: &[(String, String)],
+) -> Result<Option<Value>, CliError> {
+    let binary_flag = method
+        .binary_request_body
+        .as_ref()
+        .map(|b| b.flag_name.as_str());
+    if binary_body_path.is_some() && binary_flag.is_none() {
+        return Err(CliError::Validation(
+            "binary body path is only valid for operations with a binary request body"
+                .to_string(),
+        ));
+    }
+    if binary_body_path.is_some() && body_json.is_some() {
+        return Err(CliError::Validation(format!(
+            "--{} and --json are mutually exclusive",
+            binary_flag.unwrap_or("file"),
+        )));
+    }
+
+    let input = parse_and_validate_inputs(doc, method, params_json, body_json, upload.is_some(), base_url_override, extra_headers)?;
+
+    // Human-readable identifier for the operation, used in
+    // `x-fern-sdk-return-value` extraction errors so the user can find
+    // the offending op when the response shape disagrees with the
+    // spec. Prefer the `operationId` (matches the spec text) and fall
+    // back to `GET /things` when it's absent.
+    let method_descriptor = match method.id.as_deref() {
+        Some(id) => format!("'{id}'"),
+        None => format!(
+            "{} {}",
+            method.http_method.to_ascii_uppercase(),
+            method.path
+        ),
+    };
+
+    if dry_run {
+        let content_type_header = if input.body.is_some() {
+            method.body_encoding.content_type()
+        } else {
+            ""
+        };
+        let mut dry_run_info = json!({
+            "dry_run": true,
+            "url": input.full_url,
+            "method": method.http_method,
+            "query_params": input.query_params,
+            "headers": input.header_params,
+            "body": input.body,
+            "is_multipart_upload": input.is_upload,
+        });
+        if !content_type_header.is_empty() {
+            dry_run_info["content_type"] = json!(content_type_header);
+        }
+        if method.body_encoding.is_form() {
+            if let Some(ref body_val) = input.body {
+                dry_run_info["form_encoded_body"] = json!(encode_form_body(body_val));
+            }
+        }
+        if let Some(raw) = binary_body_path {
+            let (content_type, flag_name) = method
+                .binary_request_body
+                .as_ref()
+                .map(|b| (b.content_type.as_str(), b.flag_name.as_str()))
+                .unwrap_or(("", ""));
+            let (source, transfer) = match BinaryBodySource::parse(raw) {
+                BinaryBodySource::File(p) => (json!({ "file": p }), "content-length"),
+                BinaryBodySource::Stdin => (json!({ "stdin": true }), "chunked"),
+            };
+            dry_run_info["binary_body"] = json!({
+                "source": source,
+                "content_type": content_type,
+                "transfer_encoding": transfer,
+                "flag": flag_name,
+            });
+        }
+        if capture_output {
+            return Ok(Some(dry_run_info));
+        }
+        let mut out = std::io::stdout().lock();
+        pipeline
+            .emit(&mut out, &dry_run_info, false, true)
+            .context("Failed to write output")?;
+        return Ok(None);
+    }
+
+    let endpoint_pag = method.pagination.as_ref();
+    let mut page_state: PageState = PageState::initial(endpoint_pag);
+    let mut pages_fetched: u32 = 0;
+    let mut captured_values = Vec::new();
+    let auth_metadata = endpoint_metadata_for(method);
+
+    // Build the client once outside the pagination loop. Client construction
+    // reads env vars and (with TLS) builds a connection pool; rebuilding per
+    // page would defeat connection reuse and emit any one-time warnings
+    // (e.g. insecure-mode) once per page.
+    let client = http_config.build_client()?;
+
+    loop {
+        // Snapshot the URL we are about to hit so the response handler can
+        // resolve relative `next_path` values against it. Captured before
+        // `page_state` is borrowed mutably below.
+        let current_url = page_state
+            .url_override()
+            .unwrap_or(&input.full_url)
+            .to_string();
+
+        let method_id = method.id.as_deref().unwrap_or("unknown");
+        let start = std::time::Instant::now();
+
+        // Retry loop. Each iteration rebuilds the request (so streaming
+        // bodies start fresh) and dispatches it. `retry_attempt` is
+        // 0-indexed and counts *prior* sends — we increment it after
+        // each retry, then re-check the policy before the next send.
+        //
+        // Stdin-sourced binary bodies are *not* replayable: the first
+        // attempt consumes the pipe and any retry would silently send
+        // an empty body. Disable retries for that case so we preserve
+        // the pre-retry behavior (a single attempt, surface whatever
+        // the server returns) rather than masking the original failure.
+        let retries_cfg = if binary_body_is_stdin(binary_body_path) {
+            None
+        } else {
+            method.retries.as_ref()
+        };
+        let mut retry_attempt: u32 = 0;
+        let response = loop {
+            let request = build_http_request(
+                &client,
+                method,
+                &input,
+                auth_provider,
+                &auth_metadata,
+                &page_state,
+                pages_fetched,
+                &upload,
+                binary_body_path,
+                pagination,
+            )
+            .await?;
+
+            match request.send().await {
+                Ok(resp) => {
+                    let status = resp.status();
+                    let retry_after_header = resp
+                        .headers()
+                        .get("retry-after")
+                        .and_then(|v| v.to_str().ok())
+                        .map(|s| s.to_string());
+                    if let Some(cfg) = retries_cfg {
+                        let outcome = RetryOutcome {
+                            status: Some(status.as_u16()),
+                            retry_after: retry_after_header.as_deref(),
+                        };
+                        if let Some(delay) = decide_retry(
+                            retry_attempt,
+                            &outcome,
+                            cfg,
+                            &method.http_method,
+                            method.idempotent,
+                            no_retry,
+                        ) {
+                            tracing::warn!(
+                                api_method = method_id,
+                                http_method = %method.http_method,
+                                status = status.as_u16(),
+                                attempt = retry_attempt + 1,
+                                delay_ms = delay.as_millis() as u64,
+                                "retrying after retryable HTTP status",
+                            );
+                            // Drain the body so the connection can be
+                            // returned to the pool. We don't surface
+                            // the body on retried responses; the final
+                            // response (success or terminal failure)
+                            // is what the user sees.
+                            let _ = resp.bytes().await;
+                            tokio::time::sleep(delay).await;
+                            retry_attempt += 1;
+                            continue;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    break resp;
+                }
+                Err(e) => {
+                    if let Some(cfg) = retries_cfg {
+                        let outcome = RetryOutcome {
+                            status: None,
+                            retry_after: None,
+                        };
+                        if let Some(delay) = decide_retry(
+                            retry_attempt,
+                            &outcome,
+                            cfg,
+                            &method.http_method,
+                            method.idempotent,
+                            no_retry,
+                        ) {
+                            tracing::warn!(
+                                api_method = method_id,
+                                http_method = %method.http_method,
+                                attempt = retry_attempt + 1,
+                                delay_ms = delay.as_millis() as u64,
+                                error = %e,
+                                "retrying after network/transport failure",
+                            );
+                            tokio::time::sleep(delay).await;
+                            retry_attempt += 1;
+                            continue;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    // Surface a human-readable hint to stderr if this looks like
+                    // a TLS failure — the most common debugging hump for users
+                    // behind corporate proxies / interception tools. The hint is
+                    // a side effect; the error then propagates up like any other.
+                    crate::http::maybe_emit_tls_hint(http_config, &e);
+                    return Err(anyhow::Error::from(e).context("HTTP request failed").into());
+                }
+            }
+        };
+        let latency_ms = start.elapsed().as_millis() as u64;
+
+        let status = response.status();
+        let content_type = response
+            .headers()
+            .get("content-type")
+            .and_then(|v| v.to_str().ok())
+            .unwrap_or("")
+            .to_string();
+
+        if !status.is_success() {
+            let error_body = response.text().await.unwrap_or_default();
+            tracing::warn!(
+                api_method = method_id,
+                http_method = %method.http_method,
+                status = status.as_u16(),
+                latency_ms = latency_ms,
+                "API error"
+            );
+            return handle_error_response(
+                status,
+                &error_body,
+                auth_provider.as_ref(),
+                &auth_metadata,
+            );
+        }
+
+        tracing::debug!(
+            api_method = method_id,
+            http_method = %method.http_method,
+            status = status.as_u16(),
+            latency_ms = latency_ms,
+            content_type = %content_type,
+            is_upload = input.is_upload,
+            page = pages_fetched,
+            "API request"
+        );
+
+        // Streaming response branch. Selected when:
+        // - the operation declares `x-fern-streaming`, AND
+        // - the caller hasn't explicitly opted out via `--no-stream`,
+        //   AND
+        // - we aren't capturing into a single `Value` for a
+        //   programmatic caller (those need a unary shape and treat
+        //   `--no-stream` as implicit).
+        //
+        // `--no-stream` and `capture_output` both fall through to the
+        // existing buffered path below: the body is read once and
+        // either pretty-printed (no_stream from the CLI) or decoded
+        // into a `Value` (capture_output from `AppContext::invoke`).
+        if let Some(streaming) = method.streaming.as_ref() {
+            if !no_stream && !capture_output {
+                // Note: `pages_fetched` is intentionally left untouched
+                // here. Streaming endpoints are single-request by
+                // construction (see the parse-time mutual exclusion
+                // with `x-fern-pagination`), so the pagination loop
+                // never re-enters; bumping the counter would only
+                // confuse the unrelated request-tracing in `debug!`.
+                stream_response(
+                    response,
+                    streaming,
+                    method.return_value.as_deref(),
+                    no_extract,
+                    pipeline,
+                    &method_descriptor,
+                )
+                .await?;
+                break;
+            }
+            // Buffered fallback: collect every event into a single
+            // JSON array (or unwrap the lone event when only one
+            // arrived) so the downstream printer / capture path sees
+            // the kind of value it expects from a unary endpoint. The
+            // server may legitimately send a non-streaming body, so we
+            // still parse it line-by-line and fall back to a
+            // single-value array when the body holds one JSON object.
+            let buffered = buffer_streaming_response(
+                response,
+                streaming,
+                method.return_value.as_deref(),
+                no_extract,
+                &method_descriptor,
+            )
+            .await?;
+            if capture_output {
+                captured_values.push(buffered);
+            } else {
+                let mut out = std::io::stdout().lock();
+                pipeline
+                    .emit(&mut out, &buffered, false, true)
+                    .context("Failed to write output")?;
+            }
+            break;
+        }
+
+        let is_json =
+            content_type.contains("application/json") || content_type.contains("text/json");
+
+        if is_json || content_type.is_empty() {
+            let body_text = response
+                .text()
+                .await
+                .context("Failed to read response body")?;
+
+            let response_body = body_text;
+            let should_continue = handle_json_response(
+                &response_body,
+                pagination,
+                endpoint_pag,
+                pipeline,
+                &mut pages_fetched,
+                &mut page_state,
+                capture_output,
+                &mut captured_values,
+                &current_url,
+                &input.query_params,
+                method.return_value.as_deref(),
+                no_extract,
+                &method_descriptor,
+            )
+            .await?;
+
+            if should_continue {
+                continue;
+            }
+        } else if let Some(res) = handle_binary_response(
+            response,
+            &content_type,
+            output_path,
+            pipeline,
+            capture_output,
+        )
+        .await?
+        {
+            captured_values.push(res);
+        }
+
+        break;
+    }
+
+    if capture_output && !captured_values.is_empty() {
+        if captured_values.len() == 1 {
+            return Ok(Some(captured_values.pop().unwrap()));
+        } else {
+            return Ok(Some(Value::Array(captured_values)));
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok(None)
+}
+
+/// Serialize a query parameter value according to its OpenAPI style.
+fn serialize_query_param(
+    key: &str,
+    value: &Value,
+    param_def: Option<&crate::openapi::discovery::MethodParameter>,
+) -> Vec<(String, String)> {
+    let style = param_def
+        .and_then(|p| p.style.as_deref())
+        .unwrap_or("form");
+    let explode = param_def
+        .and_then(|p| p.explode)
+        .unwrap_or(style == "form");
+
+    match style {
+        "deepObject" => serialize_deep_object(key, value),
+        _ => serialize_form(key, value, explode),
+    }
+}
+
+fn serialize_deep_object(key: &str, value: &Value) -> Vec<(String, String)> {
+    match value {
+        Value::Object(_) => {
+            // Wrap as {key: value} so serde-qs produces key[...]=... pairs.
+            // ArrayFormat::Unindexed gives filter[tags]=a&filter[tags]=b,
+            // consistent with the Fern Python and C# SDKs.
+            let wrapped = serde_json::json!({ key: value });
+            let config = serde_qs::Config::new()
+                .array_format(serde_qs::ArrayFormat::Unindexed);
+            match config.serialize_string(&wrapped) {
+                Ok(qs) => {
+                    // serde-qs URL-encodes the output; decode each pair
+                    qs.split('&')
+                        .filter(|s| !s.is_empty())
+                        .filter_map(|pair| {
+                            let (k, v) = pair.split_once('=')?;
+                            let decoded_k = percent_encoding::percent_decode_str(k)
+                                .decode_utf8_lossy()
+                                .into_owned();
+                            let decoded_v = percent_encoding::percent_decode_str(v)
+                                .decode_utf8_lossy()
+                                .into_owned();
+                            Some((decoded_k, decoded_v))
+                        })
+                        .collect()
+                }
+                Err(_) => vec![(key.to_string(), value_to_query_string(value))],
+            }
+        }
+        _ => vec![(key.to_string(), value_to_query_string(value))],
+    }
+}
+
+fn serialize_form(key: &str, value: &Value, explode: bool) -> Vec<(String, String)> {
+    match value {
+        Value::Array(arr) if explode => arr
+            .iter()
+            .map(|v| (key.to_string(), value_to_query_string(v)))
+            .collect(),
+        Value::Array(arr) => {
+            let joined = arr
+                .iter()
+                .map(value_to_query_string)
+                .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+                .join(",");
+            vec![(key.to_string(), joined)]
+        }
+        _ => vec![(key.to_string(), value_to_query_string(value))],
+    }
+}
+
+fn value_to_query_string(v: &Value) -> String {
+    match v {
+        Value::String(s) => s.clone(),
+        Value::Number(n) => n.to_string(),
+        Value::Bool(b) => b.to_string(),
+        Value::Null => String::new(),
+        other => other.to_string(),
+    }
+}
+
+fn effective_root_url(method: &RestMethod, doc: &RestDescription) -> String {
+    if !method.root_url.is_empty() { method.root_url.clone() } else { doc.root_url.clone() }
+}
+
+/// Prepend `doc.base_path` (sourced from `x-fern-base-path`) to `base`,
+/// inserting exactly one slash between the two segments regardless of
+/// whether either side already has a slash on its boundary. Returns
+/// `base` unchanged when `doc.base_path` is `None` or normalizes to
+/// empty.
+///
+/// Examples (server URL × base_path slash matrix):
+/// - `"https://x/"` + `"/v1"`  → `"https://x/v1"`
+/// - `"https://x"`  + `"/v1"`  → `"https://x/v1"`
+/// - `"https://x/"` + `"v1"`   → `"https://x/v1"`
+/// - `"https://x"`  + `"v1"`   → `"https://x/v1"`
+/// - `"https://x"`  + `"/v1/"` → `"https://x/v1"` (trailing slash on
+///   base_path is stripped; `build_url` re-adds one before the path)
+///
+/// `build_url` calls this helper uniformly across all three URL sources
+/// — `--base-url` override, `doc.base_url`, and `effective_root_url +
+/// service_path` — so the base path is applied *additively* on top of
+/// any one of them. In particular, `--base-url https://staging/v2` on a
+/// spec with `x-fern-base-path: /v1` produces `https://staging/v2/v1/...`,
+/// not `https://staging/v2/...`: `x-fern-base-path` is part of the spec's
+/// logical URL structure, not a property of any specific host.
+///
+/// Mirrors fern-api/fern's openapi-ir-parser:
+/// `packages/cli/api-importers/openapi/openapi-ir-parser/src/openapi/v3/extensions/getFernBasePath.ts`.
+///
+/// The base path passed in is expected to already have any `{param}`
+/// placeholders substituted — `build_url` calls `render_path_template`
+/// on `doc.base_path` first so this helper only deals with the
+/// post-substitution slash-edge logic.
+fn apply_base_path(base: &str, base_path: Option<&str>) -> String {
+    let Some(bp) = base_path else {
+        return base.to_string();
+    };
+    let bp_trimmed = bp.trim_matches('/');
+    if bp_trimmed.is_empty() {
+        return base.to_string();
+    }
+    let base_trimmed = base.trim_end_matches('/');
+    format!("{base_trimmed}/{bp_trimmed}")
+}
+
+fn build_url(
+    doc: &RestDescription,
+    method: &RestMethod,
+    params: &Map<String, Value>,
+    is_upload: bool,
+    base_url_override: Option<&str>,
+) -> Result<(String, Vec<(String, String)>), CliError> {
+    // Build URL base and path. The base_url here is just the server (or
+    // override) plus any Discovery `service_path`; x-fern-base-path is
+    // applied as a separate step below so the slash-edge logic stays in
+    // one place and applies to all three base sources (override, explicit
+    // `base_url`, and effective root_url + service_path).
+    let raw_base_url = if let Some(b) = base_url_override {
+        b.trim_end_matches('/').to_string()
+    } else if let Some(b) = &doc.base_url {
+        b.clone()
+    } else {
+        format!("{}{}", effective_root_url(method, doc), doc.service_path)
+    };
+    // Render any `{param}` placeholders in `x-fern-base-path` (e.g.
+    // `/{tenant}/v1`) against the operation's parameters. The placeholder
+    // names are also collected so we can exclude them from the query
+    // string below — the param has been consumed by the URL path and
+    // must not leak as `?tenant=acme`. Mirrors upstream Fern where base
+    // path placeholders are baked into endpoint paths at Definition build
+    // time and then resolved by the SDK's path-parameter renderer at
+    // request time.
+    let rendered_base_path = doc
+        .base_path
+        .as_deref()
+        .map(|bp| render_path_template(bp, params))
+        .transpose()?;
+    let base_path_parameters: HashSet<&str> = doc
+        .base_path
+        .as_deref()
+        .map(extract_template_path_parameters)
+        .unwrap_or_default();
+    let base_url = apply_base_path(&raw_base_url, rendered_base_path.as_deref());
+
+    // Prefer flatPath when its placeholders match the method's path parameters.
+    // Some Discovery Documents (e.g., Slides presentations.get) have flatPath
+    // placeholders that don't match parameter names ({presentationsId} vs
+    // {presentationId}). In those cases, fall back to path which uses RFC 6570
+    // operators ({+var}) that this function already handles.
+    let path_template = match method.flat_path.as_deref() {
+        Some(fp) => {
+            let all_match = method
+                .parameters
+                .iter()
+                .filter(|(_, p)| p.location.as_deref() == Some("path"))
+                .all(|(name, _)| {
+                    let plain = format!("{{{name}}}");
+                    let plus = format!("{{+{name}}}");
+                    fp.contains(&plain) || fp.contains(&plus)
+                });
+            if all_match {
+                fp
+            } else {
+                method.path.as_str()
+            }
+        }
+        None => method.path.as_str(),
+    };
+
+    // Substitute path parameters and separate query parameters
+    let path_parameters = extract_template_path_parameters(path_template);
+    let mut query_params: Vec<(String, String)> = Vec::new();
+
+    for (key, value) in params {
+        if path_parameters.contains(key.as_str()) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        // Params that backfill placeholders in `x-fern-base-path` have
+        // already been consumed by the URL path; they must not also
+        // appear as query string entries.
+        if base_path_parameters.contains(key.as_str()) {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        let is_path_param = method
+            .parameters
+            .get(key)
+            .and_then(|p| p.location.as_deref())
+            == Some("path");
+
+        if is_path_param {
+            return Err(CliError::Validation(format!(
+                "Path parameter '{key}' was provided but is not present in URL template '{path_template}'"
+            )));
+        }
+
+        // Use style-aware serialization for query parameters.
+        // For backward compatibility, `repeated` params still use the legacy
+        // expansion (equivalent to form+explode).
+        let param_def = method.parameters.get(key);
+        let is_repeated = param_def.map(|p| p.repeated).unwrap_or(false);
+
+        if is_repeated {
+            if let Value::Array(arr) = value {
+                for item in arr {
+                    let val_str = match item {
+                        Value::String(s) => s.clone(),
+                        other => other.to_string(),
+                    };
+                    query_params.push((key.clone(), val_str));
+                }
+                continue;
+            }
+        }
+
+        let pairs = serialize_query_param(key, value, param_def);
+        query_params.extend(pairs);
+    }
+
+    let url_path = render_path_template(path_template, params)?;
+
+    let full_url = if is_upload {
+        // Use the upload endpoint from the Discovery Document
+        let upload_endpoint = method
+            .media_upload
+            .as_ref()
+            .and_then(|mu| mu.protocols.as_ref())
+            .and_then(|p| p.simple.as_ref())
+            .map(|s| s.path.as_str())
+            .ok_or_else(|| {
+                CliError::Validation(
+                    "Method supports media upload but no upload path found in Discovery Document"
+                        .to_string(),
+                )
+            })?;
+        let upload_path = render_path_template(upload_endpoint, params)?;
+        // Compose the upload host with the spec-level base_path the same
+        // way the non-upload branch does, so x-fern-base-path is applied
+        // uniformly. This branch is currently unreachable from OpenAPI
+        // specs (only Google Discovery sets `media_upload`, and Discovery
+        // specs don't carry `base_path`), but keeping the wiring
+        // symmetric prevents a silent gap if either side ever changes.
+        let root = base_url_override
+            .map(|b| b.trim_end_matches('/').to_string())
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| effective_root_url(method, doc).trim_end_matches('/').to_string());
+        let root = apply_base_path(&root, rendered_base_path.as_deref());
+        format!("{root}{upload_path}")
+    } else {
+        match (base_url.ends_with('/'), url_path.starts_with('/')) {
+            (true, true) => format!("{}{}", base_url.trim_end_matches('/'), url_path),
+            (false, false) => format!("{base_url}/{url_path}"),
+            _ => format!("{base_url}{url_path}"),
+        }
+    };
+
+    Ok((full_url, query_params))
+}
+
+fn extract_template_path_parameters(path_template: &str) -> HashSet<&str> {
+    let mut found = HashSet::new();
+    let mut cursor = 0;
+
+    while let Some(open_idx) = path_template[cursor..].find('{') {
+        let token_start = cursor + open_idx;
+        let Some(close_idx) = path_template[token_start..].find('}') else {
+            break;
+        };
+
+        let token_end = token_start + close_idx;
+        let token = &path_template[token_start + 1..token_end];
+        if let Some(key) = token.strip_prefix('+') {
+            found.insert(key);
+        } else {
+            found.insert(token);
+        }
+        cursor = token_end + 1;
+    }
+
+    found
+}
+
+fn render_path_template(
+    path_template: &str,
+    params: &Map<String, Value>,
+) -> Result<String, CliError> {
+    let mut rendered = String::with_capacity(path_template.len());
+    let mut cursor = 0;
+
+    while let Some(open_idx) = path_template[cursor..].find('{') {
+        let token_start = cursor + open_idx;
+        rendered.push_str(&path_template[cursor..token_start]);
+
+        let Some(close_idx) = path_template[token_start..].find('}') else {
+            rendered.push_str(&path_template[token_start..]);
+            return Ok(rendered);
+        };
+
+        let token_end = token_start + close_idx;
+        let token = &path_template[token_start + 1..token_end];
+        let (is_plus, key) = if let Some(key) = token.strip_prefix('+') {
+            (true, key)
+        } else {
+            (false, token)
+        };
+
+        if let Some(value) = params.get(key) {
+            let val_str = match value {
+                Value::String(s) => s.clone(),
+                other => other.to_string(),
+            };
+            let encoded = if is_plus {
+                let validated = crate::validate::validate_resource_name(&val_str)?;
+                crate::validate::encode_path_preserving_slashes(validated)
+            } else {
+                crate::validate::encode_path_segment(&val_str)
+            };
+            rendered.push_str(&encoded);
+        } else {
+            rendered.push_str(&path_template[token_start..=token_end]);
+        }
+
+        cursor = token_end + 1;
+    }
+
+    rendered.push_str(&path_template[cursor..]);
+    Ok(rendered)
+}
+
+/// Resolves the MIME type for the uploaded media content.
+///
+/// Priority:
+/// 1. `--upload-content-type` flag (explicit override)
+/// 2. File extension inference (common extensions mapped to MIME types)
+/// 3. Metadata `mimeType` (fallback for backward compatibility)
+/// 4. `application/octet-stream`
+///
+/// All returned MIME types have control characters stripped to prevent
+/// MIME header injection via user-controlled metadata.
+fn resolve_upload_mime(
+    explicit: Option<&str>,
+    upload_path: Option<&str>,
+    metadata: &Option<Value>,
+) -> String {
+    let raw = explicit
+        .map(|s| s.to_string())
+        .or_else(|| upload_path.and_then(mime_from_extension))
+        .or_else(|| {
+            metadata
+                .as_ref()
+                .and_then(|m| m.get("mimeType"))
+                .and_then(|v| v.as_str())
+                .map(|s| s.to_string())
+        })
+        .unwrap_or_else(|| "application/octet-stream".to_string());
+
+    // Strip CR/LF and other control characters to prevent MIME header injection.
+    let sanitized: String = raw.chars().filter(|c| !c.is_control()).collect();
+    if sanitized.is_empty() {
+        "application/octet-stream".to_string()
+    } else {
+        sanitized
+    }
+}
+
+/// Simple MIME type inference from file extension.
+/// Returns `None` for unrecognized extensions.
+fn mime_from_extension(path: &str) -> Option<String> {
+    let ext = path.rsplit('.').next()?.to_lowercase();
+    let mime = match ext.as_str() {
+        "txt" => "text/plain",
+        "html" | "htm" => "text/html",
+        "css" => "text/css",
+        "csv" => "text/csv",
+        "xml" => "application/xml",
+        "json" => "application/json",
+        "js" => "application/javascript",
+        "pdf" => "application/pdf",
+        "zip" => "application/zip",
+        "gz" | "gzip" => "application/gzip",
+        "tar" => "application/x-tar",
+        "png" => "image/png",
+        "jpg" | "jpeg" => "image/jpeg",
+        "gif" => "image/gif",
+        "svg" => "image/svg+xml",
+        "webp" => "image/webp",
+        "ico" => "image/x-icon",
+        "mp3" => "audio/mpeg",
+        "wav" => "audio/wav",
+        "mp4" => "video/mp4",
+        "webm" => "video/webm",
+        "md" | "markdown" => "text/markdown",
+        "yaml" | "yml" => "application/yaml",
+        "toml" => "application/toml",
+        "doc" => "application/msword",
+        "docx" => "application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document",
+        "xls" => "application/vnd.ms-excel",
+        "xlsx" => "application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet",
+        "ppt" => "application/vnd.ms-powerpoint",
+        "pptx" => "application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.presentationml.presentation",
+        "wasm" => "application/wasm",
+        _ => return None,
+    };
+    Some(mime.to_string())
+}
+
+/// Streams stdin as a raw request body via chunked transfer encoding.
+/// Used when the user passes `-` to the binary-body flag.
+fn build_stdin_body_stream() -> reqwest::Body {
+    let stream = tokio_util::io::ReaderStream::new(tokio::io::stdin());
+    reqwest::Body::wrap_stream(stream)
+}
+
+/// Streams a file as a raw request body. Used for operations whose request
+/// body is declared as a binary content type (e.g. `application/octet-stream`).
+/// Memory usage stays at O(64 KB) regardless of file size.
+///
+/// `flag_name` is the spec-derived CLI flag (`file`, `body`, or whatever
+/// `x-fern-parameter-name` set) — surfaced in the error message if the file
+/// disappears between the upfront `metadata()` check and stream open (TOCTOU).
+fn build_binary_file_stream(
+    file_path: &str,
+    file_size: u64,
+    flag_name: &str,
+) -> (reqwest::Body, u64) {
+    let file_path_owned = file_path.to_owned();
+    let flag_owned = flag_name.to_owned();
+    let stream = futures_util::stream::once(async move {
+        tokio::fs::File::open(&file_path_owned).await.map_err(|e| {
+            std::io::Error::new(
+                e.kind(),
+                format!("failed to open --{flag_owned} '{file_path_owned}': {e}"),
+            )
+        })
+    })
+    .map_ok(tokio_util::io::ReaderStream::new)
+    .try_flatten();
+
+    (reqwest::Body::wrap_stream(stream), file_size)
+}
+
+/// Builds a streaming multipart/related body for media upload requests.
+///
+/// Instead of reading the entire file into memory, this streams the file in
+/// chunks via `ReaderStream`, keeping memory usage at O(64 KB) regardless of
+/// file size. The `Content-Length` is pre-computed from file metadata so APIs
+/// Generate a unique boundary ID for multipart requests using timestamp.
+fn generate_boundary_id() -> u64 {
+    std::time::SystemTime::now()
+        .duration_since(std::time::UNIX_EPOCH)
+        .unwrap_or_default()
+        .as_nanos() as u64
+}
+
+/// still receive the correct header without buffering.
+///
+/// Returns `(body, content_type, content_length)`.
+fn build_multipart_stream(
+    metadata: &Option<Value>,
+    file_path: &str,
+    file_size: u64,
+    media_mime: &str,
+) -> Result<(reqwest::Body, String, u64), CliError> {
+    let boundary = format!("fern_boundary_{:016x}", generate_boundary_id());
+
+    let media_mime = media_mime.to_string();
+
+    let metadata_json = match metadata {
+        Some(m) => serde_json::to_string(m).map_err(|e| {
+            CliError::Validation(format!("Failed to serialize upload metadata: {e}"))
+        })?,
+        None => "{}".to_string(),
+    };
+
+    let preamble = format!(
+        "--{boundary}\r\nContent-Type: application/json; charset=UTF-8\r\n\r\n{metadata_json}\r\n\
+         --{boundary}\r\nContent-Type: {media_mime}\r\n\r\n"
+    );
+    let postamble = format!("\r\n--{boundary}--\r\n");
+
+    let content_length = preamble.len() as u64 + file_size + postamble.len() as u64;
+    let content_type = format!("multipart/related; boundary={boundary}");
+
+    let preamble_bytes: bytes::Bytes = preamble.into_bytes().into();
+    let postamble_bytes: bytes::Bytes = postamble.into_bytes().into();
+
+    let file_path_owned = file_path.to_owned();
+    let file_stream = futures_util::stream::once(async move {
+        tokio::fs::File::open(&file_path_owned).await.map_err(|e| {
+            std::io::Error::new(
+                e.kind(),
+                format!("failed to open upload file '{file_path_owned}': {e}"),
+            )
+        })
+    })
+    .map_ok(tokio_util::io::ReaderStream::new)
+    .try_flatten();
+
+    let stream = futures_util::stream::once(async { Ok::<_, std::io::Error>(preamble_bytes) })
+        .chain(file_stream)
+        .chain(futures_util::stream::once(async {
+            Ok::<_, std::io::Error>(postamble_bytes)
+        }));
+
+    Ok((
+        reqwest::Body::wrap_stream(stream),
+        content_type,
+        content_length,
+    ))
+}
+
+/// Builds a multipart/related body from in-memory bytes.
+///
+/// Used when the upload content is constructed in memory (e.g., a Gmail RFC 5322
+/// message with attachments) rather than read from a file on disk.
+fn build_multipart_bytes(
+    metadata: &Option<Value>,
+    data: &[u8],
+    media_mime: &str,
+) -> Result<(reqwest::Body, String, u64), CliError> {
+    let boundary = format!("fern_boundary_{:016x}", generate_boundary_id());
+
+    let metadata_json = match metadata {
+        Some(m) => serde_json::to_string(m).map_err(|e| {
+            CliError::Validation(format!("Failed to serialize upload metadata: {e}"))
+        })?,
+        None => "{}".to_string(),
+    };
+
+    let preamble = format!(
+        "--{boundary}\r\nContent-Type: application/json; charset=UTF-8\r\n\r\n{metadata_json}\r\n\
+         --{boundary}\r\nContent-Type: {media_mime}\r\n\r\n"
+    );
+    let postamble = format!("\r\n--{boundary}--\r\n");
+
+    let mut body = Vec::with_capacity(preamble.len() + data.len() + postamble.len());
+    body.extend_from_slice(preamble.as_bytes());
+    body.extend_from_slice(data);
+    body.extend_from_slice(postamble.as_bytes());
+
+    let content_length = body.len() as u64;
+    let content_type = format!("multipart/related; boundary={boundary}");
+
+    Ok((reqwest::Body::from(body), content_type, content_length))
+}
+
+/// Builds a buffered multipart/related body for media upload requests.
+///
+/// This is the legacy implementation retained for unit tests that need
+/// a fully materialized body to assert against.
+///
+/// Returns the body bytes and the Content-Type header value (with boundary).
+#[cfg(test)]
+fn build_multipart_body(
+    metadata: &Option<Value>,
+    file_bytes: &[u8],
+    media_mime: &str,
+) -> Result<(Vec<u8>, String), CliError> {
+    let boundary = format!("fern_boundary_{:016x}", generate_boundary_id());
+
+    // Build multipart/related body
+    let metadata_json = metadata
+        .as_ref()
+        .map(|m| serde_json::to_string(m).unwrap_or_else(|_| "{}".to_string()))
+        .unwrap_or_else(|| "{}".to_string());
+
+    let mut body = Vec::new();
+    // Part 1: JSON metadata
+    body.extend_from_slice(format!("--{boundary}\r\n").as_bytes());
+    body.extend_from_slice(b"Content-Type: application/json; charset=UTF-8\r\n\r\n");
+    body.extend_from_slice(metadata_json.as_bytes());
+    body.extend_from_slice(b"\r\n");
+    // Part 2: File content
+    body.extend_from_slice(format!("--{boundary}\r\n").as_bytes());
+    body.extend_from_slice(format!("Content-Type: {media_mime}\r\n\r\n").as_bytes());
+    body.extend_from_slice(file_bytes);
+    body.extend_from_slice(b"\r\n");
+    // Closing boundary
+    body.extend_from_slice(format!("--{boundary}--\r\n").as_bytes());
+
+    let content_type = format!("multipart/related; boundary={boundary}");
+    Ok((body, content_type))
+}
+
+/// Intentional duplication from `graphql/executor.rs` — no shared module by design.
+fn set_nested_value(obj: &mut Map<String, Value>, path: &str, value: Value) {
+    match path.split_once('.') {
+        None => {
+            obj.insert(path.to_string(), value);
+        }
+        Some((head, tail)) => {
+            let nested = obj
+                .entry(head.to_string())
+                .or_insert_with(|| Value::Object(Map::new()));
+            if let Value::Object(nested_map) = nested {
+                set_nested_value(nested_map, tail, value);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Apply the appropriate body encoding to the request based on the
+/// [`BodyEncoding`] variant. Sets the `Content-Type` header and body payload.
+fn encode_request_body(
+    request: reqwest::RequestBuilder,
+    body: &Value,
+    encoding: &BodyEncoding,
+) -> reqwest::RequestBuilder {
+    match encoding {
+        BodyEncoding::Json => request
+            .header("Content-Type", encoding.content_type())
+            .json(body),
+        BodyEncoding::FormUrlEncoded => {
+            let encoded = encode_form_body(body);
+            request
+                .header("Content-Type", encoding.content_type())
+                .body(encoded)
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Encode a JSON `Value` (expected to be an Object) into a
+/// `application/x-www-form-urlencoded` string. Top-level keys are
+/// emitted as-is; arrays repeat the key (e.g. `tag=a&tag=b`).
+/// Nested objects and arrays-of-objects are JSON-encoded as the value
+/// — no dot-notation or bracket expansion — so the encoding stays
+/// predictable for servers that treat `.` as a literal character.
+/// Non-object top-level values are serialized as a single
+/// `body=<value>` pair.
+fn encode_form_body(val: &Value) -> String {
+    let mut pairs: Vec<(String, String)> = Vec::new();
+    if let Value::Object(map) = val {
+        collect_form_pairs(map, &mut pairs);
+    } else {
+        pairs.push(("body".to_string(), value_to_form_str(val)));
+    }
+    form_urlencoded::Serializer::new(String::new())
+        .extend_pairs(pairs)
+        .finish()
+}
+
+fn collect_form_pairs(map: &Map<String, Value>, out: &mut Vec<(String, String)>) {
+    for (key, value) in map {
+        match value {
+            Value::Array(items) => {
+                for item in items {
+                    out.push((key.clone(), value_to_form_str(item)));
+                }
+            }
+            _ => out.push((key.clone(), value_to_form_str(value))),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn value_to_form_str(val: &Value) -> String {
+    match val {
+        Value::String(s) => s.clone(),
+        Value::Null => String::new(),
+        Value::Bool(b) => b.to_string(),
+        Value::Number(n) => n.to_string(),
+        other => other.to_string(),
+    }
+}
+
+///
+/// CLI flags arrive as `Value::String` (clap stores them as `String`), but a
+/// body field declared `integer` / `number` / `boolean` should land in the
+/// JSON body with the right runtime type, not as a quoted string. Values
+/// supplied via `--params` are already typed by `serde_json` and pass through
+/// unchanged. `object` and `array` types are JSON-decoded so callers can pass
+/// nested structures via individual flags (e.g. `--addresses '[{"city":"SF"}]'`).
+fn coerce_body_param_value(value: &Value, param_type: Option<&str>) -> Result<Value, CliError> {
+    let Value::String(raw) = value else {
+        return Ok(value.clone());
+    };
+    match param_type {
+        Some("integer") => raw
+            .parse::<i64>()
+            .map(|n| Value::Number(n.into()))
+            .map_err(|e| CliError::Validation(format!("Invalid integer body value '{raw}': {e}"))),
+        Some("number") => {
+            let n = raw.parse::<f64>().map_err(|e| {
+                CliError::Validation(format!("Invalid number body value '{raw}': {e}"))
+            })?;
+            serde_json::Number::from_f64(n)
+                .map(Value::Number)
+                .ok_or_else(|| CliError::Validation(format!("Non-finite number body value '{raw}'")))
+        }
+        Some("boolean") => match raw.as_str() {
+            "true" | "1" => Ok(Value::Bool(true)),
+            "false" | "0" => Ok(Value::Bool(false)),
+            _ => Err(CliError::Validation(format!(
+                "Invalid boolean body value '{raw}' (expected true/false)"
+            ))),
+        },
+        Some("object") | Some("array") => serde_json::from_str(raw).map_err(|e| {
+            CliError::Validation(format!("Invalid JSON body value for nested field: {e}"))
+        }),
+        _ => Ok(Value::String(raw.clone())),
+    }
+}
+
+/// Validates a JSON body against a Discovery Document schema.
+fn validate_body_against_schema(
+    body: &Value,
+    schema_name: &str,
+    doc: &RestDescription,
+) -> Result<(), CliError> {
+    let mut errors = Vec::new();
+    validate_value(body, schema_name, doc, "$", &mut errors);
+
+    if !errors.is_empty() {
+        return Err(CliError::Validation(format!(
+            "Request body failed schema validation:\n- {}",
+            errors.join("\n- ")
+        )));
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn validate_value(
+    value: &Value,
+    schema_ref_name: &str,
+    doc: &RestDescription,
+    path: &str,
+    errors: &mut Vec<String>,
+) {
+    let schema = match doc.schemas.get(schema_ref_name) {
+        Some(s) => s,
+        None => {
+            errors.push(format!("{path}: Schema '{schema_ref_name}' not found"));
+            return;
+        }
+    };
+
+    // If the top-level schema is an object
+    if schema.schema_type.as_deref() == Some("object") || !schema.properties.is_empty() {
+        if let Value::Object(obj) = value {
+            validate_properties(obj, &schema.properties, &schema.required, doc, path, errors);
+        } else {
+            errors.push(format!("{path}: Expected object"));
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn validate_properties(
+    obj: &Map<String, Value>,
+    properties: &HashMap<String, crate::openapi::discovery::JsonSchemaProperty>,
+    required_keys: &[String],
+    doc: &RestDescription,
+    path: &str,
+    errors: &mut Vec<String>,
+) {
+    // Check required keys first
+    for req_key in required_keys {
+        if !obj.contains_key(req_key) {
+            errors.push(format!("{path}: Missing required property '{req_key}'"));
+        }
+    }
+
+    // An empty properties map means "any additional properties are allowed"
+    // (JSON Schema default when additionalProperties is not explicitly false).
+    if properties.is_empty() {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    let valid_keys: std::collections::HashSet<&String> = properties.keys().collect();
+
+    for (key, val) in obj {
+        let current_path = if path == "$" {
+            key.clone()
+        } else {
+            format!("{path}.{key}")
+        };
+
+        if !valid_keys.contains(key) {
+            errors.push(format!(
+                "{current_path}: Unknown property. Valid properties: {:?}",
+                valid_keys.iter().map(|k| k.as_str()).collect::<Vec<_>>()
+            ));
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        let prop_schema = &properties[key];
+        validate_property(val, prop_schema, doc, &current_path, errors);
+    }
+}
+
+fn validate_property(
+    value: &Value,
+    prop_schema: &crate::openapi::discovery::JsonSchemaProperty,
+    doc: &RestDescription,
+    path: &str,
+    errors: &mut Vec<String>,
+) {
+    // 1. Resolve $ref if present
+    if let Some(ref_name) = &prop_schema.schema_ref {
+        validate_value(value, ref_name, doc, path, errors);
+        return;
+    }
+
+    // 2. Type checking
+    if let Some(expected_type) = &prop_schema.prop_type {
+        let type_matches = match (expected_type.as_str(), value) {
+            ("string", Value::String(_)) => true,
+            ("integer", Value::Number(n)) => n.is_i64() || n.is_u64(),
+            ("number", Value::Number(_)) => true,
+            ("boolean", Value::Bool(_)) => true,
+            ("array", Value::Array(_)) => true,
+            ("object", Value::Object(_)) => true,
+            ("any", _) => true,
+            _ => false,
+        };
+
+        if !type_matches {
+            errors.push(format!(
+                "{path}: Expected type '{expected_type}', found {}",
+                get_value_type(value)
+            ));
+            return; // Stop further validation for this property if the type is wrong
+        }
+    }
+
+    // 3. Array items validation
+    if prop_schema.prop_type.as_deref() == Some("array") {
+        if let Some(items_schema) = &prop_schema.items {
+            if let Value::Array(arr) = value {
+                for (i, item) in arr.iter().enumerate() {
+                    let item_path = format!("{path}[{i}]");
+                    validate_property(item, items_schema, doc, &item_path, errors);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // 4. Object properties validation
+    if prop_schema.prop_type.as_deref() == Some("object") && !prop_schema.properties.is_empty() {
+        if let Value::Object(obj) = value {
+            validate_properties(obj, &prop_schema.properties, &[], doc, path, errors);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // 5. Enum validation
+    if let Some(enum_values) = &prop_schema.enum_values {
+        if let Value::String(s) = value {
+            if !enum_values.contains(s) {
+                errors.push(format!(
+                    "{path}: Value '{s}' is not a valid enum member. Valid options: {enum_values:?}"
+                ));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn get_value_type(val: &Value) -> &'static str {
+    match val {
+        Value::Null => "null",
+        Value::Bool(_) => "boolean",
+        Value::Number(n) if n.is_f64() => "number (float)",
+        Value::Number(_) => "integer",
+        Value::String(_) => "string",
+        Value::Array(_) => "array",
+        Value::Object(_) => "object",
+    }
+}
+
+/// Maps a MIME type to a file extension.
+pub fn mime_to_extension(mime: &str) -> &str {
+    if mime.contains("pdf") {
+        "pdf"
+    } else if mime.contains("png") {
+        "png"
+    } else if mime.contains("jpeg") || mime.contains("jpg") {
+        "jpg"
+    } else if mime.contains("gif") {
+        "gif"
+    } else if mime.contains("csv") {
+        "csv"
+    } else if mime.contains("zip") {
+        "zip"
+    } else if mime.contains("xml") {
+        "xml"
+    } else if mime.contains("html") {
+        "html"
+    } else if mime.contains("plain") {
+        "txt"
+    } else if mime.contains("octet-stream") {
+        "bin"
+    } else if mime.contains("spreadsheet") || mime.contains("xlsx") {
+        "xlsx"
+    } else if mime.contains("document") || mime.contains("docx") {
+        "docx"
+    } else if mime.contains("presentation") || mime.contains("pptx") {
+        "pptx"
+    } else if mime.contains("script") {
+        "json"
+    } else {
+        "bin"
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::openapi::discovery::{
+        JsonSchema, JsonSchemaProperty, MethodParameter, RestDescription, RestMethod,
+    };
+    use serde_json::json;
+
+    // ---------------------------------------------------------------
+    // Retry helpers (`x-fern-retries`)
+    // ---------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    fn enabled_cfg() -> RetriesConfig {
+        RetriesConfig::default()
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_is_retryable_status_set_matches_docs() {
+        // Matches fern TS SDK retryStatusCodes: recommended set:
+        // 408 / 429 / 502 / 503 / 504.
+        for s in [408u16, 429, 502, 503, 504] {
+            assert!(is_retryable_status(s), "{s} should retry");
+        }
+        // 500 is deliberately NOT retried \u2014 see is_retryable_status
+        // docstring. 425 (Too Early), 501 Not Implemented, and other
+        // 5xx outside the recommended set are terminal. 4xx client
+        // errors won't change on retry, so they're terminal too.
+        for s in [200u16, 301, 400, 401, 403, 404, 422, 425, 500, 501, 505] {
+            assert!(!is_retryable_status(s), "{s} should NOT retry");
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_method_allows_retry_idempotent_methods() {
+        // HTTP-spec-idempotent methods retry regardless of the
+        // `x-fern-idempotent` extension.
+        for m in ["GET", "HEAD", "OPTIONS", "DELETE", "PUT"] {
+            assert!(method_allows_retry(m, false), "{m} should retry by default");
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_method_allows_retry_non_idempotent_methods_only_when_marked() {
+        // POST/PATCH only retry when the spec marks the op idempotent.
+        for m in ["POST", "PATCH"] {
+            assert!(!method_allows_retry(m, false), "{m} should NOT retry by default");
+            assert!(method_allows_retry(m, true), "{m} retries when x-fern-idempotent");
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_binary_body_is_stdin() {
+        // Stdin sentinels — retries must be disabled.
+        assert!(binary_body_is_stdin(Some("-")));
+        assert!(binary_body_is_stdin(Some("@-")));
+        // File paths — retries are safe (re-opens the file).
+        assert!(!binary_body_is_stdin(Some("/tmp/audio.mp3")));
+        assert!(!binary_body_is_stdin(Some("@/tmp/audio.mp3")));
+        // No binary body at all — retries decided by other policy.
+        assert!(!binary_body_is_stdin(None));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_parse_retry_after_numeric_seconds() {
+        let now = std::time::SystemTime::now();
+        let d = parse_retry_after("5", now).expect("numeric form");
+        assert_eq!(d, std::time::Duration::from_secs(5));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_parse_retry_after_zero() {
+        // `Retry-After: 0` means "retry now".
+        let d = parse_retry_after("0", std::time::SystemTime::now()).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(d, std::time::Duration::ZERO);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_parse_retry_after_whitespace_and_empty() {
+        assert!(parse_retry_after("", std::time::SystemTime::now()).is_none());
+        // Common server spelling has surrounding whitespace; we trim.
+        let d = parse_retry_after("  10  ", std::time::SystemTime::now()).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(d, std::time::Duration::from_secs(10));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_parse_retry_after_http_date_future() {
+        // 60 seconds in the future expressed as IMF-fixdate.
+        let now = std::time::SystemTime::now();
+        let target = now + std::time::Duration::from_secs(60);
+        let fmt = httpdate::fmt_http_date(target);
+        let d = parse_retry_after(&fmt, now).expect("http-date form parses");
+        // Allow slight skew because `fmt_http_date` rounds to seconds.
+        assert!(d.as_secs() >= 59 && d.as_secs() <= 60, "got {d:?}");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_parse_retry_after_http_date_in_the_past_clamps_to_zero() {
+        // A server that emits a past timestamp \u2014 either clock-skew or
+        // an unusual "you can retry now" gesture \u2014 should collapse to
+        // an immediate retry rather than underflow.
+        let now = std::time::SystemTime::now();
+        let target = now - std::time::Duration::from_secs(60);
+        let fmt = httpdate::fmt_http_date(target);
+        let d = parse_retry_after(&fmt, now).expect("past http-date parses");
+        assert_eq!(d, std::time::Duration::ZERO);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_parse_retry_after_garbage_returns_none() {
+        assert!(
+            parse_retry_after("nonsense", std::time::SystemTime::now()).is_none(),
+            "bad header surfaces None so the backoff fallback applies"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_compute_backoff_delay_no_jitter_is_deterministic() {
+        let cfg = RetriesConfig {
+            enabled: true,
+            max_attempts: 5,
+            base_delay_ms: 100,
+            factor: 2.0,
+            jitter: 0.0,
+        };
+        // attempt=0 \u2192 100ms; attempt=1 \u2192 200; attempt=2 \u2192 400; ...
+        assert_eq!(
+            compute_backoff_delay_with_rand(0, &cfg, 0.5),
+            std::time::Duration::from_millis(100)
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            compute_backoff_delay_with_rand(1, &cfg, 0.5),
+            std::time::Duration::from_millis(200)
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            compute_backoff_delay_with_rand(2, &cfg, 0.5),
+            std::time::Duration::from_millis(400)
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            compute_backoff_delay_with_rand(3, &cfg, 0.5),
+            std::time::Duration::from_millis(800)
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_compute_backoff_delay_jitter_symmetric_around_raw() {
+        let cfg = RetriesConfig {
+            enabled: true,
+            max_attempts: 5,
+            base_delay_ms: 100,
+            factor: 2.0,
+            jitter: 0.5,
+        };
+        // rand=0.5 \u2192 offset is zero \u2192 raw delay.
+        assert_eq!(
+            compute_backoff_delay_with_rand(0, &cfg, 0.5),
+            std::time::Duration::from_millis(100)
+        );
+        // rand=0.0 \u2192 subtract half the jitter span.
+        // span = 100 * 0.5 = 50; offset = (0 - 0.5) * 50 = -25 \u2192 75ms
+        assert_eq!(
+            compute_backoff_delay_with_rand(0, &cfg, 0.0),
+            std::time::Duration::from_millis(75)
+        );
+        // rand=1.0 \u2192 add half the jitter span. offset = +25 \u2192 125ms
+        assert_eq!(
+            compute_backoff_delay_with_rand(0, &cfg, 1.0),
+            std::time::Duration::from_millis(125)
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_compute_backoff_delay_disabled_returns_zero() {
+        let cfg = RetriesConfig::disabled();
+        assert_eq!(
+            compute_backoff_delay_with_rand(0, &cfg, 0.5),
+            std::time::Duration::ZERO
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_compute_backoff_delay_default_entropy_produces_jitter() {
+        // Regression: an earlier implementation sampled entropy from
+        // `Instant::now().elapsed()`, which always returns ~0 nanos and
+        // pinned the jitter sample to a constant — defeating jitter.
+        // Sample the live `compute_backoff_delay` 64 times with a wide
+        // jitter band and assert we see at least two distinct values.
+        let cfg = RetriesConfig {
+            enabled: true,
+            max_attempts: 3,
+            base_delay_ms: 1000,
+            factor: 1.0,
+            jitter: 1.0,
+        };
+        let mut samples = std::collections::HashSet::new();
+        for _ in 0..64 {
+            samples.insert(compute_backoff_delay(0, &cfg).as_millis());
+            // Tiny pause so the wall-clock sub-second component
+            // advances between samples in fast CI environments.
+            std::thread::sleep(std::time::Duration::from_micros(50));
+        }
+        assert!(
+            samples.len() > 1,
+            "expected variance in jitter samples, got {samples:?}",
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_decide_retry_no_retry_flag_short_circuits() {
+        // `--no-retry` is the user-facing debug opt-out. Mirrors the
+        // PR description's open design question: yes, full opt-out
+        // even for network errors so users can debug.
+        let cfg = enabled_cfg();
+        let outcome = RetryOutcome {
+            status: None,
+            retry_after: None,
+        };
+        let d = decide_retry(0, &outcome, &cfg, "GET", false, /*no_retry=*/ true);
+        assert!(d.is_none(), "--no-retry disables all retries");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_decide_retry_disabled_config_no_retry() {
+        let cfg = RetriesConfig::disabled();
+        let outcome = RetryOutcome {
+            status: Some(503),
+            retry_after: None,
+        };
+        let d = decide_retry(0, &outcome, &cfg, "GET", false, false);
+        assert!(d.is_none(), "disabled config never retries");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_decide_retry_max_attempts_cap() {
+        let cfg = RetriesConfig {
+            enabled: true,
+            max_attempts: 3,
+            base_delay_ms: 1,
+            factor: 1.0,
+            jitter: 0.0,
+        };
+        let outcome = RetryOutcome {
+            status: Some(503),
+            retry_after: None,
+        };
+        // attempt 0 -> retry (allowed)
+        assert!(decide_retry(0, &outcome, &cfg, "GET", false, false).is_some());
+        // attempt 1 -> retry (allowed)
+        assert!(decide_retry(1, &outcome, &cfg, "GET", false, false).is_some());
+        // attempt 2 -> done; we've used all 3 attempts. Stop.
+        assert!(decide_retry(2, &outcome, &cfg, "GET", false, false).is_none());
+        // attempt 3+ -> never. Defensive.
+        assert!(decide_retry(3, &outcome, &cfg, "GET", false, false).is_none());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_decide_retry_retryable_status_get_retries() {
+        let cfg = enabled_cfg();
+        let outcome = RetryOutcome {
+            status: Some(503),
+            retry_after: None,
+        };
+        let d = decide_retry(0, &outcome, &cfg, "GET", false, false);
+        assert!(d.is_some());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_decide_retry_non_retryable_status_no_retry() {
+        // 401 Unauthorized never retries \u2014 wait won't make creds valid.
+        let cfg = enabled_cfg();
+        let outcome = RetryOutcome {
+            status: Some(401),
+            retry_after: None,
+        };
+        let d = decide_retry(0, &outcome, &cfg, "GET", false, false);
+        assert!(d.is_none());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_decide_retry_post_503_without_idempotent_no_retry() {
+        // Plain POST got 503 \u2014 the server may have processed it.
+        // Don't retry without an explicit idempotent marker.
+        let cfg = enabled_cfg();
+        let outcome = RetryOutcome {
+            status: Some(503),
+            retry_after: None,
+        };
+        let d = decide_retry(0, &outcome, &cfg, "POST", false, false);
+        assert!(d.is_none());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_decide_retry_post_503_with_idempotent_retries() {
+        // POST marked idempotent (x-fern-idempotent) is safe to retry.
+        let cfg = enabled_cfg();
+        let outcome = RetryOutcome {
+            status: Some(503),
+            retry_after: None,
+        };
+        let d = decide_retry(0, &outcome, &cfg, "POST", true, false);
+        assert!(d.is_some());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_decide_retry_post_429_always_safe() {
+        // 429 means the server *didn't* process the request \u2014 always
+        // safe to retry regardless of method idempotency.
+        let cfg = enabled_cfg();
+        let outcome = RetryOutcome {
+            status: Some(429),
+            retry_after: None,
+        };
+        let d = decide_retry(0, &outcome, &cfg, "POST", false, false);
+        assert!(d.is_some(), "429 retries on non-idempotent methods");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_decide_retry_network_error_get_retries() {
+        let cfg = enabled_cfg();
+        let outcome = RetryOutcome {
+            status: None,
+            retry_after: None,
+        };
+        let d = decide_retry(0, &outcome, &cfg, "GET", false, false);
+        assert!(d.is_some());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_decide_retry_network_error_post_without_idempotent_no_retry() {
+        // Network failure on a POST: ambiguous whether the server got
+        // the request. Mirror the per-method policy here too.
+        let cfg = enabled_cfg();
+        let outcome = RetryOutcome {
+            status: None,
+            retry_after: None,
+        };
+        let d = decide_retry(0, &outcome, &cfg, "POST", false, false);
+        assert!(d.is_none());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_decide_retry_honors_retry_after_numeric() {
+        // When the server provides Retry-After, honor it instead of
+        // the computed backoff (the server knows better than we do).
+        let cfg = enabled_cfg();
+        let outcome = RetryOutcome {
+            status: Some(503),
+            retry_after: Some("7"),
+        };
+        let d = decide_retry(0, &outcome, &cfg, "GET", false, false)
+            .expect("should retry");
+        assert_eq!(d, std::time::Duration::from_secs(7));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_decide_retry_falls_back_to_backoff_when_retry_after_invalid() {
+        let cfg = enabled_cfg();
+        let outcome = RetryOutcome {
+            status: Some(503),
+            retry_after: Some("not-a-number"),
+        };
+        let d = decide_retry(0, &outcome, &cfg, "GET", false, false)
+            .expect("should retry");
+        // Falls back to backoff math \u2014 not zero, not the parsed value.
+        assert!(d > std::time::Duration::ZERO);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_binary_body_source_plain_path() {
+        match BinaryBodySource::parse("/tmp/audio.mp3") {
+            BinaryBodySource::File(p) => assert_eq!(p, "/tmp/audio.mp3"),
+            BinaryBodySource::Stdin => panic!("expected File"),
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_binary_body_source_at_path_strips_prefix() {
+        match BinaryBodySource::parse("@/tmp/audio.mp3") {
+            BinaryBodySource::File(p) => assert_eq!(p, "/tmp/audio.mp3"),
+            BinaryBodySource::Stdin => panic!("expected File"),
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_binary_body_source_dash_is_stdin() {
+        assert!(matches!(BinaryBodySource::parse("-"), BinaryBodySource::Stdin));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_binary_body_source_at_dash_is_stdin() {
+        // curl's spelling for stdin is `@-`; we accept it as an alias for `-`.
+        assert!(matches!(BinaryBodySource::parse("@-"), BinaryBodySource::Stdin));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_binary_body_source_double_at_is_literal_at_path() {
+        // Only the first `@` is stripped — matches curl's behavior for filenames
+        // that legitimately start with `@`.
+        match BinaryBodySource::parse("@@weird-name.mp3") {
+            BinaryBodySource::File(p) => assert_eq!(p, "@weird-name.mp3"),
+            BinaryBodySource::Stdin => panic!("expected File"),
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_header_params_not_in_query_string() {
+        let mut parameters = std::collections::HashMap::new();
+        parameters.insert(
+            "user_id".to_string(),
+            MethodParameter {
+                location: Some("path".to_string()),
+                required: true,
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+        );
+        parameters.insert(
+            "X-Custom-Header".to_string(),
+            MethodParameter {
+                location: Some("header".to_string()),
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+        );
+        parameters.insert(
+            "limit".to_string(),
+            MethodParameter {
+                location: Some("query".to_string()),
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+        );
+
+        let method = RestMethod {
+            http_method: "GET".to_string(),
+            path: "users/{user_id}".to_string(),
+            parameters,
+            parameter_order: vec!["user_id".to_string()],
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+
+        let doc = RestDescription {
+            base_url: Some("https://api.example.com/".to_string()),
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+
+        let params_json =
+            r#"{"user_id": "123", "X-Custom-Header": "my-value", "limit": "10"}"#;
+        let input =
+            parse_and_validate_inputs(&doc, &method, Some(params_json), None, false, None, &[]).unwrap();
+
+        // Header param should be in header_params
+        assert_eq!(input.header_params.len(), 1);
+        assert_eq!(input.header_params[0].0, "X-Custom-Header");
+        assert_eq!(input.header_params[0].1, "my-value");
+
+        // Header param should NOT be in query_params
+        assert!(
+            !input
+                .query_params
+                .iter()
+                .any(|(k, _)| k == "X-Custom-Header"),
+            "Header param should not appear in query_params"
+        );
+
+        // Query param should still be in query_params
+        assert!(
+            input.query_params.iter().any(|(k, _)| k == "limit"),
+            "Query param should appear in query_params"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_header_params_sent_as_http_headers() {
+        let client = reqwest::Client::new();
+        let method = RestMethod {
+            http_method: "GET".to_string(),
+            path: "users".to_string(),
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let input = ExecutionInput {
+            full_url: "https://example.com/users".to_string(),
+            body: None,
+            query_params: Vec::new(),
+            header_params: vec![(
+                "X-Custom-Header".to_string(),
+                "header-value".to_string(),
+            )],
+            is_upload: false,
+        };
+
+        let request = build_http_request(
+            &client,
+            &method,
+            &input,
+            &crate::auth::no_auth_provider(),
+            &EndpointAuthMetadata::unspecified(),
+            &PageState::Cursor(None),
+            0,
+            &None,
+            None,
+            &PaginationConfig::default(),
+        )
+        .await
+        .unwrap();
+
+        let built = request.build().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(
+            built
+                .headers()
+                .get("X-Custom-Header")
+                .map(|v| v.to_str().unwrap()),
+            Some("header-value"),
+            "Header params should be sent as HTTP headers"
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            built.headers().get("Accept").map(|v| v.to_str().unwrap()),
+            Some("application/json"),
+            "Default Accept prefers JSON for content negotiation"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_default_accept_skipped_when_accept_in_params() {
+        let client = reqwest::Client::new();
+        let method = RestMethod {
+            http_method: "GET".to_string(),
+            path: "users".to_string(),
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let input = ExecutionInput {
+            full_url: "https://example.com/users".to_string(),
+            body: None,
+            query_params: Vec::new(),
+            header_params: vec![("Accept".to_string(), "application/xml".to_string())],
+            is_upload: false,
+        };
+
+        let request = build_http_request(
+            &client,
+            &method,
+            &input,
+            &crate::auth::no_auth_provider(),
+            &EndpointAuthMetadata::unspecified(),
+            &PageState::Cursor(None),
+            0,
+            &None,
+            None,
+            &PaginationConfig::default(),
+        )
+        .await
+        .unwrap();
+
+        let built = request.build().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(
+            built.headers().get("Accept").map(|v| v.to_str().unwrap()),
+            Some("application/xml"),
+            "Explicit Accept in header params should not be overridden"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_explicit_anonymous_endpoint_skips_auth() {
+        // `security: []` on an operation means "this endpoint is explicitly
+        // unauthenticated" — the executor must not attach credentials even
+        // when a credential-bearing provider is configured. Regression for
+        // the leaf/Any/All path: only RoutingAuthProvider honored this
+        // before; now the executor short-circuits universally.
+        let client = reqwest::Client::new();
+        let method = RestMethod {
+            http_method: "GET".to_string(),
+            path: "public/ping".to_string(),
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let input = ExecutionInput {
+            full_url: "https://example.com/public/ping".to_string(),
+            body: None,
+            query_params: Vec::new(),
+            header_params: Vec::new(),
+            is_upload: false,
+        };
+        // A bare bearer leaf — would normally attach Authorization.
+        let provider: crate::auth::DynAuthProvider = std::sync::Arc::new(
+            crate::auth::BearerAuthProvider::new(
+                "bearerAuth",
+                crate::auth::AuthCredentialSource::literal("tok"),
+            ),
+        );
+
+        let request = build_http_request(
+            &client,
+            &method,
+            &input,
+            &provider,
+            &EndpointAuthMetadata::explicit_anonymous(),
+            &PageState::Cursor(None),
+            0,
+            &None,
+            None,
+            &PaginationConfig::default(),
+        )
+        .await
+        .unwrap();
+
+        let built = request.build().unwrap();
+        assert!(
+            built.headers().get(reqwest::header::AUTHORIZATION).is_none(),
+            "security: [] must opt out of auth even with a bearer provider"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_coerce_body_param_value_scalar_types() {
+        // CLI flags arrive as Value::String; coerce them per the schema's type.
+        assert_eq!(
+            coerce_body_param_value(&Value::String("42".into()), Some("integer")).unwrap(),
+            json!(42)
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            coerce_body_param_value(&Value::String("2.5".into()), Some("number")).unwrap(),
+            json!(2.5)
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            coerce_body_param_value(&Value::String("true".into()), Some("boolean")).unwrap(),
+            Value::Bool(true)
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            coerce_body_param_value(&Value::String("false".into()), Some("boolean")).unwrap(),
+            Value::Bool(false)
+        );
+        // String type passes through unchanged.
+        assert_eq!(
+            coerce_body_param_value(&Value::String("hello".into()), Some("string")).unwrap(),
+            json!("hello")
+        );
+        // Already-typed values from `--params` JSON pass through.
+        assert_eq!(
+            coerce_body_param_value(&json!(99), Some("integer")).unwrap(),
+            json!(99)
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_coerce_body_param_value_nested_decodes_json() {
+        // Object/array body fields accept a JSON string from the CLI flag.
+        let arr = coerce_body_param_value(
+            &Value::String(r#"["a","b"]"#.into()),
+            Some("array"),
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(arr, json!(["a", "b"]));
+
+        let obj = coerce_body_param_value(
+            &Value::String(r#"{"city":"SF"}"#.into()),
+            Some("object"),
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(obj, json!({ "city": "SF" }));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_coerce_body_param_value_rejects_bad_input() {
+        let err = coerce_body_param_value(
+            &Value::String("not-an-int".into()),
+            Some("integer"),
+        )
+        .unwrap_err();
+        match err {
+            CliError::Validation(msg) => assert!(msg.contains("Invalid integer")),
+            _ => panic!("Expected Validation error"),
+        }
+
+        let err = coerce_body_param_value(
+            &Value::String("yes".into()),
+            Some("boolean"),
+        )
+        .unwrap_err();
+        match err {
+            CliError::Validation(msg) => assert!(msg.contains("Invalid boolean")),
+            _ => panic!("Expected Validation error"),
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_body_params_merge_into_body_via_params_json() {
+        // `--params` is the JSON-blob fallback that mirrors per-flag values;
+        // body-located params should land in the JSON body, not the query string.
+        let mut parameters = std::collections::HashMap::new();
+        parameters.insert(
+            "name".to_string(),
+            MethodParameter {
+                location: Some("body".to_string()),
+                param_type: Some("string".to_string()),
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+        );
+        parameters.insert(
+            "count".to_string(),
+            MethodParameter {
+                location: Some("body".to_string()),
+                param_type: Some("integer".to_string()),
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+        );
+
+        let method = RestMethod {
+            http_method: "POST".to_string(),
+            path: "things".to_string(),
+            parameters,
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let doc = RestDescription {
+            base_url: Some("https://api.example.com/".to_string()),
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+
+        let params_json = r#"{"name": "Acme", "count": "3"}"#;
+        let input = parse_and_validate_inputs(&doc, &method, Some(params_json), None, false, None, &[])
+            .unwrap();
+
+        // Body must contain both fields, with `count` coerced to a JSON integer.
+        let body = input.body.expect("body should be populated from body params");
+        assert_eq!(body, json!({ "name": "Acme", "count": 3 }));
+
+        // Body fields must NOT bleed into the query string or headers.
+        assert!(input.query_params.is_empty(), "no query params expected");
+        assert!(input.header_params.is_empty(), "no header params expected");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_json_flag_overrides_body_field_flags() {
+        // When both per-field flags AND `--json` are set, `--json` wins on
+        // overlapping keys (mirrors `--params` overriding individual flags).
+        let mut parameters = std::collections::HashMap::new();
+        parameters.insert(
+            "name".to_string(),
+            MethodParameter {
+                location: Some("body".to_string()),
+                param_type: Some("string".to_string()),
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+        );
+        parameters.insert(
+            "description".to_string(),
+            MethodParameter {
+                location: Some("body".to_string()),
+                param_type: Some("string".to_string()),
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+        );
+
+        let method = RestMethod {
+            http_method: "POST".to_string(),
+            path: "things".to_string(),
+            parameters,
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let doc = RestDescription {
+            base_url: Some("https://api.example.com/".to_string()),
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+
+        let params_json = r#"{"name": "from-flag", "description": "kept-from-flag"}"#;
+        let body_json = r#"{"name": "from-json"}"#;
+        let input = parse_and_validate_inputs(
+            &doc,
+            &method,
+            Some(params_json),
+            Some(body_json),
+            false,
+            None,
+            &[],
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+
+        let body = input.body.expect("body should be populated");
+        assert_eq!(
+            body,
+            json!({ "name": "from-json", "description": "kept-from-flag" }),
+            "--json overrides overlapping per-field values, leaves the rest alone"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_required_body_field_missing_mentions_flag_json_and_params() {
+        // A required body field that isn't supplied at all should produce a
+        // validation error that names the per-field flag, --json, and
+        // --params, so the user knows every way to fix it. The previous
+        // message only mentioned --params, which was misleading once
+        // per-field body flags shipped.
+        let mut parameters = std::collections::HashMap::new();
+        parameters.insert(
+            "name".to_string(),
+            MethodParameter {
+                location: Some("body".to_string()),
+                param_type: Some("string".to_string()),
+                required: true,
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+        );
+
+        let method = RestMethod {
+            http_method: "POST".to_string(),
+            path: "things".to_string(),
+            parameters,
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let doc = RestDescription {
+            base_url: Some("https://api.example.com/".to_string()),
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+
+        let err = parse_and_validate_inputs(&doc, &method, None, None, false, None, &[])
+            .unwrap_err();
+        match err {
+            CliError::Validation(msg) => {
+                assert!(msg.contains("'name'"), "error names the missing field: {msg}");
+                assert!(msg.contains("--name"), "error names the per-field flag: {msg}");
+                assert!(msg.contains("--json"), "error names --json for body fields: {msg}");
+                assert!(msg.contains("--params"), "error names --params: {msg}");
+            }
+            other => panic!("expected Validation error, got {other:?}"),
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_required_param_missing_uses_flag_name_override() {
+        // When a parameter has `flag_name_override` set (e.g. synthetic
+        // idempotency-key flags inject the wire name verbatim), the error
+        // message must suggest THAT flag — not a kebab of the wire name.
+        // Otherwise the suggestion points at a flag the user can't pass.
+        let mut parameters = std::collections::HashMap::new();
+        parameters.insert(
+            "Idempotency-Key".to_string(),
+            MethodParameter {
+                location: Some("header".to_string()),
+                param_type: Some("string".to_string()),
+                required: true,
+                flag_name_override: Some("idempotency-key".to_string()),
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+        );
+
+        let method = RestMethod {
+            http_method: "POST".to_string(),
+            path: "things".to_string(),
+            parameters,
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let doc = RestDescription {
+            base_url: Some("https://api.example.com/".to_string()),
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+
+        let err = parse_and_validate_inputs(&doc, &method, None, None, false, None, &[])
+            .unwrap_err();
+        match err {
+            CliError::Validation(msg) => {
+                assert!(
+                    msg.contains("--idempotency-key"),
+                    "error must point at the actual flag name from flag_name_override: {msg}"
+                );
+            }
+            other => panic!("expected Validation error, got {other:?}"),
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_non_object_json_replaces_body_and_drops_per_field_flags() {
+        // A top-level non-object `--json` (array/scalar) has no shape to
+        // merge per-field flag values into, so flags are dropped and the
+        // `--json` payload is used wholesale. Lock in that behavior so
+        // future refactors of the body-assembly match don't accidentally
+        // start emitting nonsense (e.g. wrapping the array in an object
+        // with the flag values).
+        let mut parameters = std::collections::HashMap::new();
+        parameters.insert(
+            "name".to_string(),
+            MethodParameter {
+                location: Some("body".to_string()),
+                param_type: Some("string".to_string()),
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+        );
+
+        let method = RestMethod {
+            http_method: "POST".to_string(),
+            path: "things".to_string(),
+            parameters,
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let doc = RestDescription {
+            base_url: Some("https://api.example.com/".to_string()),
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+
+        // `--name` is supplied via params; `--json` is a bare array.
+        let params_json = r#"{"name": "from-flag-loses"}"#;
+        let body_json = r#"[1, 2, 3]"#;
+        let input = parse_and_validate_inputs(
+            &doc,
+            &method,
+            Some(params_json),
+            Some(body_json),
+            false,
+            None,
+            &[],
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+
+        let body = input.body.expect("body should be populated");
+        assert_eq!(
+            body,
+            json!([1, 2, 3]),
+            "non-object --json must replace the body wholesale, not be merged"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_required_non_body_param_missing_omits_json_hint() {
+        // The --json hint is body-specific. A missing required query/path/
+        // header param should NOT suggest --json — it would mislead the
+        // user into thinking the body matters here.
+        let mut parameters = std::collections::HashMap::new();
+        parameters.insert(
+            "limit".to_string(),
+            MethodParameter {
+                location: Some("query".to_string()),
+                param_type: Some("integer".to_string()),
+                required: true,
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+        );
+
+        let method = RestMethod {
+            http_method: "GET".to_string(),
+            path: "things".to_string(),
+            parameters,
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let doc = RestDescription {
+            base_url: Some("https://api.example.com/".to_string()),
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+
+        let err = parse_and_validate_inputs(&doc, &method, None, None, false, None, &[])
+            .unwrap_err();
+        match err {
+            CliError::Validation(msg) => {
+                assert!(msg.contains("--limit"), "error names the per-field flag: {msg}");
+                assert!(msg.contains("--params"), "error names --params: {msg}");
+                assert!(!msg.contains("--json"), "non-body error should not mention --json: {msg}");
+            }
+            other => panic!("expected Validation error, got {other:?}"),
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_per_field_body_flags_path_runs_schema_validation() {
+        // Schema validation must run regardless of whether the body was
+        // built from --json or from per-field flags. The previous version
+        // only validated on the --json path, letting flag-only bodies skip
+        // schema checks even though clap-typed strings are more likely to
+        // produce shape mismatches than hand-written JSON.
+        let mut parameters = std::collections::HashMap::new();
+        parameters.insert(
+            "name".to_string(),
+            MethodParameter {
+                location: Some("body".to_string()),
+                param_type: Some("string".to_string()),
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+        );
+
+        // Schema declares `name` as an integer — a string value from the
+        // per-field flag should be rejected by the schema validator.
+        let mut schema_props = std::collections::HashMap::new();
+        schema_props.insert(
+            "name".to_string(),
+            crate::openapi::discovery::JsonSchemaProperty {
+                prop_type: Some("integer".to_string()),
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+        );
+        let mut schemas = std::collections::HashMap::new();
+        schemas.insert(
+            "ThingRequest".to_string(),
+            crate::openapi::discovery::JsonSchema {
+                schema_type: Some("object".to_string()),
+                properties: schema_props,
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+        );
+
+        let method = RestMethod {
+            http_method: "POST".to_string(),
+            path: "things".to_string(),
+            parameters,
+            request: Some(crate::openapi::discovery::SchemaRef {
+                schema_ref: Some("ThingRequest".to_string()),
+                ..Default::default()
+            }),
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let doc = RestDescription {
+            base_url: Some("https://api.example.com/".to_string()),
+            schemas,
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+
+        let params_json = r#"{"name": "not-an-integer"}"#;
+        let err = parse_and_validate_inputs(&doc, &method, Some(params_json), None, false, None, &[])
+            .unwrap_err();
+        match err {
+            CliError::Validation(msg) => {
+                assert!(
+                    msg.contains("schema validation"),
+                    "schema validator should fire on flag-only body: {msg}"
+                );
+            }
+            other => panic!("expected Validation error, got {other:?}"),
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_pagination_config_default() {
+        let config = PaginationConfig::default();
+        assert!(!config.page_all);
+        assert_eq!(config.page_limit, 10);
+        assert_eq!(config.page_delay_ms, 100);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_mime_to_extension_more_types() {
+        assert_eq!(mime_to_extension("text/plain"), "txt");
+        assert_eq!(mime_to_extension("text/csv"), "csv");
+        assert_eq!(mime_to_extension("application/zip"), "zip");
+        assert_eq!(mime_to_extension("application/xml"), "xml");
+        assert_eq!(mime_to_extension("text/html"), "html");
+        assert_eq!(mime_to_extension("application/json"), "bin"); // Default for unknown specific json types if not scripts
+        assert_eq!(
+            mime_to_extension("application/vnd.google-apps.script"),
+            "json"
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            mime_to_extension("application/vnd.google-apps.presentation"),
+            "pptx"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_validate_body_valid() {
+        let mut properties = HashMap::new();
+        properties.insert(
+            "name".to_string(),
+            JsonSchemaProperty {
+                prop_type: Some("string".to_string()),
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+        );
+
+        let mut schemas = HashMap::new();
+        schemas.insert(
+            "File".to_string(),
+            JsonSchema {
+                properties,
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+        );
+
+        let doc = RestDescription {
+            schemas,
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+
+        let body = json!({ "name": "My File" });
+        assert!(validate_body_against_schema(&body, "File", &doc).is_ok());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_validate_body_open_schema_allows_any_properties() {
+        // A schema with type=object but no properties defined is an open schema:
+        // any properties are allowed (JSON Schema default).
+        let schemas = HashMap::from([(
+            "Body".to_string(),
+            JsonSchema {
+                schema_type: Some("object".to_string()),
+                properties: HashMap::new(),
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+        )]);
+        let doc = RestDescription { schemas, ..Default::default() };
+        let body = json!({ "name": "foo", "count": 3, "nested": {"x": 1} });
+        assert!(
+            validate_body_against_schema(&body, "Body", &doc).is_ok(),
+            "open object schema should accept any properties"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_validate_body_unknown_field() {
+        let mut properties = HashMap::new();
+        properties.insert(
+            "name".to_string(),
+            JsonSchemaProperty {
+                prop_type: Some("string".to_string()),
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+        );
+
+        let mut schemas = HashMap::new();
+        schemas.insert(
+            "File".to_string(),
+            JsonSchema {
+                schema_type: Some("object".to_string()),
+                properties,
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+        );
+
+        let doc = RestDescription {
+            schemas,
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+
+        let body = json!({ "name": "My File", "invalidField": 123 });
+        let result = validate_body_against_schema(&body, "File", &doc);
+        assert!(result.is_err());
+        assert!(result.unwrap_err().to_string().contains("Unknown property"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_validate_body_deep_validation() {
+        let mut properties = HashMap::new();
+        properties.insert(
+            "name".to_string(),
+            JsonSchemaProperty {
+                prop_type: Some("string".to_string()),
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+        );
+        properties.insert(
+            "status".to_string(),
+            JsonSchemaProperty {
+                prop_type: Some("string".to_string()),
+                enum_values: Some(vec!["ACTIVE".to_string(), "INACTIVE".to_string()]),
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+        );
+        properties.insert(
+            "count".to_string(),
+            JsonSchemaProperty {
+                prop_type: Some("integer".to_string()),
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+        );
+        properties.insert(
+            "tags".to_string(),
+            JsonSchemaProperty {
+                prop_type: Some("array".to_string()),
+                items: Some(Box::new(JsonSchemaProperty {
+                    prop_type: Some("string".to_string()),
+                    ..Default::default()
+                })),
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+        );
+        properties.insert(
+            "parent".to_string(),
+            JsonSchemaProperty {
+                schema_ref: Some("Parent".to_string()),
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+        );
+
+        let mut parent_props = HashMap::new();
+        parent_props.insert(
+            "id".to_string(),
+            JsonSchemaProperty {
+                prop_type: Some("string".to_string()),
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+        );
+
+        let mut schemas = HashMap::new();
+        schemas.insert(
+            "File".to_string(),
+            JsonSchema {
+                schema_type: Some("object".to_string()),
+                required: vec!["name".to_string(), "status".to_string()],
+                properties,
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+        );
+        schemas.insert(
+            "Parent".to_string(),
+            JsonSchema {
+                schema_type: Some("object".to_string()),
+                properties: parent_props,
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+        );
+
+        let doc = RestDescription {
+            schemas,
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+
+        // Valid Request
+        let body = json!({
+            "name": "My File",
+            "status": "ACTIVE",
+            "count": 10,
+            "tags": ["one", "two"],
+            "parent": { "id": "123" }
+        });
+        assert!(validate_body_against_schema(&body, "File", &doc).is_ok());
+
+        // Missing Required Field
+        let body_missing = json!({ "name": "My File" });
+        let err = validate_body_against_schema(&body_missing, "File", &doc).unwrap_err();
+        assert!(err
+            .to_string()
+            .contains("Missing required property 'status'"));
+
+        // Invalid Enum Value
+        let body_bad_enum = json!({ "name": "My File", "status": "UNKNOWN" });
+        let err = validate_body_against_schema(&body_bad_enum, "File", &doc).unwrap_err();
+        assert!(err.to_string().contains("not a valid enum member"));
+
+        // Invalid Type
+        let body_bad_type = json!({ "name": "My File", "status": "ACTIVE", "count": "10" });
+        let err = validate_body_against_schema(&body_bad_type, "File", &doc).unwrap_err();
+        assert!(err
+            .to_string()
+            .contains("Expected type 'integer', found string"));
+
+        // Deep Schema Reference Validation Failure
+        let body_bad_ref = json!({
+            "name": "My File",
+            "status": "ACTIVE",
+            "parent": { "invalidField": "123" }
+        });
+        let err = validate_body_against_schema(&body_bad_ref, "File", &doc).unwrap_err();
+        assert!(err.to_string().contains("Unknown property"));
+
+        // Expected Object Type Failure
+        let body_not_object = json!([]);
+        let err = validate_body_against_schema(&body_not_object, "File", &doc).unwrap_err();
+        assert!(err.to_string().contains("Expected object"));
+    }
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_build_multipart_body() {
+        let metadata = Some(json!({ "name": "test.txt", "mimeType": "text/plain" }));
+        let content = b"Hello world";
+
+        let (body, content_type) = build_multipart_body(&metadata, content, "text/plain").unwrap();
+
+        // Check content type has boundary
+        assert!(content_type.starts_with("multipart/related; boundary="));
+        let boundary = content_type.split("boundary=").nth(1).unwrap();
+
+        let body_str = String::from_utf8(body).unwrap();
+
+        // Verify structure
+        assert!(body_str.contains(boundary));
+        assert!(body_str.contains("Content-Type: application/json"));
+        assert!(body_str.contains("{\"mimeType\":\"text/plain\",\"name\":\"test.txt\"}"));
+        assert!(body_str.contains("Content-Type: text/plain"));
+        assert!(body_str.contains("Hello world"));
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_build_multipart_body_no_metadata() {
+        let metadata = None;
+        let content = b"Binary data";
+
+        let (body, content_type) =
+            build_multipart_body(&metadata, content, "application/octet-stream").unwrap();
+        let boundary = content_type.split("boundary=").nth(1).unwrap();
+        let body_str = String::from_utf8(body).unwrap();
+
+        assert!(body_str.contains(boundary));
+        assert!(body_str.contains("application/octet-stream"));
+        assert!(body_str.contains("Binary data"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_resolve_upload_mime_explicit_flag() {
+        let metadata = Some(json!({ "mimeType": "image/png" }));
+        let mime = resolve_upload_mime(Some("text/markdown"), Some("file.txt"), &metadata);
+        assert_eq!(mime, "text/markdown", "explicit flag takes top priority");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_resolve_upload_mime_extension_beats_metadata() {
+        let metadata = Some(json!({ "mimeType": "application/vnd.google-apps.document" }));
+        let mime = resolve_upload_mime(None, Some("notes.md"), &metadata);
+        assert_eq!(
+            mime, "text/markdown",
+            "extension inference ranks above metadata mimeType"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_resolve_upload_mime_metadata_fallback_for_unknown_extension() {
+        let metadata = Some(json!({ "mimeType": "text/plain" }));
+        let mime = resolve_upload_mime(None, Some("file.unknown"), &metadata);
+        assert_eq!(
+            mime, "text/plain",
+            "metadata mimeType is used when extension is unrecognized"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_resolve_upload_mime_extension_when_no_metadata() {
+        let mime = resolve_upload_mime(None, Some("notes.md"), &None);
+        assert_eq!(mime, "text/markdown");
+
+        let mime = resolve_upload_mime(None, Some("page.html"), &None);
+        assert_eq!(mime, "text/html");
+
+        let mime = resolve_upload_mime(None, Some("data.csv"), &None);
+        assert_eq!(mime, "text/csv");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_resolve_upload_mime_fallback() {
+        let mime = resolve_upload_mime(None, Some("file.unknown"), &None);
+        assert_eq!(mime, "application/octet-stream");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_resolve_upload_mime_explicit_enables_import_conversion() {
+        let metadata = Some(json!({ "mimeType": "application/vnd.google-apps.document" }));
+        let mime = resolve_upload_mime(Some("text/markdown"), Some("impact.md"), &metadata);
+        assert_eq!(
+            mime, "text/markdown",
+            "--upload-content-type overrides metadata for media part"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_build_multipart_bytes_with_metadata() {
+        let metadata = Some(json!({ "threadId": "thread-123" }));
+        let data = b"From: test@example.com\r\nSubject: Test\r\n\r\nBody";
+        let (_, content_type, content_length) =
+            build_multipart_bytes(&metadata, data, "message/rfc822").unwrap();
+
+        assert!(
+            content_type.starts_with("multipart/related; boundary=fern_boundary_"),
+            "content_type should be multipart/related: {content_type}",
+        );
+        // Content-length should cover: preamble + data + postamble
+        assert!(
+            content_length > data.len() as u64,
+            "content_length should exceed raw data size: {content_length}",
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_build_multipart_bytes_without_metadata() {
+        let (_, content_type, content_length) =
+            build_multipart_bytes(&None, b"test body", "message/rfc822").unwrap();
+
+        assert!(content_type.starts_with("multipart/related; boundary="));
+        assert!(content_length > 0);
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_build_multipart_stream_content_length() {
+        let dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+        let file_path = dir.path().join("small.txt");
+        let file_content = b"Hello stream";
+        std::fs::write(&file_path, file_content).unwrap();
+
+        let metadata_value = json!({ "name": "small.txt" });
+        let metadata = Some(metadata_value.clone());
+        let file_size = file_content.len() as u64;
+
+        let (_body, content_type, declared_len) = build_multipart_stream(
+            &metadata,
+            file_path.to_str().unwrap(),
+            file_size,
+            "text/plain",
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+
+        assert!(content_type.starts_with("multipart/related; boundary="));
+        let boundary = content_type.split("boundary=").nth(1).unwrap();
+
+        // Manually compute expected content length:
+        // preamble = "--{boundary}\r\nContent-Type: application/json; charset=UTF-8\r\n\r\n{json}\r\n--{boundary}\r\nContent-Type: text/plain\r\n\r\n"
+        // postamble = "\r\n--{boundary}--\r\n"
+        let metadata_json = serde_json::to_string(&metadata_value).unwrap();
+        let preamble = format!(
+            "--{boundary}\r\nContent-Type: application/json; charset=UTF-8\r\n\r\n{metadata_json}\r\n\
+             --{boundary}\r\nContent-Type: text/plain\r\n\r\n"
+        );
+        let postamble = format!("\r\n--{boundary}--\r\n");
+        let expected = preamble.len() as u64 + file_size + postamble.len() as u64;
+        assert_eq!(
+            declared_len, expected,
+            "declared Content-Length must match expected preamble + file + postamble"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_build_multipart_stream_large_file() {
+        let dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+        let file_path = dir.path().join("large.bin");
+        // 256 KB — larger than the default 64 KB ReaderStream chunk size
+        let data = vec![0xABu8; 256 * 1024];
+        std::fs::write(&file_path, &data).unwrap();
+
+        let metadata = None;
+        let file_size = data.len() as u64;
+
+        let (_body, _content_type, declared_len) = build_multipart_stream(
+            &metadata,
+            file_path.to_str().unwrap(),
+            file_size,
+            "application/octet-stream",
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+
+        // Content-Length must account for the empty-metadata preamble + large file + postamble
+        assert!(
+            declared_len > file_size,
+            "Content-Length ({declared_len}) must be larger than file size ({file_size}) due to multipart framing"
+        );
+
+        // Verify exact arithmetic: preamble overhead + file_size + postamble
+        let boundary = _content_type.split("boundary=").nth(1).unwrap();
+        let preamble = format!(
+            "--{boundary}\r\nContent-Type: application/json; charset=UTF-8\r\n\r\n{{}}\r\n\
+             --{boundary}\r\nContent-Type: application/octet-stream\r\n\r\n"
+        );
+        let postamble = format!("\r\n--{boundary}--\r\n");
+        let expected = preamble.len() as u64 + file_size + postamble.len() as u64;
+        assert_eq!(
+            declared_len, expected,
+            "Content-Length must match for multi-chunk files"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_build_url_basic() {
+        let doc = RestDescription {
+            base_url: Some("https://api.example.com/".to_string()),
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let method = RestMethod {
+            path: "files".to_string(),
+            flat_path: Some("files".to_string()),
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let params = Map::new();
+
+        let (url, _) = build_url(&doc, &method, &params, false, None).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(url, "https://api.example.com/files");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_build_url_override_replaces_spec_base() {
+        let doc = RestDescription {
+            base_url: Some("https://api.example.com/".to_string()),
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        // Use a leading-slash path matching real OpenAPI spec output
+        let method = RestMethod {
+            path: "/files".to_string(),
+            flat_path: Some("/files".to_string()),
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let params = Map::new();
+
+        let (url, _) = build_url(&doc, &method, &params, false, Some("http://localhost:9000")).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(url, "http://localhost:9000/files");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_build_url_override_trailing_slash_normalized() {
+        let doc = RestDescription {
+            base_url: Some("https://api.example.com/".to_string()),
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        // Use a leading-slash path matching real OpenAPI spec output
+        let method = RestMethod {
+            path: "/users/me".to_string(),
+            flat_path: Some("/users/me".to_string()),
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let params = Map::new();
+
+        // With trailing slash on override
+        let (url_with, _) = build_url(&doc, &method, &params, false, Some("http://localhost:9000/")).unwrap();
+        // Without trailing slash on override
+        let (url_without, _) = build_url(&doc, &method, &params, false, Some("http://localhost:9000")).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(url_with, url_without);
+        assert_eq!(url_with, "http://localhost:9000/users/me");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_build_url_override_no_double_slash_with_leading_slash_path() {
+        // Regression test: OpenAPI paths start with /, override must not produce //
+        let doc = RestDescription {
+            base_url: Some("https://api.example.com/".to_string()),
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let method = RestMethod {
+            path: "/users/me".to_string(),
+            flat_path: Some("/users/me".to_string()),
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let params = Map::new();
+
+        let (url, _) = build_url(&doc, &method, &params, false, Some("http://localhost:9000")).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(url, "http://localhost:9000/users/me");
+    }
+
+    // -----------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // x-fern-base-path
+    //
+    // Exhaustive 2x2 matrix over the spec's `x-fern-base-path` value
+    // (with/without leading slash) and the base URL's trailing slash. The
+    // wire tests in tests/openapi_fixture_wire.rs exercise the same matrix
+    // end-to-end through the HTTP stack.
+    // -----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    fn base_path_doc(base_path: &str) -> RestDescription {
+        RestDescription {
+            base_path: Some(base_path.to_string()),
+            ..Default::default()
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn things_method() -> RestMethod {
+        RestMethod {
+            path: "/things".to_string(),
+            flat_path: Some("/things".to_string()),
+            ..Default::default()
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_build_url_base_path_leading_slash_x_server_trailing_slash() {
+        let doc = base_path_doc("/v1");
+        let method = things_method();
+        let (url, _) = build_url(
+            &doc,
+            &method,
+            &Map::new(),
+            false,
+            Some("http://server.example/"),
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(url, "http://server.example/v1/things");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_build_url_base_path_leading_slash_x_server_no_trailing_slash() {
+        let doc = base_path_doc("/v1");
+        let method = things_method();
+        let (url, _) = build_url(
+            &doc,
+            &method,
+            &Map::new(),
+            false,
+            Some("http://server.example"),
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(url, "http://server.example/v1/things");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_build_url_base_path_no_leading_slash_x_server_trailing_slash() {
+        let doc = base_path_doc("v1");
+        let method = things_method();
+        let (url, _) = build_url(
+            &doc,
+            &method,
+            &Map::new(),
+            false,
+            Some("http://server.example/"),
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(url, "http://server.example/v1/things");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_build_url_base_path_no_leading_slash_x_server_no_trailing_slash() {
+        let doc = base_path_doc("v1");
+        let method = things_method();
+        let (url, _) = build_url(
+            &doc,
+            &method,
+            &Map::new(),
+            false,
+            Some("http://server.example"),
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(url, "http://server.example/v1/things");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_build_url_base_path_applies_to_spec_root_url() {
+        // No base_url override, no doc.base_url — base_path applies on top
+        // of the effective root_url (which is what OpenAPI's `servers[0].url`
+        // becomes after parsing).
+        let doc = RestDescription {
+            root_url: "https://api.example.com".to_string(),
+            base_path: Some("/api/public".to_string()),
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let method = things_method();
+        let (url, _) = build_url(&doc, &method, &Map::new(), false, None).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(url, "https://api.example.com/api/public/things");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_build_url_base_path_composes_with_per_operation_server() {
+        // Per-operation `servers[]` override is captured in `method.root_url`
+        // by the parser. `effective_root_url` returns it (taking precedence
+        // over the spec-level `doc.root_url`), and `apply_base_path` then
+        // prepends the base path on top of the per-op server. This test
+        // pins that composition — without it, a per-op upload-host override
+        // would silently lose the base path prefix.
+        let doc = RestDescription {
+            root_url: "https://api.example.com".to_string(),
+            base_path: Some("/v1".to_string()),
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let method = RestMethod {
+            path: "/uploads".to_string(),
+            flat_path: Some("/uploads".to_string()),
+            root_url: "https://upload.example.com".to_string(),
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let (url, _) = build_url(&doc, &method, &Map::new(), false, None).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(url, "https://upload.example.com/v1/uploads");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_build_url_base_path_per_op_server_with_trailing_slash() {
+        // Same composition as the test above, but the per-op server URL
+        // carries a trailing slash — the slash-edge normalization runs at
+        // the per-op + base_path boundary too, not just at the doc.root_url
+        // + base_path boundary.
+        let doc = RestDescription {
+            root_url: "https://api.example.com".to_string(),
+            base_path: Some("v1".to_string()),
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let method = RestMethod {
+            path: "/uploads".to_string(),
+            flat_path: Some("/uploads".to_string()),
+            root_url: "https://upload.example.com/".to_string(),
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let (url, _) = build_url(&doc, &method, &Map::new(), false, None).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(url, "https://upload.example.com/v1/uploads");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_build_url_base_path_applies_to_doc_base_url() {
+        // doc.base_url (set when the spec's server includes a path
+        // component) is also augmented by base_path.
+        let doc = RestDescription {
+            base_url: Some("https://api.example.com/".to_string()),
+            base_path: Some("/v1".to_string()),
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let method = things_method();
+        let (url, _) = build_url(&doc, &method, &Map::new(), false, None).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(url, "https://api.example.com/v1/things");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_build_url_base_path_with_trailing_slash_normalized() {
+        // Authoring quirk: `x-fern-base-path: /v1/` should not produce
+        // double slashes against the operation path.
+        let doc = base_path_doc("/v1/");
+        let method = things_method();
+        let (url, _) = build_url(
+            &doc,
+            &method,
+            &Map::new(),
+            false,
+            Some("http://server.example"),
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(url, "http://server.example/v1/things");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_build_url_base_path_multi_segment() {
+        // Multi-segment base paths (e.g. `/api/v1`) are emitted verbatim;
+        // only the boundary slashes against the server URL and operation
+        // path are normalized.
+        let doc = base_path_doc("/api/v1");
+        let method = things_method();
+        let (url, _) = build_url(
+            &doc,
+            &method,
+            &Map::new(),
+            false,
+            Some("http://server.example"),
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(url, "http://server.example/api/v1/things");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_build_url_base_path_none_unchanged() {
+        // When `base_path` is None the URL is identical to the pre-feature
+        // behavior — this protects existing specs that don't use the
+        // extension from any drift.
+        let doc = RestDescription {
+            base_path: None,
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let method = things_method();
+        let (url, _) = build_url(
+            &doc,
+            &method,
+            &Map::new(),
+            false,
+            Some("http://server.example"),
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(url, "http://server.example/things");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_build_url_base_path_preserves_path_substitution() {
+        // Path parameter substitution still happens against the operation
+        // path after base_path is prepended.
+        let doc = base_path_doc("/v1");
+        let method = RestMethod {
+            path: "/things/{thingId}".to_string(),
+            flat_path: Some("/things/{thingId}".to_string()),
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let mut params = Map::new();
+        params.insert("thingId".to_string(), json!("abc"));
+        let (url, _) = build_url(
+            &doc,
+            &method,
+            &params,
+            false,
+            Some("http://server.example"),
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(url, "http://server.example/v1/things/abc");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_apply_base_path_helper_handles_edge_cases() {
+        // None → base returned verbatim.
+        assert_eq!(apply_base_path("http://x", None), "http://x");
+        assert_eq!(apply_base_path("http://x/", None), "http://x/");
+
+        // Empty / slash-only base_path is a no-op — the helper returns
+        // the base verbatim and leaves trailing-slash normalization to
+        // build_url's existing operation-path joining logic.
+        assert_eq!(apply_base_path("http://x", Some("")), "http://x");
+        assert_eq!(apply_base_path("http://x", Some("/")), "http://x");
+        assert_eq!(apply_base_path("http://x/", Some("/")), "http://x/");
+    }
+
+    /// `x-fern-base-path` with a templated path parameter (e.g.
+    /// `/{tenant}/v1`) substitutes the placeholder from the operation's
+    /// parameters at request time, and the consumed parameter is NOT
+    /// echoed in the query string. Mirrors upstream Fern's behavior of
+    /// baking the base path into endpoint paths at Definition build
+    /// time and resolving placeholders uniformly with the rest of the
+    /// path-parameter renderer.
+    #[test]
+    fn test_build_url_base_path_templated_param_substitutes_and_does_not_leak_to_query() {
+        let doc = RestDescription {
+            root_url: "https://api.example.com".to_string(),
+            base_path: Some("/{tenant}/v1".to_string()),
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let method = RestMethod {
+            path: "/things".to_string(),
+            flat_path: Some("/things".to_string()),
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let mut params = Map::new();
+        params.insert("tenant".to_string(), json!("acme"));
+        let (url, qs) = build_url(&doc, &method, &params, false, None).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(url, "https://api.example.com/acme/v1/things");
+        assert!(qs.is_empty(), "tenant must be consumed by base_path, not leaked as query: {qs:?}");
+    }
+
+    /// Multi-placeholder base paths (e.g. `/{region}/{tenant}/v1`) are
+    /// rendered uniformly; both placeholder params are consumed by the
+    /// URL path and neither leaks to the query string.
+    #[test]
+    fn test_build_url_base_path_multi_templated_params_substitute() {
+        let doc = RestDescription {
+            root_url: "https://api.example.com".to_string(),
+            base_path: Some("/{region}/{tenant}/v1".to_string()),
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let method = RestMethod {
+            path: "/things".to_string(),
+            flat_path: Some("/things".to_string()),
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let mut params = Map::new();
+        params.insert("region".to_string(), json!("us-east-1"));
+        params.insert("tenant".to_string(), json!("acme"));
+        let (url, qs) = build_url(&doc, &method, &params, false, None).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(url, "https://api.example.com/us-east-1/acme/v1/things");
+        assert!(qs.is_empty(), "both placeholders must be consumed: {qs:?}");
+    }
+
+    /// A templated base path composes with operation-level path
+    /// parameters: the base path placeholder and the endpoint path
+    /// placeholder both substitute, and only non-path params survive
+    /// as query string entries.
+    #[test]
+    fn test_build_url_base_path_templated_with_operation_path_param_and_query() {
+        let doc = RestDescription {
+            root_url: "https://api.example.com".to_string(),
+            base_path: Some("/{tenant}/v1".to_string()),
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let mut method_params: HashMap<String, crate::openapi::discovery::MethodParameter> =
+            HashMap::new();
+        method_params.insert(
+            "tenant".to_string(),
+            crate::openapi::discovery::MethodParameter {
+                location: Some("query".to_string()),
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+        );
+        method_params.insert(
+            "id".to_string(),
+            crate::openapi::discovery::MethodParameter {
+                location: Some("path".to_string()),
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+        );
+        method_params.insert(
+            "verbose".to_string(),
+            crate::openapi::discovery::MethodParameter {
+                location: Some("query".to_string()),
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+        );
+        let method = RestMethod {
+            path: "/things/{id}".to_string(),
+            flat_path: Some("/things/{id}".to_string()),
+            parameters: method_params,
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let mut params = Map::new();
+        params.insert("tenant".to_string(), json!("acme"));
+        params.insert("id".to_string(), json!("thing-1"));
+        params.insert("verbose".to_string(), json!("true"));
+        let (url, qs) = build_url(&doc, &method, &params, false, None).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(url, "https://api.example.com/acme/v1/things/thing-1");
+        assert_eq!(qs, vec![("verbose".to_string(), "true".to_string())]);
+    }
+
+    /// A templated base path composes additively with `--base-url`
+    /// override, just like a literal base path does. The override
+    /// supplies the host; the templated base path still applies.
+    #[test]
+    fn test_build_url_base_path_templated_param_with_base_url_override() {
+        let doc = RestDescription {
+            root_url: "https://api.example.com".to_string(),
+            base_path: Some("/{tenant}/v1".to_string()),
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let method = RestMethod {
+            path: "/things".to_string(),
+            flat_path: Some("/things".to_string()),
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let mut params = Map::new();
+        params.insert("tenant".to_string(), json!("acme"));
+        let (url, qs) = build_url(&doc, &method, &params, false, Some("https://staging.example.com")).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(url, "https://staging.example.com/acme/v1/things");
+        assert!(qs.is_empty());
+    }
+
+    /// A param declared as `in: path` on the operation but whose
+    /// placeholder lives only in `x-fern-base-path` (not in the
+    /// operation's URL template) must NOT trigger the "path parameter
+    /// not in URL template" validation error — it's still a path
+    /// parameter, just one that the base path consumes. This is the
+    /// most natural customer pattern when their OpenAPI declares a
+    /// shared prefix param like `{tenant}` at the path-item level.
+    #[test]
+    fn test_build_url_base_path_templated_param_declared_as_path_param_does_not_error() {
+        let doc = RestDescription {
+            root_url: "https://api.example.com".to_string(),
+            base_path: Some("/{tenant}/v1".to_string()),
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let mut method_params: HashMap<String, crate::openapi::discovery::MethodParameter> =
+            HashMap::new();
+        method_params.insert(
+            "tenant".to_string(),
+            crate::openapi::discovery::MethodParameter {
+                location: Some("path".to_string()),
+                required: true,
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+        );
+        let method = RestMethod {
+            path: "/things".to_string(),
+            flat_path: Some("/things".to_string()),
+            parameters: method_params,
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let mut params = Map::new();
+        params.insert("tenant".to_string(), json!("acme"));
+        let (url, qs) = build_url(&doc, &method, &params, false, None).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(url, "https://api.example.com/acme/v1/things");
+        assert!(qs.is_empty());
+    }
+
+    /// When a placeholder in `x-fern-base-path` has no corresponding
+    /// parameter, the placeholder is left literal in the URL — same
+    /// fallback behavior as `render_path_template` on endpoint paths.
+    /// This avoids a hard error for partial fills (e.g. callers that
+    /// stub the base path) while still making the missing param
+    /// visible in the outgoing URL.
+    #[test]
+    fn test_build_url_base_path_templated_param_missing_value_leaves_placeholder() {
+        let doc = RestDescription {
+            root_url: "https://api.example.com".to_string(),
+            base_path: Some("/{tenant}/v1".to_string()),
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let method = RestMethod {
+            path: "/things".to_string(),
+            flat_path: Some("/things".to_string()),
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let (url, qs) = build_url(&doc, &method, &Map::new(), false, None).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(url, "https://api.example.com/{tenant}/v1/things");
+        assert!(qs.is_empty());
+    }
+
+    /// `doc.base_url` with a *path component* (i.e. the spec's
+    /// `servers[].url` includes a path) composes with `base_path` —
+    /// `apply_base_path` doesn't care whether the base is a bare host or
+    /// host+path; it just joins with one slash.
+    #[test]
+    fn test_build_url_base_path_doc_base_url_with_path_component() {
+        let doc = RestDescription {
+            base_url: Some("https://api.example.com/v2".to_string()),
+            base_path: Some("/v1".to_string()),
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let method = things_method();
+        let (url, _) = build_url(&doc, &method, &Map::new(), false, None).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(url, "https://api.example.com/v2/v1/things");
+    }
+
+    /// `base_path` is applied uniformly to the `is_upload` codepath too,
+    /// not just to the regular path. Currently unreachable for OpenAPI
+    /// specs (the OpenAPI parser never populates `media_upload`), but
+    /// pinning the wiring makes the code self-consistent — if a future
+    /// change ever exposes media uploads to OpenAPI, base_path won't
+    /// silently be dropped.
+    #[test]
+    fn test_build_url_base_path_applies_to_media_upload_branch() {
+        let doc = RestDescription {
+            root_url: "https://api.example.com".to_string(),
+            base_path: Some("/v1".to_string()),
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let method = RestMethod {
+            path: "/files".to_string(),
+            flat_path: Some("/files".to_string()),
+            supports_media_upload: true,
+            media_upload: Some(crate::openapi::discovery::MediaUpload {
+                protocols: Some(crate::openapi::discovery::MediaUploadProtocols {
+                    simple: Some(crate::openapi::discovery::MediaUploadProtocol {
+                        path: "/upload/files".to_string(),
+                        ..Default::default()
+                    }),
+                }),
+                ..Default::default()
+            }),
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let (url, _) = build_url(&doc, &method, &Map::new(), true, None).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(url, "https://api.example.com/v1/upload/files");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_build_url_substitution() {
+        let doc = RestDescription {
+            base_url: Some("https://api.example.com/".to_string()),
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let method = RestMethod {
+            path: "files/{fileId}".to_string(),
+            flat_path: Some("files/{fileId}".to_string()),
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let mut params = Map::new();
+        params.insert("fileId".to_string(), json!("123"));
+
+        let (url, _) = build_url(&doc, &method, &params, false, None).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(url, "https://api.example.com/files/123");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_build_url_query_params() {
+        let doc = RestDescription {
+            base_url: Some("https://api.example.com/".to_string()),
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let method = RestMethod {
+            path: "files".to_string(),
+            flat_path: Some("files".to_string()),
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let mut params = Map::new();
+        params.insert("q".to_string(), json!("search term"));
+
+        let (url, query) = build_url(&doc, &method, &params, false, None).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(url, "https://api.example.com/files");
+        assert_eq!(query, vec![("q".to_string(), "search term".to_string())]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_build_url_repeated_query_param_expands_array() {
+        let doc = RestDescription {
+            base_url: Some("https://api.example.com/".to_string()),
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let mut method_params = HashMap::new();
+        method_params.insert(
+            "metadataHeaders".to_string(),
+            MethodParameter {
+                param_type: Some("string".to_string()),
+                location: Some("query".to_string()),
+                repeated: true,
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+        );
+        let method = RestMethod {
+            path: "messages".to_string(),
+            flat_path: Some("messages".to_string()),
+            parameters: method_params,
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let mut params = Map::new();
+        params.insert(
+            "metadataHeaders".to_string(),
+            json!(["Subject", "Date", "From"]),
+        );
+
+        let (_url, query) = build_url(&doc, &method, &params, false, None).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(
+            query,
+            vec![
+                ("metadataHeaders".to_string(), "Subject".to_string()),
+                ("metadataHeaders".to_string(), "Date".to_string()),
+                ("metadataHeaders".to_string(), "From".to_string()),
+            ]
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_build_url_encodes_path_parameter_chars() {
+        let doc = RestDescription {
+            base_url: Some("https://api.example.com/".to_string()),
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let mut parameters = HashMap::new();
+        parameters.insert(
+            "spreadsheetId".to_string(),
+            crate::openapi::discovery::MethodParameter {
+                location: Some("path".to_string()),
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+        );
+        parameters.insert(
+            "range".to_string(),
+            crate::openapi::discovery::MethodParameter {
+                location: Some("path".to_string()),
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+        );
+        let method = RestMethod {
+            path: "spreadsheets/{spreadsheetId}/values/{range}".to_string(),
+            flat_path: Some("spreadsheets/{spreadsheetId}/values/{range}".to_string()),
+            parameters,
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let mut params = Map::new();
+        params.insert("spreadsheetId".to_string(), json!("abc123"));
+        params.insert("range".to_string(), json!("hash#1!A1:B2"));
+
+        let (url, _) = build_url(&doc, &method, &params, false, None).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(
+            url,
+            "https://api.example.com/spreadsheets/abc123/values/hash%231%21A1%3AB2"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_build_url_plus_expansion_preserves_slashes() {
+        let doc = RestDescription {
+            base_url: Some("https://api.example.com/".to_string()),
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let mut parameters = HashMap::new();
+        parameters.insert(
+            "name".to_string(),
+            crate::openapi::discovery::MethodParameter {
+                location: Some("path".to_string()),
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+        );
+        let method = RestMethod {
+            path: "v1/{+name}".to_string(),
+            flat_path: Some("v1/{+name}".to_string()),
+            parameters,
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let mut params = Map::new();
+        params.insert(
+            "name".to_string(),
+            json!("projects/p1/locations/us/topics/t1"),
+        );
+
+        let (url, _) = build_url(&doc, &method, &params, false, None).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(
+            url,
+            "https://api.example.com/v1/projects/p1/locations/us/topics/t1"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_build_url_plus_expansion_rejects_reserved_chars() {
+        let doc = RestDescription {
+            base_url: Some("https://api.example.com/".to_string()),
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let mut parameters = HashMap::new();
+        parameters.insert(
+            "name".to_string(),
+            crate::openapi::discovery::MethodParameter {
+                location: Some("path".to_string()),
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+        );
+        let method = RestMethod {
+            path: "v1/{+name}".to_string(),
+            flat_path: Some("v1/{+name}".to_string()),
+            parameters,
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let mut params = Map::new();
+        params.insert("name".to_string(), json!("projects/p1#frag?x=y"));
+
+        let err = build_url(&doc, &method, &params, false, None).unwrap_err();
+        assert!(err.to_string().contains("must not contain '?' or '#'"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_build_url_plus_expansion_rejects_path_traversal() {
+        let doc = RestDescription {
+            base_url: Some("https://api.example.com/".to_string()),
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let mut parameters = HashMap::new();
+        parameters.insert(
+            "name".to_string(),
+            crate::openapi::discovery::MethodParameter {
+                location: Some("path".to_string()),
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+        );
+        let method = RestMethod {
+            path: "v1/{+name}".to_string(),
+            flat_path: Some("v1/{+name}".to_string()),
+            parameters,
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let mut params = Map::new();
+        params.insert("name".to_string(), json!("projects/../../etc/passwd"));
+
+        let err = build_url(&doc, &method, &params, false, None).unwrap_err();
+        assert!(err.to_string().contains("path traversal"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_build_url_upload_endpoint_substitutes_path_params() {
+        let doc = RestDescription {
+            root_url: "https://www.googleapis.com/".to_string(),
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let mut parameters = HashMap::new();
+        parameters.insert(
+            "fileId".to_string(),
+            crate::openapi::discovery::MethodParameter {
+                location: Some("path".to_string()),
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+        );
+        let method = RestMethod {
+            path: "drive/v3/files/{fileId}".to_string(),
+            flat_path: Some("drive/v3/files/{fileId}".to_string()),
+            parameters,
+            media_upload: Some(crate::openapi::discovery::MediaUpload {
+                protocols: Some(crate::openapi::discovery::MediaUploadProtocols {
+                    simple: Some(crate::openapi::discovery::MediaUploadProtocol {
+                        path: "/upload/drive/v3/files/{fileId}".to_string(),
+                        multipart: Some(true),
+                    }),
+                }),
+                ..Default::default()
+            }),
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+
+        let mut params = Map::new();
+        params.insert("fileId".to_string(), json!("abc/123"));
+
+        let (url, _) = build_url(&doc, &method, &params, true, None).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(
+            url,
+            "https://www.googleapis.com/upload/drive/v3/files/abc%2F123"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_build_url_does_not_replace_placeholder_like_values() {
+        let doc = RestDescription {
+            base_url: Some("https://api.example.com/".to_string()),
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let method = RestMethod {
+            path: "v1/{parent}/{child}".to_string(),
+            flat_path: Some("v1/{parent}/{child}".to_string()),
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let mut params = Map::new();
+        params.insert("parent".to_string(), json!("literal-{child}-value"));
+        params.insert("child".to_string(), json!("ok"));
+
+        let (url, _) = build_url(&doc, &method, &params, false, None).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(
+            url,
+            "https://api.example.com/v1/literal-%7Bchild%7D-value/ok"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_build_url_errors_for_path_param_not_in_template() {
+        let doc = RestDescription {
+            base_url: Some("https://api.example.com/".to_string()),
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let mut parameters = HashMap::new();
+        parameters.insert(
+            "fileId".to_string(),
+            crate::openapi::discovery::MethodParameter {
+                location: Some("path".to_string()),
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+        );
+        let method = RestMethod {
+            path: "files".to_string(),
+            flat_path: Some("files".to_string()),
+            parameters,
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let mut params = Map::new();
+        params.insert("fileId".to_string(), json!("123"));
+
+        let err = build_url(&doc, &method, &params, false, None).unwrap_err();
+        assert!(err
+            .to_string()
+            .contains("Path parameter 'fileId' was provided but is not present"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_build_url_flatpath_fallback_on_mismatch() {
+        // Reproduces the Slides presentations.get bug where flatPath uses
+        // {presentationsId} (plural) but the parameter is presentationId (singular).
+        let doc = RestDescription {
+            base_url: Some("https://slides.googleapis.com/".to_string()),
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let mut parameters = HashMap::new();
+        parameters.insert(
+            "presentationId".to_string(),
+            crate::openapi::discovery::MethodParameter {
+                location: Some("path".to_string()),
+                required: true,
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+        );
+        let method = RestMethod {
+            path: "v1/presentations/{+presentationId}".to_string(),
+            flat_path: Some("v1/presentations/{presentationsId}".to_string()),
+            parameters,
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let mut params = Map::new();
+        params.insert("presentationId".to_string(), json!("abc123"));
+
+        let (url, _) = build_url(&doc, &method, &params, false, None).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(url, "https://slides.googleapis.com/v1/presentations/abc123");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_serialize_deep_object() {
+        let value = json!({"status": "active", "date": "2024-01-01"});
+        let result = serialize_query_param(
+            "filter",
+            &value,
+            Some(&MethodParameter {
+                style: Some("deepObject".to_string()),
+                ..Default::default()
+            }),
+        );
+        assert!(result.contains(&("filter[status]".to_string(), "active".to_string())));
+        assert!(result.contains(&("filter[date]".to_string(), "2024-01-01".to_string())));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_serialize_form_explode_array() {
+        let value = json!(["a", "b", "c"]);
+        let result = serialize_query_param(
+            "tags",
+            &value,
+            Some(&MethodParameter {
+                style: Some("form".to_string()),
+                explode: Some(true),
+                ..Default::default()
+            }),
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            result,
+            vec![
+                ("tags".to_string(), "a".to_string()),
+                ("tags".to_string(), "b".to_string()),
+                ("tags".to_string(), "c".to_string()),
+            ]
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_serialize_form_no_explode_array() {
+        let value = json!(["a", "b", "c"]);
+        let result = serialize_query_param(
+            "tags",
+            &value,
+            Some(&MethodParameter {
+                style: Some("form".to_string()),
+                explode: Some(false),
+                ..Default::default()
+            }),
+        );
+        assert_eq!(result, vec![("tags".to_string(), "a,b,c".to_string())]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_serialize_default_style_is_form() {
+        // No style specified -> defaults to form with explode
+        let value = json!("hello");
+        let result = serialize_query_param("q", &value, None);
+        assert_eq!(result, vec![("q".to_string(), "hello".to_string())]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_get_nested_str_simple() {
+        let val = json!({"nextPageToken": "tok123"});
+        assert_eq!(get_nested_str(&val, "nextPageToken"), Some("tok123"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_get_nested_str_nested_path() {
+        let val = json!({"pagination": {"cursor": "abc"}});
+        assert_eq!(get_nested_str(&val, "pagination.cursor"), Some("abc"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_get_nested_str_missing_returns_none() {
+        let val = json!({"other": "value"});
+        assert_eq!(get_nested_str(&val, "nextPageToken"), None);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_get_nested_str_non_string_returns_none() {
+        let val = json!({"count": 42});
+        assert_eq!(get_nested_str(&val, "count"), None);
+    }
+
+    // ---------------------------------------------------------------
+    // x-fern-sdk-return-value: dot-path resolution
+    // ---------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_get_nested_value_top_level_property() {
+        let val = json!({"data": [1, 2, 3], "meta": {}});
+        assert_eq!(get_nested_value(&val, "data"), Some(&json!([1, 2, 3])));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_get_nested_value_nested_property() {
+        let val = json!({"result": {"items": ["x", "y"]}});
+        assert_eq!(
+            get_nested_value(&val, "result.items"),
+            Some(&json!(["x", "y"]))
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_get_nested_value_missing_top_returns_none() {
+        let val = json!({"other": 1});
+        assert_eq!(get_nested_value(&val, "data"), None);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_get_nested_value_missing_intermediate_returns_none() {
+        // First segment exists but the second doesn't — the executor
+        // must error rather than silently fall through.
+        let val = json!({"result": {"other": 1}});
+        assert_eq!(get_nested_value(&val, "result.items"), None);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_get_nested_value_returns_primitive_subvalue() {
+        // The extension is valid on a leaf primitive: e.g. an endpoint
+        // declaring `x-fern-sdk-return-value: id` on a wrapper response
+        // should surface the bare ID string.
+        let val = json!({"id": "abc-123", "name": "thing"});
+        assert_eq!(get_nested_value(&val, "id"), Some(&json!("abc-123")));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_get_nested_value_empty_path_returns_none() {
+        let val = json!({"data": 1});
+        assert_eq!(get_nested_value(&val, ""), None);
+        assert_eq!(get_nested_value(&val, "   "), None);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_get_nested_value_consecutive_dots_returns_none() {
+        // `a..b` would otherwise produce a segment lookup for the empty
+        // string, which always misses. Treat it explicitly as unresolved.
+        let val = json!({"a": {"b": 1}});
+        assert_eq!(get_nested_value(&val, "a..b"), None);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_get_nested_value_array_index() {
+        // Numeric segments index into arrays. `users.0.name` walks the
+        // first element of the `users` array and reads its `name`.
+        let val = json!({"users": [{"name": "alice"}, {"name": "bob"}]});
+        assert_eq!(
+            get_nested_value(&val, "users.0.name"),
+            Some(&json!("alice"))
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            get_nested_value(&val, "users.1.name"),
+            Some(&json!("bob"))
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_get_nested_value_array_index_out_of_range_returns_none() {
+        let val = json!({"users": [{"name": "alice"}]});
+        assert_eq!(get_nested_value(&val, "users.5.name"), None);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_get_nested_value_array_index_on_object_returns_none() {
+        // `0` against a non-array, non-`"0"`-keyed object is a miss.
+        let val = json!({"users": {"alice": 1}});
+        assert_eq!(get_nested_value(&val, "users.0"), None);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_get_nested_value_object_key_named_zero_wins_over_array_index() {
+        // If an object happens to have a literal `"0"` key, prefer that
+        // over array indexing — the user's spec said "the property `0`",
+        // not "the zeroth element". We're not an array here anyway, but
+        // this also documents the precedence rule.
+        let val = json!({"0": "object-key-zero", "list": [10, 20, 30]});
+        assert_eq!(get_nested_value(&val, "0"), Some(&json!("object-key-zero")));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_extract_return_value_top_level_resolves() {
+        let body = json!({"data": [1, 2], "meta": {"total": 2}});
+        let out = extract_return_value(&body, Some("data"), false, "op").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(out, json!([1, 2]));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_extract_return_value_nested_resolves() {
+        let body = json!({"result": {"items": [{"id": 1}]}});
+        let out = extract_return_value(&body, Some("result.items"), false, "op").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(out, json!([{"id": 1}]));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_extract_return_value_unresolved_path_errors() {
+        let body = json!({"foo": 1});
+        let err = extract_return_value(&body, Some("data"), false, "things.list")
+            .expect_err("missing path must error");
+        let msg = err.to_string();
+        assert!(
+            msg.contains("'data'") && msg.contains("things.list"),
+            "error should name both path and operation id: {msg}",
+        );
+        assert!(
+            msg.contains("--no-extract"),
+            "error should point users at the --no-extract escape hatch: {msg}",
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_extract_return_value_no_path_returns_full_body() {
+        let body = json!({"data": [1], "meta": {}});
+        let out = extract_return_value(&body, None, false, "op").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(out, body);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_extract_return_value_no_extract_overrides_path() {
+        // The opt-out flag bypasses extraction entirely even when the
+        // spec declares a return path — used to debug responses that
+        // don't match the spec's promised shape.
+        let body = json!({"foo": 1});
+        let out = extract_return_value(&body, Some("data"), true, "op")
+            .expect("no_extract=true must bypass extraction even if path would fail");
+        assert_eq!(
+            out, body,
+            "no_extract returns the full body verbatim, including when the path would have errored",
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_extract_return_value_resolved_null_is_preserved_not_errored() {
+        // `{"data": null}` + `return_value: "data"` is *not* an error —
+        // the spec promised a `data` field, the server delivered one,
+        // it just happens to be JSON null. Typed SDKs would surface
+        // this as a nullable response field; the CLI surfaces it as
+        // the literal `null`.
+        let body = json!({"data": null, "meta": {}});
+        let out = extract_return_value(&body, Some("data"), false, "op")
+            .expect("resolved null is a valid extracted value");
+        assert_eq!(out, json!(null));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_extract_return_value_descriptor_appears_verbatim_in_error() {
+        // When operationId is absent the caller passes a descriptor
+        // like "GET /reports". Make sure that descriptor survives the
+        // format string intact so users can locate the offending op.
+        let body = json!({"foo": 1});
+        let err = extract_return_value(&body, Some("data"), false, "GET /reports")
+            .expect_err("missing path must error");
+        let msg = err.to_string();
+        assert!(
+            msg.contains("GET /reports"),
+            "descriptor must appear verbatim in error: {msg}",
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_get_nested_value_path_through_array_with_index() {
+        // Composes `extract_return_value` with array indexing: paths
+        // like `data.0` extract the first element of an array.
+        let body = json!({"data": [{"id": "first"}, {"id": "second"}]});
+        let out = extract_return_value(&body, Some("data.0"), false, "op").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(out, json!({"id": "first"}));
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_handle_json_response_extracts_subvalue_capture() {
+        let pagination = PaginationConfig::default();
+        let pipeline = crate::formatter::OutputPipeline::default();
+        let mut pages_fetched = 0u32;
+        let mut page_state = PageState::Cursor(None);
+        let mut captured = Vec::new();
+
+        let result = handle_json_response(
+            r#"{"data":[{"id":1}],"meta":{"total":1}}"#,
+            &pagination,
+            None,
+            &pipeline,
+            &mut pages_fetched,
+            &mut page_state,
+            true,
+            &mut captured,
+            "http://example.com/test",
+            &[],
+            Some("data"),
+            false,
+            "things.list",
+        )
+        .await
+        .unwrap();
+
+        assert!(!result);
+        assert_eq!(captured.len(), 1);
+        assert_eq!(
+            captured[0],
+            json!([{"id": 1}]),
+            "captured value should be the extracted subvalue, not the full body",
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_handle_json_response_no_extract_keeps_full_body() {
+        let pagination = PaginationConfig::default();
+        let pipeline = crate::formatter::OutputPipeline::default();
+        let mut pages_fetched = 0u32;
+        let mut page_state = PageState::Cursor(None);
+        let mut captured = Vec::new();
+
+        let body = r#"{"data":[{"id":1}],"meta":{"total":1}}"#;
+        let result = handle_json_response(
+            body,
+            &pagination,
+            None,
+            &pipeline,
+            &mut pages_fetched,
+            &mut page_state,
+            true,
+            &mut captured,
+            "http://example.com/test",
+            &[],
+            Some("data"),
+            true, // no_extract
+            "things.list",
+        )
+        .await
+        .unwrap();
+
+        assert!(!result);
+        assert_eq!(captured[0], serde_json::from_str::<Value>(body).unwrap());
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_handle_json_response_extract_unresolved_errors() {
+        let pagination = PaginationConfig::default();
+        let pipeline = crate::formatter::OutputPipeline::default();
+        let mut pages_fetched = 0u32;
+        let mut page_state = PageState::Cursor(None);
+        let mut captured = Vec::new();
+
+        let err = handle_json_response(
+            r#"{"foo":1}"#,
+            &pagination,
+            None,
+            &pipeline,
+            &mut pages_fetched,
+            &mut page_state,
+            true,
+            &mut captured,
+            "http://example.com/test",
+            &[],
+            Some("data"),
+            false,
+            "things.list",
+        )
+        .await
+        .expect_err("unresolved extract path must surface as a validation error");
+        assert!(
+            err.to_string().contains("'data'"),
+            "error message should name the missing path: {err}",
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            pages_fetched, 0,
+            "errors must abort before the page counter advances",
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_handle_json_response_pagination_with_extract_emits_subvalue_per_page() {
+        // Combined behavior check: per-op cursor pagination + extract.
+        // The full body is still used for pagination continuation (the
+        // cursor lives outside the extracted subvalue), but only the
+        // `data` subvalue is captured for the caller.
+        let pagination = page_all_pagination();
+        let endpoint = EndpointPagination::Cursor {
+            cursor: "cursor".to_string(),
+            next_cursor: "next".to_string(),
+            results: "data".to_string(),
+        };
+        let pipeline = crate::formatter::OutputPipeline::default();
+        let mut pages_fetched = 0u32;
+        let mut page_state = PageState::Cursor(None);
+        let mut captured = Vec::new();
+
+        let result = handle_json_response(
+            r#"{"data":[{"id":1},{"id":2}],"next":"page-2"}"#,
+            &pagination,
+            Some(&endpoint),
+            &pipeline,
+            &mut pages_fetched,
+            &mut page_state,
+            true,
+            &mut captured,
+            "http://example.com/test",
+            &[],
+            Some("data"),
+            false,
+            "things.list",
+        )
+        .await
+        .unwrap();
+
+        assert!(result, "cursor present → should continue pagination");
+        assert_eq!(captured.len(), 1);
+        assert_eq!(
+            captured[0],
+            json!([{"id": 1}, {"id": 2}]),
+            "captured per-page value must be the extracted subvalue",
+        );
+        match page_state {
+            PageState::Cursor(Some(ref t)) => assert_eq!(t, "page-2"),
+            other => panic!("expected Cursor(Some(\"page-2\")), got {other:?}"),
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_handle_json_response_capture_output() {
+        let pagination = PaginationConfig::default();
+        let pipeline = crate::formatter::OutputPipeline::default();
+        let mut pages_fetched = 0u32;
+        let mut page_state = PageState::Cursor(None);
+        let mut captured = Vec::new();
+
+        let result = handle_json_response(
+            r#"{"items":["a"]}"#,
+            &pagination,
+            None,
+            &pipeline,
+            &mut pages_fetched,
+            &mut page_state,
+            true,
+            &mut captured,
+            "http://example.com/test",
+            &[],
+            None,
+            false,
+            "test-op",
+        )
+        .await
+        .unwrap();
+
+        assert!(!result);
+        assert_eq!(captured.len(), 1);
+        assert_eq!(pages_fetched, 1);
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_handle_json_response_non_json_body() {
+        let pagination = PaginationConfig::default();
+        let pipeline = crate::formatter::OutputPipeline::default();
+        let mut pages_fetched = 0u32;
+        let mut page_state = PageState::Cursor(None);
+        let mut captured = Vec::new();
+
+        let result = handle_json_response(
+            "not json at all",
+            &pagination,
+            None,
+            &pipeline,
+            &mut pages_fetched,
+            &mut page_state,
+            false,
+            &mut captured,
+            "http://example.com/test",
+            &[],
+            None,
+            false,
+            "test-op",
+        )
+        .await
+        .unwrap();
+
+        assert!(!result);
+        assert_eq!(pages_fetched, 0);
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_handle_json_response_pagination_continues() {
+        let pagination = PaginationConfig {
+            page_all: true,
+            page_limit: 10,
+            page_delay_ms: 0,
+            ..PaginationConfig::default()
+        };
+        let pipeline = crate::formatter::OutputPipeline::default();
+        let mut pages_fetched = 0u32;
+        let mut page_state = PageState::Cursor(None);
+        let mut captured = Vec::new();
+
+        let result = handle_json_response(
+            r#"{"items":[],"nextPageToken":"next-tok"}"#,
+            &pagination,
+            None,
+            &pipeline,
+            &mut pages_fetched,
+            &mut page_state,
+            false,
+            &mut captured,
+            "http://example.com/test",
+            &[],
+            None,
+            false,
+            "test-op",
+        )
+        .await
+        .unwrap();
+
+        assert!(result);
+        match page_state {
+            PageState::Cursor(Some(ref t)) => assert_eq!(t, "next-tok"),
+            other => panic!("expected Cursor(Some(\"next-tok\")), got {other:?}"),
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_handle_json_response_pagination_at_limit() {
+        let pagination = PaginationConfig {
+            page_all: true,
+            page_limit: 5,
+            page_delay_ms: 0,
+            ..PaginationConfig::default()
+        };
+        let pipeline = crate::formatter::OutputPipeline::default();
+        let mut pages_fetched = 4u32; // becomes 5 == page_limit, no continuation
+        let mut page_state = PageState::Cursor(None);
+        let mut captured = Vec::new();
+
+        let result = handle_json_response(
+            r#"{"items":[],"nextPageToken":"would-be-next"}"#,
+            &pagination,
+            None,
+            &pipeline,
+            &mut pages_fetched,
+            &mut page_state,
+            false,
+            &mut captured,
+            "http://example.com/test",
+            &[],
+            None,
+            false,
+            "test-op",
+        )
+        .await
+        .unwrap();
+
+        assert!(!result);
+        assert_eq!(pages_fetched, 5);
+    }
+
+    // ---------------------------------------------------------------
+    // Per-operation x-fern-pagination: cursor + offset coverage
+    // ---------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    fn page_all_pagination() -> PaginationConfig {
+        PaginationConfig {
+            page_all: true,
+            page_limit: 10,
+            page_delay_ms: 0,
+            ..PaginationConfig::default()
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_per_op_cursor_pagination_continues_with_response_path() {
+        let pagination = page_all_pagination();
+        let endpoint = EndpointPagination::Cursor {
+            cursor: "marker".to_string(),
+            next_cursor: "next_marker".to_string(),
+            results: "entries".to_string(),
+        };
+        let pipeline = crate::formatter::OutputPipeline::default();
+        let mut pages_fetched = 0u32;
+        let mut page_state = PageState::Cursor(None);
+        let mut captured = Vec::new();
+
+        let result = handle_json_response(
+            r#"{"entries":[{"id":"1"}],"next_marker":"abc"}"#,
+            &pagination,
+            Some(&endpoint),
+            &pipeline,
+            &mut pages_fetched,
+            &mut page_state,
+            true,
+            &mut captured,
+            "http://example.com/test",
+            &[],
+            None,
+            false,
+            "test-op",
+        )
+        .await
+        .unwrap();
+
+        assert!(result);
+        match page_state {
+            PageState::Cursor(Some(ref t)) => assert_eq!(t, "abc"),
+            other => panic!("expected Cursor(Some(\"abc\")), got {other:?}"),
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_per_op_cursor_stops_on_empty_next_cursor() {
+        let pagination = page_all_pagination();
+        let endpoint = EndpointPagination::Cursor {
+            cursor: "marker".to_string(),
+            next_cursor: "next_marker".to_string(),
+            results: "entries".to_string(),
+        };
+        let pipeline = crate::formatter::OutputPipeline::default();
+        let mut pages_fetched = 0u32;
+        let mut page_state = PageState::Cursor(None);
+        let mut captured = Vec::new();
+
+        let result = handle_json_response(
+            r#"{"entries":[{"id":"2"}],"next_marker":""}"#,
+            &pagination,
+            Some(&endpoint),
+            &pipeline,
+            &mut pages_fetched,
+            &mut page_state,
+            true,
+            &mut captured,
+            "http://example.com/test",
+            &[],
+            None,
+            false,
+            "test-op",
+        )
+        .await
+        .unwrap();
+
+        assert!(!result);
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_per_op_offset_pagination_advances_by_results_len() {
+        let pagination = page_all_pagination();
+        let endpoint = EndpointPagination::Offset {
+            offset: "page_number".to_string(),
+            results: "users".to_string(),
+            step: None,
+            has_next_page: Some("meta.has_more".to_string()),
+        };
+        let pipeline = crate::formatter::OutputPipeline::default();
+        let mut pages_fetched = 0u32;
+        let mut page_state = PageState::Offset(0);
+        let mut captured = Vec::new();
+
+        let result = handle_json_response(
+            r#"{"users":[{"id":1},{"id":2},{"id":3}],"meta":{"has_more":true}}"#,
+            &pagination,
+            Some(&endpoint),
+            &pipeline,
+            &mut pages_fetched,
+            &mut page_state,
+            true,
+            &mut captured,
+            "http://example.com/test",
+            &[],
+            None,
+            false,
+            "test-op",
+        )
+        .await
+        .unwrap();
+
+        assert!(result);
+        match page_state {
+            PageState::Offset(n) => assert_eq!(n, 3),
+            other => panic!("expected Offset(3), got {other:?}"),
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_per_op_offset_stops_when_has_next_page_false() {
+        let pagination = page_all_pagination();
+        let endpoint = EndpointPagination::Offset {
+            offset: "page_number".to_string(),
+            results: "users".to_string(),
+            step: None,
+            has_next_page: Some("meta.has_more".to_string()),
+        };
+        let pipeline = crate::formatter::OutputPipeline::default();
+        let mut pages_fetched = 0u32;
+        let mut page_state = PageState::Offset(0);
+        let mut captured = Vec::new();
+
+        let result = handle_json_response(
+            r#"{"users":[{"id":1}],"meta":{"has_more":false}}"#,
+            &pagination,
+            Some(&endpoint),
+            &pipeline,
+            &mut pages_fetched,
+            &mut page_state,
+            true,
+            &mut captured,
+            "http://example.com/test",
+            &[],
+            None,
+            false,
+            "test-op",
+        )
+        .await
+        .unwrap();
+
+        assert!(!result);
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_per_op_offset_step_stops_on_short_page() {
+        // `step: $request.limit` + caller's `--limit 50` → the executor
+        // gates the next page on `items.length >= 50`. The server returned
+        // only 3 rows (a short page), so pagination must stop even though
+        // `has_next_page` is unset. Matches upstream fern's hasNextPage
+        // check `items.length >= step`.
+        let pagination = page_all_pagination();
+        let endpoint = EndpointPagination::Offset {
+            offset: "offset".to_string(),
+            results: "users".to_string(),
+            step: Some("limit".to_string()),
+            has_next_page: None,
+        };
+        let pipeline = crate::formatter::OutputPipeline::default();
+        let mut pages_fetched = 0u32;
+        let mut page_state = PageState::Offset(0);
+        let mut captured = Vec::new();
+        let request_query_params = vec![("limit".to_string(), "50".to_string())];
+
+        let result = handle_json_response(
+            r#"{"users":[{"id":1},{"id":2},{"id":3}]}"#,
+            &pagination,
+            Some(&endpoint),
+            &pipeline,
+            &mut pages_fetched,
+            &mut page_state,
+            true,
+            &mut captured,
+            "http://example.com/test",
+            &request_query_params,
+            None,
+            false,
+            "test-op",
+        )
+        .await
+        .unwrap();
+
+        assert!(
+            !result,
+            "short page (3 < 50) must end pagination per upstream `items.length >= step` gate"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_per_op_offset_step_continues_on_full_page() {
+        // Full page: server returned `limit` items → continue and advance
+        // by `len(items)` (item-index semantics).
+        let pagination = page_all_pagination();
+        let endpoint = EndpointPagination::Offset {
+            offset: "offset".to_string(),
+            results: "users".to_string(),
+            step: Some("limit".to_string()),
+            has_next_page: None,
+        };
+        let pipeline = crate::formatter::OutputPipeline::default();
+        let mut pages_fetched = 0u32;
+        let mut page_state = PageState::Offset(0);
+        let mut captured = Vec::new();
+        let request_query_params = vec![("limit".to_string(), "3".to_string())];
+
+        let result = handle_json_response(
+            r#"{"users":[{"id":1},{"id":2},{"id":3}]}"#,
+            &pagination,
+            Some(&endpoint),
+            &pipeline,
+            &mut pages_fetched,
+            &mut page_state,
+            true,
+            &mut captured,
+            "http://example.com/test",
+            &request_query_params,
+            None,
+            false,
+            "test-op",
+        )
+        .await
+        .unwrap();
+
+        assert!(result, "full page (3 >= 3) must continue pagination");
+        match page_state {
+            PageState::Offset(n) => assert_eq!(
+                n, 3,
+                "offset advances by len(items), not by the step value"
+            ),
+            other => panic!("expected Offset(3), got {other:?}"),
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_resolve_step_target_from_request_param() {
+        // step: "limit" + query params containing limit=50 → Some(50).
+        let params = vec![("limit".to_string(), "50".to_string())];
+        assert_eq!(resolve_step_target(Some("limit"), &params), Some(50));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_resolve_step_target_literal_integer() {
+        // step is itself an integer literal (e.g. `step: "50"`) → Some(50).
+        assert_eq!(resolve_step_target(Some("50"), &[]), Some(50));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_resolve_step_target_unresolvable_returns_none() {
+        // step references a param the caller didn't supply → None, so the
+        // executor falls back to the legacy `items.len() > 0` check.
+        assert_eq!(resolve_step_target(Some("limit"), &[]), None);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_resolve_step_target_none_returns_none() {
+        assert_eq!(resolve_step_target(None, &[]), None);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_page_state_injection_heuristic_first_page() {
+        let state = PageState::Cursor(None);
+        assert_eq!(state.injection(None, "pageToken"), None);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_page_state_injection_heuristic_with_token() {
+        let state = PageState::Cursor(Some("tok".to_string()));
+        assert_eq!(
+            state.injection(None, "pageToken"),
+            Some(("pageToken".to_string(), "tok".to_string())),
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_page_state_injection_endpoint_cursor_uses_op_param_name() {
+        let endpoint = EndpointPagination::Cursor {
+            cursor: "marker".to_string(),
+            next_cursor: "next_marker".to_string(),
+            results: "entries".to_string(),
+        };
+        let state = PageState::Cursor(Some("tok".to_string()));
+        assert_eq!(
+            state.injection(Some(&endpoint), "pageToken"),
+            Some(("marker".to_string(), "tok".to_string())),
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_page_state_injection_offset_zero_skipped_on_first_page() {
+        let endpoint = EndpointPagination::Offset {
+            offset: "page_number".to_string(),
+            results: "users".to_string(),
+            step: None,
+            has_next_page: None,
+        };
+        let state = PageState::Offset(0);
+        assert_eq!(state.injection(Some(&endpoint), "pageToken"), None);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_page_state_injection_offset_nonzero_injects() {
+        let endpoint = EndpointPagination::Offset {
+            offset: "page_number".to_string(),
+            results: "users".to_string(),
+            step: None,
+            has_next_page: None,
+        };
+        let state = PageState::Offset(42);
+        assert_eq!(
+            state.injection(Some(&endpoint), "pageToken"),
+            Some(("page_number".to_string(), "42".to_string())),
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_mime_from_extension_various() {
+        assert_eq!(mime_from_extension("doc.txt"), Some("text/plain".to_string()));
+        assert_eq!(mime_from_extension("page.htm"), Some("text/html".to_string()));
+        assert_eq!(mime_from_extension("style.css"), Some("text/css".to_string()));
+        assert_eq!(mime_from_extension("data.xml"), Some("application/xml".to_string()));
+        assert_eq!(mime_from_extension("app.js"), Some("application/javascript".to_string()));
+        assert_eq!(mime_from_extension("doc.pdf"), Some("application/pdf".to_string()));
+        assert_eq!(mime_from_extension("arc.zip"), Some("application/zip".to_string()));
+        assert_eq!(mime_from_extension("file.gz"), Some("application/gzip".to_string()));
+        assert_eq!(mime_from_extension("file.gzip"), Some("application/gzip".to_string()));
+        assert_eq!(mime_from_extension("archive.tar"), Some("application/x-tar".to_string()));
+        assert_eq!(mime_from_extension("img.png"), Some("image/png".to_string()));
+        assert_eq!(mime_from_extension("photo.jpg"), Some("image/jpeg".to_string()));
+        assert_eq!(mime_from_extension("photo.jpeg"), Some("image/jpeg".to_string()));
+        assert_eq!(mime_from_extension("anim.gif"), Some("image/gif".to_string()));
+        assert_eq!(mime_from_extension("icon.svg"), Some("image/svg+xml".to_string()));
+        assert_eq!(mime_from_extension("img.webp"), Some("image/webp".to_string()));
+        assert_eq!(mime_from_extension("fav.ico"), Some("image/x-icon".to_string()));
+        assert_eq!(mime_from_extension("song.mp3"), Some("audio/mpeg".to_string()));
+        assert_eq!(mime_from_extension("sound.wav"), Some("audio/wav".to_string()));
+        assert_eq!(mime_from_extension("video.mp4"), Some("video/mp4".to_string()));
+        assert_eq!(mime_from_extension("clip.webm"), Some("video/webm".to_string()));
+        assert_eq!(mime_from_extension("config.yaml"), Some("application/yaml".to_string()));
+        assert_eq!(mime_from_extension("config.yml"), Some("application/yaml".to_string()));
+        assert_eq!(mime_from_extension("config.toml"), Some("application/toml".to_string()));
+        assert_eq!(mime_from_extension("word.doc"), Some("application/msword".to_string()));
+        assert_eq!(mime_from_extension("word.docx"), Some("application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document".to_string()));
+        assert_eq!(mime_from_extension("sheet.xls"), Some("application/vnd.ms-excel".to_string()));
+        assert_eq!(mime_from_extension("sheet.xlsx"), Some("application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet".to_string()));
+        assert_eq!(mime_from_extension("slides.ppt"), Some("application/vnd.ms-powerpoint".to_string()));
+        assert_eq!(mime_from_extension("slides.pptx"), Some("application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.presentationml.presentation".to_string()));
+        assert_eq!(mime_from_extension("module.wasm"), Some("application/wasm".to_string()));
+        assert_eq!(mime_from_extension("file.unknown"), None);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_mime_to_extension_additional_branches() {
+        assert_eq!(mime_to_extension("image/gif"), "gif");
+        // Use MIMEs that don't contain "xml" (which matches earlier in the chain)
+        assert_eq!(mime_to_extension("application/vnd.ms-excel.spreadsheet"), "xlsx");
+        assert_eq!(mime_to_extension("application/vnd.ms-word.document.12"), "docx");
+        assert_eq!(mime_to_extension("application/octet-stream"), "bin");
+        assert_eq!(mime_to_extension("application/unknown-type"), "bin");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_resolve_upload_mime_strips_control_chars() {
+        let mime = resolve_upload_mime(Some("text/plain\rinjected"), None, &None);
+        assert_eq!(mime, "text/plaininjected");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_resolve_upload_mime_all_control_chars_falls_back() {
+        let mime = resolve_upload_mime(Some("\r\n\t"), None, &None);
+        assert_eq!(mime, "application/octet-stream");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_value_to_query_string_null() {
+        assert_eq!(value_to_query_string(&Value::Null), "");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_value_to_query_string_object_serializes() {
+        let val = json!({"key": "val"});
+        let result = value_to_query_string(&val);
+        assert!(!result.is_empty());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_serialize_deep_object_non_object_value() {
+        let result = serialize_deep_object("filter", &json!("simple"));
+        assert_eq!(result, vec![("filter".to_string(), "simple".to_string())]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_serialize_deep_object_nested() {
+        // Multi-level nesting: {"meta":{"created_at":"today"}} with key "filter"
+        // should produce [("filter[meta][created_at]", "today")]
+        let value = json!({"meta": {"created_at": "today"}});
+        let result = serialize_deep_object("filter", &value);
+        assert_eq!(
+            result,
+            vec![("filter[meta][created_at]".to_string(), "today".to_string())]
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_serialize_deep_object_array_uses_repeated_keys() {
+        // Arrays must use repeated keys (filter[tags]=a&filter[tags]=b),
+        // consistent with the Fern Python and C# SDKs. Not indexed brackets.
+        let value = json!({"tags": ["a", "b"]});
+        let mut result = serialize_deep_object("filter", &value);
+        result.sort(); // order not guaranteed
+        assert_eq!(
+            result,
+            vec![
+                ("filter[tags]".to_string(), "a".to_string()),
+                ("filter[tags]".to_string(), "b".to_string()),
+            ]
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_build_url_uses_root_url_and_service_path_when_no_base_url() {
+        let doc = RestDescription {
+            root_url: "https://api.example.com/".to_string(),
+            service_path: "v1/".to_string(),
+            base_url: None,
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let method = RestMethod {
+            path: "files".to_string(),
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let (url, _) = build_url(&doc, &method, &Map::new(), false, None).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(url, "https://api.example.com/v1/files");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_build_url_method_root_url_overrides_doc_root_url() {
+        // Per-operation server override: method.root_url must win over doc.root_url.
+        // If this is broken, requests route to the wrong host (e.g. uploads
+        // go to api.example.com instead of upload.example.com).
+        let doc = RestDescription {
+            root_url: "https://api.example.com/".to_string(),
+            service_path: "v1/".to_string(),
+            base_url: None,
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let method = RestMethod {
+            path: "uploads".to_string(),
+            root_url: "https://upload.example.com/".to_string(),
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let (url, _) = build_url(&doc, &method, &Map::new(), false, None).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(url, "https://upload.example.com/v1/uploads");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_build_url_empty_method_root_url_falls_back_to_doc() {
+        // When method.root_url is empty (unset), doc.root_url must be used.
+        let doc = RestDescription {
+            root_url: "https://api.example.com/".to_string(),
+            service_path: "v1/".to_string(),
+            base_url: None,
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let method = RestMethod {
+            path: "files".to_string(),
+            root_url: String::new(),
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let (url, _) = build_url(&doc, &method, &Map::new(), false, None).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(url, "https://api.example.com/v1/files");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_parse_and_validate_inputs_invalid_params_json() {
+        let doc = RestDescription::default();
+        let method = RestMethod::default();
+        let err =
+            parse_and_validate_inputs(&doc, &method, Some("{not json}"), None, false, None, &[]).unwrap_err();
+        assert!(err.to_string().contains("Invalid --params JSON"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_parse_and_validate_inputs_invalid_body_json() {
+        let doc = RestDescription::default();
+        let method = RestMethod::default();
+        let err =
+            parse_and_validate_inputs(&doc, &method, None, Some("{not json}"), false, None, &[]).unwrap_err();
+        assert!(err.to_string().contains("Invalid --json body"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_parse_and_validate_inputs_required_query_param_missing() {
+        let mut parameters = HashMap::new();
+        parameters.insert(
+            "api_key".to_string(),
+            MethodParameter {
+                location: Some("query".to_string()),
+                required: true,
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+        );
+        let doc = RestDescription::default();
+        let method = RestMethod {
+            parameters,
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let err = parse_and_validate_inputs(&doc, &method, None, None, false, None, &[]).unwrap_err();
+        assert!(err.to_string().contains("Required parameter 'api_key'"));
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_build_http_request_unsupported_method() {
+        let client = reqwest::Client::new();
+        let method = RestMethod {
+            http_method: "TRACE".to_string(),
+            path: "test".to_string(),
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let input = ExecutionInput {
+            full_url: "https://example.com/test".to_string(),
+            body: None,
+            query_params: Vec::new(),
+            header_params: Vec::new(),
+            is_upload: false,
+        };
+
+        let err = build_http_request(
+            &client,
+            &method,
+            &input,
+            &crate::auth::no_auth_provider(),
+            &EndpointAuthMetadata::unspecified(),
+            &PageState::Cursor(None),
+            0,
+            &None,
+            None,
+            &PaginationConfig::default(),
+        )
+        .await
+        .unwrap_err();
+        assert!(err.to_string().contains("Unsupported HTTP method"));
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_build_http_request_put_patch_delete() {
+        let client = reqwest::Client::new();
+        let input = ExecutionInput {
+            full_url: "https://example.com/test".to_string(),
+            body: None,
+            query_params: Vec::new(),
+            header_params: Vec::new(),
+            is_upload: false,
+        };
+
+        for http_method in &["PUT", "PATCH", "DELETE"] {
+            let method = RestMethod {
+                http_method: http_method.to_string(),
+                path: "test".to_string(),
+                ..Default::default()
+            };
+            let result = build_http_request(
+                &client,
+                &method,
+                &input,
+                &crate::auth::no_auth_provider(),
+                &EndpointAuthMetadata::unspecified(),
+                &PageState::Cursor(None),
+                0,
+                &None,
+                None,
+                &PaginationConfig::default(),
+            )
+            .await;
+            assert!(result.is_ok(), "Failed for method {http_method}");
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_validate_value_schema_not_found() {
+        let doc = RestDescription::default();
+        let mut errors = Vec::new();
+        validate_value(&json!({}), "NonExistentSchema", &doc, "$", &mut errors);
+        assert_eq!(errors.len(), 1);
+        assert!(errors[0].contains("Schema 'NonExistentSchema' not found"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_resolve_next_path_absolute_url_overrides_base() {
+        // Server returned a fully-formed URL → use it verbatim.
+        let url = resolve_next_path(
+            "https://api.example.com/v1/things?cursor=a",
+            "https://other.example.com/v2/items?cursor=b",
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(url, "https://other.example.com/v2/items?cursor=b");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_resolve_next_path_absolute_path_keeps_scheme_and_host() {
+        // A `/`-prefixed path keeps the previous host but replaces the path.
+        let url = resolve_next_path(
+            "https://api.example.com/v1/things?cursor=a",
+            "/v1/things?cursor=b",
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(url, "https://api.example.com/v1/things?cursor=b");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_resolve_next_path_relative_path_inherits_directory() {
+        // No leading slash → resolved relative to the previous request's
+        // directory (browser-style URL resolution).
+        let url = resolve_next_path(
+            "https://api.example.com/v1/things",
+            "things?cursor=b",
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(url, "https://api.example.com/v1/things?cursor=b");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_resolve_next_path_rejects_invalid_base_url() {
+        let err = resolve_next_path("not a url", "/foo").unwrap_err();
+        assert!(err.contains("not a valid URL"), "got: {err}");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_page_state_initial_for_each_form() {
+        assert!(matches!(
+            PageState::initial(Some(&EndpointPagination::Cursor {
+                cursor: "c".into(),
+                next_cursor: "n".into(),
+                results: "r".into(),
+            })),
+            PageState::Cursor(None)
+        ));
+        assert!(matches!(
+            PageState::initial(Some(&EndpointPagination::Offset {
+                offset: "o".into(),
+                results: "r".into(),
+                step: None,
+                has_next_page: None,
+            })),
+            PageState::Offset(0)
+        ));
+        assert!(matches!(
+            PageState::initial(Some(&EndpointPagination::Uri {
+                next_uri: "n".into(),
+                results: "r".into(),
+            })),
+            PageState::NextUrl(None)
+        ));
+        assert!(matches!(
+            PageState::initial(Some(&EndpointPagination::Path {
+                next_path: "n".into(),
+                results: "r".into(),
+            })),
+            PageState::NextUrl(None)
+        ));
+        assert!(matches!(
+            PageState::initial(Some(&EndpointPagination::Custom {
+                results: "r".into(),
+            })),
+            PageState::Custom
+        ));
+        assert!(matches!(PageState::initial(None), PageState::Cursor(None)));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_page_state_url_override_only_for_next_url() {
+        assert!(PageState::Cursor(None).url_override().is_none());
+        assert!(PageState::Cursor(Some("tok".into())).url_override().is_none());
+        assert!(PageState::Offset(5).url_override().is_none());
+        assert!(PageState::NextUrl(None).url_override().is_none());
+        assert!(PageState::Custom.url_override().is_none());
+        let url = "https://api.example.com/v1/things?cursor=abc";
+        assert_eq!(
+            PageState::NextUrl(Some(url.to_string())).url_override(),
+            Some(url)
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_page_state_injection_uri_path_custom_no_query_param() {
+        // Uri/Path/Custom embed everything in the URL (or stop entirely);
+        // they must never push a cursor/offset query param.
+        let pagination = EndpointPagination::Uri {
+            next_uri: "next".into(),
+            results: "items".into(),
+        };
+        assert!(PageState::NextUrl(Some("https://x".into()))
+            .injection(Some(&pagination), "page_token")
+            .is_none());
+        let custom = EndpointPagination::Custom {
+            results: "items".into(),
+        };
+        assert!(PageState::Custom.injection(Some(&custom), "page_token").is_none());
+    }
+
+    // -----------------------------------------------------------------
+    // x-fern-streaming response decoding (`decode_stream_event`)
+    //
+    // The pure line decoder is the surface most likely to drift across
+    // server quirks (extra whitespace, comment lines, terminator
+    // variants), so we cover the full matrix here without touching the
+    // network. Wire-level integration is exercised in the tier-2 tests
+    // under tests/openapi_fixture_wire.rs.
+    // -----------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    // -----------------------------------------------------------------
+    // SSE line decoding (`SseLineDecoder`)
+    //
+    // SSE is stateful — `data:` payloads are buffered across multiple
+    // lines and dispatched on a blank-line separator per the WHATWG
+    // spec. Tests below isolate the decoder so a regression in framing
+    // or multi-line concat points at the exact branch.
+    // -----------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    fn drive(lines: &[&str]) -> Vec<String> {
+        let mut decoder = SseLineDecoder::default();
+        let mut out = Vec::new();
+        for line in lines {
+            if let Some(payload) = decoder.push_line(line) {
+                out.push(payload);
+            }
+        }
+        if let Some(payload) = decoder.flush() {
+            out.push(payload);
+        }
+        out
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_sse_decoder_strips_data_prefix_and_one_space() {
+        // `data: {"x":1}` decodes to `{"x":1}` — the single leading
+        // space after `data:` is consumed (matches the SSE spec).
+        let payloads = drive(&["data: {\"x\":1}", ""]);
+        assert_eq!(payloads, vec!["{\"x\":1}".to_string()]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_sse_decoder_no_space_after_data() {
+        // The space after `data:` is optional; the payload is
+        // preserved identically in both shapes.
+        let payloads = drive(&["data:{\"x\":1}", ""]);
+        assert_eq!(payloads, vec!["{\"x\":1}".to_string()]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_sse_decoder_skips_comments_and_unknown_fields() {
+        // Comments (`:`), `event:`, `id:`, `retry:`, and unknown
+        // fields are framing-only and must not pollute the dispatched
+        // payload. Only the `data:` line contributes to the event.
+        let payloads = drive(&[
+            ": keepalive",
+            "event: message",
+            "id: 42",
+            "retry: 5000",
+            "data: {\"x\":1}",
+            "",
+        ]);
+        assert_eq!(payloads, vec!["{\"x\":1}".to_string()]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_sse_decoder_dispatches_on_blank_line_with_multiline_concat() {
+        // Three `data:` lines spanning a single pretty-printed JSON
+        // object — the WHATWG spec says they join with `\n` and
+        // dispatch as one event on the blank-line separator. The TS
+        // runtime's `iterSseEvents` loop does exactly this.
+        let payloads = drive(&[
+            "data: {",
+            "data:   \"foo\": 1",
+            "data: }",
+            "",
+        ]);
+        assert_eq!(payloads, vec!["{\n  \"foo\": 1\n}".to_string()]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_sse_decoder_dispatches_two_events_separated_by_blank() {
+        let payloads = drive(&[
+            "data: {\"step\":1}",
+            "",
+            "data: {\"step\":2}",
+            "",
+        ]);
+        assert_eq!(
+            payloads,
+            vec!["{\"step\":1}".to_string(), "{\"step\":2}".to_string(),]
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_sse_decoder_flushes_final_event_without_blank_line() {
+        // EOF flush: when the server closes the connection without
+        // sending the trailing blank line, the buffered event must
+        // still be dispatched. Mirrors the TS post-loop
+        // `if (dataValue != null)` block.
+        let payloads = drive(&["data: {\"step\":1}"]);
+        assert_eq!(payloads, vec!["{\"step\":1}".to_string()]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_sse_decoder_blank_line_without_buffered_data_dispatches_nothing() {
+        // Resetting on blank without a buffered `data:` must not
+        // dispatch — an `event:` line followed by a blank line is
+        // discarded entirely.
+        let payloads = drive(&["event: ping", ""]);
+        assert!(payloads.is_empty(), "got unexpected events: {payloads:?}");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_decode_ndjson_emits_whole_line() {
+        let cfg = StreamingConfig::Json { terminator: None };
+        assert_eq!(
+            decode_stream_event(&cfg, "{\"x\":1}"),
+            StreamEvent::Event("{\"x\":1}".to_string())
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_decode_ndjson_skips_blank_lines() {
+        // Some servers emit blank keepalive lines between records.
+        let cfg = StreamingConfig::Json { terminator: None };
+        assert_eq!(decode_stream_event(&cfg, ""), StreamEvent::Skip);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_decode_ndjson_terminator_only_when_configured() {
+        // Without a configured terminator, a literal `[DONE]` payload
+        // is just another event — NDJSON has no implicit sentinel.
+        let no_term = StreamingConfig::Json { terminator: None };
+        assert_eq!(
+            decode_stream_event(&no_term, "[DONE]"),
+            StreamEvent::Event("[DONE]".to_string())
+        );
+        let with_term = StreamingConfig::Json {
+            terminator: Some("__END__".to_string()),
+        };
+        assert_eq!(
+            decode_stream_event(&with_term, "__END__"),
+            StreamEvent::Terminate
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_decode_text_emits_each_line_verbatim() {
+        // Plain-text format: no JSON parse, no SSE prefix strip, no
+        // terminator. Each non-empty line flows through as a string.
+        let cfg = StreamingConfig::Text;
+        assert_eq!(
+            decode_stream_event(&cfg, "hello world"),
+            StreamEvent::Event("hello world".to_string())
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            decode_stream_event(&cfg, "data: not stripped"),
+            StreamEvent::Event("data: not stripped".to_string())
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            decode_stream_event(&cfg, "{\"not\":\"parsed\"}"),
+            StreamEvent::Event("{\"not\":\"parsed\"}".to_string())
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_decode_text_skips_blank_lines() {
+        // Mirrors the C# generator's
+        // `if(!string.IsNullOrEmpty(line)) yield return line` guard.
+        let cfg = StreamingConfig::Text;
+        assert_eq!(decode_stream_event(&cfg, ""), StreamEvent::Skip);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_project_text_event_bypasses_return_value_projection() {
+        // Text streams emit a raw line; `x-fern-sdk-return-value`
+        // and `--no-extract` are both no-ops because there's no
+        // JSON object to project against.
+        let cfg = StreamingConfig::Text;
+        let value = project_stream_event(
+            &cfg,
+            "raw line",
+            Some("$response.does.not.exist"),
+            false,
+            "test op",
+        )
+        .expect("text projection must succeed");
+        assert_eq!(value, Value::String("raw line".to_string()));
+    }
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn test_execute_method_dry_run() {
+    let mut schemas = HashMap::new();
+    let mut properties = HashMap::new();
+    properties.insert(
+        "name".to_string(),
+        crate::openapi::discovery::JsonSchemaProperty {
+            prop_type: Some("string".to_string()),
+            ..Default::default()
+        },
+    );
+    schemas.insert(
+        "File".to_string(),
+        crate::openapi::discovery::JsonSchema {
+            schema_type: Some("object".to_string()),
+            properties,
+            ..Default::default()
+        },
+    );
+
+    let doc = RestDescription {
+        root_url: "https://example.googleapis.com/".to_string(),
+        service_path: "v1/".to_string(),
+        schemas,
+        ..Default::default()
+    };
+
+    let mut parameters = HashMap::new();
+    parameters.insert(
+        "fileId".to_string(),
+        crate::openapi::discovery::MethodParameter {
+            location: Some("path".to_string()),
+            required: true,
+            ..Default::default()
+        },
+    );
+
+    let method = RestMethod {
+        http_method: "POST".to_string(),
+        id: Some("example.files.create".to_string()),
+        path: "files/{fileId}".to_string(),
+        parameter_order: vec!["fileId".to_string()],
+        parameters,
+        request: Some(crate::openapi::discovery::SchemaRef {
+            schema_ref: Some("File".to_string()),
+            parameter_name: None,
+        }),
+        ..Default::default()
+    };
+
+    let params_json = r#"{"fileId": "123"}"#;
+    let body_json = r#"{"name": "test.txt"}"#;
+
+    let pagination = PaginationConfig::default();
+
+    let http_config = crate::http::HttpConfig::new("test").unwrap();
+    let result = execute_method(
+        &doc,
+        &method,
+        Some(params_json),
+        Some(body_json),
+        &crate::auth::no_auth_provider(),
+        None,
+        None,
+        None,
+        true, // dry_run
+        &pagination,
+        &crate::formatter::OutputPipeline::default(),
+        false,
+        None,
+        &http_config,
+        false, // no_extract
+        false, // no_retry
+        false, // no_stream
+        &[],
+    )
+    .await;
+
+    assert!(result.is_ok());
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn test_execute_method_missing_path_param() {
+    // Same setup but missing required fileId in params
+    let mut parameters = HashMap::new();
+    parameters.insert(
+        "fileId".to_string(),
+        crate::openapi::discovery::MethodParameter {
+            location: Some("path".to_string()),
+            required: true,
+            ..Default::default()
+        },
+    );
+    let doc = RestDescription::default();
+    let method = RestMethod {
+        http_method: "POST".to_string(),
+        path: "files/{fileId}".to_string(),
+        parameter_order: vec!["fileId".to_string()],
+        parameters,
+        ..Default::default()
+    };
+
+    let http_config = crate::http::HttpConfig::new("test").unwrap();
+    let result = execute_method(
+        &doc,
+        &method,
+        None, // No params provided
+        None,
+        &crate::auth::no_auth_provider(),
+        None,
+        None,
+        None,
+        true,
+        &PaginationConfig::default(),
+        &crate::formatter::OutputPipeline::default(),
+        false,
+        None,
+        &http_config,
+        false, // no_extract
+        false, // no_retry
+        false, // no_stream
+        &[],
+    )
+    .await;
+
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+    assert!(result
+        .unwrap_err()
+        .to_string()
+        .contains("Required path parameter"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_get_value_type_helper() {
+    assert_eq!(get_value_type(&json!(null)), "null");
+    assert_eq!(get_value_type(&json!(true)), "boolean");
+    assert_eq!(get_value_type(&json!(42)), "integer");
+    assert_eq!(get_value_type(&json!(3.5)), "number (float)");
+    assert_eq!(get_value_type(&json!("string")), "string");
+    assert_eq!(get_value_type(&json!([1, 2])), "array");
+    assert_eq!(get_value_type(&json!({"a": 1})), "object");
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn test_post_without_body_sets_content_length_zero() {
+    let client = reqwest::Client::new();
+    let method = RestMethod {
+        http_method: "POST".to_string(),
+        path: "messages/trash".to_string(),
+        ..Default::default()
+    };
+    let input = ExecutionInput {
+        full_url: "https://example.com/messages/trash".to_string(),
+        body: None,
+        query_params: Vec::new(),
+        header_params: Vec::new(),
+        is_upload: false,
+    };
+
+    let request = build_http_request(
+        &client,
+        &method,
+        &input,
+        &crate::auth::no_auth_provider(),
+        &EndpointAuthMetadata::unspecified(),
+        &PageState::Cursor(None),
+        0,
+        &None,
+        None,
+        &PaginationConfig::default(),
+    )
+    .await
+    .unwrap();
+
+    let built = request.build().unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(
+        built
+            .headers()
+            .get("Content-Length")
+            .map(|v| v.to_str().unwrap()),
+        Some("0"),
+        "POST with no body must include Content-Length: 0"
+    );
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn test_post_with_body_does_not_add_content_length_zero() {
+    let client = reqwest::Client::new();
+    let method = RestMethod {
+        http_method: "POST".to_string(),
+        path: "files".to_string(),
+        ..Default::default()
+    };
+    let input = ExecutionInput {
+        full_url: "https://example.com/files".to_string(),
+        body: Some(json!({"name": "test"})),
+        query_params: Vec::new(),
+        header_params: Vec::new(),
+        is_upload: false,
+    };
+
+    let request = build_http_request(
+        &client,
+        &method,
+        &input,
+        &crate::auth::no_auth_provider(),
+        &EndpointAuthMetadata::unspecified(),
+        &PageState::Cursor(None),
+        0,
+        &None,
+        None,
+        &PaginationConfig::default(),
+    )
+    .await
+    .unwrap();
+
+    let built = request.build().unwrap();
+    // When body is present, Content-Length should NOT be "0"
+    let cl = built
+        .headers()
+        .get("Content-Length")
+        .map(|v| v.to_str().unwrap().to_string());
+    assert!(cl.is_none() || cl.as_deref() != Some("0"));
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn test_get_does_not_set_content_length_zero() {
+    let client = reqwest::Client::new();
+    let method = RestMethod {
+        http_method: "GET".to_string(),
+        path: "files".to_string(),
+        ..Default::default()
+    };
+    let input = ExecutionInput {
+        full_url: "https://example.com/files".to_string(),
+        body: None,
+        query_params: Vec::new(),
+        header_params: Vec::new(),
+        is_upload: false,
+    };
+
+    let request = build_http_request(
+        &client,
+        &method,
+        &input,
+        &crate::auth::no_auth_provider(),
+        &EndpointAuthMetadata::unspecified(),
+        &PageState::Cursor(None),
+        0,
+        &None,
+        None,
+        &PaginationConfig::default(),
+    )
+    .await
+    .unwrap();
+
+    let built = request.build().unwrap();
+    assert!(
+        built.headers().get("Content-Length").is_none(),
+        "GET with no body should not have Content-Length header"
+    );
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// BearerHeader auth method
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn test_bearer_header_sends_bearer_prefix() {
+    use crate::openapi::discovery::RestMethod;
+
+    let client = crate::http::HttpConfig::new("test").unwrap().build_client().unwrap();
+    let method = RestMethod {
+        http_method: "GET".to_string(),
+        path: "/test".to_string(),
+        ..Default::default()
+    };
+    let input = ExecutionInput {
+        full_url: "https://example.com/test".to_string(),
+        body: None,
+        query_params: Vec::new(),
+        header_params: Vec::new(),
+        is_upload: false,
+    };
+
+    let provider: DynAuthProvider = std::sync::Arc::new(crate::auth::HeaderAuthProvider::new(
+        "scheme",
+        "X-Auth",
+        crate::auth::AuthCredentialSource::literal("mytoken"),
+        true,
+    ));
+    let request = build_http_request(
+        &client,
+        &method,
+        &input,
+        &provider,
+        &EndpointAuthMetadata::unspecified(),
+        &PageState::Cursor(None),
+        0,
+        &None,
+        None,
+        &PaginationConfig::default(),
+    )
+    .await
+    .unwrap();
+
+    let built = request.build().unwrap();
+    let header_val = built.headers().get("x-auth").and_then(|v| v.to_str().ok());
+    assert_eq!(header_val, Some("Bearer mytoken"));
+}
diff --git a/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/openapi/help.rs b/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/openapi/help.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..9e7c263ddbb2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/openapi/help.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,530 @@
+//! JSON help output — renders `--help --format json` as a machine-readable
+//! schema. When an agent passes both `--help` (or `-h`) and `--format json`,
+//! the pipeline intercepts before clap parses and calls [`render_json_help`].
+
+use serde_json::{json, Map, Value};
+
+use crate::error::CliError;
+use crate::openapi::discovery::{RestDescription, RestMethod, RestResource};
+
+/// Renders JSON help for the given subcommand path and prints it to stdout.
+#[cfg(test)]
+pub(crate) fn render_json_help(doc: &RestDescription, path: &[String]) -> Result<(), CliError> {
+    write_json_help(doc, path, &mut std::io::stdout())
+}
+
+/// Writer-parameterized variant of [`render_json_help`].
+pub(crate) fn write_json_help(
+    doc: &RestDescription,
+    path: &[String],
+    out: &mut dyn std::io::Write,
+) -> Result<(), CliError> {
+    let output = match path.len() {
+        0 => list_all_operations(doc),
+        1 => list_resource_operations(doc, &path[0])?,
+        _ => {
+            // Try treating last element as a method name first.
+            // If that fails, the full path may resolve to a nested sub-resource — list its ops.
+            let resource_path: Vec<&str> = path[..path.len() - 1].iter().map(|s| s.as_str()).collect();
+            let method_name = path[path.len() - 1].as_str();
+            match operation_schema(doc, &resource_path, method_name) {
+                Ok(schema) => schema,
+                Err(_) => {
+                    let full_path: Vec<&str> = path.iter().map(|s| s.as_str()).collect();
+                    list_nested_resource_operations(doc, &full_path)?
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    };
+
+    writeln!(
+        out,
+        "{}",
+        serde_json::to_string_pretty(&output)
+            .map_err(|e| CliError::Validation(format!("Failed to serialize help: {e}")))?
+    )
+    .map_err(|e| CliError::Other(e.into()))?;
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn list_all_operations(doc: &RestDescription) -> Value {
+    let mut ops: Vec<Value> = Vec::new();
+    let mut names: Vec<_> = doc.resources.keys().collect();
+    names.sort();
+    for name in names {
+        collect_resource_ops(&doc.resources[name], &[name], &mut ops);
+    }
+    // Wrap the operations list in a top-level object that also exposes any
+    // `x-fern-sdk-variables` so a machine consumer can discover the global
+    // root flags (and their env-var fallbacks) without inspecting every
+    // operation. Falls back to the bare array when no variables are
+    // declared so existing consumers that expect a JSON array at the root
+    // are unaffected.
+    if doc.sdk_variables.is_empty() {
+        json!(ops)
+    } else {
+        json!({
+            "sdkVariables": render_sdk_variables(&doc.sdk_variables),
+            "operations": ops,
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+fn render_sdk_variables(
+    vars: &[crate::openapi::discovery::SdkVariable],
+) -> Vec<Value> {
+    vars.iter()
+        .map(|v| {
+            json!({
+                "name": v.name,
+                "type": v.ty,
+                "description": v.description.as_deref().unwrap_or(""),
+                "globalFlag": format!("--{}", crate::text::to_kebab_flag(&v.name)),
+                "envVar": crate::text::to_screaming_snake(&v.name),
+            })
+        })
+        .collect()
+}
+
+fn list_resource_operations(doc: &RestDescription, resource: &str) -> Result<Value, CliError> {
+    let res = doc
+        .resources
+        .get(resource)
+        .ok_or_else(|| CliError::Validation(format!("Resource not found: {resource}")))?;
+    let mut ops: Vec<Value> = Vec::new();
+    collect_resource_ops(res, &[resource], &mut ops);
+    Ok(json!(ops))
+}
+
+fn list_nested_resource_operations(doc: &RestDescription, path: &[&str]) -> Result<Value, CliError> {
+    let first = path.first().ok_or_else(|| {
+        CliError::Validation("No resource specified".to_string())
+    })?;
+    let mut res = doc
+        .resources
+        .get(*first)
+        .ok_or_else(|| CliError::Validation(format!("Resource not found: {first}")))?;
+    for segment in &path[1..] {
+        res = res
+            .resources
+            .get(*segment)
+            .ok_or_else(|| CliError::Validation(format!("Resource not found: {segment}")))?;
+    }
+    let mut ops: Vec<Value> = Vec::new();
+    collect_resource_ops(res, path, &mut ops);
+    Ok(json!(ops))
+}
+
+fn operation_schema(doc: &RestDescription, resource_path: &[&str], method_name: &str) -> Result<Value, CliError> {
+    let first = resource_path.first().ok_or_else(|| {
+        CliError::Validation("No resource specified".to_string())
+    })?;
+
+    let mut res = doc
+        .resources
+        .get(*first)
+        .ok_or_else(|| CliError::Validation(format!("Resource not found: {first}")))?;
+
+    for segment in &resource_path[1..] {
+        res = res
+            .resources
+            .get(*segment)
+            .ok_or_else(|| CliError::Validation(format!("Resource not found: {segment}")))?;
+    }
+
+    let method = res.methods.get(method_name).ok_or_else(|| {
+        CliError::Validation(format!(
+            "Operation not found: {} {method_name}",
+            resource_path.join(" ")
+        ))
+    })?;
+
+    Ok(build_schema(resource_path, method_name, method))
+}
+
+fn build_schema(resource_path: &[&str], method_name: &str, method: &RestMethod) -> Value {
+    let mut properties: Map<String, Value> = Map::new();
+    let mut required: Vec<String> = Vec::new();
+
+    let mut param_names: Vec<_> = method.parameters.keys().collect();
+    param_names.sort();
+    for name in param_names {
+        let param = &method.parameters[name];
+        let mut prop = json!({
+            "type": param.param_type.as_deref().unwrap_or("string"),
+            "description": param.description.as_deref().unwrap_or(""),
+            "location": param.location.as_deref().unwrap_or("query"),
+        });
+        if let Some(enums) = &param.enum_values {
+            prop["enum"] = json!(enums);
+            // When `x-fern-enum` overrides are present, expose the
+            // per-value display name and description so JSON-help
+            // consumers can render them without reparsing the spec.
+            if let Some(fern_enum) = &param.fern_enum {
+                let mut by_wire: Map<String, Value> = Map::new();
+                for wire in enums {
+                    if let Some(entry) = fern_enum.get(wire) {
+                        let mut obj = Map::new();
+                        if let Some(name) = &entry.display_name {
+                            obj.insert("name".to_string(), Value::String(name.clone()));
+                        }
+                        if let Some(desc) = &entry.description {
+                            obj.insert("description".to_string(), Value::String(desc.clone()));
+                        }
+                        if !obj.is_empty() {
+                            by_wire.insert(wire.clone(), Value::Object(obj));
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                if !by_wire.is_empty() {
+                    prop["x-fern-enum"] = Value::Object(by_wire);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        if let Some(availability) = param.availability {
+            prop["availability"] = json!(availability.as_str());
+        }
+        // Variable-bound path parameters are NOT per-op required flags; their
+        // value comes from the root-level global flag (kebab-cased) with an
+        // env-var fallback (SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE), or from `--params` JSON.
+        // Mark them explicitly so machine consumers (LLM agents, code
+        // generators) know not to surface a per-op `--<param>` flag and can
+        // discover the right global/env fallbacks instead.
+        if let Some(var_name) = param.variable_reference.as_deref() {
+            prop["binding"] = json!("sdk-variable");
+            prop["variable"] = json!(var_name);
+            prop["globalFlag"] = json!(format!("--{}", crate::text::to_kebab_flag(var_name)));
+            prop["envVar"] = json!(crate::text::to_screaming_snake(var_name));
+        } else if param.required {
+            required.push(name.clone());
+        }
+        properties.insert(name.clone(), prop);
+    }
+    required.sort();
+
+    let mut output = json!({
+        "operation": format!("{}.{}", resource_path.join("."), method_name),
+        "httpMethod": method.http_method,
+        "path": method.path,
+        "description": method.description.as_deref().unwrap_or(""),
+        "parameters": {
+            "type": "object",
+            "properties": properties,
+            "required": required,
+        },
+    });
+    if let Some(availability) = method.availability {
+        output["availability"] = json!(availability.as_str());
+    }
+    output
+}
+
+fn collect_resource_ops(res: &RestResource, path: &[&str], ops: &mut Vec<Value>) {
+    let mut method_names: Vec<_> = res.methods.keys().collect();
+    method_names.sort();
+    for method_name in method_names {
+        let m = &res.methods[method_name];
+        let mut entry = json!({
+            "operation": format!("{}.{}", path.join("."), method_name),
+            "httpMethod": m.http_method,
+            "path": m.path,
+            "description": m.description.as_deref().unwrap_or(""),
+        });
+        if let Some(availability) = m.availability {
+            entry["availability"] = json!(availability.as_str());
+        }
+        ops.push(entry);
+    }
+    let mut sub_names: Vec<_> = res.resources.keys().collect();
+    sub_names.sort();
+    for sub_name in sub_names {
+        let mut sub_path = path.to_vec();
+        sub_path.push(sub_name);
+        collect_resource_ops(&res.resources[sub_name], &sub_path, ops);
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::openapi::discovery::{MethodParameter, RestMethod, RestResource};
+    use std::collections::HashMap;
+
+    fn make_doc() -> RestDescription {
+        let mut params = HashMap::new();
+        params.insert(
+            "user_id".to_string(),
+            MethodParameter {
+                param_type: Some("string".to_string()),
+                description: Some("The user ID".to_string()),
+                location: Some("path".to_string()),
+                required: true,
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+        );
+        let mut methods = HashMap::new();
+        methods.insert(
+            "get".to_string(),
+            RestMethod {
+                http_method: "GET".to_string(),
+                path: "/users/{user_id}".to_string(),
+                description: Some("Get a user".to_string()),
+                parameters: params,
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+        );
+        let mut resources = HashMap::new();
+        resources.insert(
+            "users".to_string(),
+            RestResource {
+                methods,
+                resources: HashMap::new(),
+            },
+        );
+        RestDescription {
+            name: "test".to_string(),
+            resources,
+            ..Default::default()
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_render_root_lists_all() {
+        let doc = make_doc();
+        let output = list_all_operations(&doc);
+        let arr = output.as_array().unwrap();
+        assert!(!arr.is_empty());
+        assert_eq!(arr[0]["operation"], "users.get");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_render_resource() {
+        let doc = make_doc();
+        let output = list_resource_operations(&doc, "users").unwrap();
+        let arr = output.as_array().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(arr.len(), 1);
+        assert_eq!(arr[0]["operation"], "users.get");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_render_operation_schema() {
+        let doc = make_doc();
+        let schema = operation_schema(&doc, &["users"], "get").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(schema["httpMethod"], "GET");
+        let required = schema["parameters"]["required"].as_array().unwrap();
+        assert!(required.iter().any(|v| v == "user_id"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_variable_bound_param_annotated_and_not_required_in_per_op_schema() {
+        // JSON help is the machine-readable contract for LLM agents. A
+        // variable-bound path parameter must NOT appear in the per-op
+        // `required` array (there is no per-op flag for it), and the
+        // property MUST carry enough metadata for an agent to resolve it
+        // via the root-level global flag, env var, or --params JSON.
+        let mut params = HashMap::new();
+        params.insert(
+            "gardenId".to_string(),
+            MethodParameter {
+                param_type: Some("string".to_string()),
+                description: Some("Tenant id".to_string()),
+                location: Some("path".to_string()),
+                required: true,
+                variable_reference: Some("gardenId".to_string()),
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+        );
+        // A plain (non-variable-bound) required path param on the same op
+        // MUST still show up in `required` as before.
+        params.insert(
+            "zoneId".to_string(),
+            MethodParameter {
+                param_type: Some("string".to_string()),
+                description: Some("Zone id".to_string()),
+                location: Some("path".to_string()),
+                required: true,
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+        );
+        let method = RestMethod {
+            http_method: "GET".to_string(),
+            path: "/gardens/{gardenId}/zones/{zoneId}".to_string(),
+            description: Some("List zones".to_string()),
+            parameters: params,
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let schema = build_schema(&["zones"], "get", &method);
+        let required = schema["parameters"]["required"].as_array().unwrap();
+        assert!(
+            !required.iter().any(|v| v == "gardenId"),
+            "variable-bound param must not appear in per-op `required`, got: {required:?}",
+        );
+        assert!(
+            required.iter().any(|v| v == "zoneId"),
+            "plain required path param must still be in `required`, got: {required:?}",
+        );
+
+        let garden = &schema["parameters"]["properties"]["gardenId"];
+        assert_eq!(garden["binding"], "sdk-variable");
+        assert_eq!(garden["variable"], "gardenId");
+        assert_eq!(garden["globalFlag"], "--garden-id");
+        assert_eq!(garden["envVar"], "GARDEN_ID");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_root_listing_surfaces_sdk_variables_when_declared() {
+        // With at least one `x-fern-sdk-variables` entry the root JSON
+        // help wraps the operations array in an object that exposes the
+        // variable definitions (name, type, description, derived flag,
+        // env var) so machine consumers can discover the root-level
+        // globals without scanning every operation.
+        let mut doc = make_doc();
+        doc.sdk_variables = vec![crate::openapi::discovery::SdkVariable {
+            name: "gardenId".to_string(),
+            ty: "string".to_string(),
+            description: Some("Tenant id".to_string()),
+        }];
+        let output = list_all_operations(&doc);
+        let obj = output.as_object().expect("expected wrapped object when sdk_variables present");
+        let vars = obj["sdkVariables"].as_array().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(vars.len(), 1);
+        assert_eq!(vars[0]["name"], "gardenId");
+        assert_eq!(vars[0]["globalFlag"], "--garden-id");
+        assert_eq!(vars[0]["envVar"], "GARDEN_ID");
+        assert_eq!(vars[0]["description"], "Tenant id");
+        assert!(
+            obj["operations"].as_array().unwrap().iter().any(|op| op["operation"] == "users.get"),
+            "operations array must still list every op when wrapped",
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_root_listing_stays_bare_array_when_no_sdk_variables() {
+        // Backwards-compat: specs without any `x-fern-sdk-variables`
+        // still produce a top-level JSON array (the shape every
+        // existing consumer expects).
+        let doc = make_doc();
+        let output = list_all_operations(&doc);
+        assert!(
+            output.is_array(),
+            "root JSON help must stay a bare array when no sdk_variables are declared",
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_render_json_help_nested_sub_resource_listing() {
+        // path.len() == 2 where last element is a sub-resource, not a method
+        let mut nested_methods = std::collections::HashMap::new();
+        nested_methods.insert(
+            "get-membership".to_string(),
+            crate::openapi::discovery::RestMethod {
+                http_method: "GET".to_string(),
+                path: "/organizations/{id}/memberships/{mid}".to_string(),
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+        );
+        let mut sub_resources = std::collections::HashMap::new();
+        sub_resources.insert(
+            "memberships".to_string(),
+            RestResource {
+                methods: nested_methods,
+                resources: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
+            },
+        );
+        let mut resources = std::collections::HashMap::new();
+        resources.insert(
+            "organizations".to_string(),
+            RestResource {
+                methods: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
+                resources: sub_resources,
+            },
+        );
+        let doc = RestDescription {
+            name: "test".to_string(),
+            resources,
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+
+        let path: Vec<String> = vec!["organizations".into(), "memberships".into()];
+        let result = render_json_help(&doc, &path);
+        assert!(result.is_ok(), "sub-resource path should list operations, not error");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_render_nested_operation_schema() {
+        let mut nested_methods = std::collections::HashMap::new();
+        nested_methods.insert(
+            "get-membership".to_string(),
+            crate::openapi::discovery::RestMethod {
+                http_method: "GET".to_string(),
+                path: "/organizations/{org_id}/memberships/{membership_id}".to_string(),
+                description: Some("Get a membership".to_string()),
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+        );
+        let mut sub_resources = std::collections::HashMap::new();
+        sub_resources.insert(
+            "memberships".to_string(),
+            RestResource {
+                methods: nested_methods,
+                resources: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
+            },
+        );
+        let mut resources = std::collections::HashMap::new();
+        resources.insert(
+            "organizations".to_string(),
+            RestResource {
+                methods: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
+                resources: sub_resources,
+            },
+        );
+        let doc = RestDescription {
+            name: "test".to_string(),
+            resources,
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+
+        let schema = operation_schema(&doc, &["organizations", "memberships"], "get-membership").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(schema["operation"], "organizations.memberships.get-membership");
+        assert_eq!(schema["httpMethod"], "GET");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_render_json_help_dispatches_nested_path() {
+        let mut nested_methods = std::collections::HashMap::new();
+        nested_methods.insert(
+            "get-membership".to_string(),
+            crate::openapi::discovery::RestMethod {
+                http_method: "GET".to_string(),
+                path: "/orgs/{id}/memberships/{mid}".to_string(),
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+        );
+        let mut sub_resources = std::collections::HashMap::new();
+        sub_resources.insert(
+            "memberships".to_string(),
+            RestResource {
+                methods: nested_methods,
+                resources: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
+            },
+        );
+        let mut resources = std::collections::HashMap::new();
+        resources.insert(
+            "organizations".to_string(),
+            RestResource {
+                methods: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
+                resources: sub_resources,
+            },
+        );
+        let doc = RestDescription {
+            name: "test".to_string(),
+            resources,
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+
+        let path: Vec<String> = vec!["organizations".into(), "memberships".into(), "get-membership".into()];
+        // Should not error — previously would pass "memberships" as method name
+        let result = render_json_help(&doc, &path);
+        assert!(result.is_ok(), "nested path should resolve correctly");
+    }
+}
diff --git a/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/openapi/mod.rs b/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/openapi/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..cdc657e97ca8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/openapi/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+mod app;
+mod binding;
+pub mod commands;
+mod help;
+pub mod executor;
+pub mod overlay;
+mod parser;
+pub mod discovery;
+pub mod skill_emitter;
+
+pub use self::app::{AppContext, resolve_method_from_matches};
+pub(crate) use self::app::CliApp;
+pub use self::binding::OpenApiBinding;
+pub use self::overlay::{apply_overlay, apply_overlays_to_spec, parse_overlay, validate_overlay};
+pub use self::parser::{deep_merge_yaml, load_openapi_spec, load_openapi_spec_from_value};
diff --git a/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/openapi/overlay.rs b/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/openapi/overlay.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..cfea79a0e77f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/openapi/overlay.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,1829 @@
+//! OpenAPI Overlay support (v1.0.0)
+//!
+//! Applies [OpenAPI Overlays](https://spec.openapis.org/overlay/latest.html) to
+//! an OpenAPI document represented as a generic JSON value. Each overlay contains
+//! a list of *actions* whose `target` is a JSONPath (RFC 9535) expression. Actions
+//! either **update** (deep-merge) or **remove** matched nodes.
+
+use serde::Deserialize;
+use serde_json::Value;
+use serde_json_path::JsonPath;
+
+use crate::error::CliError;
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Overlay document types
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/// A single overlay action targeting nodes via a JSONPath expression.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize)]
+pub struct OverlayAction {
+    /// JSONPath (RFC 9535) expression selecting target nodes.
+    pub target: String,
+    /// Human-readable description of the action.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub description: Option<String>,
+    /// Value to deep-merge into each matched node. Required when `remove` is
+    /// false/absent.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub update: Option<Value>,
+    /// When `true`, matched nodes are removed instead of updated.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub remove: bool,
+}
+
+/// Metadata block inside an overlay document.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize)]
+pub struct OverlayInfo {
+    pub title: String,
+    pub version: String,
+}
+
+/// A complete overlay document.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize)]
+pub struct OverlayDocument {
+    /// Overlay specification version (e.g. `"1.0.0"`).
+    pub overlay: String,
+    /// Metadata about this overlay.
+    pub info: OverlayInfo,
+    /// Optional base document this overlay extends.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub extends: Option<String>,
+    /// Ordered list of actions to apply.
+    pub actions: Vec<OverlayAction>,
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Parsing
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/// Parse an overlay document from a YAML or JSON string.
+pub fn parse_overlay(input: &str) -> Result<OverlayDocument, CliError> {
+    // Try JSON first, then YAML
+    serde_json::from_str::<OverlayDocument>(input)
+        .or_else(|_| {
+            let yaml_value: serde_yaml::Value = serde_yaml::from_str(input)
+                .map_err(|e| CliError::Discovery(format!("Failed to parse overlay file: {e}")))?;
+            let json_value = yaml_to_json(yaml_value);
+            serde_json::from_value::<OverlayDocument>(json_value)
+                .map_err(|e| CliError::Discovery(format!("Failed to parse overlay file: {e}")))
+        })
+        .map_err(|e| match e {
+            CliError::Discovery(_) => e,
+            _ => CliError::Discovery(format!("Failed to parse overlay file: {e}")),
+        })
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Validation
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/// Validate the structure of a parsed overlay document.
+pub fn validate_overlay(overlay: &OverlayDocument) -> Result<(), CliError> {
+    if overlay.overlay.is_empty() {
+        return Err(CliError::Validation(
+            "Overlay file missing required 'overlay' version field".to_string(),
+        ));
+    }
+
+    if overlay.info.title.is_empty() || overlay.info.version.is_empty() {
+        return Err(CliError::Validation(
+            "Overlay file missing required 'info.title' or 'info.version' field".to_string(),
+        ));
+    }
+
+    if overlay.actions.is_empty() {
+        return Err(CliError::Validation(
+            "Overlay file must have at least one action".to_string(),
+        ));
+    }
+
+    for (i, action) in overlay.actions.iter().enumerate() {
+        if action.target.is_empty() {
+            return Err(CliError::Validation(format!(
+                "Overlay action at index {i} missing required 'target' field"
+            )));
+        }
+        if action.update.is_none() && !action.remove {
+            return Err(CliError::Validation(format!(
+                "Overlay action at index {i} must have either 'update' or 'remove'"
+            )));
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Application
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/// Apply an overlay document to an OpenAPI spec represented as a JSON value.
+///
+/// Actions are applied sequentially; each one operates on the result of the
+/// previous action. This function does **not** mutate the input — it returns a
+/// new value.
+pub fn apply_overlay(doc: &Value, overlay: &OverlayDocument) -> Result<Value, CliError> {
+    let mut output = doc.clone();
+
+    for (i, action) in overlay.actions.iter().enumerate() {
+        let path = JsonPath::parse(&action.target).map_err(|e| {
+            CliError::Validation(format!(
+                "Invalid JSONPath in overlay action {i} (target: '{}'): {e}",
+                action.target
+            ))
+        })?;
+
+        if action.remove {
+            apply_remove(&mut output, &path);
+        } else if let Some(ref update) = action.update {
+            apply_update(&mut output, &path, update)?;
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok(output)
+}
+
+/// Apply a remove action: delete all nodes matched by `path`.
+fn apply_remove(doc: &mut Value, path: &JsonPath) {
+    let located = path.query_located(doc);
+    // Collect normalized paths; process in reverse so array indices stay valid
+    let mut paths: Vec<Vec<PathSegment>> = located
+        .iter()
+        .map(|node| normalized_path_to_segments(node.location()))
+        .collect();
+    paths.sort_by(|a, b| b.cmp(a));
+
+    for segments in &paths {
+        remove_at_path(doc, segments);
+    }
+}
+
+/// Apply an update (deep-merge) action to all nodes matched by `path`.
+fn apply_update(doc: &mut Value, path: &JsonPath, update: &Value) -> Result<(), CliError> {
+    let located = path.query_located(doc);
+    let paths: Vec<Vec<PathSegment>> = located
+        .iter()
+        .map(|node| normalized_path_to_segments(node.location()))
+        .collect();
+
+    if paths.is_empty() {
+        return Ok(());
+    }
+
+    for segments in &paths {
+        if segments.is_empty() {
+            // Root target — merge directly into doc
+            if let Value::Object(_) = update {
+                deep_merge(doc, update);
+            }
+        } else {
+            merge_at_path(doc, segments, update);
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Path navigation helpers
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord)]
+enum PathSegment {
+    Key(String),
+    Index(usize),
+}
+
+/// Convert a `serde_json_path` `NormalizedPath` location into our own segment list.
+fn normalized_path_to_segments(
+    location: &serde_json_path::NormalizedPath<'_>,
+) -> Vec<PathSegment> {
+    location
+        .iter()
+        .filter_map(|elem| {
+            if let Some(name) = elem.as_name() {
+                Some(PathSegment::Key(name.to_string()))
+            } else {
+                elem.as_index().map(PathSegment::Index)
+            }
+        })
+        .collect()
+}
+
+
+/// Navigate to a path's parent and remove the target node.
+fn remove_at_path(doc: &mut Value, segments: &[PathSegment]) {
+    if segments.is_empty() {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    let (parent_segments, last) = segments.split_at(segments.len() - 1);
+    let last = &last[0];
+
+    let parent = navigate_to_mut(doc, parent_segments);
+    let Some(parent) = parent else { return };
+
+    match last {
+        PathSegment::Key(key) => {
+            if let Value::Object(map) = parent {
+                map.remove(key);
+            }
+        }
+        PathSegment::Index(idx) => {
+            if let Value::Array(arr) = parent {
+                if *idx < arr.len() {
+                    arr.remove(*idx);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Navigate to a path and deep-merge the update value.
+fn merge_at_path(doc: &mut Value, segments: &[PathSegment], update: &Value) {
+    let target = navigate_to_mut(doc, segments);
+    let Some(target) = target else { return };
+
+    // Match Fern CLI behavior (applyOpenAPIOverlay.ts L74-77): when the target
+    // is an array and the update is NOT itself an array, append the value.
+    if let Value::Array(arr) = target {
+        if !update.is_array() {
+            arr.push(update.clone());
+            return;
+        }
+    }
+
+    deep_merge(target, update);
+}
+
+/// Walk the JSON tree following the given segments, returning a mutable ref to
+/// the target node, or `None` if the path does not exist.
+fn navigate_to_mut<'a>(doc: &'a mut Value, segments: &[PathSegment]) -> Option<&'a mut Value> {
+    let mut current = doc;
+    for segment in segments {
+        current = match segment {
+            PathSegment::Key(key) => current.get_mut(key.as_str())?,
+            PathSegment::Index(idx) => current.get_mut(*idx)?,
+        };
+    }
+    Some(current)
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Deep merge
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/// Recursively merge `update` into `base`, matching lodash `merge` semantics.
+///
+/// - Objects are merged key-by-key (recursive).
+/// - Arrays are merged index-by-index: each element in `update` is deep-merged
+///   into the corresponding index of `base`. If `update` is shorter, trailing
+///   `base` elements are preserved. If `update` is longer, new elements are
+///   appended.
+/// - All other types are overwritten.
+pub fn deep_merge(base: &mut Value, update: &Value) {
+    match (base, update) {
+        (Value::Object(base_map), Value::Object(update_map)) => {
+            for (key, update_val) in update_map {
+                let entry = base_map
+                    .entry(key.clone())
+                    .or_insert(Value::Null);
+                deep_merge(entry, update_val);
+            }
+        }
+        (Value::Array(base_arr), Value::Array(update_arr)) => {
+            for (i, update_val) in update_arr.iter().enumerate() {
+                if i < base_arr.len() {
+                    deep_merge(&mut base_arr[i], update_val);
+                } else {
+                    base_arr.push(update_val.clone());
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        (base, update) => {
+            *base = update.clone();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// YAML → JSON conversion
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/// Convert a `serde_yaml::Value` into a `serde_json::Value`.
+fn yaml_to_json(yaml: serde_yaml::Value) -> Value {
+    match yaml {
+        serde_yaml::Value::Null => Value::Null,
+        serde_yaml::Value::Bool(b) => Value::Bool(b),
+        serde_yaml::Value::Number(n) => {
+            if let Some(i) = n.as_i64() {
+                Value::Number(i.into())
+            } else if let Some(u) = n.as_u64() {
+                Value::Number(u.into())
+            } else if let Some(f) = n.as_f64() {
+                serde_json::Number::from_f64(f)
+                    .map(Value::Number)
+                    .unwrap_or(Value::Null)
+            } else {
+                Value::Null
+            }
+        }
+        serde_yaml::Value::String(s) => Value::String(s),
+        serde_yaml::Value::Sequence(seq) => {
+            Value::Array(seq.into_iter().map(yaml_to_json).collect())
+        }
+        serde_yaml::Value::Mapping(map) => {
+            let obj = map
+                .into_iter()
+                .filter_map(|(k, v)| {
+                    let key = match k {
+                        serde_yaml::Value::String(s) => s,
+                        serde_yaml::Value::Number(n) => n.to_string(),
+                        serde_yaml::Value::Bool(b) => b.to_string(),
+                        _ => return None,
+                    };
+                    Some((key, yaml_to_json(v)))
+                })
+                .collect();
+            Value::Object(obj)
+        }
+        serde_yaml::Value::Tagged(tagged) => yaml_to_json(tagged.value),
+    }
+}
+
+/// Parse an OpenAPI spec string (YAML or JSON) into a `serde_json::Value`,
+/// apply a list of overlay strings, and return the modified JSON value
+/// serialised back to a YAML string suitable for `load_openapi_spec`.
+pub fn apply_overlays_to_spec(
+    spec_yaml: &str,
+    overlay_strings: &[String],
+) -> Result<String, CliError> {
+    if overlay_strings.is_empty() {
+        return Ok(spec_yaml.to_string());
+    }
+
+    // Parse spec into a generic JSON value
+    let yaml_value: serde_yaml::Value = serde_yaml::from_str(spec_yaml)
+        .map_err(|e| CliError::Discovery(format!("Failed to parse OpenAPI spec: {e}")))?;
+    let mut doc = yaml_to_json(yaml_value);
+
+    for (idx, overlay_str) in overlay_strings.iter().enumerate() {
+        let overlay = parse_overlay(overlay_str).map_err(|e| {
+            CliError::Discovery(format!("Failed to parse overlay {idx}: {e}"))
+        })?;
+        validate_overlay(&overlay).map_err(|e| {
+            CliError::Validation(format!("Invalid overlay {idx}: {e}"))
+        })?;
+
+        tracing::debug!(
+            "Applying overlay \"{}\" v{}",
+            overlay.info.title,
+            overlay.info.version
+        );
+
+        doc = apply_overlay(&doc, &overlay)?;
+    }
+
+    // Serialize back to YAML
+    serde_yaml::to_string(&doc)
+        .map_err(|e| CliError::Discovery(format!("Failed to serialize overlaid spec: {e}")))
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Tests
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use serde_json::json;
+
+    // -- deep_merge --
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_deep_merge_objects() {
+        let mut base = json!({"a": 1, "b": {"c": 2}});
+        let update = json!({"b": {"d": 3}, "e": 4});
+        deep_merge(&mut base, &update);
+        assert_eq!(base, json!({"a": 1, "b": {"c": 2, "d": 3}, "e": 4}));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_deep_merge_overwrites_primitives() {
+        let mut base = json!({"a": 1});
+        let update = json!({"a": 2});
+        deep_merge(&mut base, &update);
+        assert_eq!(base, json!({"a": 2}));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_deep_merge_nested() {
+        let mut base = json!({"a": {"b": {"c": 1, "d": 2}}});
+        let update = json!({"a": {"b": {"c": 10, "e": 3}}});
+        deep_merge(&mut base, &update);
+        assert_eq!(base, json!({"a": {"b": {"c": 10, "d": 2, "e": 3}}}));
+    }
+
+    // -- parse_overlay --
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_parse_overlay_yaml() {
+        let yaml = r#"
+overlay: "1.0.0"
+info:
+  title: Test Overlay
+  version: "1.0"
+actions:
+  - target: "$.info"
+    update:
+      description: "Updated description"
+"#;
+        let doc = parse_overlay(yaml).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(doc.overlay, "1.0.0");
+        assert_eq!(doc.info.title, "Test Overlay");
+        assert_eq!(doc.actions.len(), 1);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_parse_overlay_json() {
+        let json_str = r#"{
+            "overlay": "1.0.0",
+            "info": {"title": "Test", "version": "1.0"},
+            "actions": [
+                {"target": "$.info", "update": {"description": "hi"}}
+            ]
+        }"#;
+        let doc = parse_overlay(json_str).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(doc.overlay, "1.0.0");
+        assert_eq!(doc.actions.len(), 1);
+    }
+
+    // -- validate_overlay --
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_validate_overlay_missing_version() {
+        let doc = OverlayDocument {
+            overlay: String::new(),
+            info: OverlayInfo { title: "T".into(), version: "1".into() },
+            extends: None,
+            actions: vec![OverlayAction {
+                target: "$.info".into(),
+                description: None,
+                update: Some(json!({})),
+                remove: false,
+            }],
+        };
+        assert!(validate_overlay(&doc).is_err());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_validate_overlay_no_actions() {
+        let doc = OverlayDocument {
+            overlay: "1.0.0".into(),
+            info: OverlayInfo { title: "T".into(), version: "1".into() },
+            extends: None,
+            actions: vec![],
+        };
+        assert!(validate_overlay(&doc).is_err());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_validate_overlay_action_no_target() {
+        let doc = OverlayDocument {
+            overlay: "1.0.0".into(),
+            info: OverlayInfo { title: "T".into(), version: "1".into() },
+            extends: None,
+            actions: vec![OverlayAction {
+                target: String::new(),
+                description: None,
+                update: Some(json!({})),
+                remove: false,
+            }],
+        };
+        assert!(validate_overlay(&doc).is_err());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_validate_overlay_action_no_update_no_remove() {
+        let doc = OverlayDocument {
+            overlay: "1.0.0".into(),
+            info: OverlayInfo { title: "T".into(), version: "1".into() },
+            extends: None,
+            actions: vec![OverlayAction {
+                target: "$.info".into(),
+                description: None,
+                update: None,
+                remove: false,
+            }],
+        };
+        assert!(validate_overlay(&doc).is_err());
+    }
+
+    // -- apply_overlay: update --
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_overlay_update_simple_path() {
+        let doc = json!({
+            "info": {"title": "Old", "version": "1.0"},
+            "paths": {}
+        });
+        let overlay = OverlayDocument {
+            overlay: "1.0.0".into(),
+            info: OverlayInfo { title: "T".into(), version: "1".into() },
+            extends: None,
+            actions: vec![OverlayAction {
+                target: "$.info".into(),
+                description: None,
+                update: Some(json!({"title": "New", "description": "Added"})),
+                remove: false,
+            }],
+        };
+        let result = apply_overlay(&doc, &overlay).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(result["info"]["title"], "New");
+        assert_eq!(result["info"]["version"], "1.0");
+        assert_eq!(result["info"]["description"], "Added");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_overlay_update_nested_path() {
+        let doc = json!({
+            "components": {
+                "schemas": {
+                    "User": {
+                        "type": "object",
+                        "properties": {
+                            "name": {"type": "string"}
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        });
+        let overlay = OverlayDocument {
+            overlay: "1.0.0".into(),
+            info: OverlayInfo { title: "T".into(), version: "1".into() },
+            extends: None,
+            actions: vec![OverlayAction {
+                target: "$.components.schemas.User".into(),
+                description: None,
+                update: Some(json!({
+                    "type": "object",
+                    "properties": {
+                        "name": {"type": "string"},
+                        "email": {"type": "string"}
+                    }
+                })),
+                remove: false,
+            }],
+        };
+        let result = apply_overlay(&doc, &overlay).unwrap();
+        assert!(result["components"]["schemas"]["User"]["properties"]["email"].is_object());
+    }
+
+    // -- apply_overlay: remove --
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_overlay_remove_property() {
+        let doc = json!({
+            "components": {
+                "schemas": {
+                    "User": {
+                        "type": "object",
+                        "properties": {
+                            "name": {"type": "string"},
+                            "email": {"type": "string"}
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        });
+        let overlay = OverlayDocument {
+            overlay: "1.0.0".into(),
+            info: OverlayInfo { title: "T".into(), version: "1".into() },
+            extends: None,
+            actions: vec![OverlayAction {
+                target: "$.components.schemas.User.properties.email".into(),
+                description: None,
+                update: None,
+                remove: true,
+            }],
+        };
+        let result = apply_overlay(&doc, &overlay).unwrap();
+        assert!(result["components"]["schemas"]["User"]["properties"]["email"].is_null());
+        assert_eq!(
+            result["components"]["schemas"]["User"]["properties"]["name"]["type"],
+            "string"
+        );
+    }
+
+    // -- apply_overlay: wildcard --
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_overlay_wildcard_update() {
+        let doc = json!({
+            "paths": {
+                "/users": {
+                    "get": {"summary": "Get users"}
+                },
+                "/posts": {
+                    "get": {"summary": "Get posts"}
+                }
+            }
+        });
+        let overlay = OverlayDocument {
+            overlay: "1.0.0".into(),
+            info: OverlayInfo { title: "T".into(), version: "1".into() },
+            extends: None,
+            actions: vec![OverlayAction {
+                target: "$.paths.*.get".into(),
+                description: None,
+                update: Some(json!({"security": [{"Bearer": []}]})),
+                remove: false,
+            }],
+        };
+        let result = apply_overlay(&doc, &overlay).unwrap();
+        assert!(result["paths"]["/users"]["get"]["security"].is_array());
+        assert!(result["paths"]["/posts"]["get"]["security"].is_array());
+    }
+
+    // -- apply_overlay: zero matches --
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_overlay_zero_match_no_error() {
+        let doc = json!({"info": {"title": "Test"}});
+        let overlay = OverlayDocument {
+            overlay: "1.0.0".into(),
+            info: OverlayInfo { title: "T".into(), version: "1".into() },
+            extends: None,
+            actions: vec![OverlayAction {
+                target: "$.nonexistent.path".into(),
+                description: None,
+                update: Some(json!({"x": 1})),
+                remove: false,
+            }],
+        };
+        let result = apply_overlay(&doc, &overlay).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(result, doc);
+    }
+
+    // -- apply_overlay: sequential actions --
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_overlay_sequential_actions() {
+        let doc = json!({
+            "components": {
+                "schemas": {
+                    "User": {
+                        "type": "object",
+                        "properties": {
+                            "id": {"type": "string"}
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        });
+        let overlay = OverlayDocument {
+            overlay: "1.0.0".into(),
+            info: OverlayInfo { title: "T".into(), version: "1".into() },
+            extends: None,
+            actions: vec![
+                OverlayAction {
+                    target: "$.components.schemas.User".into(),
+                    description: None,
+                    update: Some(json!({
+                        "properties": {
+                            "id": {"type": "string"},
+                            "profile": {"type": "object", "properties": {"name": {"type": "string"}}}
+                        }
+                    })),
+                    remove: false,
+                },
+                OverlayAction {
+                    target: "$.components.schemas.User.properties.profile".into(),
+                    description: None,
+                    update: Some(json!({
+                        "properties": {
+                            "name": {"type": "string"},
+                            "email": {"type": "string", "format": "email"}
+                        }
+                    })),
+                    remove: false,
+                },
+            ],
+        };
+        let result = apply_overlay(&doc, &overlay).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(
+            result["components"]["schemas"]["User"]["properties"]["profile"]["properties"]["email"]["type"],
+            "string"
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            result["components"]["schemas"]["User"]["properties"]["profile"]["properties"]["name"]["type"],
+            "string"
+        );
+    }
+
+    // -- apply_overlay: root target --
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_overlay_root_target() {
+        let doc = json!({"info": {"title": "Old"}});
+        let overlay = OverlayDocument {
+            overlay: "1.0.0".into(),
+            info: OverlayInfo { title: "T".into(), version: "1".into() },
+            extends: None,
+            actions: vec![OverlayAction {
+                target: "$".into(),
+                description: None,
+                update: Some(json!({"info": {"title": "New", "version": "2.0"}})),
+                remove: false,
+            }],
+        };
+        let result = apply_overlay(&doc, &overlay).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(result["info"]["title"], "New");
+        assert_eq!(result["info"]["version"], "2.0");
+    }
+
+    // -- apply_overlays_to_spec --
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_apply_overlays_to_spec_roundtrip() {
+        let spec = r#"
+openapi: "3.0.0"
+info:
+  title: Test API
+  version: "1.0"
+servers:
+  - url: https://api.example.com
+paths:
+  /plants:
+    get:
+      operationId: list-plants
+      summary: List plants
+      x-fern-sdk-group-name:
+        - plants
+      x-fern-sdk-method-name: list
+"#;
+        let overlay = r#"
+overlay: "1.0.0"
+info:
+  title: Add description
+  version: "1.0"
+actions:
+  - target: "$.info"
+    update:
+      description: "A plant management API"
+"#;
+
+        let result = apply_overlays_to_spec(spec, &[overlay.to_string()]).unwrap();
+        // The result should be valid YAML that can be parsed
+        let parsed: serde_yaml::Value = serde_yaml::from_str(&result).unwrap();
+        let info = &parsed["info"];
+        assert_eq!(info["description"], serde_yaml::Value::String("A plant management API".into()));
+        // Original fields preserved
+        assert_eq!(info["title"], serde_yaml::Value::String("Test API".into()));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_apply_overlays_to_spec_no_overlays() {
+        let spec = "openapi: 3.0.0\ninfo:\n  title: Test\n  version: '1.0'\n";
+        let result = apply_overlays_to_spec(spec, &[]).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(result, spec);
+    }
+
+    // -- array removal --
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_overlay_remove_array_element() {
+        let doc = json!({
+            "paths": {
+                "/plants": {
+                    "get": {
+                        "parameters": [
+                            {"name": "id", "in": "query"},
+                            {"name": "limit", "in": "query"},
+                            {"name": "offset", "in": "query"}
+                        ]
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        });
+        let overlay = OverlayDocument {
+            overlay: "1.0.0".into(),
+            info: OverlayInfo { title: "T".into(), version: "1".into() },
+            extends: None,
+            actions: vec![OverlayAction {
+                target: "$.paths['/plants'].get.parameters[1]".into(),
+                description: None,
+                update: None,
+                remove: true,
+            }],
+        };
+        let result = apply_overlay(&doc, &overlay).unwrap();
+        let params = result["paths"]["/plants"]["get"]["parameters"].as_array().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(params.len(), 2);
+        assert_eq!(params[0]["name"], "id");
+        assert_eq!(params[1]["name"], "offset");
+    }
+
+    // -- multiple overlays --
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_apply_multiple_overlays() {
+        let spec = r#"
+openapi: "3.0.0"
+info:
+  title: Test
+  version: "1.0"
+paths: {}
+"#;
+        let overlay1 = r#"
+overlay: "1.0.0"
+info:
+  title: Overlay 1
+  version: "1.0"
+actions:
+  - target: "$.info"
+    update:
+      description: "First overlay"
+"#;
+        let overlay2 = r#"
+overlay: "1.0.0"
+info:
+  title: Overlay 2
+  version: "1.0"
+actions:
+  - target: "$.info"
+    update:
+      contact:
+        name: "Plant Store Support"
+"#;
+        let result = apply_overlays_to_spec(spec, &[overlay1.to_string(), overlay2.to_string()]).unwrap();
+        let parsed: serde_yaml::Value = serde_yaml::from_str(&result).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(
+            parsed["info"]["description"],
+            serde_yaml::Value::String("First overlay".into())
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            parsed["info"]["contact"]["name"],
+            serde_yaml::Value::String("Plant Store Support".into())
+        );
+    }
+
+    // -- deep merge preserves existing keys --
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_deep_merge_preserves_existing() {
+        let doc = json!({
+            "components": {
+                "schemas": {
+                    "Plant": {
+                        "type": "object",
+                        "properties": {
+                            "species": {"type": "string"},
+                            "height": {"type": "number"}
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        });
+        let overlay = OverlayDocument {
+            overlay: "1.0.0".into(),
+            info: OverlayInfo { title: "T".into(), version: "1".into() },
+            extends: None,
+            actions: vec![OverlayAction {
+                target: "$.components.schemas.Plant.properties".into(),
+                description: None,
+                update: Some(json!({
+                    "species": {"type": "string", "description": "The plant species"},
+                    "color": {"type": "string"}
+                })),
+                remove: false,
+            }],
+        };
+        let result = apply_overlay(&doc, &overlay).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(result["components"]["schemas"]["Plant"]["properties"]["height"]["type"], "number");
+        assert_eq!(
+            result["components"]["schemas"]["Plant"]["properties"]["species"]["description"],
+            "The plant species"
+        );
+        assert_eq!(result["components"]["schemas"]["Plant"]["properties"]["color"]["type"], "string");
+    }
+
+    // -----------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // Tests ported from Fern CLI TypeScript (applyOpenAPIOverlay.test.ts)
+    // These ensure behavioral parity with the Fern CLI overlay implementation.
+    // -----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    fn make_overlay(actions: Vec<OverlayAction>) -> OverlayDocument {
+        OverlayDocument {
+            overlay: "1.0.0".into(),
+            info: OverlayInfo { title: "Test".into(), version: "1.0".into() },
+            extends: None,
+            actions,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn update_action(target: &str, update: Value) -> OverlayAction {
+        OverlayAction {
+            target: target.into(),
+            description: None,
+            update: Some(update),
+            remove: false,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn remove_action(target: &str) -> OverlayAction {
+        OverlayAction {
+            target: target.into(),
+            description: None,
+            update: None,
+            remove: true,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Port of TS: "should merge updates into a schema at a JSONPath target"
+    #[test]
+    fn test_fern_merge_updates_into_schema() {
+        let doc = json!({
+            "components": { "schemas": { "UserUpdate": {
+                "type": "object",
+                "properties": {
+                    "name": { "type": "string" },
+                    "email": { "type": "string", "nullable": true }
+                }
+            }}}
+        });
+        let overlay = make_overlay(vec![update_action(
+            "$.components.schemas.UserUpdate",
+            json!({
+                "type": "object",
+                "properties": {
+                    "name": { "type": "string" },
+                    "lastName": { "type": "string" },
+                    "email": { "type": "string", "nullable": true }
+                }
+            }),
+        )]);
+        let result = apply_overlay(&doc, &overlay).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(
+            result,
+            json!({
+                "components": { "schemas": { "UserUpdate": {
+                    "type": "object",
+                    "properties": {
+                        "name": { "type": "string" },
+                        "lastName": { "type": "string" },
+                        "email": { "type": "string", "nullable": true }
+                    }
+                }}}
+            })
+        );
+    }
+
+    /// Port of TS: "should merge arrays of objects in OpenAPI paths"
+    /// Uses filter expression to target a specific array element.
+    #[test]
+    fn test_fern_merge_array_element_by_filter() {
+        let doc = json!({
+            "paths": { "/plants": { "get": { "parameters": [
+                { "name": "id", "in": "query", "required": true },
+                { "name": "limit", "in": "query", "required": false }
+            ]}}}
+        });
+        let overlay = make_overlay(vec![update_action(
+            "$.paths['/plants'].get.parameters[?(@.name=='id')]",
+            json!({ "name": "id", "in": "query", "required": true, "description": "Plant ID" }),
+        )]);
+        let result = apply_overlay(&doc, &overlay).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(
+            result["paths"]["/plants"]["get"]["parameters"],
+            json!([
+                { "name": "id", "in": "query", "required": true, "description": "Plant ID" },
+                { "name": "limit", "in": "query", "required": false }
+            ])
+        );
+    }
+
+    /// Port of TS: "should replace arrays of primitives"
+    /// When both target and update are arrays, lodash-style index-by-index merge.
+    #[test]
+    fn test_fern_replace_primitive_arrays() {
+        let doc = json!({
+            "components": { "schemas": { "Plant": {
+                "type": "object",
+                "properties": { "tags": {
+                    "type": "array",
+                    "items": { "type": "string" },
+                    "enum": ["annual", "perennial"]
+                }}
+            }}}
+        });
+        let overlay = make_overlay(vec![update_action(
+            "$.components.schemas.Plant.properties.tags.enum",
+            json!(["tropical", "succulent"]),
+        )]);
+        let result = apply_overlay(&doc, &overlay).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(
+            result["components"]["schemas"]["Plant"]["properties"]["tags"]["enum"],
+            json!(["tropical", "succulent"])
+        );
+    }
+
+    /// Port of TS: "should ignore updates if remove is true"
+    #[test]
+    fn test_fern_remove_ignores_update() {
+        let doc = json!({
+            "components": { "schemas": { "Plant": {
+                "type": "object",
+                "properties": {
+                    "species": { "type": "string" },
+                    "toxicity": { "type": "string" }
+                }
+            }}}
+        });
+        let overlay = make_overlay(vec![OverlayAction {
+            target: "$.components.schemas.Plant.properties.toxicity".into(),
+            description: None,
+            update: Some(json!({ "type": "string", "format": "enum" })),
+            remove: true,
+        }]);
+        let result = apply_overlay(&doc, &overlay).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(
+            result,
+            json!({
+                "components": { "schemas": { "Plant": {
+                    "type": "object",
+                    "properties": {
+                        "species": { "type": "string" }
+                    }
+                }}}
+            })
+        );
+    }
+
+    /// Port of TS: "should handle multiple consecutive array removals"
+    #[test]
+    fn test_fern_multiple_consecutive_array_removals() {
+        let doc = json!({
+            "paths": { "/plants": { "get": { "parameters": [
+                { "name": "id", "in": "query", "required": true },
+                { "name": "limit", "in": "query", "required": false },
+                { "name": "offset", "in": "query", "required": false },
+                { "name": "sort", "in": "query", "required": false }
+            ]}}}
+        });
+        let overlay = make_overlay(vec![
+            remove_action("$.paths['/plants'].get.parameters[?(@.name == 'limit')]"),
+            remove_action("$.paths['/plants'].get.parameters[?(@.name == 'offset')]"),
+        ]);
+        let result = apply_overlay(&doc, &overlay).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(
+            result["paths"]["/plants"]["get"]["parameters"],
+            json!([
+                { "name": "id", "in": "query", "required": true },
+                { "name": "sort", "in": "query", "required": false }
+            ])
+        );
+    }
+
+    /// Port of TS: "should handle merges to multiple items in an array"
+    #[test]
+    fn test_fern_merge_multiple_array_items_by_filter() {
+        let doc = json!({
+            "paths": { "/plants": { "get": { "parameters": [
+                { "name": "id", "in": "query", "required": true },
+                { "name": "limit", "in": "query", "required": false },
+                { "name": "authorization", "in": "header", "required": true },
+                { "name": "offset", "in": "query", "required": false },
+                { "name": "sort", "in": "query", "required": false }
+            ]}}}
+        });
+        let overlay = make_overlay(vec![update_action(
+            "$.paths['/plants'].get.parameters[?(@.in == 'query')]",
+            json!({ "description": "Query parameter" }),
+        )]);
+        let result = apply_overlay(&doc, &overlay).unwrap();
+        let params = result["paths"]["/plants"]["get"]["parameters"].as_array().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(params[0]["description"], "Query parameter");
+        assert_eq!(params[1]["description"], "Query parameter");
+        assert!(params[2].get("description").is_none()); // header param untouched
+        assert_eq!(params[3]["description"], "Query parameter");
+        assert_eq!(params[4]["description"], "Query parameter");
+    }
+
+    /// Port of TS: "should handle multiple overlay actions"
+    #[test]
+    fn test_fern_multiple_overlay_actions() {
+        let doc = json!({
+            "components": { "schemas": {
+                "PlantUpdate": {
+                    "type": "object",
+                    "properties": { "species": { "type": "string" } }
+                },
+                "Plant": {
+                    "type": "object",
+                    "properties": { "id": { "type": "string" } }
+                }
+            }}
+        });
+        let overlay = make_overlay(vec![
+            update_action(
+                "$.components.schemas.PlantUpdate",
+                json!({
+                    "type": "object",
+                    "properties": {
+                        "species": { "type": "string" },
+                        "color": { "type": "string" }
+                    }
+                }),
+            ),
+            update_action(
+                "$.components.schemas.Plant",
+                json!({
+                    "type": "object",
+                    "properties": {
+                        "id": { "type": "string" },
+                        "species": { "type": "string" }
+                    }
+                }),
+            ),
+        ]);
+        let result = apply_overlay(&doc, &overlay).unwrap();
+        assert!(result["components"]["schemas"]["PlantUpdate"]["properties"]["color"].is_object());
+        assert!(result["components"]["schemas"]["Plant"]["properties"]["species"].is_object());
+    }
+
+    /// Port of TS: "should handle actions on items inserted by earlier actions"
+    #[test]
+    fn test_fern_actions_on_items_from_earlier_actions() {
+        let doc = json!({
+            "components": { "schemas": { "Plant": {
+                "type": "object",
+                "properties": { "id": { "type": "string" } }
+            }}}
+        });
+        let overlay = make_overlay(vec![
+            update_action(
+                "$.components.schemas.Plant",
+                json!({
+                    "type": "object",
+                    "properties": {
+                        "id": { "type": "string" },
+                        "habitat": {
+                            "type": "object",
+                            "properties": { "climate": { "type": "string" } }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }),
+            ),
+            update_action(
+                "$.components.schemas.Plant.properties.habitat",
+                json!({
+                    "type": "object",
+                    "properties": {
+                        "climate": { "type": "string" },
+                        "soil": { "type": "string", "format": "enum" }
+                    }
+                }),
+            ),
+        ]);
+        let result = apply_overlay(&doc, &overlay).unwrap();
+        let habitat = &result["components"]["schemas"]["Plant"]["properties"]["habitat"]["properties"];
+        assert!(habitat["climate"].is_object());
+        assert_eq!(habitat["soil"]["format"], "enum");
+    }
+
+    /// Port of TS: "should handle wildcard path matching across multiple paths"
+    #[test]
+    fn test_fern_wildcard_across_multiple_paths() {
+        let doc = json!({
+            "paths": {
+                "/plants": {
+                    "get": { "summary": "Get plants", "operationId": "getPlants" },
+                    "post": { "summary": "Create plant", "operationId": "createPlant" }
+                },
+                "/gardens": {
+                    "get": { "summary": "Get gardens", "operationId": "getGardens" }
+                },
+                "/nurseries": {
+                    "get": { "summary": "Get nurseries", "operationId": "getNurseries" },
+                    "delete": { "summary": "Delete nursery", "operationId": "deleteNursery" }
+                }
+            }
+        });
+        let overlay = make_overlay(vec![update_action(
+            "$.paths.*.get",
+            json!({ "security": [{ "Bearer": [] }] }),
+        )]);
+        let result = apply_overlay(&doc, &overlay).unwrap();
+        // All GET operations should have security
+        assert!(result["paths"]["/plants"]["get"]["security"].is_array());
+        assert!(result["paths"]["/gardens"]["get"]["security"].is_array());
+        assert!(result["paths"]["/nurseries"]["get"]["security"].is_array());
+        // Non-GET operations should not
+        assert!(result["paths"]["/plants"]["post"].get("security").is_none());
+        assert!(result["paths"]["/nurseries"]["delete"].get("security").is_none());
+    }
+
+    /// Port of TS: "should handle zero-match JSONPath expressions"
+    #[test]
+    fn test_fern_zero_match_continues_processing() {
+        let doc = json!({
+            "components": { "schemas": { "Plant": {
+                "type": "object",
+                "properties": {
+                    "id": { "type": "string" },
+                    "species": { "type": "string" }
+                }
+            }}},
+            "paths": { "/plants": { "get": { "summary": "Get plants" } } }
+        });
+        let overlay = make_overlay(vec![
+            update_action(
+                "$.components.schemas.NonExistentSchema",
+                json!({ "type": "object" }),
+            ),
+            update_action(
+                "$.paths['/nonexistent'].post",
+                json!({ "summary": "Non-existent" }),
+            ),
+            update_action(
+                "$.components.schemas.Plant",
+                json!({
+                    "type": "object",
+                    "properties": {
+                        "id": { "type": "string" },
+                        "species": { "type": "string" },
+                        "color": { "type": "string", "format": "hex" }
+                    }
+                }),
+            ),
+        ]);
+        let result = apply_overlay(&doc, &overlay).unwrap();
+        // Only the last valid action should have taken effect
+        assert!(result["components"]["schemas"]["Plant"]["properties"]["color"].is_object());
+        // Original data untouched where no match
+        assert_eq!(result["paths"]["/plants"]["get"]["summary"], "Get plants");
+    }
+
+    /// Port of TS: "should handle deep merge behavior"
+    #[test]
+    fn test_fern_deep_merge_preserves_nested_structure() {
+        let doc = json!({
+            "components": { "schemas": { "Plant": {
+                "type": "object",
+                "properties": {
+                    "habitat": {
+                        "type": "object",
+                        "properties": {
+                            "climate": {
+                                "type": "object",
+                                "properties": {
+                                    "temperature": { "type": "string" },
+                                    "humidity": { "type": "integer" }
+                                }
+                            },
+                            "soil": {
+                                "type": "object",
+                                "properties": { "ph": { "type": "string" } }
+                            }
+                        }
+                    },
+                    "care": {
+                        "type": "object",
+                        "properties": {
+                            "watering": { "type": "string", "default": "weekly" }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }}}
+        });
+        let overlay = make_overlay(vec![update_action(
+            "$.components.schemas.Plant.properties.habitat",
+            json!({
+                "type": "object",
+                "properties": {
+                    "climate": {
+                        "type": "object",
+                        "properties": {
+                            "temperature": { "type": "string" },
+                            "rainfall": { "type": "string" }
+                        }
+                    },
+                    "soil": {
+                        "type": "object",
+                        "properties": {
+                            "ph": { "type": "string" },
+                            "drainage": { "type": "string", "format": "enum" }
+                        }
+                    },
+                    "sunlight": {
+                        "type": "object",
+                        "properties": {
+                            "hours": { "type": "integer", "default": 6 }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }),
+        )]);
+        let result = apply_overlay(&doc, &overlay).unwrap();
+        let habitat = &result["components"]["schemas"]["Plant"]["properties"]["habitat"]["properties"];
+        // Existing humidity preserved
+        assert_eq!(habitat["climate"]["properties"]["humidity"]["type"], "integer");
+        // New rainfall added
+        assert_eq!(habitat["soil"]["properties"]["drainage"]["format"], "enum");
+        // New sunlight section added
+        assert_eq!(habitat["sunlight"]["properties"]["hours"]["default"], 6);
+        // care section untouched
+        assert_eq!(
+            result["components"]["schemas"]["Plant"]["properties"]["care"]["properties"]["watering"]["default"],
+            "weekly"
+        );
+    }
+
+    /// Port of TS: "should handle root-level targeting"
+    #[test]
+    fn test_fern_root_level_targeting() {
+        let doc = json!({
+            "openapi": "3.0.0",
+            "info": { "title": "Plant API", "version": "1.0.0" },
+            "paths": { "/plants": { "get": { "summary": "Get plants" } } },
+            "tags": [{ "name": "legacy", "description": "Legacy endpoints" }],
+            "components": { "securitySchemes": {
+                "apiKey": { "type": "apiKey", "in": "header", "name": "X-API-Key" }
+            }}
+        });
+        let overlay = make_overlay(vec![
+            update_action(
+                "$",
+                json!({
+                    "openapi": "3.0.0",
+                    "info": {
+                        "title": "Plant API",
+                        "version": "1.0.0",
+                        "description": "API for managing plants and gardens",
+                        "contact": { "name": "Garden Team", "email": "garden@example.com" }
+                    },
+                    "servers": [
+                        { "url": "https://api.example.com/v1", "description": "Production" },
+                        { "url": "https://staging.example.com/v1", "description": "Staging" }
+                    ],
+                    "externalDocs": {
+                        "description": "Plant care guide",
+                        "url": "https://docs.example.com"
+                    }
+                }),
+            ),
+            remove_action("$.tags"),
+            remove_action("$.components"),
+        ]);
+        let result = apply_overlay(&doc, &overlay).unwrap();
+        // Added fields
+        assert_eq!(result["info"]["description"], "API for managing plants and gardens");
+        assert!(result["servers"].is_array());
+        assert_eq!(result["servers"].as_array().unwrap().len(), 2);
+        assert!(result["externalDocs"].is_object());
+        // Removed fields
+        assert!(result.get("tags").is_none());
+        assert!(result.get("components").is_none());
+        // Preserved fields
+        assert_eq!(result["paths"]["/plants"]["get"]["summary"], "Get plants");
+    }
+
+    /// Port of TS: "should handle array edge cases including empty arrays and
+    /// replacing complete arrays"
+    #[test]
+    fn test_fern_array_edge_cases_append_and_replace() {
+        let doc = json!({
+            "components": { "schemas": { "Plant": {
+                "type": "object",
+                "properties": {
+                    "tags": {
+                        "type": "array",
+                        "items": { "type": "string" },
+                        "enum": []
+                    },
+                    "zones": {
+                        "type": "array",
+                        "items": { "type": "string" },
+                        "enum": ["zone5"]
+                    },
+                    "companions": {
+                        "type": "array",
+                        "items": { "type": "object" },
+                        "enum": []
+                    }
+                }
+            }}}
+        });
+        let overlay = make_overlay(vec![
+            // Replace whole tags object (including enum) via deep merge
+            update_action(
+                "$.components.schemas.Plant.properties.tags",
+                json!({
+                    "type": "array",
+                    "items": { "type": "string" },
+                    "enum": ["tropical", "succulent"]
+                }),
+            ),
+            // Replace whole zones object (including enum) via deep merge
+            update_action(
+                "$.components.schemas.Plant.properties.zones",
+                json!({
+                    "type": "array",
+                    "items": { "type": "string" },
+                    "enum": ["zone5", "zone6", "zone7"]
+                }),
+            ),
+            // Append object to empty companions array
+            update_action(
+                "$.components.schemas.Plant.properties.companions.enum",
+                json!({ "name": "basil", "benefit": "pest control" }),
+            ),
+            // Append another object
+            update_action(
+                "$.components.schemas.Plant.properties.companions.enum",
+                json!({ "name": "marigold", "benefit": "pollination" }),
+            ),
+        ]);
+        let result = apply_overlay(&doc, &overlay).unwrap();
+        let props = &result["components"]["schemas"]["Plant"]["properties"];
+        assert_eq!(props["tags"]["enum"], json!(["tropical", "succulent"]));
+        assert_eq!(props["zones"]["enum"], json!(["zone5", "zone6", "zone7"]));
+        let companions = props["companions"]["enum"].as_array().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(companions.len(), 2);
+        assert_eq!(companions[0]["name"], "basil");
+        assert_eq!(companions[1]["name"], "marigold");
+    }
+
+    /// Port of TS: "should not mutate the input data object"
+    #[test]
+    fn test_fern_does_not_mutate_input() {
+        let doc = json!({
+            "components": { "schemas": { "Plant": {
+                "type": "object",
+                "properties": { "species": { "type": "string" } }
+            }}}
+        });
+        let original = doc.clone();
+        let overlay = make_overlay(vec![update_action(
+            "$.components.schemas.Plant",
+            json!({
+                "type": "object",
+                "properties": {
+                    "species": { "type": "string" },
+                    "color": { "type": "string" }
+                }
+            }),
+        )]);
+        let _result = apply_overlay(&doc, &overlay).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(doc, original);
+    }
+
+    /// Port of TS: "should handle complex JSONPath expressions including
+    /// recursive descent and filters" — array index targeting
+    #[test]
+    fn test_fern_array_index_targeting() {
+        let doc = json!({
+            "paths": { "/plants": { "get": { "parameters": [
+                { "name": "limit", "in": "query", "schema": { "type": "integer" } },
+                { "name": "offset", "in": "query", "schema": { "type": "integer" } }
+            ]}}}
+        });
+        let overlay = make_overlay(vec![update_action(
+            "$.paths['/plants'].get.parameters[0]",
+            json!({
+                "name": "limit", "in": "query",
+                "schema": { "type": "integer", "minimum": 1, "maximum": 100 },
+                "description": "Maximum number of items to return"
+            }),
+        )]);
+        let result = apply_overlay(&doc, &overlay).unwrap();
+        let params = &result["paths"]["/plants"]["get"]["parameters"];
+        assert_eq!(params[0]["description"], "Maximum number of items to return");
+        assert_eq!(params[0]["schema"]["minimum"], 1);
+        // Second param untouched
+        assert!(params[1].get("description").is_none());
+    }
+
+    // -- Additional deep_merge tests for lodash parity --
+
+    /// Verify lodash-style index-by-index array merge
+    #[test]
+    fn test_deep_merge_arrays_index_by_index() {
+        let mut base = json!([1, 2, 3]);
+        let update = json!([10, 20]);
+        deep_merge(&mut base, &update);
+        assert_eq!(base, json!([10, 20, 3]));
+    }
+
+    /// Verify array merge with objects inside arrays
+    #[test]
+    fn test_deep_merge_arrays_of_objects() {
+        let mut base = json!([
+            { "name": "a", "value": 1 },
+            { "name": "b", "value": 2 }
+        ]);
+        let update = json!([
+            { "name": "a", "value": 10, "extra": true }
+        ]);
+        deep_merge(&mut base, &update);
+        assert_eq!(base[0]["value"], 10);
+        assert_eq!(base[0]["extra"], true);
+        assert_eq!(base[1]["value"], 2); // second element preserved
+    }
+
+    /// Verify array append appends objects to array target
+    #[test]
+    fn test_merge_at_path_array_append() {
+        let mut doc = json!({ "items": [] });
+        let segments = vec![PathSegment::Key("items".into())];
+        merge_at_path(&mut doc, &segments, &json!({ "id": 1 }));
+        merge_at_path(&mut doc, &segments, &json!({ "id": 2 }));
+        assert_eq!(doc["items"], json!([{ "id": 1 }, { "id": 2 }]));
+    }
+
+    /// Verify that update with longer array extends the base
+    #[test]
+    fn test_deep_merge_update_extends_shorter_array() {
+        let mut base = json!([1]);
+        let update = json!([10, 20, 30]);
+        deep_merge(&mut base, &update);
+        assert_eq!(base, json!([10, 20, 30]));
+    }
+
+    // -----------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // Item 1 verification: array append scope — widened guard pushes any
+    // non-array value (objects, strings, numbers, booleans, null) matching
+    // the Fern CLI TS behavior.
+    // -----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_array_append_object() {
+        let mut doc = json!({ "items": [{"id": 1}] });
+        let segments = vec![PathSegment::Key("items".into())];
+        merge_at_path(&mut doc, &segments, &json!({"id": 2}));
+        assert_eq!(doc["items"], json!([{"id": 1}, {"id": 2}]));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_array_append_string() {
+        let mut doc = json!({ "tags": ["a", "b"] });
+        let segments = vec![PathSegment::Key("tags".into())];
+        merge_at_path(&mut doc, &segments, &json!("c"));
+        assert_eq!(doc["tags"], json!(["a", "b", "c"]));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_array_append_number() {
+        let mut doc = json!({ "nums": [1, 2] });
+        let segments = vec![PathSegment::Key("nums".into())];
+        merge_at_path(&mut doc, &segments, &json!(3));
+        assert_eq!(doc["nums"], json!([1, 2, 3]));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_array_append_boolean() {
+        let mut doc = json!({ "flags": [true] });
+        let segments = vec![PathSegment::Key("flags".into())];
+        merge_at_path(&mut doc, &segments, &json!(false));
+        assert_eq!(doc["flags"], json!([true, false]));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_array_append_null() {
+        let mut doc = json!({ "items": [1] });
+        let segments = vec![PathSegment::Key("items".into())];
+        merge_at_path(&mut doc, &segments, &Value::Null);
+        assert_eq!(doc["items"], json!([1, null]));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_array_replace_with_array() {
+        let mut doc = json!({ "items": [1, 2] });
+        let segments = vec![PathSegment::Key("items".into())];
+        merge_at_path(&mut doc, &segments, &json!([10, 20, 30]));
+        // Arrays merge index-by-index via deep_merge
+        assert_eq!(doc["items"], json!([10, 20, 30]));
+    }
+
+    // -----------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // Item 2 verification: lodash merge vs deep_merge edge cases
+    // -----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_deep_merge_arrays_of_arrays() {
+        let mut base = json!([[1, 2], [3, 4]]);
+        let update = json!([[10], [30, 40, 50]]);
+        deep_merge(&mut base, &update);
+        // Index-by-index: base[0] merges with [10], base[1] with [30,40,50]
+        assert_eq!(base, json!([[10, 2], [30, 40, 50]]));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_deep_merge_mixed_type_arrays() {
+        let mut base = json!([1, "hello", {"a": 1}, [1, 2]]);
+        let update = json!([99, "world", {"b": 2}, [3]]);
+        deep_merge(&mut base, &update);
+        // Primitives replaced, objects merged, arrays merged index-by-index
+        assert_eq!(base, json!([99, "world", {"a": 1, "b": 2}, [3, 2]]));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_deep_merge_sparse_like_arrays() {
+        // lodash.merge with sparse arrays fills gaps — our impl uses
+        // index-by-index so shorter base just gets extended
+        let mut base = json!([1]);
+        let update = json!([null, null, 3]);
+        deep_merge(&mut base, &update);
+        assert_eq!(base, json!([null, null, 3]));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_deep_merge_empty_arrays() {
+        let mut base = json!([1, 2, 3]);
+        let update = json!([]);
+        deep_merge(&mut base, &update);
+        // Empty update leaves base unchanged
+        assert_eq!(base, json!([1, 2, 3]));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_deep_merge_nested_objects_in_arrays() {
+        let mut base = json!([{"a": {"x": 1}}, {"b": 2}]);
+        let update = json!([{"a": {"y": 2}}, {"c": 3}]);
+        deep_merge(&mut base, &update);
+        assert_eq!(base, json!([{"a": {"x": 1, "y": 2}}, {"b": 2, "c": 3}]));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_deep_merge_array_type_mismatch_replaces() {
+        // When base is object and update is array (or vice versa), replace
+        let mut base = json!({"a": 1});
+        let update = json!([1, 2]);
+        deep_merge(&mut base, &update);
+        assert_eq!(base, json!([1, 2]));
+
+        let mut base = json!([1, 2]);
+        let update = json!({"a": 1});
+        deep_merge(&mut base, &update);
+        assert_eq!(base, json!({"a": 1}));
+    }
+
+    // -----------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // Item 3 verification: YAML ↔ JSON roundtrip fidelity
+    // -----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_yaml_roundtrip_strips_comments() {
+        let yaml_with_comments = r#"
+openapi: "3.0.0"
+info:
+  title: Test # inline comment
+  version: "1.0"
+# full line comment
+paths: {}
+"#;
+        // Need a no-op overlay to trigger the YAML->JSON->YAML roundtrip
+        // (empty overlay list short-circuits and returns original string)
+        let noop_overlay = r#"
+overlay: "1.0.0"
+info:
+  title: noop
+  version: "1.0.0"
+actions:
+  - target: "$.__nonexistent__"
+    update:
+      x: 1
+"#;
+        let result = apply_overlays_to_spec(
+            yaml_with_comments,
+            &[noop_overlay.to_string()],
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        // Comments are stripped after roundtrip
+        assert!(!result.contains("# inline comment"), "inline comment should be stripped: {result}");
+        assert!(!result.contains("# full line comment"), "line comment should be stripped: {result}");
+        assert!(result.contains("title: Test"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_yaml_roundtrip_resolves_anchors() {
+        // serde_yaml resolves anchors/aliases during deserialization.
+        // Use a simple alias (not merge key) to verify resolution.
+        let yaml_with_anchors = r#"
+base_url: &url "https://api.example.com"
+servers:
+  - url: *url
+    description: production
+"#;
+        let yaml_value: serde_yaml::Value =
+            serde_yaml::from_str(yaml_with_anchors).unwrap();
+        let json_val = yaml_to_json(yaml_value);
+        // Alias is resolved to the concrete value
+        assert_eq!(
+            json_val["servers"][0]["url"],
+            "https://api.example.com"
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            json_val["servers"][0]["description"],
+            "production"
+        );
+        // The anchor definition is also present as a regular key
+        assert_eq!(
+            json_val["base_url"],
+            "https://api.example.com"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_yaml_roundtrip_strips_custom_tags() {
+        let yaml_with_tag = r#"
+value: !custom_tag
+  inner: data
+"#;
+        let yaml_value: serde_yaml::Value =
+            serde_yaml::from_str(yaml_with_tag).unwrap();
+        let json_val = yaml_to_json(yaml_value);
+        // Custom tags are stripped, value preserved
+        assert_eq!(json_val["value"]["inner"], "data");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_yaml_roundtrip_with_overlay_preserves_structure() {
+        let spec = r#"
+openapi: "3.0.0"
+info:
+  title: Test API # comment will be stripped
+  version: "1.0"
+paths:
+  /users:
+    get:
+      summary: List users
+"#;
+        let overlay = r#"
+overlay: "1.0.0"
+info:
+  title: add-description
+  version: "1.0.0"
+actions:
+  - target: "$.info"
+    update:
+      description: "Added by overlay"
+"#;
+        let result =
+            apply_overlays_to_spec(spec, &[overlay.to_string()]).unwrap();
+        assert!(result.contains("description: Added by overlay"));
+        assert!(result.contains("title: Test API"));
+        assert!(!result.contains('#'));
+    }
+
+    // -----------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // Item 4 verification: special characters in JSON keys via overlay paths
+    // -----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_overlay_key_with_special_chars() {
+        let doc = json!({
+            "x-extension": {"value": 1},
+            "paths": {
+                "/users/{id}": {
+                    "get": {"summary": "get user"}
+                }
+            }
+        });
+        let overlay = make_overlay(vec![
+            update_action(
+                "$.paths['/users/{id}'].get",
+                json!({"description": "Get a user by ID"}),
+            ),
+            update_action(
+                "$['x-extension']",
+                json!({"extra": true}),
+            ),
+        ]);
+        let result = apply_overlay(&doc, &overlay).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(
+            result["paths"]["/users/{id}"]["get"]["description"],
+            "Get a user by ID"
+        );
+        assert_eq!(result["x-extension"]["extra"], true);
+        assert_eq!(result["x-extension"]["value"], 1);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_normalized_path_to_segments_direct() {
+        // Verify the iterator-based approach works for keys with special chars
+        let doc = json!({
+            "it's": {"nested": true},
+            "key[0]": "bracket-key"
+        });
+        let path = serde_json_path::JsonPath::parse("$[\"it's\"]").unwrap();
+        let located = path.query_located(&doc);
+        for node in located.iter() {
+            let segments = normalized_path_to_segments(node.location());
+            assert_eq!(segments, vec![PathSegment::Key("it's".into())]);
+        }
+    }
+
+}
diff --git a/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/openapi/parser.rs b/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/openapi/parser.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..3cacb875f088
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/openapi/parser.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,8592 @@
+//! OpenAPI 3.0 Parser
+//!
+//! Converts an OpenAPI 3.0 YAML specification into the internal `RestDescription`
+//! representation used by the CLI command builder and executor.
+
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+
+use serde::{Deserialize, Deserializer};
+
+use crate::text::to_kebab_flag;
+use crate::openapi::discovery::{
+    Availability, BinaryRequestBody, BodyEncoding, GlobalHeader, IdempotencyHeader, JsonSchema,
+    JsonSchemaProperty, MethodParameter, PaginationConfig, RestDescription, RestMethod,
+    RestResource, RetriesConfig, SchemaRef, SdkGroupInfo, SdkVariable, SecurityScheme,
+    StreamingConfig,
+};
+use crate::error::CliError;
+
+/// Deserialize `x-fern-sdk-group-name` as either a string scalar or a list of
+/// strings. The Fern extension allows both forms; some specs use
+/// the scalar form while internal fixtures use the list form for nesting.
+fn deserialize_group_name<'de, D>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Option<Vec<String>>, D::Error>
+where
+    D: Deserializer<'de>,
+{
+    #[derive(Deserialize)]
+    #[serde(untagged)]
+    enum StringOrList {
+        String(String),
+        List(Vec<String>),
+    }
+    match Option::<StringOrList>::deserialize(deserializer)? {
+        None => Ok(None),
+        Some(StringOrList::String(s)) => Ok(Some(vec![s])),
+        Some(StringOrList::List(v)) => Ok(Some(v)),
+    }
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// YAML deep-merge (Fern overrides support)
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/// Recursively deep-merge `overrides` onto `base`, matching the Fern CLI's
+/// `mergeWithOverrides` behavior (lodash `mergeWith` + `omitDeepBy(isNull)`).
+///
+/// Maps merge key-by-key (override wins on leaf collisions). Arrays of objects
+/// merge element-by-element by index; if the override array is shorter the base
+/// tail is kept, if longer the override tail is appended. Arrays of primitives
+/// (or mixed) replace wholesale. Scalars replace. Null values in overrides
+/// delete the key from the base; null removal is applied recursively.
+/// Keys whose descendants preserve `null` values during the post-merge
+/// null-removal pass. Matches the Fern CLI's `OPENAPI_EXAMPLES_KEYS` constant
+/// used as `allowNullKeys` in `loadOpenAPI.ts`.
+const ALLOW_NULL_KEYS: &[&str] = &[
+    "examples",
+    "example",
+    "x-fern-examples",
+    "x-code-samples",
+    "x-codeSamples",
+];
+
+pub fn deep_merge_yaml(
+    base: serde_yaml::Value,
+    overrides: serde_yaml::Value,
+) -> serde_yaml::Value {
+    let merged = deep_merge_yaml_inner(base, overrides);
+    remove_nulls(merged, false)
+}
+
+/// Returns `true` if every element in the YAML sequence is a mapping (object).
+fn all_objects(seq: &[serde_yaml::Value]) -> bool {
+    seq.iter().all(|v| v.is_mapping())
+}
+
+/// Core merge without null-removal (applied once at the top level).
+fn deep_merge_yaml_inner(
+    base: serde_yaml::Value,
+    overrides: serde_yaml::Value,
+) -> serde_yaml::Value {
+    match (base, overrides) {
+        (serde_yaml::Value::Mapping(mut base_map), serde_yaml::Value::Mapping(override_map)) => {
+            for (key, override_val) in override_map {
+                if let Some(base_val) = base_map.remove(&key) {
+                    base_map.insert(key, deep_merge_yaml_inner(base_val, override_val));
+                } else {
+                    base_map.insert(key, override_val);
+                }
+            }
+            serde_yaml::Value::Mapping(base_map)
+        }
+        (
+            serde_yaml::Value::Sequence(base_seq),
+            serde_yaml::Value::Sequence(override_seq),
+        ) => {
+            // Fern parity: arrays of objects are merged element-by-element
+            // (by index). Arrays of primitives (or mixed) replace wholesale.
+            if all_objects(&base_seq) && all_objects(&override_seq) {
+                let mut result: Vec<serde_yaml::Value> = Vec::with_capacity(
+                    std::cmp::max(base_seq.len(), override_seq.len()),
+                );
+                let mut base_iter = base_seq.into_iter();
+                let mut ovr_iter = override_seq.into_iter();
+                loop {
+                    match (base_iter.next(), ovr_iter.next()) {
+                        (Some(b), Some(o)) => result.push(deep_merge_yaml_inner(b, o)),
+                        (Some(b), None) => result.push(b),
+                        (None, Some(o)) => result.push(o),
+                        (None, None) => break,
+                    }
+                }
+                serde_yaml::Value::Sequence(result)
+            } else {
+                serde_yaml::Value::Sequence(override_seq)
+            }
+        }
+        // All other types: override replaces the base.
+        (_base, override_val) => override_val,
+    }
+}
+
+/// Recursively walk a YAML value and remove any key whose value is `null`.
+/// This matches the Fern CLI's `omitDeepBy(isNull)` post-merge pass.
+///
+/// When `allow_nulls` is `true` (i.e. we are inside a key listed in
+/// `ALLOW_NULL_KEYS`, such as `"examples"`), null values are preserved
+/// instead of being stripped. The flag propagates to all descendants.
+fn remove_nulls(value: serde_yaml::Value, allow_nulls: bool) -> serde_yaml::Value {
+    match value {
+        serde_yaml::Value::Mapping(map) => {
+            let mut cleaned = serde_yaml::Mapping::new();
+            for (k, v) in map {
+                let key_str = k.as_str().unwrap_or("");
+                let child_allow = allow_nulls || ALLOW_NULL_KEYS.contains(&key_str);
+                if !child_allow && v.is_null() {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                cleaned.insert(k, remove_nulls(v, child_allow));
+            }
+            serde_yaml::Value::Mapping(cleaned)
+        }
+        serde_yaml::Value::Sequence(seq) => {
+            serde_yaml::Value::Sequence(
+                seq.into_iter().map(|v| remove_nulls(v, allow_nulls)).collect(),
+            )
+        }
+        other => other,
+    }
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Serde structs for OpenAPI 3.0
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+#[derive(Debug, Deserialize)]
+struct OpenApiSpec {
+    info: OpenApiInfo,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    servers: Vec<OpenApiServer>,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    paths: HashMap<String, OpenApiPathItem>,
+    /// OpenAPI 3.1 top-level `webhooks` block. Webhooks describe operations
+    /// the *server* sends to the user (inbound from the CLI's perspective),
+    /// so they are captured but intentionally not lowered into CLI
+    /// subcommands. Any component schemas they reference remain reachable
+    /// via `components.schemas` regardless.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    webhooks: HashMap<String, OpenApiPathItem>,
+    components: Option<OpenApiComponents>,
+    /// Spec-level default security. Each entry is an alternative; within an
+    /// entry the keys are scheme names (their values are the requested
+    /// OAuth2/OpenIDConnect scopes — empty arrays for HTTP/apiKey schemes).
+    /// Inherited by every operation that doesn't declare its own `security`.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    security: Option<Vec<HashMap<String, Vec<String>>>>,
+    /// Spec-root `x-fern-pagination` extension. Inherited by operations that
+    /// set `x-fern-pagination: true` instead of their own config block.
+    #[serde(default, rename = "x-fern-pagination")]
+    x_fern_pagination: Option<serde_yaml::Value>,
+    /// Spec-root `x-fern-base-path` extension. Declares a common prefix
+    /// prepended to every operation path at request time. See
+    /// [`RestDescription::base_path`] for the runtime behavior.
+    #[serde(default, rename = "x-fern-base-path")]
+    x_fern_base_path: Option<String>,
+    /// Spec-root [`x-fern-idempotency-headers`](https://buildwithfern.com/learn/api-definitions/openapi/extensions/idempotency-headers)
+    /// extension. List of headers that idempotent operations accept.
+    #[serde(default, rename = "x-fern-idempotency-headers")]
+    x_fern_idempotency_headers: Option<Vec<RawIdempotencyHeader>>,
+    /// Spec-root `x-fern-sdk-variables` extension. Lowered into
+    /// `RestDescription::sdk_variables` via `parse_sdk_variables`.
+    #[serde(default, rename = "x-fern-sdk-variables")]
+    x_fern_sdk_variables: Option<serde_yaml::Mapping>,
+    /// Spec-root [`x-fern-retries`](https://buildwithfern.com/learn/api-definitions/openapi/extensions/retries)
+    /// extension. May be a boolean shorthand (`true` enables defaults,
+    /// `false` disables) or an object describing the retry policy.
+    /// Inherited by every operation that omits its own block or sets it
+    /// to `true`. Mirrors upstream fern's `getFernRetriesExtension`,
+    /// extended with the optional `max_attempts` / `base_delay_ms` /
+    /// `factor` / `jitter` knobs the runtime retry loop consumes.
+    #[serde(default, rename = "x-fern-retries")]
+    x_fern_retries: Option<serde_yaml::Value>,
+    /// Spec-root [`x-fern-global-headers`](https://buildwithfern.com/learn/api-definitions/openapi/extensions/global-headers)
+    /// extension. List of headers stamped on every outgoing request.
+    #[serde(default, rename = "x-fern-global-headers")]
+    x_fern_global_headers: Option<Vec<RawGlobalHeader>>,
+    /// Spec-root [`x-fern-groups`](https://buildwithfern.com/learn/api-definitions/openapi/extensions/groups)
+    /// extension. Mirrors the upstream Fern OpenAPI importer's
+    /// `getFernGroups.ts`: a record mapping group identifiers to
+    /// `{ summary?, description? }` metadata. Lowered into
+    /// [`RestDescription::groups`] (keyed by the kebab-cased identifier
+    /// so it matches the resource keys built from
+    /// `x-fern-sdk-group-name`).
+    #[serde(default, rename = "x-fern-groups")]
+    x_fern_groups: Option<HashMap<String, RawFernGroup>>,
+}
+
+/// Raw deserialized form of a single entry in `x-fern-idempotency-headers`.
+/// Mirrors the upstream Fern OpenAPI importer's `IdempotencyHeaderExtension`
+/// shape (`fern-api/fern` `getIdempotencyHeaders.ts`).
+#[derive(Debug, Deserialize, Clone)]
+struct RawIdempotencyHeader {
+    /// HTTP header name (e.g. `Idempotency-Key`). Required.
+    header: String,
+    /// Optional SDK/CLI parameter name override.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    name: Option<String>,
+    /// Optional environment variable name supplying a default value.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    env: Option<String>,
+}
+
+/// Raw deserialized form of a single entry in `x-fern-global-headers`.
+/// Mirrors the upstream Fern OpenAPI importer's `GlobalHeaderExtension`
+/// shape (`fern-api/fern` `getGlobalHeaders.ts`): `header` is the only
+/// required field; everything else tunes the SDK/CLI surface.
+///
+/// Both `default` and `x-fern-default` are accepted for the baked-in
+/// fallback value. When both are present, `x-fern-default` wins —
+/// mirroring the broader Fern convention where the prefixed extension
+/// is the explicit form.
+#[derive(Debug, Deserialize, Clone)]
+struct RawGlobalHeader {
+    /// HTTP header name (e.g. `X-API-Version`). Required.
+    header: String,
+    /// Optional SDK/CLI parameter name override. Drives the kebab-cased
+    /// flag name when present (`apiVersion` → `--api-version`).
+    #[serde(default)]
+    name: Option<String>,
+    /// When `true`, the header is omitted from outgoing requests when
+    /// no value resolves. Defaults to `false` (required).
+    #[serde(default)]
+    optional: Option<bool>,
+    /// Optional environment variable name supplying a fallback value.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    env: Option<String>,
+    /// Optional baked-in default value. Surfaced in `--help` and sent
+    /// on the wire when neither the flag nor the env var is supplied.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    default: Option<serde_yaml::Value>,
+    /// Alternate baked-in default. Wins over `default` when both are
+    /// present (mirrors `x-fern-default` precedence elsewhere in the
+    /// Fern OpenAPI importer).
+    #[serde(rename = "x-fern-default", default)]
+    x_fern_default: Option<serde_yaml::Value>,
+}
+
+/// Raw deserialized form of a single entry in the document-root
+/// `x-fern-groups` map. Mirrors the upstream Fern OpenAPI importer's
+/// `XFernGroupsSchema` zod schema (`getFernGroups.ts` →
+/// `{ summary?: string, description?: string }`).
+///
+/// Both fields are optional; the matching IR shape exposed by fern
+/// (`SdkGroupInfo` in `finalIr.yml`) preserves them verbatim and the
+/// `display-name` token shown in the JSDoc comment of fern's extension
+/// enum is *not* part of the enforced schema — `summary` is the
+/// real field name on the wire.
+#[derive(Debug, Deserialize, Clone, Default)]
+struct RawFernGroup {
+    /// Short human-friendly label for the group. Surfaces as the
+    /// clap subcommand's `about()` line when set.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    summary: Option<String>,
+    /// Longer prose description for the group. Surfaces as the
+    /// clap subcommand's `long_about()` when set.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    description: Option<String>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Deserialize)]
+struct OpenApiInfo {
+    title: Option<String>,
+    version: String,
+    description: Option<String>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Deserialize)]
+struct OpenApiServer {
+    url: String,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    description: Option<String>,
+    /// Fern v2 spelling — the canonical extension name for naming a server.
+    /// When both v1 and v2 are present on the same entry, v1 wins to
+    /// mirror the upstream `fern-api/fern` OpenAPI importer, which
+    /// resolves the name via
+    /// `getExtension(server, [SERVER_NAME_V1, SERVER_NAME_V2])` —
+    /// `getExtension` returns the first matching key, so the v1 alias
+    /// `x-name` lands first. See
+    /// `packages/cli/api-importers/openapi/openapi-ir-parser/src/openapi/v3/converters/convertServer.ts`
+    /// lines 72-75 and `.../src/getExtension.ts` lines 25-35.
+    #[serde(default, rename = "x-fern-server-name")]
+    x_fern_server_name: Option<String>,
+    /// Fern v1 legacy alias. Recognized for backwards compatibility with
+    /// older specs that haven't migrated to `x-fern-server-name`. When
+    /// both extensions are present, this v1 spelling wins — see the
+    /// doc-comment on `x_fern_server_name` for the precedence citation.
+    #[serde(default, rename = "x-name")]
+    x_name: Option<String>,
+}
+
+impl OpenApiServer {
+    /// Resolve the server name, applying v1-over-v2 precedence to
+    /// match fern's `getExtension([SERVER_NAME_V1, SERVER_NAME_V2])`
+    /// first-match-wins behavior in
+    /// `packages/cli/api-importers/openapi/openapi-ir-parser/src/openapi/v3/converters/convertServer.ts:72-75`.
+    /// Each extension is trimmed and treated as "absent" when it is
+    /// the empty string (or whitespace-only) before the fallback runs,
+    /// so a blank `x-name: ""` does not shadow a valid
+    /// `x-fern-server-name` (and vice versa). An empty extension would
+    /// otherwise leak into clap as a blank-string possible value and a
+    /// blank `--help` row, which is always a spec bug — drop it at the
+    /// source so downstream code never needs to handle it.
+    fn resolved_name(&self) -> Option<String> {
+        fn trimmed_non_empty(s: &Option<String>) -> Option<String> {
+            s.as_ref()
+                .map(|s| s.trim().to_string())
+                .filter(|s| !s.is_empty())
+        }
+        trimmed_non_empty(&self.x_name).or_else(|| trimmed_non_empty(&self.x_fern_server_name))
+    }
+
+    /// Lower the OpenAPI server entry into the internal
+    /// [`discovery::Server`] representation, applying the v1/v2 name
+    /// fallback (v1 wins; see [`Self::resolved_name`]).
+    fn to_discovery_server(&self) -> crate::openapi::discovery::Server {
+        crate::openapi::discovery::Server {
+            url: self.url.clone(),
+            name: self.resolved_name(),
+            description: self.description.clone(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Deserialize, Default)]
+struct OpenApiPathItem {
+    get: Option<OpenApiOperation>,
+    post: Option<OpenApiOperation>,
+    put: Option<OpenApiOperation>,
+    patch: Option<OpenApiOperation>,
+    delete: Option<OpenApiOperation>,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    parameters: Vec<OpenApiParamOrRef>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Deserialize, Default)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+struct OpenApiOperation {
+    #[serde(rename = "operationId")]
+    operation_id: Option<String>,
+    summary: Option<String>,
+    description: Option<String>,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    parameters: Vec<OpenApiParamOrRef>,
+    #[serde(rename = "requestBody")]
+    request_body: Option<OpenApiRequestBody>,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    servers: Vec<OpenApiServer>,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    tags: Option<Vec<String>>,
+    #[serde(rename = "x-fern-sdk-group-name", default, deserialize_with = "deserialize_group_name")]
+    x_fern_sdk_group_name: Option<Vec<String>>,
+    #[serde(rename = "x-fern-sdk-method-name")]
+    x_fern_sdk_method_name: Option<String>,
+    /// Operation-level security override. `Some(vec![])` is meaningful — it
+    /// explicitly opts the operation out of the spec-level default, marking
+    /// it anonymous. `None` means "inherit the spec default".
+    #[serde(default)]
+    security: Option<Vec<HashMap<String, Vec<String>>>>,
+    /// Operation-level `x-fern-pagination`. May be:
+    /// - an object describing cursor / offset / uri / path / custom pagination (overrides root)
+    /// - the literal `true` (inherits the spec-root config)
+    /// - missing (falls back to the document-wide pagination heuristic)
+    #[serde(default, rename = "x-fern-pagination")]
+    x_fern_pagination: Option<serde_yaml::Value>,
+    /// Fern extension: when `Some(true)`, the operation is dropped from
+    /// the generated CLI surface — it does not appear as a subcommand, in
+    /// `--help`, or in completions. `None` (the default) and `Some(false)`
+    /// both keep the operation. Stored as `Option<bool>` to mirror the
+    /// nullish-coalescing precedence used at the parameter level.
+    /// See https://buildwithfern.com/learn/api-definitions/openapi/extensions/ignore
+    #[serde(rename = "x-fern-ignore", default)]
+    x_fern_ignore: Option<bool>,
+    /// OpenAPI standard `deprecated: true` flag on the operation. When
+    /// `x-fern-availability` is absent, a `true` here is lowered to
+    /// `Availability::Deprecated` so deprecated operations still surface
+    /// a `[DEPRECATED]` badge in help output.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    deprecated: bool,
+    /// Raw `x-fern-availability` extension on the operation. When present,
+    /// takes precedence over the standard `deprecated` flag.
+    #[serde(rename = "x-fern-availability", default)]
+    x_fern_availability: Option<Availability>,
+    /// [`x-fern-idempotent: true`](https://buildwithfern.com/learn/api-definitions/openapi/extensions/idempotent)
+    /// marker. When `true`, the operation surfaces spec-root idempotency
+    /// headers as CLI flags; non-idempotent operations never send these
+    /// headers.
+    #[serde(rename = "x-fern-idempotent", default)]
+    x_fern_idempotent: Option<bool>,
+    /// Raw `x-fern-sdk-return-value` extension on the operation. Mirrors
+    /// fern-api/fern's `FernOpenAPIExtension.RESPONSE_PROPERTY` — a
+    /// dot-separated key path into the JSON response body identifying
+    /// the subvalue to surface to the caller. `None` (the default)
+    /// means the executor prints the full response.
+    #[serde(rename = "x-fern-sdk-return-value", default)]
+    x_fern_sdk_return_value: Option<String>,
+    /// Raw operation-level `x-fern-streaming` extension. May be:
+    /// - the literal `true` (boolean shorthand → NDJSON, no terminator)
+    /// - the literal `false` (explicit opt-out)
+    /// - an object describing the stream (`format`, optional `terminator`,
+    ///   and the `stream-condition` / `response-stream` / `response` keys
+    ///   recognized upstream for parity — only `format` and `terminator`
+    ///   affect runtime behavior)
+    /// - missing (no streaming)
+    ///
+    /// Resolved into [`StreamingConfig`] via `parse_streaming_extension`.
+    #[serde(rename = "x-fern-streaming", default)]
+    x_fern_streaming: Option<serde_yaml::Value>,
+    /// Operation-level `x-fern-retries`. Same shape as the spec-root
+    /// block (boolean shorthand or object). A boolean defers to the
+    /// spec-root block; an object merges field-by-field over the
+    /// spec-root baseline. Missing inherits the spec root verbatim.
+    #[serde(default, rename = "x-fern-retries")]
+    x_fern_retries: Option<serde_yaml::Value>,
+    /// Raw `x-fern-audiences` extension on the operation. Mirrors
+    /// fern-api/fern's OpenAPI importer
+    /// (`FernOpenAPIExtension.AUDIENCES = "x-fern-audiences"`): an
+    /// array of strings declaring which audiences the operation is
+    /// part of. Missing or empty means "no audience tag" — and is
+    /// filtered OUT when the binary's `main.rs` configures any preset
+    /// audience via [`crate::openapi::CliApp::audiences`], matching
+    /// fern's `audiences.some(a => operationAudiences.includes(a))`
+    /// check in `generateIr.ts:141` (which always evaluates false when
+    /// `operationAudiences` is `[]`).
+    #[serde(rename = "x-fern-audiences", default)]
+    x_fern_audiences: Option<Vec<String>>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Deserialize)]
+#[serde(untagged)]
+enum OpenApiParamOrRef {
+    /// A `$ref` to `components/parameters/<name>`. The extension may also
+    /// be set on the ref-site object itself (Fern's overlay system and
+    /// OpenAPI 3.1 both allow extensions next to `$ref`); when present at
+    /// the ref site it wins over the resolved component's value.
+    Ref {
+        #[serde(rename = "$ref")]
+        ref_path: String,
+        #[serde(rename = "x-fern-ignore", default)]
+        x_fern_ignore: Option<bool>,
+        /// Fern extension: an alias used as the CLI flag name while the
+        /// wire name (the resolved component's `name`) is still used in
+        /// the outgoing request. Set on the ref-site object — wins over
+        /// the value on the resolved component via fern's `??`
+        /// precedence (mirrors the `IGNORE` extension above).
+        #[serde(rename = "x-fern-parameter-name", default)]
+        x_fern_parameter_name: Option<String>,
+        /// Ref-site `x-fern-default` value. Wins over the value on the
+        /// resolved component parameter (and over the standard
+        /// schema-level `default:`). Mirrors fern's importer precedence:
+        /// `getExtension(parameter, FERN_DEFAULT) ?? getExtension(resolvedParameter, FERN_DEFAULT)`.
+        #[serde(rename = "x-fern-default", default)]
+        x_fern_default: Option<serde_yaml::Value>,
+    },
+    Inline(Box<OpenApiParameter>),
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Deserialize, Default)]
+struct OpenApiParameter {
+    name: String,
+    #[serde(rename = "in")]
+    location: Option<String>,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    required: bool,
+    description: Option<String>,
+    schema: Option<OpenApiParamSchema>,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    style: Option<String>,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    explode: Option<bool>,
+    /// Fern extension: when `Some(true)`, the parameter is dropped from
+    /// the generated CLI surface — no CLI flag, not sent in the request.
+    /// Stored as `Option<bool>` so we can mirror fern's precedence: a
+    /// ref-site `x-fern-ignore` wins over the value on the resolved
+    /// component parameter via `ref_site.or(resolved).unwrap_or(false)`.
+    /// See https://buildwithfern.com/learn/api-definitions/openapi/extensions/ignore
+    #[serde(rename = "x-fern-ignore", default)]
+    x_fern_ignore: Option<bool>,
+    /// Fern extension: alias used as the CLI flag name while the wire
+    /// name (`name`) is kept on the outgoing HTTP request. Mirrors
+    /// fern's OpenAPI importer (`parameterNameOverride`) and supports
+    /// the same precedence as `x-fern-ignore`: a ref-site value wins
+    /// over the resolved component's via `ref_site.or(resolved)`.
+    /// See https://buildwithfern.com/learn/api-definitions/openapi/extensions/parameter-name
+    #[serde(rename = "x-fern-parameter-name", default)]
+    x_fern_parameter_name: Option<String>,
+    /// OpenAPI standard `deprecated: true` flag on the parameter. When
+    /// `x-fern-availability` is absent, a `true` here is lowered to
+    /// `Availability::Deprecated` so deprecated parameter flags surface
+    /// a `[DEPRECATED]` badge in their `--help` description.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    deprecated: bool,
+    /// Raw `x-fern-availability` extension on the parameter. Takes
+    /// precedence over the standard `deprecated` flag.
+    #[serde(rename = "x-fern-availability", default)]
+    x_fern_availability: Option<Availability>,
+    /// Fern extension: client-side default value for the parameter.
+    /// When present, the parameter becomes optional in the generated CLI
+    /// and the value is sent in the outgoing request when the user omits
+    /// the flag. Supports string, number, and boolean literals.
+    /// Wins over the standard `default:` on the parameter's `schema`.
+    /// A value placed at the **ref-site** (alongside `$ref`) wins over
+    /// the value on this resolved parameter — see `OpenApiParamOrRef::Ref`.
+    /// See https://buildwithfern.com/learn/api-definitions/openapi/extensions/default
+    #[serde(rename = "x-fern-default", default)]
+    x_fern_default: Option<serde_yaml::Value>,
+    /// Fern extension binding this path parameter to a spec-level
+    /// `x-fern-sdk-variables` entry. Honored only on `in: path`
+    /// parameters (mirroring Fern's openapi-ir-parser).
+    #[serde(rename = "x-fern-sdk-variable", default)]
+    x_fern_sdk_variable: Option<String>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Deserialize, Default)]
+struct OpenApiParamSchema {
+    #[serde(rename = "type", default, deserialize_with = "deserialize_type_field")]
+    schema_type: Option<String>,
+    #[serde(rename = "enum", default, deserialize_with = "deserialize_enum_values")]
+    enum_values: Option<Vec<String>>,
+    default: Option<serde_yaml::Value>,
+    format: Option<String>,
+    /// Raw `x-fern-enum` map keyed by wire value, deserialized straight
+    /// off the YAML schema. Lowered to `discovery::FernEnumValue` in
+    /// `convert_fern_enum`.
+    #[serde(rename = "x-fern-enum", default)]
+    x_fern_enum: Option<HashMap<String, OpenApiFernEnumValue>>,
+}
+
+/// Raw `x-fern-enum` entry as it appears in the OpenAPI YAML. Kept
+/// schema-faithful (the `casing` field is parsed-but-ignored) so the
+/// shape matches the upstream Fern importer.
+#[derive(Debug, Deserialize, Default)]
+struct OpenApiFernEnumValue {
+    #[serde(default)]
+    name: Option<String>,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    description: Option<String>,
+    /// Parsed but not lowered — the SDK codegen uses `casing` to derive
+    /// language-specific identifiers; cli-sdk uses the raw display name.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    #[allow(dead_code)]
+    casing: Option<serde_yaml::Value>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Deserialize)]
+struct OpenApiRequestBody {
+    content: Option<HashMap<String, OpenApiMediaType>>,
+    #[serde(rename = "x-fern-parameter-name")]
+    x_fern_parameter_name: Option<String>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Deserialize)]
+struct OpenApiMediaType {
+    schema: Option<OpenApiSchemaObject>,
+}
+
+/// Captures the OpenAPI `type` field across the 3.0 string form
+/// (`type: string`) and the 3.1 array form (`type: ["string", "null"]`).
+/// `null_in_array` records whether `"null"` was present so nullability
+/// can be reconstructed at access time.
+#[derive(Debug, Default)]
+struct TypeField {
+    schema_type: Option<String>,
+    null_in_array: bool,
+}
+
+impl<'de> Deserialize<'de> for TypeField {
+    fn deserialize<D>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Self, D::Error>
+    where
+        D: Deserializer<'de>,
+    {
+        use serde::de;
+
+        struct TypeFieldVisitor;
+
+        impl<'de> de::Visitor<'de> for TypeFieldVisitor {
+            type Value = TypeField;
+
+            fn expecting(&self, formatter: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {
+                formatter.write_str("a string or array of strings")
+            }
+
+            fn visit_str<E: de::Error>(self, v: &str) -> Result<Self::Value, E> {
+                Ok(TypeField { schema_type: Some(v.to_string()), null_in_array: false })
+            }
+
+            fn visit_string<E: de::Error>(self, v: String) -> Result<Self::Value, E> {
+                Ok(TypeField { schema_type: Some(v), null_in_array: false })
+            }
+
+            fn visit_seq<A: de::SeqAccess<'de>>(self, mut seq: A) -> Result<Self::Value, A::Error> {
+                let mut types: Vec<String> = Vec::new();
+                while let Some(t) = seq.next_element::<String>()? {
+                    types.push(t);
+                }
+                let null_in_array = types.iter().any(|t| t == "null");
+                let schema_type = types.into_iter().find(|t| t != "null");
+                Ok(TypeField { schema_type, null_in_array })
+            }
+
+            fn visit_none<E: de::Error>(self) -> Result<Self::Value, E> {
+                Ok(TypeField::default())
+            }
+
+            fn visit_unit<E: de::Error>(self) -> Result<Self::Value, E> {
+                Ok(TypeField::default())
+            }
+        }
+
+        deserializer.deserialize_any(TypeFieldVisitor)
+    }
+}
+
+/// `exclusiveMinimum` / `exclusiveMaximum` switched semantics between
+/// OpenAPI 3.0 (boolean: modifies the sibling `minimum`/`maximum`) and 3.1
+/// (numeric: the bound itself). This enum preserves the wire form so the
+/// accessors above can resolve to a single numeric bound consistently.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+enum ExclusiveBound {
+    Flag(bool),
+    Value(f64),
+}
+
+impl<'de> Deserialize<'de> for ExclusiveBound {
+    fn deserialize<D>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Self, D::Error>
+    where
+        D: Deserializer<'de>,
+    {
+        use serde::de;
+
+        struct ExclusiveBoundVisitor;
+
+        impl<'de> de::Visitor<'de> for ExclusiveBoundVisitor {
+            type Value = ExclusiveBound;
+
+            fn expecting(&self, formatter: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {
+                formatter.write_str("a boolean (OpenAPI 3.0) or a number (OpenAPI 3.1)")
+            }
+
+            fn visit_bool<E: de::Error>(self, v: bool) -> Result<Self::Value, E> {
+                Ok(ExclusiveBound::Flag(v))
+            }
+
+            fn visit_i64<E: de::Error>(self, v: i64) -> Result<Self::Value, E> {
+                Ok(ExclusiveBound::Value(v as f64))
+            }
+
+            fn visit_u64<E: de::Error>(self, v: u64) -> Result<Self::Value, E> {
+                Ok(ExclusiveBound::Value(v as f64))
+            }
+
+            fn visit_f64<E: de::Error>(self, v: f64) -> Result<Self::Value, E> {
+                Ok(ExclusiveBound::Value(v))
+            }
+        }
+
+        deserializer.deserialize_any(ExclusiveBoundVisitor)
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Deserialize, Default)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+struct OpenApiSchemaObject {
+    #[serde(rename = "$ref")]
+    schema_ref: Option<String>,
+    /// Captures the wire `type` field in both its 3.0 string form and 3.1
+    /// array form. Use `schema_type()` / `is_nullable()` instead of reading
+    /// directly — those accessors fold in the explicit `nullable` field.
+    #[serde(rename = "type", default)]
+    type_field: TypeField,
+    /// OpenAPI 3.0 explicit `nullable: true`. Removed in 3.1 (which expresses
+    /// the same idea via `"null"` in a type array). Both forms are surfaced
+    /// uniformly through `is_nullable()`.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    nullable: bool,
+    description: Option<String>,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    properties: HashMap<String, OpenApiSchemaObject>,
+    items: Option<Box<OpenApiSchemaObject>>,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    required: Vec<String>,
+    #[serde(rename = "enum", default, deserialize_with = "deserialize_enum_values")]
+    enum_values: Option<Vec<String>>,
+    /// OpenAPI 3.1 / JSON Schema 2020-12 `const`: a schema that matches a
+    /// single literal value. Lowered into a one-element `enum_values` by
+    /// `convert_schema_property` so existing enum-aware code paths handle
+    /// it without further changes.
+    #[serde(rename = "const", default)]
+    const_value: Option<serde_yaml::Value>,
+    /// JSON Schema inclusive numeric lower bound. In OpenAPI 3.0 the
+    /// boolean `exclusiveMinimum: true` re-interprets this as an exclusive
+    /// bound; in 3.1 the two fields are independent. Use the
+    /// `inclusive_min` / `exclusive_min` accessors to resolve correctly.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    minimum: Option<f64>,
+    /// JSON Schema inclusive numeric upper bound. See `minimum` above for
+    /// 3.0 vs 3.1 interaction notes.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    maximum: Option<f64>,
+    /// `exclusiveMinimum` in either OpenAPI 3.0 boolean form or 3.1
+    /// numeric form. Resolved via `exclusive_min()`.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    exclusive_minimum: Option<ExclusiveBound>,
+    /// `exclusiveMaximum` in either OpenAPI 3.0 boolean form or 3.1
+    /// numeric form. Resolved via `exclusive_max()`.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    exclusive_maximum: Option<ExclusiveBound>,
+    /// OpenAPI 3.0 / 3.1 single `example` value. Captured for documentation
+    /// surfacing; not used by request execution.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    example: Option<serde_yaml::Value>,
+    /// `examples` block, captured as raw YAML so that all three real-world
+    /// shapes load successfully:
+    ///   - OpenAPI 3.1 array of values: `examples: [a, b]`
+    ///   - OpenAPI 3.0 MediaType-style map: `examples: { name: { value: ... } }`
+    ///     (technically out-of-spec at the schema level, but several
+    ///     real-world specs embed this form)
+    ///   - Single value
+    ///
+    /// Downstream code is free to interpret the value based on its shape.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    examples: Option<serde_yaml::Value>,
+    /// JSON Schema composition: value must match exactly one branch.
+    /// Heavily used in 3.1 specs (where nullability via type arrays plus
+    /// composition replaces the 3.0 `nullable` flag for complex unions),
+    /// and also present in 3.0.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    one_of: Vec<OpenApiSchemaObject>,
+    /// JSON Schema composition: value must match at least one branch.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    any_of: Vec<OpenApiSchemaObject>,
+    /// JSON Schema composition: value must match every branch (typically
+    /// used for inheritance / mixin patterns).
+    #[serde(default)]
+    all_of: Vec<OpenApiSchemaObject>,
+    format: Option<String>,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    read_only: bool,
+    #[serde(
+        default,
+        deserialize_with = "deserialize_additional_properties"
+    )]
+    additional_properties: Option<Box<OpenApiSchemaObject>>,
+}
+
+impl OpenApiSchemaObject {
+    /// The OpenAPI `type` value with any `"null"` array entry stripped.
+    /// Returns `None` when no type was given or when the type array
+    /// contained only `"null"`.
+    fn schema_type(&self) -> Option<&str> {
+        self.type_field.schema_type.as_deref()
+    }
+
+    /// True when the schema is nullable per OpenAPI 3.0 (`nullable: true`)
+    /// or OpenAPI 3.1 (`"null"` in the type array).
+    fn is_nullable(&self) -> bool {
+        self.nullable || self.type_field.null_in_array
+    }
+
+    /// Inclusive minimum, after applying the OpenAPI 3.0 rule that
+    /// `exclusiveMinimum: true` re-interprets `minimum` as exclusive.
+    fn inclusive_min(&self) -> Option<f64> {
+        match self.exclusive_minimum {
+            Some(ExclusiveBound::Flag(true)) => None,
+            _ => self.minimum,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Inclusive maximum, with the same 3.0 re-interpretation rule applied.
+    fn inclusive_max(&self) -> Option<f64> {
+        match self.exclusive_maximum {
+            Some(ExclusiveBound::Flag(true)) => None,
+            _ => self.maximum,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Exclusive lower bound resolved across both OpenAPI 3.0
+    /// (boolean flag paired with `minimum`) and 3.1 (numeric form) wire
+    /// shapes.
+    fn exclusive_min(&self) -> Option<f64> {
+        match self.exclusive_minimum {
+            Some(ExclusiveBound::Value(n)) => Some(n),
+            Some(ExclusiveBound::Flag(true)) => self.minimum,
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Exclusive upper bound resolved across both wire shapes; see
+    /// `exclusive_min` for details.
+    fn exclusive_max(&self) -> Option<f64> {
+        match self.exclusive_maximum {
+            Some(ExclusiveBound::Value(n)) => Some(n),
+            Some(ExclusiveBound::Flag(true)) => self.maximum,
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Deserialize an OpenAPI `enum` field whose items may be strings, integers, or
+/// booleans. Everything is coerced to `String`.
+fn deserialize_enum_values<'de, D>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Option<Vec<String>>, D::Error>
+where
+    D: serde::Deserializer<'de>,
+{
+    use serde::de;
+
+    struct EnumVisitor;
+
+    impl<'de> de::Visitor<'de> for EnumVisitor {
+        type Value = Option<Vec<String>>;
+
+        fn expecting(&self, formatter: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {
+            formatter.write_str("a sequence of scalar values")
+        }
+
+        fn visit_seq<A: de::SeqAccess<'de>>(self, mut seq: A) -> Result<Self::Value, A::Error> {
+            let mut values = Vec::new();
+            while let Some(v) = seq.next_element::<serde_yaml::Value>()? {
+                values.push(yaml_scalar_to_string(&v));
+            }
+            Ok(Some(values))
+        }
+
+        fn visit_none<E: de::Error>(self) -> Result<Self::Value, E> {
+            Ok(None)
+        }
+
+        fn visit_unit<E: de::Error>(self) -> Result<Self::Value, E> {
+            Ok(None)
+        }
+    }
+
+    deserializer.deserialize_any(EnumVisitor)
+}
+
+/// Deserialize an OpenAPI `type` field that can be a plain string or an array
+/// (e.g. `["string", "null"]` in OpenAPI 3.1). When it's an array, the first
+/// non-`"null"` entry is used.
+fn deserialize_type_field<'de, D>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Option<String>, D::Error>
+where
+    D: serde::Deserializer<'de>,
+{
+    use serde::de;
+
+    struct TypeVisitor;
+
+    impl<'de> de::Visitor<'de> for TypeVisitor {
+        type Value = Option<String>;
+
+        fn expecting(&self, formatter: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {
+            formatter.write_str("a string or array of strings")
+        }
+
+        fn visit_str<E: de::Error>(self, v: &str) -> Result<Self::Value, E> {
+            Ok(Some(v.to_string()))
+        }
+
+        fn visit_string<E: de::Error>(self, v: String) -> Result<Self::Value, E> {
+            Ok(Some(v))
+        }
+
+        fn visit_seq<A: de::SeqAccess<'de>>(self, mut seq: A) -> Result<Self::Value, A::Error> {
+            let mut types: Vec<String> = Vec::new();
+            while let Some(t) = seq.next_element::<String>()? {
+                types.push(t);
+            }
+            Ok(types.into_iter().find(|t| t != "null"))
+        }
+
+        fn visit_none<E: de::Error>(self) -> Result<Self::Value, E> {
+            Ok(None)
+        }
+
+        fn visit_unit<E: de::Error>(self) -> Result<Self::Value, E> {
+            Ok(None)
+        }
+    }
+
+    deserializer.deserialize_any(TypeVisitor)
+}
+
+/// Deserialize `additionalProperties` which can be a boolean or a schema object.
+/// When it's `false`, we treat it as None. When `true`, we treat it as an empty schema.
+fn deserialize_additional_properties<'de, D>(
+    deserializer: D,
+) -> Result<Option<Box<OpenApiSchemaObject>>, D::Error>
+where
+    D: serde::Deserializer<'de>,
+{
+    use serde::de;
+
+    struct AdditionalPropertiesVisitor;
+
+    impl<'de> de::Visitor<'de> for AdditionalPropertiesVisitor {
+        type Value = Option<Box<OpenApiSchemaObject>>;
+
+        fn expecting(&self, formatter: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {
+            formatter.write_str("a boolean or a schema object")
+        }
+
+        fn visit_bool<E: de::Error>(self, v: bool) -> Result<Self::Value, E> {
+            if v {
+                Ok(Some(Box::new(OpenApiSchemaObject::default())))
+            } else {
+                Ok(None)
+            }
+        }
+
+        fn visit_map<M: de::MapAccess<'de>>(self, map: M) -> Result<Self::Value, M::Error> {
+            let obj = OpenApiSchemaObject::deserialize(de::value::MapAccessDeserializer::new(map))?;
+            Ok(Some(Box::new(obj)))
+        }
+
+        fn visit_none<E: de::Error>(self) -> Result<Self::Value, E> {
+            Ok(None)
+        }
+
+        fn visit_unit<E: de::Error>(self) -> Result<Self::Value, E> {
+            Ok(None)
+        }
+    }
+
+    deserializer.deserialize_any(AdditionalPropertiesVisitor)
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Deserialize, Default)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+struct OpenApiComponents {
+    #[serde(default)]
+    schemas: HashMap<String, OpenApiSchemaObject>,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    parameters: HashMap<String, OpenApiParameter>,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    security_schemes: HashMap<String, OpenApiSecurityScheme>,
+}
+
+/// Raw OpenAPI Security Scheme Object — the shape we deserialize. Lowered
+/// to [`crate::openapi::discovery::SecurityScheme`] before being surfaced.
+#[derive(Debug, Deserialize, Default)]
+struct OpenApiSecurityScheme {
+    #[serde(rename = "type")]
+    type_field: Option<String>,
+    /// `bearer` or `basic` for `type: http`.
+    scheme: Option<String>,
+    /// `header`, `query`, or `cookie` for `type: apiKey`.
+    #[serde(rename = "in")]
+    location: Option<String>,
+    /// Header/query/cookie name for `type: apiKey`.
+    name: Option<String>,
+}
+
+fn lower_security_scheme(raw: &OpenApiSecurityScheme) -> SecurityScheme {
+    let type_str = raw.type_field.as_deref().unwrap_or("").to_ascii_lowercase();
+    match type_str.as_str() {
+        "http" => match raw.scheme.as_deref().map(str::to_ascii_lowercase).as_deref() {
+            Some("bearer") => SecurityScheme::HttpBearer,
+            Some("basic") => SecurityScheme::HttpBasic,
+            other => SecurityScheme::Other(format!("http/{}", other.unwrap_or(""))),
+        },
+        "apikey" => {
+            let name = raw.name.clone().unwrap_or_default();
+            match raw.location.as_deref().map(str::to_ascii_lowercase).as_deref() {
+                Some("header") => SecurityScheme::ApiKeyHeader { name },
+                Some("query") => SecurityScheme::ApiKeyQuery { name },
+                other => SecurityScheme::Other(format!("apiKey/{}", other.unwrap_or(""))),
+            }
+        }
+        "oauth2" => SecurityScheme::OAuth2,
+        other => SecurityScheme::Other(other.to_string()),
+    }
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Helper: camelCase → kebab-case
+/// Detect pagination config from the OpenAPI spec's components/parameters.
+/// Looks for common patterns like "page_token" or "PageToken" params,
+/// and checks response schemas for pagination objects.
+fn detect_pagination_config(spec: &OpenApiSpec) -> (Option<String>, Option<String>) {
+    let components = match &spec.components {
+        Some(c) => c,
+        None => return (None, None),
+    };
+
+    // Check if there's a page_token parameter in components
+    for param in components.parameters.values() {
+        if param.name == "page_token" {
+            // Calendly-style: page_token query param, pagination.next_page_token response
+            return (
+                Some("page_token".to_string()),
+                Some("pagination.next_page_token".to_string()),
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    (None, None)
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// x-fern-pagination: resolve per-operation pagination config from the
+// OpenAPI extension. Mirrors the upstream Fern OpenAPI importer:
+//   https://github.com/fern-api/fern/blob/main/packages/cli/api-importers/openapi-to-ir/src/extensions/x-fern-pagination.ts
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+const REQUEST_PREFIX: &str = "$request.";
+const RESPONSE_PREFIX: &str = "$response.";
+
+/// Strip a leading `$request.` or `$response.` prefix from a JSONPath-style
+/// reference. The runtime treats the remaining string as either a request
+/// parameter name (for `$request.foo` → `foo`) or a dotted JSON path into
+/// the response body (for `$response.pagination.next_cursor` →
+/// `pagination.next_cursor`).
+fn strip_pagination_prefix(value: &str) -> String {
+    value
+        .strip_prefix(REQUEST_PREFIX)
+        .or_else(|| value.strip_prefix(RESPONSE_PREFIX))
+        .unwrap_or(value)
+        .to_string()
+}
+
+/// Normalize a spec-level `x-fern-base-path` value:
+/// - `None` and empty/whitespace-only strings collapse to `None`.
+/// - Otherwise the string is trimmed of surrounding ASCII whitespace and
+///   returned as-is (leading/trailing slashes preserved — `build_url`
+///   normalizes them at request time).
+fn normalize_base_path(raw: Option<&str>) -> Option<String> {
+    let trimmed = raw?.trim();
+    if trimmed.is_empty() {
+        None
+    } else {
+        Some(trimmed.to_string())
+    }
+}
+
+/// Resolve the `x-fern-pagination` extension for a single operation,
+/// applying root-level inheritance.
+///
+/// Mirrors upstream `fern-api/fern`'s `getFernPaginationExtension`:
+/// - per-op block absent → `Ok(None)` (executor falls back to heuristic)
+/// - per-op block is a boolean → look up the spec-root block
+///   - root is a boolean too → `Err(...)` (matches upstream's
+///     `CliError::ValidationError`)
+///   - root is absent → `Ok(None)` (NOT an error — matches upstream)
+///   - root is an object → parse the root block
+/// - per-op block is an object → parse it directly
+fn resolve_pagination_extension(
+    op_ext: Option<&serde_yaml::Value>,
+    root_ext: Option<&serde_yaml::Value>,
+    op_id: &str,
+) -> Result<Option<PaginationConfig>, CliError> {
+    let value = match op_ext {
+        Some(v) => v,
+        None => return Ok(None),
+    };
+
+    if let serde_yaml::Value::Bool(_) = value {
+        return match root_ext {
+            None | Some(serde_yaml::Value::Null) => Ok(None),
+            Some(serde_yaml::Value::Bool(_)) => Err(CliError::Discovery(format!(
+                "Operation '{op_id}' sets `x-fern-pagination: <boolean>` but the spec-root \
+                `x-fern-pagination` is also a boolean; the root must be an object describing \
+                pagination (cursor / offset / next_uri / next_path / custom)."
+            ))),
+            Some(root) => parse_pagination_config(root, op_id, true),
+        };
+    }
+
+    parse_pagination_config(value, op_id, false)
+}
+
+/// Parse a `x-fern-pagination` config object. Discrimination order mirrors
+/// `fern-api/fern`'s `getPaginationExtension.ts`:
+///
+/// 1. `cursor`         → Cursor form
+/// 2. `next_uri`       → Uri form
+/// 3. `next_path`      → Path form
+/// 4. `offset`         → Offset form
+/// 5. `type: "custom"` → Custom form
+///
+/// Otherwise an "invalid pagination extension" error is returned, matching
+/// upstream's `CliError`.
+///
+/// `inherited` is purely used for error wording so the user can tell
+/// whether the failure is in the per-op block or the inherited root block.
+fn parse_pagination_config(
+    value: &serde_yaml::Value,
+    op_id: &str,
+    inherited: bool,
+) -> Result<Option<PaginationConfig>, CliError> {
+    let map = match value {
+        serde_yaml::Value::Mapping(m) => m,
+        _ => {
+            return Err(CliError::Discovery(format!(
+                "Invalid {} `x-fern-pagination` for operation '{op_id}': expected an object, \
+                got {}.",
+                if inherited { "inherited" } else { "operation-level" },
+                describe_yaml_kind(value)
+            )));
+        }
+    };
+
+    if map.contains_key("cursor") {
+        let cursor = require_str_field(map, "cursor", op_id)?;
+        let next_cursor = require_str_field(map, "next_cursor", op_id)?;
+        let results = require_str_field(map, "results", op_id)?;
+        return Ok(Some(PaginationConfig::Cursor {
+            cursor: strip_pagination_prefix(&cursor),
+            next_cursor: strip_pagination_prefix(&next_cursor),
+            results: strip_pagination_prefix(&results),
+        }));
+    }
+
+    if map.contains_key("next_uri") {
+        let next_uri = require_str_field(map, "next_uri", op_id)?;
+        let results = require_str_field(map, "results", op_id)?;
+        return Ok(Some(PaginationConfig::Uri {
+            next_uri: strip_pagination_prefix(&next_uri),
+            results: strip_pagination_prefix(&results),
+        }));
+    }
+
+    if map.contains_key("next_path") {
+        let next_path = require_str_field(map, "next_path", op_id)?;
+        let results = require_str_field(map, "results", op_id)?;
+        return Ok(Some(PaginationConfig::Path {
+            next_path: strip_pagination_prefix(&next_path),
+            results: strip_pagination_prefix(&results),
+        }));
+    }
+
+    if map.contains_key("offset") {
+        let offset = require_str_field(map, "offset", op_id)?;
+        let results = require_str_field(map, "results", op_id)?;
+        let step = optional_str_field(map, "step", op_id)?;
+        let has_next_page = optional_str_field(map, "has-next-page", op_id)?;
+        return Ok(Some(PaginationConfig::Offset {
+            offset: strip_pagination_prefix(&offset),
+            results: strip_pagination_prefix(&results),
+            step: step.map(|s| strip_pagination_prefix(&s)),
+            has_next_page: has_next_page.map(|s| strip_pagination_prefix(&s)),
+        }));
+    }
+
+    if matches!(
+        map.get(serde_yaml::Value::String("type".to_string())),
+        Some(serde_yaml::Value::String(t)) if t == "custom"
+    ) {
+        let results = require_str_field(map, "results", op_id)?;
+        return Ok(Some(PaginationConfig::Custom {
+            results: strip_pagination_prefix(&results),
+        }));
+    }
+
+    Err(CliError::Discovery(format!(
+        "Invalid `x-fern-pagination` for operation '{op_id}': must declare one of `cursor`, \
+        `next_uri`, `next_path`, `offset`, or `type: custom`. See \
+        https://buildwithfern.com/learn/api-definitions/openapi/extensions/pagination"
+    )))
+}
+
+fn require_str_field(
+    map: &serde_yaml::Mapping,
+    field: &str,
+    op_id: &str,
+) -> Result<String, CliError> {
+    match map.get(serde_yaml::Value::String(field.to_string())) {
+        Some(serde_yaml::Value::String(s)) => Ok(s.clone()),
+        Some(other) => Err(CliError::Discovery(format!(
+            "Invalid `x-fern-pagination` for operation '{op_id}': field `{field}` must be \
+            a string, got {}.",
+            describe_yaml_kind(other)
+        ))),
+        None => Err(CliError::Discovery(format!(
+            "Invalid `x-fern-pagination` for operation '{op_id}': missing required field \
+            `{field}`."
+        ))),
+    }
+}
+
+fn optional_str_field(
+    map: &serde_yaml::Mapping,
+    field: &str,
+    op_id: &str,
+) -> Result<Option<String>, CliError> {
+    match map.get(serde_yaml::Value::String(field.to_string())) {
+        None | Some(serde_yaml::Value::Null) => Ok(None),
+        Some(serde_yaml::Value::String(s)) => Ok(Some(s.clone())),
+        Some(other) => Err(CliError::Discovery(format!(
+            "Invalid `x-fern-pagination` for operation '{op_id}': field `{field}` must be \
+            a string when present, got {}.",
+            describe_yaml_kind(other)
+        ))),
+    }
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// x-fern-streaming: resolve per-operation streaming config from the OpenAPI
+// extension. Mirrors the upstream Fern OpenAPI importer:
+//   https://github.com/fern-api/fern/blob/main/packages/cli/api-importers/openapi/openapi-ir-parser/src/openapi/v3/extensions/getFernStreamingExtension.ts
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/// Resolve `x-fern-streaming` for a single operation. Returns:
+/// - `Ok(None)`     — extension absent, or set to literal `false` (explicit opt-out).
+/// - `Ok(Some(_))`  — streaming enabled; runtime variant captures format + terminator.
+/// - `Err(...)`     — invalid shape (non-bool/non-object, unknown `format`, etc.).
+///
+/// Boolean shorthand (`x-fern-streaming: true`) maps to NDJSON
+/// (`StreamingConfig::Json`) with no terminator. This matches the
+/// upstream importer's boolean handler exactly — see the
+/// `getFernStreamingExtension.ts` comment that the boolean shorthand
+/// emits `format: "json"` (so that callers who haven't picked a wire
+/// format don't accidentally inherit OpenAI-style SSE semantics).
+fn parse_streaming_extension(
+    value: Option<&serde_yaml::Value>,
+    op_id: &str,
+) -> Result<Option<StreamingConfig>, CliError> {
+    let value = match value {
+        Some(v) => v,
+        None => return Ok(None),
+    };
+
+    if let serde_yaml::Value::Bool(b) = value {
+        return if *b {
+            Ok(Some(StreamingConfig::Json { terminator: None }))
+        } else {
+            Ok(None)
+        };
+    }
+
+    let map = match value {
+        serde_yaml::Value::Mapping(m) => m,
+        other => {
+            return Err(CliError::Discovery(format!(
+                "Invalid `x-fern-streaming` for operation '{op_id}': expected a boolean or \
+                an object, got {}.",
+                describe_yaml_kind(other)
+            )));
+        }
+    };
+
+    // `format` is optional in upstream's object schema. The upstream
+    // importer and the typed SDKs (TS / C#) default a format-less
+    // object to `json` (NDJSON), matching the boolean shorthand. The
+    // CLI mirrors that default so callers who omit `format` get the
+    // same wire shape as the typed SDKs would have produced.
+    let format = optional_str_field_named(map, "format", op_id, "x-fern-streaming")?;
+    let format = match format.as_deref() {
+        Some("sse") => StreamingFormat::Sse,
+        Some("json") | None => StreamingFormat::Json,
+        Some("text") => StreamingFormat::Text,
+        Some(other) => {
+            return Err(CliError::Discovery(format!(
+                "Invalid `x-fern-streaming` for operation '{op_id}': field `format` must be \
+                `sse`, `json`, or `text`, got `{other}`."
+            )));
+        }
+    };
+
+    let terminator =
+        optional_str_field_named(map, "terminator", op_id, "x-fern-streaming")?;
+
+    if matches!(format, StreamingFormat::Text) && terminator.is_some() {
+        // Mirrors the IR (`TextStreamChunk` carries no `terminator`
+        // field) and the typed SDK generators — surfacing it at parse
+        // time keeps misconfigurations from silently no-op'ing at
+        // runtime.
+        return Err(CliError::Discovery(format!(
+            "Invalid `x-fern-streaming` for operation '{op_id}': field `terminator` is not \
+            supported for `format: text` streams."
+        )));
+    }
+
+    Ok(Some(match format {
+        StreamingFormat::Sse => StreamingConfig::Sse { terminator },
+        StreamingFormat::Json => StreamingConfig::Json { terminator },
+        StreamingFormat::Text => StreamingConfig::Text,
+    }))
+}
+
+enum StreamingFormat {
+    Sse,
+    Json,
+    Text,
+}
+
+fn optional_str_field_named(
+    map: &serde_yaml::Mapping,
+    field: &str,
+    op_id: &str,
+    extension: &str,
+) -> Result<Option<String>, CliError> {
+    match map.get(serde_yaml::Value::String(field.to_string())) {
+        None | Some(serde_yaml::Value::Null) => Ok(None),
+        Some(serde_yaml::Value::String(s)) => Ok(Some(s.clone())),
+        Some(other) => Err(CliError::Discovery(format!(
+            "Invalid `{extension}` for operation '{op_id}': field `{field}` must be a string \
+            when present, got {}.",
+            describe_yaml_kind(other)
+        ))),
+    }
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// x-fern-retries: resolve per-operation retry policy from the OpenAPI
+// extension. Mirrors the upstream Fern OpenAPI importer's tagged shape
+// (`getFernRetriesExtension.ts` — `{ disabled: bool }`) and extends it with
+// the optional knobs the cli-sdk runtime retry loop consumes (max attempts,
+// backoff base, factor, jitter). The extra knobs are forward-compatible with
+// the upstream importer.
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/// Resolve the `x-fern-retries` extension for a single operation, applying
+/// root-level inheritance and per-operation overrides.
+///
+/// Precedence — matches the pagination resolver's shape and the upstream
+/// fern importer's nullish coalescing:
+/// - per-op block absent → inherit the spec-root block (or `None` when also absent)
+/// - per-op `true` → spec-root config, or all-defaults when root is also absent
+/// - per-op `false` (or `{ disabled: true }`) → disabled regardless of root
+/// - per-op object → root values, overridden field-by-field by the op block;
+///   when root is also `true`/absent the op object stacks on top of defaults
+fn resolve_retries_extension(
+    op_ext: Option<&serde_yaml::Value>,
+    root_ext: Option<&serde_yaml::Value>,
+    op_id: &str,
+) -> Result<Option<RetriesConfig>, CliError> {
+    // Build the baseline from the root block, if any. Root-`false` /
+    // `{ disabled: true }` propagates by default to operations that don't
+    // override it.
+    let root_baseline = match root_ext {
+        None | Some(serde_yaml::Value::Null) => None,
+        Some(v) => parse_retries_value(v, op_id, /*inherited=*/ true)?,
+    };
+
+    let op = match op_ext {
+        // Op missing → inherit the root baseline (or `None` when also absent).
+        Some(v) => v,
+        None => return Ok(root_baseline),
+    };
+
+    // Op is a boolean.
+    if let serde_yaml::Value::Bool(b) = op {
+        if !*b {
+            // `false` disables retries on this operation regardless of root.
+            return Ok(Some(RetriesConfig::disabled()));
+        }
+        // `true` adopts the root baseline; falls back to all-defaults when
+        // root is absent or also a boolean.
+        return Ok(Some(root_baseline.unwrap_or_default()));
+    }
+
+    // Op is an object. The root baseline (if enabled) is the starting
+    // config; the op fields override field-by-field. When the root is
+    // explicitly disabled, the op block re-enables retries (the more
+    // specific block wins).
+    let baseline = match root_baseline {
+        Some(cfg) if cfg.enabled => cfg,
+        _ => RetriesConfig::default(),
+    };
+
+    let map = match op {
+        serde_yaml::Value::Mapping(m) => m,
+        other => {
+            return Err(CliError::Discovery(format!(
+                "Invalid operation-level `x-fern-retries` for operation '{op_id}': expected \
+                an object or boolean, got {}.",
+                describe_yaml_kind(other)
+            )));
+        }
+    };
+
+    let config = apply_retries_object(baseline, map, op_id, /*inherited=*/ false)?;
+
+    // `max_attempts: 0` is treated identically to `disabled: true` so the
+    // executor doesn't have to special-case the count itself.
+    if config.max_attempts == 0 {
+        return Ok(Some(RetriesConfig::disabled()));
+    }
+
+    Ok(Some(config))
+}
+
+/// Parse a standalone `x-fern-retries` value (root or operation) into a
+/// [`RetriesConfig`]. Used for the root baseline: takes the raw extension
+/// value and returns the resolved config (or `None` when the value is
+/// `null`). Bool/object are handled inline; unknown shapes error out.
+fn parse_retries_value(
+    value: &serde_yaml::Value,
+    op_id: &str,
+    inherited: bool,
+) -> Result<Option<RetriesConfig>, CliError> {
+    match value {
+        serde_yaml::Value::Null => Ok(None),
+        serde_yaml::Value::Bool(true) => Ok(Some(RetriesConfig::default())),
+        serde_yaml::Value::Bool(false) => Ok(Some(RetriesConfig::disabled())),
+        serde_yaml::Value::Mapping(map) => {
+            let config =
+                apply_retries_object(RetriesConfig::default(), map, op_id, inherited)?;
+            if config.max_attempts == 0 {
+                return Ok(Some(RetriesConfig::disabled()));
+            }
+            Ok(Some(config))
+        }
+        other => Err(CliError::Discovery(format!(
+            "Invalid {} `x-fern-retries` for operation '{op_id}': expected an object or \
+            boolean, got {}.",
+            if inherited { "inherited" } else { "operation-level" },
+            describe_yaml_kind(other)
+        ))),
+    }
+}
+
+/// Apply the fields of an `x-fern-retries` object on top of an existing
+/// [`RetriesConfig`]. Unknown keys are ignored (forward-compatible).
+fn apply_retries_object(
+    mut config: RetriesConfig,
+    map: &serde_yaml::Mapping,
+    op_id: &str,
+    inherited: bool,
+) -> Result<RetriesConfig, CliError> {
+    // Canonical fern shape: `{ disabled: true | false }`.
+    if let Some(v) = map.get(serde_yaml::Value::String("disabled".to_string())) {
+        match v {
+            serde_yaml::Value::Bool(disabled) => {
+                if *disabled {
+                    return Ok(RetriesConfig::disabled());
+                }
+                config.enabled = true;
+            }
+            other => {
+                return Err(CliError::Discovery(format!(
+                    "Invalid {} `x-fern-retries` for operation '{op_id}': field `disabled` \
+                    must be a boolean, got {}.",
+                    if inherited { "inherited" } else { "operation-level" },
+                    describe_yaml_kind(other)
+                )));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // `max` / `max_attempts` / `max-attempts` — accept all three spellings
+    // since the upstream IR has not yet settled on one; the fern docs
+    // refer to "max retry attempts" colloquially.
+    if let Some(v) = retries_field(map, &["max_attempts", "max-attempts", "max"]) {
+        let parsed = match v {
+            serde_yaml::Value::Number(n) => n.as_u64(),
+            other => {
+                return Err(CliError::Discovery(format!(
+                    "Invalid {} `x-fern-retries` for operation '{op_id}': field `max_attempts` \
+                    must be a non-negative integer, got {}.",
+                    if inherited { "inherited" } else { "operation-level" },
+                    describe_yaml_kind(other)
+                )));
+            }
+        };
+        let parsed = parsed.ok_or_else(|| {
+            CliError::Discovery(format!(
+                "Invalid {} `x-fern-retries` for operation '{op_id}': field `max_attempts` \
+                must be a non-negative integer.",
+                if inherited { "inherited" } else { "operation-level" },
+            ))
+        })?;
+        config.max_attempts = u32::try_from(parsed).map_err(|_| {
+            CliError::Discovery(format!(
+                "Invalid {} `x-fern-retries` for operation '{op_id}': field `max_attempts` \
+                must fit in a u32, got {parsed}.",
+                if inherited { "inherited" } else { "operation-level" },
+            ))
+        })?;
+    }
+
+    if let Some(v) = retries_field(map, &["base_delay_ms", "base-delay-ms", "base"]) {
+        let parsed = match v {
+            serde_yaml::Value::Number(n) => n.as_u64().ok_or_else(|| {
+                CliError::Discovery(format!(
+                    "Invalid {} `x-fern-retries` for operation '{op_id}': field \
+                    `base_delay_ms` must be a non-negative integer.",
+                    if inherited { "inherited" } else { "operation-level" },
+                ))
+            })?,
+            other => {
+                return Err(CliError::Discovery(format!(
+                    "Invalid {} `x-fern-retries` for operation '{op_id}': field \
+                    `base_delay_ms` must be an integer, got {}.",
+                    if inherited { "inherited" } else { "operation-level" },
+                    describe_yaml_kind(other)
+                )));
+            }
+        };
+        config.base_delay_ms = parsed;
+    }
+
+    if let Some(v) = retries_field(map, &["factor", "backoff_factor", "backoff-factor"]) {
+        let parsed = retries_required_f64(v, "factor", op_id, inherited)?;
+        if parsed < 1.0 {
+            return Err(CliError::Discovery(format!(
+                "Invalid {} `x-fern-retries` for operation '{op_id}': field `factor` must be \
+                >= 1.0, got {parsed}.",
+                if inherited { "inherited" } else { "operation-level" },
+            )));
+        }
+        config.factor = parsed;
+    }
+
+    if let Some(v) = retries_field(map, &["jitter"]) {
+        let parsed = retries_required_f64(v, "jitter", op_id, inherited)?;
+        if !(0.0..=1.0).contains(&parsed) {
+            return Err(CliError::Discovery(format!(
+                "Invalid {} `x-fern-retries` for operation '{op_id}': field `jitter` must be \
+                in [0.0, 1.0], got {parsed}.",
+                if inherited { "inherited" } else { "operation-level" },
+            )));
+        }
+        config.jitter = parsed;
+    }
+
+    Ok(config)
+}
+
+/// First-of-aliases lookup for `x-fern-retries` field reads. Returns the
+/// first matching value (any present alias) so authors can use either
+/// `max_attempts` / `max-attempts` / `max` (or the corresponding
+/// `base_delay_ms` / `base-delay-ms` / `base`) interchangeably.
+fn retries_field<'a>(
+    map: &'a serde_yaml::Mapping,
+    aliases: &[&str],
+) -> Option<&'a serde_yaml::Value> {
+    for alias in aliases {
+        if let Some(v) = map.get(serde_yaml::Value::String((*alias).to_string())) {
+            return Some(v);
+        }
+    }
+    None
+}
+
+fn retries_required_f64(
+    value: &serde_yaml::Value,
+    field: &str,
+    op_id: &str,
+    inherited: bool,
+) -> Result<f64, CliError> {
+    match value {
+        serde_yaml::Value::Number(n) => n.as_f64().ok_or_else(|| {
+            CliError::Discovery(format!(
+                "Invalid {} `x-fern-retries` for operation '{op_id}': field `{field}` must be \
+                a finite number.",
+                if inherited { "inherited" } else { "operation-level" },
+            ))
+        }),
+        other => Err(CliError::Discovery(format!(
+            "Invalid {} `x-fern-retries` for operation '{op_id}': field `{field}` must be a \
+            number, got {}.",
+            if inherited { "inherited" } else { "operation-level" },
+            describe_yaml_kind(other)
+        ))),
+    }
+}
+
+fn describe_yaml_kind(value: &serde_yaml::Value) -> &'static str {
+    match value {
+        serde_yaml::Value::Null => "null",
+        serde_yaml::Value::Bool(_) => "boolean",
+        serde_yaml::Value::Number(_) => "number",
+        serde_yaml::Value::String(_) => "string",
+        serde_yaml::Value::Sequence(_) => "array",
+        serde_yaml::Value::Mapping(_) => "object",
+        serde_yaml::Value::Tagged(_) => "tagged value",
+    }
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+fn camel_to_kebab(s: &str) -> String {
+    let mut result = String::with_capacity(s.len() + 4);
+    for ch in s.chars() {
+        if !ch.is_ascii_alphanumeric() {
+            if !result.is_empty() && !result.ends_with('-') {
+                result.push('-');
+            }
+        } else if ch.is_uppercase() {
+            if !result.is_empty() && !result.ends_with('-') {
+                result.push('-');
+            }
+            result.push(ch.to_lowercase().next().unwrap());
+        } else {
+            result.push(ch);
+        }
+    }
+    while result.ends_with('-') {
+        result.pop();
+    }
+    result
+}
+
+/// Tokenize a string the way Fern's OpenAPI importer does: camelCase-only
+/// strings split on each capital letter; everything else splits on
+/// non-alphanumeric runs. All tokens lowercased, empties dropped.
+fn tokenize(s: &str) -> Vec<String> {
+    let is_camel_case = s.chars().next().is_some_and(|c| c.is_ascii_lowercase())
+        && s.chars().all(|c| c.is_ascii_alphanumeric())
+        && s.chars().any(|c| c.is_ascii_uppercase());
+
+    let raw: Vec<String> = if is_camel_case {
+        let mut tokens = Vec::new();
+        let mut current = String::new();
+        for c in s.chars() {
+            if c.is_ascii_uppercase() && !current.is_empty() {
+                tokens.push(std::mem::take(&mut current));
+            }
+            current.push(c);
+        }
+        if !current.is_empty() {
+            tokens.push(current);
+        }
+        tokens
+    } else {
+        s.split(|c: char| !c.is_ascii_alphanumeric())
+            .map(str::to_string)
+            .collect()
+    };
+
+    raw.into_iter()
+        .filter(|t| !t.is_empty())
+        .map(|t| t.to_lowercase())
+        .collect()
+}
+
+/// Inject one synthetic header `MethodParameter` per spec-root
+/// idempotency header into an idempotent operation's parameter map. The
+/// existing header-parameter pathway in `commands.rs` and `executor.rs`
+/// then handles flag exposure (kebab-cased `--<name>`) and on-the-wire
+/// header transmission (`location: "header"`).
+///
+/// The parameter key (HashMap key) is the on-the-wire header name
+/// (used directly as the HTTP header). The kebab-cased `--<flag>`
+/// derives from [`IdempotencyHeader::name`] when present
+/// (`MethodParameter.flag_name_override`), otherwise from the header.
+/// This mirrors the upstream Fern OpenAPI importer, where `name`
+/// becomes the SDK parameter identifier.
+///
+/// Spec-declared parameters with the same HashMap key win — we do not
+/// overwrite them, which preserves any per-operation customization
+/// (e.g. an `Idempotency-Key` param declared explicitly in `parameters:`
+/// with a custom description).
+fn inject_idempotency_header_params(
+    params: &mut HashMap<String, MethodParameter>,
+    idempotency_headers: &[IdempotencyHeader],
+) {
+    for h in idempotency_headers {
+        if params.contains_key(&h.header) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        let description = h
+            .name
+            .as_ref()
+            .map(|n| format!("Idempotency header `{}` (param `{}`).", h.header, n))
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| format!("Idempotency header `{}`.", h.header));
+        let flag_name_override = h.name.as_ref().map(|n| to_kebab_flag(n));
+        params.insert(
+            h.header.clone(),
+            MethodParameter {
+                param_type: Some("string".to_string()),
+                description: Some(description),
+                location: Some("header".to_string()),
+                env_var: h.env.clone(),
+                flag_name_override,
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+        );
+    }
+}
+
+/// Mirror Fern's OpenAPI importer behavior: when an operation's group is
+/// derived from a tag (no `x-fern-sdk-group-name`), strip tag tokens that
+/// prefix the operationId. `tag="Customers", operationId="customersList"`
+/// → `list`. No-op when the operationId doesn't start with the tag tokens.
+fn strip_tag_prefix(operation_id: &str, tag: &str) -> String {
+    let tag_tokens = tokenize(tag);
+    let op_tokens = tokenize(operation_id);
+    if tag_tokens.is_empty() || op_tokens.len() <= tag_tokens.len() {
+        return operation_id.to_string();
+    }
+    for (i, t) in tag_tokens.iter().enumerate() {
+        if op_tokens.get(i) != Some(t) {
+            return operation_id.to_string();
+        }
+    }
+    op_tokens[tag_tokens.len()..].join("-")
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Schema conversion helpers
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/// Resolve effective enum values for a schema, combining the OpenAPI `enum`
+/// field with the OpenAPI 3.1 / JSON Schema 2020-12 `const` keyword. A
+/// present `const` is lowered into a one-element enum so existing
+/// enum-aware code paths (CLI flag value validation, help rendering) pick
+/// it up without further changes. An explicit `enum` wins over `const`
+/// when both are present.
+fn effective_enum_values(obj: &OpenApiSchemaObject) -> Option<Vec<String>> {
+    if let Some(values) = &obj.enum_values {
+        return Some(values.clone());
+    }
+    let const_value = obj.const_value.as_ref()?;
+    Some(vec![yaml_scalar_to_string(const_value)])
+}
+
+/// Lower an `oneOf` / `anyOf` / `allOf` array of OpenAPI schemas into the
+/// IR's `JsonSchemaProperty` form. Used by both `convert_schema_object`
+/// (component-schema root) and `convert_schema_property` (nested property).
+fn convert_composition_branches(branches: &[OpenApiSchemaObject]) -> Vec<JsonSchemaProperty> {
+    branches.iter().map(convert_schema_property).collect()
+}
+
+/// If `obj` has an OpenAPI 3.1 / JSON Schema 2020-12 `const`, return the
+/// const as a typed JSON value to install as the CLI flag's client-side
+/// default. Pairs with the const→single-element enum lowering in
+/// `effective_enum_values`: the flag accepts exactly the const value (or
+/// rejects everything else via the enum parser), and becomes optional
+/// because omitting it auto-injects the const at request time.
+fn const_default_value(obj: &OpenApiSchemaObject) -> Option<serde_json::Value> {
+    yaml_value_to_json(obj.const_value.as_ref()?)
+}
+
+/// Coerce a YAML scalar (string, number, boolean) to its string form for
+/// downstream use in CLI flag enumerations. Non-scalars fall back to the
+/// Debug rendering — callers only invoke this on values that should be
+/// scalar by spec, so the fallback is a diagnostic, not a feature.
+fn yaml_scalar_to_string(v: &serde_yaml::Value) -> String {
+    match v {
+        serde_yaml::Value::String(s) => s.clone(),
+        serde_yaml::Value::Number(n) => n.to_string(),
+        serde_yaml::Value::Bool(b) => b.to_string(),
+        other => format!("{other:?}"),
+    }
+}
+
+fn convert_schema_object(obj: &OpenApiSchemaObject) -> JsonSchema {
+    if let Some(ref_path) = &obj.schema_ref {
+        let name = strip_ref_prefix(ref_path);
+        return JsonSchema {
+            schema_ref: Some(name),
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+    }
+
+    let properties = obj
+        .properties
+        .iter()
+        .map(|(k, v)| (k.clone(), convert_schema_property(v)))
+        .collect();
+
+    JsonSchema {
+        id: None,
+        schema_type: obj.schema_type().map(str::to_string),
+        nullable: obj.is_nullable(),
+        description: obj.description.clone(),
+        properties,
+        schema_ref: None,
+        items: obj.items.as_ref().map(|i| Box::new(convert_schema_property(i))),
+        required: obj.required.clone(),
+        one_of: convert_composition_branches(&obj.one_of),
+        any_of: convert_composition_branches(&obj.any_of),
+        all_of: convert_composition_branches(&obj.all_of),
+        additional_properties: obj
+            .additional_properties
+            .as_ref()
+            .map(|ap| Box::new(convert_schema_property(ap))),
+    }
+}
+
+fn convert_schema_property(obj: &OpenApiSchemaObject) -> JsonSchemaProperty {
+    if let Some(ref_path) = &obj.schema_ref {
+        let name = strip_ref_prefix(ref_path);
+        return JsonSchemaProperty {
+            schema_ref: Some(name),
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+    }
+
+    let properties = obj
+        .properties
+        .iter()
+        .map(|(k, v)| (k.clone(), convert_schema_property(v)))
+        .collect();
+
+    JsonSchemaProperty {
+        prop_type: obj.schema_type().map(str::to_string),
+        nullable: obj.is_nullable(),
+        description: obj.description.clone(),
+        schema_ref: None,
+        format: obj.format.clone(),
+        items: obj.items.as_ref().map(|i| Box::new(convert_schema_property(i))),
+        properties,
+        read_only: obj.read_only,
+        default: None,
+        enum_values: effective_enum_values(obj),
+        minimum: obj.inclusive_min(),
+        maximum: obj.inclusive_max(),
+        exclusive_minimum: obj.exclusive_min(),
+        exclusive_maximum: obj.exclusive_max(),
+        example: obj.example.clone(),
+        examples: obj.examples.clone(),
+        one_of: convert_composition_branches(&obj.one_of),
+        any_of: convert_composition_branches(&obj.any_of),
+        all_of: convert_composition_branches(&obj.all_of),
+        additional_properties: obj
+            .additional_properties
+            .as_ref()
+            .map(|ap| Box::new(convert_schema_property(ap))),
+    }
+}
+
+fn strip_ref_prefix(ref_path: &str) -> String {
+    // Handles "#/components/schemas/Foo" and "#/components/parameters/Foo"
+    ref_path
+        .rsplit('/')
+        .next()
+        .unwrap_or(ref_path)
+        .to_string()
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// x-fern-global-headers
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/// Lower a YAML scalar (string, integer, float, bool) used as a global
+/// header's `default` into the on-the-wire string form. Returns `None`
+/// for nulls, sequences, and mappings — those shapes aren't meaningful
+/// as an HTTP header value, so we drop them rather than send something
+/// nonsensical like `Some(["a","b"])` on the wire.
+fn lower_global_header_default(value: &serde_yaml::Value) -> Option<String> {
+    match value {
+        serde_yaml::Value::String(s) => Some(s.clone()),
+        serde_yaml::Value::Bool(b) => Some(b.to_string()),
+        serde_yaml::Value::Number(n) => Some(n.to_string()),
+        // Null, Sequence, Mapping, Tagged — not a valid header value.
+        _ => None,
+    }
+}
+
+/// Lower the spec-root `x-fern-global-headers` block into the canonical
+/// [`GlobalHeader`] discovery types. Mirrors the upstream Fern OpenAPI
+/// importer's `getGlobalHeaders.ts`: entries without a `header` are
+/// rejected at deserialize-time by serde; everything else is optional
+/// and falls back to sensible defaults (required, no env, no default).
+///
+/// `x-fern-default` wins over `default` when both are present.
+fn lower_global_headers(raws: &[RawGlobalHeader]) -> Vec<GlobalHeader> {
+    raws.iter()
+        .map(|raw| {
+            let default_yaml = raw.x_fern_default.as_ref().or(raw.default.as_ref());
+            GlobalHeader {
+                header: raw.header.clone(),
+                name: raw.name.clone(),
+                optional: raw.optional.unwrap_or(false),
+                env: raw.env.clone(),
+                default: default_yaml.and_then(lower_global_header_default),
+            }
+        })
+        .collect()
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// x-fern-groups
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/// Lower the document-root `x-fern-groups` block into the canonical
+/// [`SdkGroupInfo`] discovery type, keyed by the kebab-cased group
+/// identifier so it matches the resource-tree keys built from
+/// `x-fern-sdk-group-name`.
+///
+/// Mirrors fern's `getFernGroups.ts` / `SdkGroupInfo` IR shape
+/// (`{ summary?, description? }`). Entries are kept verbatim — fern
+/// does not invent additional fields, and neither do we. Empty
+/// entries (both fields `None`) are preserved so the lookup tells
+/// "no metadata" from "explicitly empty metadata", though both
+/// render the same in `--help` today.
+fn lower_fern_groups(raws: &HashMap<String, RawFernGroup>) -> HashMap<String, SdkGroupInfo> {
+    raws.iter()
+        .map(|(key, raw)| {
+            (
+                camel_to_kebab(key),
+                SdkGroupInfo {
+                    summary: raw.summary.clone(),
+                    description: raw.description.clone(),
+                },
+            )
+        })
+        .collect()
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// x-fern-sdk-variables
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/// Lower the spec-root `x-fern-sdk-variables` block into a flat list of
+/// [`SdkVariable`] entries. Mirrors Fern's openapi-ir-parser
+/// `getVariableDefinitions.ts`: each variable is keyed by name, declares
+/// a schema with `type` and optional `description`, and is only honored
+/// when `type` is `string`. Non-string entries are logged and dropped so
+/// the rest of the spec still loads — matching the upstream importer's
+/// `Variable <name> has unsupported schema` behavior without failing
+/// the whole spec load (the CLI is intentionally permissive).
+fn parse_sdk_variables(mapping: Option<&serde_yaml::Mapping>) -> Vec<SdkVariable> {
+    let Some(mapping) = mapping else {
+        return Vec::new();
+    };
+    let mut out = Vec::with_capacity(mapping.len());
+    for (name_val, schema_val) in mapping {
+        let name = match name_val.as_str() {
+            Some(s) => s.to_string(),
+            None => {
+                tracing::warn!(
+                    "x-fern-sdk-variables entry has non-string key {:?}; skipping",
+                    name_val
+                );
+                continue;
+            }
+        };
+        let schema_map = match schema_val.as_mapping() {
+            Some(m) => m,
+            None => {
+                tracing::warn!(
+                    "x-fern-sdk-variables entry '{name}' is not an object; skipping"
+                );
+                continue;
+            }
+        };
+        let ty = schema_map
+            .get(serde_yaml::Value::String("type".into()))
+            .and_then(|v| v.as_str())
+            .unwrap_or("string")
+            .to_string();
+        if ty != "string" {
+            tracing::warn!(
+                "x-fern-sdk-variables entry '{name}' has unsupported type '{ty}'; \
+                 only string variables are supported today (skipping)"
+            );
+            continue;
+        }
+        let description = schema_map
+            .get(serde_yaml::Value::String("description".into()))
+            .and_then(|v| v.as_str())
+            .map(str::to_string);
+        out.push(SdkVariable {
+            name,
+            ty,
+            description,
+        });
+    }
+    out
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Parameter conversion
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+fn convert_parameter(
+    param: &OpenApiParameter,
+    ref_site_default: Option<&serde_yaml::Value>,
+) -> (String, MethodParameter) {
+    let (param_type, enum_values, schema_default, format, fern_enum) = match &param.schema {
+        Some(s) => (
+            s.schema_type.clone(),
+            s.enum_values.clone(),
+            s.default.as_ref(),
+            s.format.clone(),
+            convert_fern_enum(s.x_fern_enum.as_ref()),
+        ),
+        None => (None, None, None, None, None),
+    };
+
+    // `x-fern-default` is the only source of a client-side default —
+    // i.e. a value the CLI will (a) advertise in `--help` via clap's
+    // `[default: ...]` and (b) substitute into the outgoing request
+    // when the user omits the flag. Within the extension, ref-site wins
+    // over the resolved component parameter, mirroring fern's
+    // openapi-ir-parser precedence:
+    //   getExtension(parameter, FERN_DEFAULT)
+    //     ?? getExtension(resolvedParameter, FERN_DEFAULT)
+    let client_yaml_default: Option<&serde_yaml::Value> =
+        ref_site_default.or(param.x_fern_default.as_ref());
+    let default_value = client_yaml_default.and_then(yaml_value_to_json);
+
+    // The OpenAPI standard `default:` keyword on a parameter's schema
+    // describes server-side behavior — it tells the client what the API
+    // will do if the value is omitted, not what the client should send.
+    // We surface it in `--help` as a documentation hint only.
+    //
+    // When `x-fern-default` is present it supersedes the documentation
+    // hint for display too (showing two different defaults would confuse
+    // users), so we drop the schema default in that case.
+    let documentation_default_value = if default_value.is_some() {
+        None
+    } else {
+        schema_default.and_then(yaml_value_to_json)
+    };
+
+    // Operation-level `x-fern-availability` wins; otherwise fall back to
+    // OpenAPI's standard `deprecated: true` flag so flags marked deprecated
+    // in the source spec still surface a `[DEPRECATED]` badge in `--help`.
+    let availability = match param.x_fern_availability {
+        Some(a) => Some(a),
+        None if param.deprecated => Some(Availability::Deprecated),
+        None => None,
+    };
+
+    // `x-fern-sdk-variable` is only honored on `in: path` parameters —
+    // Fern's IR drops references on query/header/cookie params with a
+    // log line, and so do we (the parameter still surfaces as a normal
+    // per-op flag).
+    let variable_reference = match param.x_fern_sdk_variable.as_deref() {
+        Some(name) if param.location.as_deref() == Some("path") => Some(name.to_string()),
+        Some(name) => {
+            tracing::warn!(
+                "x-fern-sdk-variable '{name}' on non-path parameter '{}' is ignored",
+                param.name
+            );
+            None
+        }
+        None => None,
+    };
+
+    let mp = MethodParameter {
+        param_type,
+        description: param.description.clone(),
+        location: param.location.clone(),
+        required: param.required,
+        format,
+        default_value,
+        documentation_default_value,
+        enum_values,
+        style: param.style.clone(),
+        explode: param.explode,
+        deprecated: param.deprecated,
+        availability,
+        fern_enum,
+        variable_reference,
+        ..Default::default()
+    };
+
+    (param.name.clone(), mp)
+}
+
+/// Lower the raw YAML `x-fern-enum` map into the internal representation.
+/// Drops entries whose `name` and `description` are both empty/whitespace
+/// so downstream clap rendering doesn't emit blank labels or help text.
+/// Returns `None` if the extension is absent or every entry was empty —
+/// `None` is the signal cli-sdk uses to mean "fall back to wire values".
+fn convert_fern_enum(
+    raw: Option<&HashMap<String, OpenApiFernEnumValue>>,
+) -> Option<HashMap<String, crate::openapi::discovery::FernEnumValue>> {
+    let raw = raw?;
+    let normalize = |s: &Option<String>| -> Option<String> {
+        s.as_ref().and_then(|v| {
+            let t = v.trim();
+            if t.is_empty() {
+                None
+            } else {
+                Some(t.to_string())
+            }
+        })
+    };
+    let mut out: HashMap<String, crate::openapi::discovery::FernEnumValue> = HashMap::new();
+    for (wire, entry) in raw {
+        let display_name = normalize(&entry.name);
+        let description = normalize(&entry.description);
+        if display_name.is_none() && description.is_none() {
+            continue;
+        }
+        out.insert(
+            wire.clone(),
+            crate::openapi::discovery::FernEnumValue {
+                display_name,
+                description,
+            },
+        );
+    }
+    if out.is_empty() { None } else { Some(out) }
+}
+
+/// Convert a `serde_yaml::Value` into a `serde_json::Value` for storage on
+/// `MethodParameter::default_value` (from `x-fern-default`) and
+/// `MethodParameter::documentation_default_value` (from the standard
+/// OpenAPI `default:` keyword). Mirrors YAML's scalar coverage so a
+/// `100` keeps its integer type, `true` keeps its boolean type, and
+/// `"abc"` stays a string. Tagged values are unwrapped; `~`/`null`
+/// collapses to `Value::Null`.
+fn yaml_value_to_json(v: &serde_yaml::Value) -> Option<serde_json::Value> {
+    match v {
+        serde_yaml::Value::Null => Some(serde_json::Value::Null),
+        serde_yaml::Value::Bool(b) => Some(serde_json::Value::Bool(*b)),
+        serde_yaml::Value::Number(n) => {
+            if let Some(u) = n.as_u64() {
+                Some(serde_json::Value::Number(u.into()))
+            } else if let Some(i) = n.as_i64() {
+                Some(serde_json::Value::Number(i.into()))
+            } else if let Some(f) = n.as_f64() {
+                serde_json::Number::from_f64(f).map(serde_json::Value::Number)
+            } else {
+                None
+            }
+        }
+        serde_yaml::Value::String(s) => Some(serde_json::Value::String(s.clone())),
+        serde_yaml::Value::Sequence(seq) => Some(serde_json::Value::Array(
+            seq.iter().filter_map(yaml_value_to_json).collect(),
+        )),
+        serde_yaml::Value::Mapping(map) => {
+            let mut obj = serde_json::Map::new();
+            for (k, val) in map {
+                let key = match k {
+                    serde_yaml::Value::String(s) => s.clone(),
+                    other => serde_yaml::to_string(other).ok()?.trim().to_string(),
+                };
+                if let Some(jv) = yaml_value_to_json(val) {
+                    obj.insert(key, jv);
+                }
+            }
+            Some(serde_json::Value::Object(obj))
+        }
+        serde_yaml::Value::Tagged(t) => yaml_value_to_json(&t.value),
+    }
+}
+
+fn resolve_parameter<'a>(
+    por: &'a OpenApiParamOrRef,
+    components: &'a Option<OpenApiComponents>,
+) -> Option<&'a OpenApiParameter> {
+    match por {
+        OpenApiParamOrRef::Inline(p) => Some(p.as_ref()),
+        OpenApiParamOrRef::Ref { ref_path, .. } => {
+            let name = strip_ref_prefix(ref_path);
+            components
+                .as_ref()
+                .and_then(|c| c.parameters.get(&name))
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Resolve the effective `x-fern-parameter-name` for a parameter using
+/// the same precedence as `x-fern-ignore`: a value placed at the
+/// **ref-site** object (alongside `$ref`) wins over the value on the
+/// **resolved component parameter**. Inline parameters short-circuit to
+/// their own value. Returns `None` when no alias is set.
+///
+/// Implements the same semantics as fern's openapi-ir-parser
+/// (`getParameterName.ts` + the `??` chain used for `x-fern-ignore`):
+/// ```ts
+/// const alias =
+///     getExtension<string>(parameter, PARAMETER_NAME) ??
+///     getExtension<string>(resolvedParameter, PARAMETER_NAME);
+/// ```
+fn resolve_parameter_display_name(
+    por: &OpenApiParamOrRef,
+    components: &Option<OpenApiComponents>,
+) -> Option<String> {
+    match por {
+        OpenApiParamOrRef::Inline(p) => p.x_fern_parameter_name.clone(),
+        OpenApiParamOrRef::Ref {
+            x_fern_parameter_name: ref_site,
+            ..
+        } => {
+            let resolved = resolve_parameter(por, components)
+                .and_then(|p| p.x_fern_parameter_name.clone());
+            ref_site.clone().or(resolved)
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Resolve the effective `x-fern-ignore` value for a parameter, mirroring
+/// fern's precedence: a value on the **ref-site object** (placed next to
+/// `$ref`) wins over the value on the **resolved component parameter**.
+/// Inline parameters are a single site, so they short-circuit. Returns
+/// `false` when no flag is set at any level.
+///
+/// Implements the same semantics as fern's openapi-ir-parser:
+/// ```ts
+/// const shouldIgnore =
+///     getExtension<boolean>(parameter, IGNORE) ??
+///     getExtension<boolean>(resolvedParameter, IGNORE);
+/// ```
+fn parameter_should_ignore(
+    por: &OpenApiParamOrRef,
+    components: &Option<OpenApiComponents>,
+) -> bool {
+    match por {
+        OpenApiParamOrRef::Inline(p) => p.x_fern_ignore.unwrap_or(false),
+        OpenApiParamOrRef::Ref {
+            x_fern_ignore: ref_site,
+            ..
+        } => {
+            let resolved = resolve_parameter(por, components).and_then(|p| p.x_fern_ignore);
+            ref_site.or(resolved).unwrap_or(false)
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Core conversion
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/// Load and convert an OpenAPI 3.0 YAML spec into the internal `RestDescription`.
+pub fn load_openapi_spec(yaml_str: &str, cli_name: &str) -> Result<RestDescription, CliError> {
+    let value: serde_yaml::Value = serde_yaml::from_str(yaml_str)
+        .map_err(|e| CliError::Discovery(format!("Failed to parse OpenAPI spec: {e}")))?;
+    load_openapi_spec_from_value(value, cli_name)
+}
+
+/// Load and convert an OpenAPI spec from a pre-parsed `serde_yaml::Value`.
+///
+/// This is the workhorse behind both [`load_openapi_spec`] (plain string) and
+/// the overrides path where a base spec and override YAML are deep-merged into
+/// a single `Value` before deserialization.
+pub fn load_openapi_spec_from_value(
+    value: serde_yaml::Value,
+    cli_name: &str,
+) -> Result<RestDescription, CliError> {
+    let spec: OpenApiSpec = serde_yaml::from_value(value)
+        .map_err(|e| CliError::Discovery(format!("Failed to parse OpenAPI spec: {e}")))?;
+
+    let root_url = spec
+        .servers
+        .first()
+        .map(|s| s.url.clone())
+        .unwrap_or_default();
+
+    // Lower the spec's top-level `servers:` array into the internal
+    // representation. Order is preserved so callers can rely on
+    // "first server is the default" — the same rule that
+    // populates `root_url` above.
+    let top_level_servers: Vec<crate::openapi::discovery::Server> = spec
+        .servers
+        .iter()
+        .map(OpenApiServer::to_discovery_server)
+        .collect();
+
+    // Convert component schemas.
+    //
+    // TODO(FER-9864): mirror fern's component-schema + property-level
+    // `x-fern-ignore` here once body fields surface as CLI flags. Fern's
+    // openapi-ir-parser drops ignored schemas in `convertSchemas.ts` and
+    // ignored properties in `convertObject.ts`; the CLI today only exposes
+    // operations + parameters, so those levels are a no-op for now and
+    // intentionally left unhandled.
+    let schemas: HashMap<String, JsonSchema> = spec
+        .components
+        .as_ref()
+        .map(|c| {
+            c.schemas
+                .iter()
+                .map(|(name, obj)| (name.clone(), convert_schema_object(obj)))
+                .collect()
+        })
+        .unwrap_or_default();
+
+    // OpenAPI 3.1 `webhooks` describe inbound operations (server → user),
+    // so we capture them at parse time but do not lower them into CLI
+    // subcommands. A non-empty block is surfaced at debug level so users
+    // can see why a spec with only webhooks produces no commands.
+    if !spec.webhooks.is_empty() {
+        tracing::debug!(
+            "Spec declares {} webhook(s); webhooks are inbound and not lowered to CLI subcommands.",
+            spec.webhooks.len(),
+        );
+    }
+
+    // Lower components.securitySchemes to discovery types
+    let security_schemes: HashMap<String, SecurityScheme> = spec
+        .components
+        .as_ref()
+        .map(|c| {
+            c.security_schemes
+                .iter()
+                .map(|(name, raw)| (name.clone(), lower_security_scheme(raw)))
+                .collect()
+        })
+        .unwrap_or_default();
+
+    // Detect pagination token parameter name from components/parameters
+    let (pagination_query_param, pagination_response_path) = detect_pagination_config(&spec);
+
+    // Normalize `x-fern-base-path`: trim ASCII whitespace and treat an empty
+    // string as absent so downstream slash-joining doesn't have to worry about
+    // a degenerate "" case. Leading/trailing slashes are preserved here —
+    // `build_url` is what normalizes them into exactly one slash between
+    // segments, so we don't lose authoring intent at parse time.
+    let base_path = normalize_base_path(spec.x_fern_base_path.as_deref());
+
+    // Lower spec-root `x-fern-idempotency-headers` into discovery types. Each
+    // entry will be materialized as a CLI flag on every idempotent operation
+    // below; non-idempotent operations never see these headers.
+    let idempotency_headers: Vec<IdempotencyHeader> = spec
+        .x_fern_idempotency_headers
+        .as_ref()
+        .map(|raws| {
+            raws.iter()
+                .map(|raw| IdempotencyHeader {
+                    header: raw.header.clone(),
+                    name: raw.name.clone(),
+                    env: raw.env.clone(),
+                })
+                .collect()
+        })
+        .unwrap_or_default();
+
+    // Lower the spec-root `x-fern-sdk-variables` block once. Variables
+    // surface as global flags later in `CliApp::run_async`; storing them
+    // on `RestDescription` keeps the parser as the single source of
+    // truth for both flag registration and per-operation substitution.
+    let sdk_variables = parse_sdk_variables(spec.x_fern_sdk_variables.as_ref());
+
+    // Spec-root `x-fern-retries`. Operations inherit this block when they
+    // either omit `x-fern-retries` or set it to `true`. Parsed once here
+    // so per-op resolution stays a cheap merge.
+    let spec_root_retries = parse_retries_value(
+        spec.x_fern_retries.as_ref().unwrap_or(&serde_yaml::Value::Null),
+        /*op_id=*/ "<spec-root>",
+        /*inherited=*/ true,
+    )?;
+
+    // Lower the spec-root `x-fern-global-headers` block once. Globals
+    // surface as root flags in `CliApp::run_async` and are stamped on
+    // every outgoing request by the executor (per-operation parameters
+    // with the same wire-name still win).
+    let global_headers: Vec<GlobalHeader> = spec
+        .x_fern_global_headers
+        .as_ref()
+        .map(|raws| lower_global_headers(raws))
+        .unwrap_or_default();
+
+    // Lower the document-root `x-fern-groups` extension. Keys are
+    // kebab-cased so they match the resource-tree keys built from
+    // `x-fern-sdk-group-name` further down. Mirrors fern's
+    // `XFernGroupsSchema` (record of `{ summary?, description? }`).
+    let groups: HashMap<String, SdkGroupInfo> = spec
+        .x_fern_groups
+        .as_ref()
+        .map(lower_fern_groups)
+        .unwrap_or_default();
+
+    let mut doc = RestDescription {
+        name: cli_name.to_string(),
+        version: spec.info.version.clone(),
+        title: spec.info.title.clone(),
+        description: spec.info.description.clone(),
+        root_url: root_url.clone(),
+        servers: top_level_servers,
+        service_path: String::new(),
+        base_path,
+        schemas,
+        security_schemes,
+        pagination_token_query_param: pagination_query_param,
+        pagination_token_response_path: pagination_response_path,
+        idempotency_headers,
+        sdk_variables,
+        retries: spec_root_retries.clone(),
+        global_headers,
+        groups,
+        ..Default::default()
+    };
+
+    // Spec-level security default. Inherited by every operation that
+    // doesn't declare its own `security:` block. An operation's
+    // `security: []` (explicit empty) overrides the default with anonymous.
+    let spec_default_security = spec.security.clone();
+
+    // Spec-root `x-fern-pagination`. Per-op `x-fern-pagination: true`
+    // inherits this block; per-op missing-or-`false` ignores it.
+    let spec_root_pagination = spec.x_fern_pagination.clone();
+
+    // Spec-root `x-fern-retries`. Per-op `x-fern-retries: true` adopts
+    // this block; per-op `false` or `{ disabled: true }` overrides it;
+    // per-op object merges over it field-by-field.
+    let spec_root_retries_raw = spec.x_fern_retries.clone();
+
+    // Build a reference to the component schemas for $ref body resolution.
+    let empty_component_schemas: HashMap<String, OpenApiSchemaObject> = HashMap::new();
+    let component_schemas: &HashMap<String, OpenApiSchemaObject> = spec
+        .components
+        .as_ref()
+        .map(|c| &c.schemas)
+        .unwrap_or(&empty_component_schemas);
+
+    // Process each path + method
+    #[allow(clippy::type_complexity)]
+    let http_methods: &[(&str, fn(&OpenApiPathItem) -> &Option<OpenApiOperation>)] = &[
+        ("GET", |p: &OpenApiPathItem| &p.get),
+        ("POST", |p: &OpenApiPathItem| &p.post),
+        ("PUT", |p: &OpenApiPathItem| &p.put),
+        ("PATCH", |p: &OpenApiPathItem| &p.patch),
+        ("DELETE", |p: &OpenApiPathItem| &p.delete),
+    ];
+
+    for (path, path_item) in &spec.paths {
+        for &(http_method, accessor) in http_methods {
+            let operation = match accessor(path_item) {
+                Some(op) => op,
+                None => continue,
+            };
+
+            // Fern parity: `x-fern-ignore: true` drops the operation from the
+            // generated CLI surface entirely. The operation does not appear
+            // as a subcommand, in `--help`, or in completions. Log message
+            // mirrors fern's openapi-ir-parser wording so the two systems
+            // produce consistent diagnostics.
+            if operation.x_fern_ignore.unwrap_or(false) {
+                tracing::debug!(
+                    "{} {} is marked with x-fern-ignore. Skipping.",
+                    http_method,
+                    path
+                );
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            // Resolve group name: prefer x-fern-sdk-group-name, fall back to first tag
+            let fern_group;
+            let tag_group;
+            let group_name: &Vec<String> = match &operation.x_fern_sdk_group_name {
+                Some(g) if !g.is_empty() => g,
+                _ => match operation.tags.as_ref().and_then(|t| t.first()) {
+                    Some(tag) => {
+                        tag_group = vec![tag.clone()];
+                        &tag_group
+                    }
+                    None => {
+                        // Fall back to first path segment as group
+                        let segment = path
+                            .trim_start_matches('/')
+                            .split('/')
+                            .next()
+                            .unwrap_or("default")
+                            .to_string();
+                        fern_group = vec![segment];
+                        &fern_group
+                    }
+                },
+            };
+
+            // Resolve method name: prefer x-fern-sdk-method-name, fall back to operationId or http+path.
+            // When the group came from a tag (no x-fern-sdk-group-name), strip
+            // tag tokens that prefix the operationId so e.g. `Customers` tag
+            // + `customersList` operation → method `list` rather than
+            // `customers-list`. Mirrors Fern's OpenAPI importer.
+            let method_name = match &operation.x_fern_sdk_method_name {
+                Some(m) => m.clone(),
+                None => match &operation.operation_id {
+                    Some(id) => {
+                        let stripped = if operation.x_fern_sdk_group_name.is_none() {
+                            match operation.tags.as_ref().and_then(|t| t.first()) {
+                                Some(tag) => strip_tag_prefix(id, tag),
+                                None => id.clone(),
+                            }
+                        } else {
+                            id.clone()
+                        };
+                        camel_to_kebab(&stripped)
+                    }
+                    None => format!(
+                        "{}-{}",
+                        http_method.to_lowercase(),
+                        path.trim_start_matches('/').replace('/', "-")
+                    ),
+                },
+            };
+
+            // Collect parameters (path-level + operation-level). Parameters
+            // marked `x-fern-ignore: true` are dropped — they don't surface
+            // as CLI flags and aren't sent in the outgoing request.
+            //
+            // The flag is read with fern's precedence: a value placed at
+            // the **ref-site** object (alongside `$ref`) wins over the
+            // value on the resolved component parameter. This matches
+            // OpenAPI 3.1's allowance of sibling fields next to `$ref` and
+            // fern's overlay system, which routinely uses ref-site ignores.
+            let mut params = HashMap::new();
+            for por in path_item.parameters.iter().chain(operation.parameters.iter()) {
+                if parameter_should_ignore(por, &spec.components) {
+                    tracing::debug!(
+                        "{} {} has a parameter marked with x-fern-ignore. Skipping.",
+                        http_method,
+                        path
+                    );
+                    continue;
+                }
+                let display_name = resolve_parameter_display_name(por, &spec.components);
+                if let Some(p) = resolve_parameter(por, &spec.components) {
+                    // Ref-site `x-fern-default` (placed alongside `$ref`) wins
+                    // over the value on the resolved component parameter —
+                    // mirrors fern's importer precedence for `getExtension`.
+                    let ref_site_default = match por {
+                        OpenApiParamOrRef::Ref { x_fern_default, .. } => x_fern_default.as_ref(),
+                        OpenApiParamOrRef::Inline(_) => None,
+                    };
+                    let (name, mut mp) = convert_parameter(p, ref_site_default);
+                    mp.display_name = display_name;
+                    params.insert(name, mp);
+                }
+            }
+
+            // Handle request body — also harvests body-located parameters so
+            // the command builder can render per-field flags alongside `--json`.
+            let (request, binary_request_body, body_encoding, body_params) = extract_request_body(
+                &operation.request_body,
+                operation.operation_id.as_deref().unwrap_or("unknown"),
+                &mut doc.schemas,
+                component_schemas,
+            );
+            // Skip body fields whose names collide with existing path/query/header
+            // params — those win, since the spec's `parameters` array is the
+            // canonical source for non-body inputs.
+            for (name, param) in body_params {
+                params.entry(name).or_insert(param);
+            }
+
+            let description = operation
+                .summary
+                .clone()
+                .or_else(|| operation.description.clone());
+
+            let method_root_url = operation.servers
+                .first()
+                .map(|s| s.url.clone())
+                .unwrap_or_else(|| root_url.clone());
+
+            // Per-op `servers:` overrides replace the global default for
+            // this operation. Lower them into the internal representation
+            // so the executor can route the global `--server <name>` flag
+            // against per-op named entries before falling back to
+            // `method_root_url` (the first per-op server).
+            let method_servers: Vec<crate::openapi::discovery::Server> = operation
+                .servers
+                .iter()
+                .map(OpenApiServer::to_discovery_server)
+                .collect();
+
+            // OpenAPI inheritance: operation-level `security` (including an
+            // explicit empty array) takes precedence; otherwise inherit the
+            // spec-level default; if neither is present the operation has no
+            // declared policy.
+            let security_requirements = match &operation.security {
+                Some(reqs) => Some(reqs.clone()),
+                None => spec_default_security.clone(),
+            };
+
+            let pagination = resolve_pagination_extension(
+                operation.x_fern_pagination.as_ref(),
+                spec_root_pagination.as_ref(),
+                operation.operation_id.as_deref().unwrap_or("unknown"),
+            )?;
+
+            let retries = resolve_retries_extension(
+                operation.x_fern_retries.as_ref(),
+                spec_root_retries_raw.as_ref(),
+                operation.operation_id.as_deref().unwrap_or("unknown"),
+            )?;
+
+            // `x-fern-availability` wins; otherwise fall back to OpenAPI's
+            // standard `deprecated: true` flag so deprecated ops still get
+            // a `[DEPRECATED]` badge without requiring the extension.
+            let availability = match operation.x_fern_availability {
+                Some(a) => Some(a),
+                None if operation.deprecated => Some(Availability::Deprecated),
+                None => None,
+            };
+
+            let idempotent = operation.x_fern_idempotent.unwrap_or(false);
+
+            // `x-fern-audiences` is an array of strings; missing means
+            // `[]`. Stored verbatim so the command-tree filter can
+            // mirror fern's `some(...)` membership check exactly. See
+            // discovery.rs `RestMethod::audiences` for the rationale on
+            // why this is parser-recorded but only consumed at the
+            // command-tree layer.
+            let audiences = operation.x_fern_audiences.clone().unwrap_or_default();
+
+            // Materialize idempotency-header flags on idempotent operations
+            // ONLY. Each spec-root `x-fern-idempotency-headers` entry becomes
+            // a synthetic header MethodParameter so the existing
+            // header-parameter pathway (clap flag → executor request
+            // header) handles the value. Non-idempotent siblings get no
+            // such parameter and therefore never send these headers on the
+            // wire, even if the user passes the flag explicitly (clap
+            // rejects it as unknown).
+            if idempotent {
+                inject_idempotency_header_params(&mut params, &doc.idempotency_headers);
+            }
+
+            let return_value = operation
+                .x_fern_sdk_return_value
+                .as_ref()
+                .map(|s| s.trim().to_string())
+                .filter(|s| !s.is_empty());
+
+            let streaming = parse_streaming_extension(
+                operation.x_fern_streaming.as_ref(),
+                operation.operation_id.as_deref().unwrap_or("unknown"),
+            )?;
+
+            // Mutual exclusivity: an operation that's both streamed and
+            // paginated is incoherent — pagination drives a loop of
+            // requests against fully-buffered responses, while
+            // streaming consumes a single open response incrementally.
+            // The upstream Fern IR doesn't generate a meaningful
+            // combination either; mirror that by failing at parse time
+            // so spec authors get a single clear error instead of an
+            // ambiguous runtime fallback.
+            if streaming.is_some() && pagination.is_some() {
+                return Err(CliError::Discovery(format!(
+                    "Operation '{}' declares both `x-fern-streaming` and \
+                    `x-fern-pagination`, which are mutually exclusive. Streaming \
+                    operations open a single long-lived response; paginated \
+                    operations issue multiple requests against unary responses.",
+                    operation.operation_id.as_deref().unwrap_or("unknown"),
+                )));
+            }
+
+
+            let rest_method = RestMethod {
+                id: operation.operation_id.clone(),
+                description,
+                http_method: http_method.to_string(),
+                path: path.clone(),
+                parameters: params,
+                request,
+                root_url: method_root_url,
+                servers: method_servers,
+                binary_request_body,
+                body_encoding,
+                security_requirements,
+                pagination,
+                availability,
+                idempotent,
+                return_value,
+                streaming,
+                retries,
+                audiences,
+                ..Default::default()
+            };
+
+            // Walk group_name to create/find nested resources
+            let kebab_groups: Vec<String> =
+                group_name.iter().map(|g| camel_to_kebab(g)).collect();
+
+            insert_method_into_resources(&mut doc.resources, &kebab_groups, &method_name, rest_method);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Fern parity: if every operation under a path/group was ignored, prune
+    // the now-empty group so it doesn't appear as a subcommand with no
+    // leaves in `--help` or completions.
+    prune_empty_resources(&mut doc.resources);
+
+    Ok(doc)
+}
+
+/// Recursively drop resources that contain no methods and no non-empty
+/// nested resources. Called after all paths have been processed so that
+/// `x-fern-ignore`-only paths don't leave orphan groups in the command tree.
+fn prune_empty_resources(resources: &mut HashMap<String, RestResource>) {
+    resources.retain(|_, resource| {
+        prune_empty_resources(&mut resource.resources);
+        !resource.methods.is_empty() || !resource.resources.is_empty()
+    });
+}
+
+/// Walk the group name list to find or create nested resources and insert the method.
+fn insert_method_into_resources(
+    resources: &mut HashMap<String, RestResource>,
+    groups: &[String],
+    method_name: &str,
+    method: RestMethod,
+) {
+    if groups.is_empty() {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    let resource = resources
+        .entry(groups[0].clone())
+        .or_default();
+
+    if groups.len() == 1 {
+        resource.methods.insert(method_name.to_string(), method);
+    } else {
+        insert_method_into_resources(&mut resource.resources, &groups[1..], method_name, method);
+    }
+}
+
+/// Extract request body info from an OpenAPI requestBody.
+///
+/// Maximum recursion depth for flattening nested request body object properties
+/// into dot-notation flags. Mirrors `MAX_INPUT_DEPTH` in `graphql/parser.rs`.
+/// Properties at depth >= MAX_BODY_DEPTH are not flattened — `--json` remains
+/// the only way to supply them.
+const MAX_BODY_DEPTH: u8 = 3;
+
+/// Returns `(json_schema, binary_body, body_encoding, body_params)`:
+/// - `json_schema`: a SchemaRef for the JSON request body (if `application/json` is declared).
+/// - `binary_body`: metadata when the operation expects a raw binary body
+///   (any non-JSON / non-form media type).
+/// - `body_encoding`: how the request body should be serialized on the wire.
+/// - `body_params`: per-field flag map; when the body is an inline object schema,
+///   each property up to MAX_BODY_DEPTH is exposed as a body-located [`MethodParameter`]
+///   with dotted keys for nested fields. `$ref` bodies are resolved from
+///   `component_schemas` and their properties flattened with the same depth rules.
+fn extract_request_body(
+    request_body: &Option<OpenApiRequestBody>,
+    operation_id: &str,
+    schemas: &mut HashMap<String, JsonSchema>,
+    component_schemas: &HashMap<String, OpenApiSchemaObject>,
+) -> (Option<SchemaRef>, Option<BinaryRequestBody>, BodyEncoding, HashMap<String, MethodParameter>) {
+    let Some(body) = request_body.as_ref() else {
+        return (None, None, BodyEncoding::Json, HashMap::new());
+    };
+    let Some(content) = body.content.as_ref() else {
+        return (None, None, BodyEncoding::Json, HashMap::new());
+    };
+
+    if let Some(media) = content.get("application/json") {
+        if let Some(schema_obj) = media.schema.as_ref() {
+            if let Some(ref_path) = &schema_obj.schema_ref {
+                let name = strip_ref_prefix(ref_path);
+                // Resolve the $ref from components/schemas and flatten its properties.
+                let body_params = component_schemas
+                    .get(&name)
+                    .map(|resolved| flatten_body_params(resolved, component_schemas, 0))
+                    .unwrap_or_default();
+                return (
+                    Some(SchemaRef {
+                        schema_ref: Some(name),
+                        ..Default::default()
+                    }),
+                    None,
+                    BodyEncoding::Json,
+                    body_params,
+                );
+            }
+
+            let body_params = flatten_body_params(schema_obj, component_schemas, 0);
+
+            let synthetic_name = format!("{operation_id}_request");
+            let converted = convert_schema_object(schema_obj);
+            schemas.insert(synthetic_name.clone(), converted);
+
+            return (
+                Some(SchemaRef {
+                    schema_ref: Some(synthetic_name),
+                    ..Default::default()
+                }),
+                None,
+                BodyEncoding::Json,
+                body_params,
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    // No JSON body declared — check for form-urlencoded body next.
+    if let Some(media) = content.get("application/x-www-form-urlencoded") {
+        if let Some(schema_obj) = media.schema.as_ref() {
+            if let Some(ref_path) = &schema_obj.schema_ref {
+                let name = strip_ref_prefix(ref_path);
+                let body_params = component_schemas
+                    .get(&name)
+                    .map(|resolved| flatten_body_params(resolved, component_schemas, 0))
+                    .unwrap_or_default();
+                return (
+                    Some(SchemaRef {
+                        schema_ref: Some(name),
+                        ..Default::default()
+                    }),
+                    None,
+                    BodyEncoding::FormUrlEncoded,
+                    body_params,
+                );
+            }
+
+            let body_params = flatten_body_params(schema_obj, component_schemas, 0);
+
+            let synthetic_name = format!("{operation_id}_request");
+            let converted = convert_schema_object(schema_obj);
+            schemas.insert(synthetic_name.clone(), converted);
+
+            return (
+                Some(SchemaRef {
+                    schema_ref: Some(synthetic_name),
+                    ..Default::default()
+                }),
+                None,
+                BodyEncoding::FormUrlEncoded,
+                body_params,
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    // No JSON or form body — look for a binary content type. `multipart/form-data`
+    // is explicitly excluded (separate future work).
+    let Some((content_type, media)) = content.iter().find(|(ct, _)| {
+        let ct = ct.as_str();
+        ct != "application/x-www-form-urlencoded" && ct != "multipart/form-data"
+    }) else {
+        return (None, None, BodyEncoding::Json, HashMap::new());
+    };
+
+    let is_binary_format = media
+        .schema
+        .as_ref()
+        .and_then(|s| s.format.as_deref())
+        .map(|f| f == "binary")
+        .unwrap_or(false);
+
+    let flag_name = body
+        .x_fern_parameter_name
+        .as_deref()
+        .map(camel_to_kebab)
+        .unwrap_or_else(|| {
+            if is_binary_format {
+                "file".to_string()
+            } else {
+                "body".to_string()
+            }
+        });
+
+    (
+        None,
+        Some(BinaryRequestBody {
+            content_type: content_type.clone(),
+            flag_name,
+        }),
+        BodyEncoding::Json,
+        HashMap::new(),
+    )
+}
+
+/// Recursively walk an object schema and emit one body-located [`MethodParameter`]
+/// per property, up to `MAX_BODY_DEPTH` levels deep. Nested object properties
+/// use dotted keys (e.g. `"name.first"`). Array properties set `repeated: true`
+/// so the command builder renders `ArgAction::Append`. Read-only properties are
+/// skipped. Non-object schemas at the root return an empty map.
+fn flatten_body_params(
+    schema: &OpenApiSchemaObject,
+    component_schemas: &HashMap<String, OpenApiSchemaObject>,
+    depth: u8,
+) -> HashMap<String, MethodParameter> {
+    flatten_body_params_prefix(schema, component_schemas, depth, "")
+}
+
+fn flatten_body_params_prefix(
+    schema: &OpenApiSchemaObject,
+    component_schemas: &HashMap<String, OpenApiSchemaObject>,
+    depth: u8,
+    prefix: &str,
+) -> HashMap<String, MethodParameter> {
+    let mut out = HashMap::new();
+    if depth >= MAX_BODY_DEPTH || schema.schema_type() != Some("object") {
+        return out;
+    }
+    let required: std::collections::HashSet<&str> =
+        schema.required.iter().map(String::as_str).collect();
+    for (name, prop) in &schema.properties {
+        if prop.read_only {
+            continue;
+        }
+        let full_key = if prefix.is_empty() {
+            name.clone()
+        } else {
+            format!("{prefix}.{name}")
+        };
+
+        // $ref property: resolve from component_schemas before checking type.
+        if let Some(ref_path) = &prop.schema_ref {
+            let ref_name = strip_ref_prefix(ref_path);
+            if let Some(resolved) = component_schemas.get(&ref_name) {
+                if resolved.schema_type() == Some("object") {
+                    let nested = flatten_body_params_prefix(resolved, component_schemas, depth + 1, &full_key);
+                    if !nested.is_empty() {
+                        out.extend(nested);
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                }
+                // Non-object ref or depth limit reached (empty recursion) — emit with resolved type.
+                let is_array = resolved.schema_type() == Some("array");
+                let const_default = const_default_value(resolved);
+                out.insert(
+                    full_key,
+                    MethodParameter {
+                        param_type: if is_array {
+                            Some("string".to_string())
+                        } else {
+                            resolved.schema_type().map(str::to_string)
+                        },
+                        description: prop.description.clone().or_else(|| resolved.description.clone()),
+                        location: Some("body".to_string()),
+                        // A `const` makes the field effectively optional: the
+                        // value is fixed, so we auto-inject it via default_value
+                        // when omitted. Spec's `required:` only matters when the
+                        // user could meaningfully choose to omit a value.
+                        required: required.contains(name.as_str()) && const_default.is_none(),
+                        format: resolved.format.clone(),
+                        enum_values: effective_enum_values(resolved),
+                        default_value: const_default,
+                        repeated: is_array,
+                        ..Default::default()
+                    },
+                );
+            }
+            // Unresolvable $ref — skip rather than emitting a typeless flag.
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        let prop_type = prop.schema_type();
+
+        // Nested object: recurse to emit dot-notation flags. If nothing comes
+        // back (no sub-properties or depth limit hit), fall through to the default insert below.
+        if prop_type == Some("object") {
+            let nested = flatten_body_params_prefix(prop, component_schemas, depth + 1, &full_key);
+            if !nested.is_empty() {
+                out.extend(nested);
+                continue;
+            }
+        }
+
+        let is_array = prop_type == Some("array");
+        let const_default = const_default_value(prop);
+        out.insert(
+            full_key,
+            MethodParameter {
+                param_type: if is_array {
+                    Some("string".to_string())
+                } else {
+                    prop_type.map(str::to_string)
+                },
+                description: prop.description.clone(),
+                location: Some("body".to_string()),
+                required: required.contains(name.as_str()) && const_default.is_none(),
+                format: prop.format.clone(),
+                enum_values: effective_enum_values(prop),
+                default_value: const_default,
+                repeated: is_array,
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+        );
+    }
+    out
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Tests
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_camel_to_kebab() {
+        assert_eq!(camel_to_kebab("scheduledEvents"), "scheduled-events");
+        assert_eq!(camel_to_kebab("eventTypes"), "event-types");
+        assert_eq!(camel_to_kebab("users"), "users");
+        assert_eq!(camel_to_kebab("dataCompliance"), "data-compliance");
+        assert_eq!(camel_to_kebab("ABC"), "a-b-c");
+        // Tags from OpenAPI specs often contain spaces or hyphens — these
+        // should collapse to a single hyphen, not preserve a space before
+        // the next word's leading character.
+        assert_eq!(camel_to_kebab("Channel Settings"), "channel-settings");
+        assert_eq!(camel_to_kebab("Attribute Values"), "attribute-values");
+        assert_eq!(camel_to_kebab("Metafields Batch"), "metafields-batch");
+        assert_eq!(camel_to_kebab("foo--bar"), "foo-bar");
+        assert_eq!(camel_to_kebab("CustomerList"), "customer-list");
+    }
+
+    /// Locks `build.rs::to_kebab` and `parser.rs::camel_to_kebab` to the
+    /// same output. They must be byte-for-byte equivalent so the smoke-test
+    /// constants emitted by build.rs match what the parser produces at
+    /// runtime. If this test fails after a build.rs edit, sync the two impls.
+    #[test]
+    fn test_build_rs_to_kebab_matches_parser_camel_to_kebab() {
+        // Inline copy of build.rs::to_kebab — drift here is the whole point
+        // of the test, so we can't just call it.
+        fn build_rs_to_kebab(s: &str) -> String {
+            let mut result = String::with_capacity(s.len() + 4);
+            for ch in s.chars() {
+                if !ch.is_ascii_alphanumeric() {
+                    if !result.is_empty() && !result.ends_with('-') {
+                        result.push('-');
+                    }
+                } else if ch.is_uppercase() {
+                    if !result.is_empty() && !result.ends_with('-') {
+                        result.push('-');
+                    }
+                    result.push(ch.to_lowercase().next().unwrap());
+                } else {
+                    result.push(ch);
+                }
+            }
+            while result.ends_with('-') {
+                result.pop();
+            }
+            result
+        }
+        for case in [
+            "scheduledEvents",
+            "Metadata taxonomies",  // hit the bug that started this
+            "Channel Settings",
+            "foo--bar",
+            "CustomerList",
+            "ABC",
+            "with.dot.separators",
+            "trailing---dashes-",
+            "leading---dashes",
+            "_leading_underscore",
+        ] {
+            assert_eq!(
+                build_rs_to_kebab(case),
+                camel_to_kebab(case),
+                "drift between build.rs::to_kebab and parser::camel_to_kebab for input {case:?}"
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_tokenize_camel_and_other() {
+        // camelCase: split on capitals
+        assert_eq!(tokenize("getCustomers"), vec!["get", "customers"]);
+        assert_eq!(tokenize("customersList"), vec!["customers", "list"]);
+        // snake_case / spaces / mixed: split on non-alphanumeric
+        assert_eq!(tokenize("customer_addresses"), vec!["customer", "addresses"]);
+        assert_eq!(tokenize("Customer Addresses"), vec!["customer", "addresses"]);
+        // already a single token
+        assert_eq!(tokenize("customers"), vec!["customers"]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_strip_tag_prefix_strips_when_op_starts_with_tag() {
+        // Fern parity: `Customers` tag + `customersList` operationId → `list`.
+        assert_eq!(strip_tag_prefix("customersList", "Customers"), "list");
+        // Multi-token tag ("Customer Addresses") matches multi-token op prefix.
+        assert_eq!(
+            strip_tag_prefix("customerAddressesList", "Customer Addresses"),
+            "list"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_strip_tag_prefix_no_strip_when_no_overlap() {
+        // When op `getCustomers` doesn't start with tag tokens.
+        assert_eq!(strip_tag_prefix("getCustomers", "Customers"), "getCustomers");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_method_name_strips_tag_prefix_with_tag_grouping() {
+        // Tag-driven group + operationId starts with tag → method = remainder.
+        let yaml = r#"
+openapi: "3.0.0"
+info: { title: T, version: "1.0" }
+servers: [{ url: "https://x.com" }]
+paths:
+  /customers:
+    get:
+      tags: [Customers]
+      operationId: customersList
+      responses: { "200": { description: ok } }
+"#;
+        let doc = load_openapi_spec(yaml, "t").unwrap();
+        let customers = &doc.resources["customers"];
+        assert!(customers.methods.contains_key("list"), "method should be `list` after strip");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_method_name_keeps_operation_id_when_no_tag_overlap() {
+        // When operationId doesn't start with tag → method
+        // stays as full kebab'd operationId. Matches Fern's behavior.
+        let yaml = r#"
+openapi: "3.0.0"
+info: { title: T, version: "1.0" }
+servers: [{ url: "https://x.com" }]
+paths:
+  /customers:
+    get:
+      tags: [Customers]
+      operationId: getCustomers
+      responses: { "200": { description: ok } }
+"#;
+        let doc = load_openapi_spec(yaml, "t").unwrap();
+        let customers = &doc.resources["customers"];
+        assert!(customers.methods.contains_key("get-customers"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_binary_request_body_flag_name_defaults_to_file_for_format_binary() {
+        let yaml = r#"
+openapi: "3.0.0"
+info: { title: T, version: "1.0" }
+servers: [{ url: "https://x.com" }]
+paths:
+  /upload:
+    post:
+      x-fern-sdk-group-name: files
+      x-fern-sdk-method-name: upload
+      operationId: uploadFile
+      requestBody:
+        content:
+          application/octet-stream:
+            schema:
+              type: string
+              format: binary
+      responses: { "200": { description: ok } }
+"#;
+        let doc = load_openapi_spec(yaml, "t").unwrap();
+        let upload = &doc.resources["files"].methods["upload"];
+        let binary = upload.binary_request_body.as_ref().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(binary.content_type, "application/octet-stream");
+        assert_eq!(binary.flag_name, "file");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_binary_request_body_honors_x_fern_parameter_name() {
+        let yaml = r#"
+openapi: "3.0.0"
+info: { title: T, version: "1.0" }
+servers: [{ url: "https://x.com" }]
+paths:
+  /audio:
+    post:
+      x-fern-sdk-group-name: audio
+      x-fern-sdk-method-name: send
+      operationId: sendAudio
+      requestBody:
+        x-fern-parameter-name: audioFile
+        content:
+          audio/mpeg:
+            schema:
+              type: string
+              format: binary
+      responses: { "200": { description: ok } }
+"#;
+        let doc = load_openapi_spec(yaml, "t").unwrap();
+        let send = &doc.resources["audio"].methods["send"];
+        let binary = send.binary_request_body.as_ref().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(binary.content_type, "audio/mpeg");
+        assert_eq!(binary.flag_name, "audio-file");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_binary_request_body_defaults_to_body_when_not_binary_format() {
+        let yaml = r#"
+openapi: "3.0.0"
+info: { title: T, version: "1.0" }
+servers: [{ url: "https://x.com" }]
+paths:
+  /text:
+    post:
+      x-fern-sdk-group-name: text
+      x-fern-sdk-method-name: send
+      operationId: sendText
+      requestBody:
+        content:
+          text/plain:
+            schema:
+              type: string
+      responses: { "200": { description: ok } }
+"#;
+        let doc = load_openapi_spec(yaml, "t").unwrap();
+        let send = &doc.resources["text"].methods["send"];
+        let binary = send.binary_request_body.as_ref().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(binary.content_type, "text/plain");
+        assert_eq!(binary.flag_name, "body");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_group_name_accepts_scalar_string() {
+        // Some Fern specs write `x-fern-sdk-group-name: transcripts`
+        // as a bare string; the parser should accept it as a single-element list.
+        let yaml = r#"
+openapi: "3.0.0"
+info: { title: T, version: "1.0" }
+servers: [{ url: "https://x.com" }]
+paths:
+  /transcripts:
+    get:
+      x-fern-sdk-group-name: transcripts
+      x-fern-sdk-method-name: list
+      operationId: listTranscripts
+      responses: { "200": { description: ok } }
+"#;
+        let doc = load_openapi_spec(yaml, "t").unwrap();
+        assert!(doc.resources.contains_key("transcripts"));
+        assert!(doc.resources["transcripts"].methods.contains_key("list"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_method_name_skips_strip_when_explicit_group_name() {
+        // x-fern-sdk-group-name is the source of truth; tag-driven strip is
+        // bypassed so the operationId surfaces verbatim.
+        let yaml = r#"
+openapi: "3.0.0"
+info: { title: T, version: "1.0" }
+servers: [{ url: "https://x.com" }]
+paths:
+  /customers:
+    get:
+      tags: [Customers]
+      x-fern-sdk-group-name: ["customers"]
+      operationId: customersList
+      responses: { "200": { description: ok } }
+"#;
+        let doc = load_openapi_spec(yaml, "t").unwrap();
+        let customers = &doc.resources["customers"];
+        assert!(
+            customers.methods.contains_key("customers-list"),
+            "explicit group-name disables tag-prefix strip"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_nested_group_names() {
+        let yaml = r#"
+openapi: "3.0.0"
+info:
+  title: Test
+  version: "1.0"
+servers:
+  - url: https://api.example.com
+paths:
+  /parent/{id}/child:
+    get:
+      operationId: get-child
+      summary: Get a child resource
+      x-fern-sdk-group-name:
+        - parent
+        - child
+      x-fern-sdk-method-name: get-child
+      parameters:
+        - name: id
+          in: path
+          required: true
+          schema:
+            type: string
+      responses:
+        '200':
+          description: OK
+"#;
+        let doc = load_openapi_spec(yaml, "test").unwrap();
+        assert!(doc.resources.contains_key("parent"));
+        let parent = &doc.resources["parent"];
+        assert!(parent.methods.is_empty());
+        assert!(parent.resources.contains_key("child"));
+        let child = &parent.resources["child"];
+        assert!(child.methods.contains_key("get-child"));
+    }
+
+    // -----------------------------------------------------------------
+    // x-fern-ignore — operation-level + parameter-level
+    // -----------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_x_fern_ignore_drops_operation() {
+        let yaml = r#"
+openapi: "3.0.0"
+info:
+  title: Test
+  version: "1.0"
+servers:
+  - url: https://api.example.com
+paths:
+  /users:
+    get:
+      operationId: users-list
+      x-fern-sdk-group-name: ["users"]
+      x-fern-sdk-method-name: list
+      x-fern-ignore: true
+      responses:
+        '200':
+          description: OK
+"#;
+        let doc = load_openapi_spec(yaml, "test").unwrap();
+        assert!(
+            !doc.resources.contains_key("users"),
+            "ignored operation's group should be pruned when no other ops remain"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_x_fern_ignore_drops_parameter() {
+        let yaml = r#"
+openapi: "3.0.0"
+info:
+  title: Test
+  version: "1.0"
+servers:
+  - url: https://api.example.com
+paths:
+  /users:
+    get:
+      operationId: users-list
+      x-fern-sdk-group-name: ["users"]
+      x-fern-sdk-method-name: list
+      parameters:
+        - name: keep_me
+          in: query
+          schema:
+            type: string
+        - name: drop_me
+          in: query
+          x-fern-ignore: true
+          schema:
+            type: string
+      responses:
+        '200':
+          description: OK
+"#;
+        let doc = load_openapi_spec(yaml, "test").unwrap();
+        let list = &doc.resources["users"].methods["list"];
+        assert!(
+            list.parameters.contains_key("keep_me"),
+            "non-ignored param should survive"
+        );
+        assert!(
+            !list.parameters.contains_key("drop_me"),
+            "ignored param should be absent from operation"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_x_fern_ignore_mixed_path_keeps_non_ignored_ops() {
+        // Same path, two operations: GET is ignored, POST is kept.
+        let yaml = r#"
+openapi: "3.0.0"
+info:
+  title: Test
+  version: "1.0"
+servers:
+  - url: https://api.example.com
+paths:
+  /users:
+    get:
+      operationId: users-list
+      x-fern-sdk-group-name: ["users"]
+      x-fern-sdk-method-name: list
+      x-fern-ignore: true
+      responses:
+        '200':
+          description: OK
+    post:
+      operationId: users-create
+      x-fern-sdk-group-name: ["users"]
+      x-fern-sdk-method-name: create
+      responses:
+        '201':
+          description: Created
+"#;
+        let doc = load_openapi_spec(yaml, "test").unwrap();
+        let users = &doc.resources["users"];
+        assert!(!users.methods.contains_key("list"), "ignored op absent");
+        assert!(users.methods.contains_key("create"), "non-ignored op kept");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_x_fern_ignore_prunes_empty_nested_group() {
+        // A nested group whose only leaf is ignored should be pruned all the
+        // way up — the empty parent group must not appear as a subcommand
+        // with no children.
+        let yaml = r#"
+openapi: "3.0.0"
+info:
+  title: Test
+  version: "1.0"
+servers:
+  - url: https://api.example.com
+paths:
+  /parent/child:
+    get:
+      operationId: only-op
+      x-fern-sdk-group-name: ["parent", "child"]
+      x-fern-sdk-method-name: get
+      x-fern-ignore: true
+      responses:
+        '200':
+          description: OK
+  /siblings:
+    get:
+      operationId: siblings-list
+      x-fern-sdk-group-name: ["siblings"]
+      x-fern-sdk-method-name: list
+      responses:
+        '200':
+          description: OK
+"#;
+        let doc = load_openapi_spec(yaml, "test").unwrap();
+        assert!(
+            !doc.resources.contains_key("parent"),
+            "empty parent group should be pruned after only child is ignored"
+        );
+        assert!(
+            doc.resources.contains_key("siblings"),
+            "unrelated groups must remain"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_x_fern_ignore_default_false_keeps_operation_and_parameter() {
+        // Sanity check: omitting `x-fern-ignore` keeps the operation and
+        // its parameters exactly as before — no behavior change for specs
+        // that don't use the extension.
+        let yaml = r#"
+openapi: "3.0.0"
+info:
+  title: Test
+  version: "1.0"
+servers:
+  - url: https://api.example.com
+paths:
+  /users:
+    get:
+      operationId: users-list
+      x-fern-sdk-group-name: ["users"]
+      x-fern-sdk-method-name: list
+      parameters:
+        - name: filter
+          in: query
+          schema:
+            type: string
+      responses:
+        '200':
+          description: OK
+"#;
+        let doc = load_openapi_spec(yaml, "test").unwrap();
+        let list = &doc.resources["users"].methods["list"];
+        assert!(list.parameters.contains_key("filter"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_x_fern_ignore_at_parameter_ref_site_drops_parameter() {
+        // Fern parity: when `x-fern-ignore: true` lives on the **ref-site**
+        // object (alongside `$ref`), the parameter is dropped even when the
+        // referenced component itself has no ignore flag. Mirrors fern's
+        // openapi-ir-parser precedence:
+        //   getExtension(parameter, IGNORE) ?? getExtension(resolvedParameter, IGNORE)
+        // — ref-site wins, fallback to resolved. OpenAPI 3.1 explicitly
+        // allows sibling fields next to `$ref`, and fern's overlay system
+        // routinely places ignores at the ref site.
+        let yaml = r#"
+openapi: "3.0.0"
+info:
+  title: Test
+  version: "1.0"
+servers:
+  - url: https://api.example.com
+paths:
+  /users:
+    get:
+      operationId: users-list
+      x-fern-sdk-group-name: ["users"]
+      x-fern-sdk-method-name: list
+      parameters:
+        - $ref: '#/components/parameters/Filter'
+          x-fern-ignore: true
+        - $ref: '#/components/parameters/Cursor'
+      responses:
+        '200':
+          description: OK
+components:
+  parameters:
+    Filter:
+      name: filter
+      in: query
+      schema:
+        type: string
+    Cursor:
+      name: cursor
+      in: query
+      schema:
+        type: string
+"#;
+        let doc = load_openapi_spec(yaml, "test").unwrap();
+        let list = &doc.resources["users"].methods["list"];
+        assert!(
+            !list.parameters.contains_key("filter"),
+            "ref-site x-fern-ignore should drop the parameter even when the resolved component has no flag"
+        );
+        assert!(
+            list.parameters.contains_key("cursor"),
+            "ref to a non-ignored component should still produce a parameter"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_x_fern_ignore_at_component_drops_parameter_via_any_ref() {
+        // Mirror image of the ref-site test: when the **resolved component**
+        // carries the ignore flag and the ref site does not, every $ref to
+        // that component should drop the parameter. This is the fallback
+        // half of fern's `??` precedence.
+        let yaml = r#"
+openapi: "3.0.0"
+info:
+  title: Test
+  version: "1.0"
+servers:
+  - url: https://api.example.com
+paths:
+  /users:
+    get:
+      operationId: users-list
+      x-fern-sdk-group-name: ["users"]
+      x-fern-sdk-method-name: list
+      parameters:
+        - $ref: '#/components/parameters/Legacy'
+        - $ref: '#/components/parameters/Cursor'
+      responses:
+        '200':
+          description: OK
+components:
+  parameters:
+    Legacy:
+      name: legacy
+      in: query
+      x-fern-ignore: true
+      schema:
+        type: string
+    Cursor:
+      name: cursor
+      in: query
+      schema:
+        type: string
+"#;
+        let doc = load_openapi_spec(yaml, "test").unwrap();
+        let list = &doc.resources["users"].methods["list"];
+        assert!(
+            !list.parameters.contains_key("legacy"),
+            "component-level x-fern-ignore should drop the parameter when reached via $ref"
+        );
+        assert!(list.parameters.contains_key("cursor"));
+    }
+
+    // -----------------------------------------------------------------
+    // x-fern-parameter-name — alias the CLI flag while keeping the
+    // original wire name on the outgoing HTTP request. Mirrors fern's
+    // openapi-ir-parser `parameterNameOverride` (see
+    // packages/cli/api-importers/openapi/openapi-ir-parser/src/openapi/v3/converters/endpoint/convertParameters.ts).
+    // -----------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_x_fern_parameter_name_inline_sets_display_name() {
+        // Canonical Fern example: a header parameter named `X-Fern-Version`
+        // is renamed to `version` on the SDK / CLI surface. The map key
+        // stays the wire name so the executor still sends it as a header
+        // with the original name.
+        let yaml = r#"
+openapi: "3.0.0"
+info:
+  title: Test
+  version: "1.0"
+servers:
+  - url: https://api.example.com
+paths:
+  /things:
+    get:
+      operationId: things-list
+      x-fern-sdk-group-name: ["things"]
+      x-fern-sdk-method-name: list
+      parameters:
+        - name: X-Fern-Version
+          in: header
+          x-fern-parameter-name: version
+          schema:
+            type: string
+      responses:
+        '200':
+          description: OK
+"#;
+        let doc = load_openapi_spec(yaml, "test").unwrap();
+        let list = &doc.resources["things"].methods["list"];
+        let p = list
+            .parameters
+            .get("X-Fern-Version")
+            .expect("parameter should still be keyed by wire name");
+        assert_eq!(
+            p.display_name.as_deref(),
+            Some("version"),
+            "display_name should hold the x-fern-parameter-name alias"
+        );
+        assert_eq!(p.location.as_deref(), Some("header"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_x_fern_parameter_name_absent_leaves_display_name_none() {
+        // Sanity: when the extension is absent, `display_name` stays
+        // `None` so downstream code falls back to the wire name when
+        // building the CLI flag.
+        let yaml = r#"
+openapi: "3.0.0"
+info:
+  title: Test
+  version: "1.0"
+servers:
+  - url: https://api.example.com
+paths:
+  /things:
+    get:
+      operationId: things-list
+      x-fern-sdk-group-name: ["things"]
+      x-fern-sdk-method-name: list
+      parameters:
+        - name: filter
+          in: query
+          schema:
+            type: string
+      responses:
+        '200':
+          description: OK
+"#;
+        let doc = load_openapi_spec(yaml, "test").unwrap();
+        let list = &doc.resources["things"].methods["list"];
+        let p = list.parameters.get("filter").expect("filter param missing");
+        assert!(
+            p.display_name.is_none(),
+            "missing x-fern-parameter-name should leave display_name = None"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_x_fern_parameter_name_at_ref_site_wins_over_component() {
+        // Ref-site precedence (matches the `??` chain fern uses for both
+        // x-fern-ignore and x-fern-parameter-name). The component-level
+        // alias is `legacyName`, but the ref-site override is `newName`
+        // — the ref-site value wins.
+        let yaml = r#"
+openapi: "3.0.0"
+info:
+  title: Test
+  version: "1.0"
+servers:
+  - url: https://api.example.com
+paths:
+  /things:
+    get:
+      operationId: things-list
+      x-fern-sdk-group-name: ["things"]
+      x-fern-sdk-method-name: list
+      parameters:
+        - $ref: '#/components/parameters/LegacyParam'
+          x-fern-parameter-name: newName
+      responses:
+        '200':
+          description: OK
+components:
+  parameters:
+    LegacyParam:
+      name: legacy_param
+      in: query
+      x-fern-parameter-name: legacyName
+      schema:
+        type: string
+"#;
+        let doc = load_openapi_spec(yaml, "test").unwrap();
+        let list = &doc.resources["things"].methods["list"];
+        let p = list
+            .parameters
+            .get("legacy_param")
+            .expect("wire name (param name) should still be the map key");
+        assert_eq!(
+            p.display_name.as_deref(),
+            Some("newName"),
+            "ref-site x-fern-parameter-name should win over the resolved component value"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_x_fern_parameter_name_falls_back_to_component_when_ref_site_absent() {
+        // The fallback half of the `??` precedence: when the ref site has
+        // no alias, the resolved component's `x-fern-parameter-name` is
+        // used. This is the common case for shared parameter components.
+        let yaml = r#"
+openapi: "3.0.0"
+info:
+  title: Test
+  version: "1.0"
+servers:
+  - url: https://api.example.com
+paths:
+  /things:
+    get:
+      operationId: things-list
+      x-fern-sdk-group-name: ["things"]
+      x-fern-sdk-method-name: list
+      parameters:
+        - $ref: '#/components/parameters/SharedHeader'
+      responses:
+        '200':
+          description: OK
+components:
+  parameters:
+    SharedHeader:
+      name: X-Fern-Version
+      in: header
+      x-fern-parameter-name: version
+      schema:
+        type: string
+"#;
+        let doc = load_openapi_spec(yaml, "test").unwrap();
+        let list = &doc.resources["things"].methods["list"];
+        let p = list
+            .parameters
+            .get("X-Fern-Version")
+            .expect("wire name should be the map key");
+        assert_eq!(
+            p.display_name.as_deref(),
+            Some("version"),
+            "component-level x-fern-parameter-name should be honored when ref site has none"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_x_fern_parameter_name_kebab_normalization_via_commands_builder() {
+        // The parser stores the raw alias as-is; kebab-casing is the
+        // command builder's responsibility (see `to_kebab_flag` in
+        // src/text.rs). This test pins the parser contract: the value
+        // stored on `MethodParameter::display_name` must match what the
+        // spec wrote, so the flag-builder can canonicalize it itself.
+        let yaml = r#"
+openapi: "3.0.0"
+info:
+  title: Test
+  version: "1.0"
+servers:
+  - url: https://api.example.com
+paths:
+  /things:
+    get:
+      operationId: things-list
+      x-fern-sdk-group-name: ["things"]
+      x-fern-sdk-method-name: list
+      parameters:
+        - name: X-Some-Wire-Header
+          in: header
+          x-fern-parameter-name: customerAccountId
+          schema:
+            type: string
+      responses:
+        '200':
+          description: OK
+"#;
+        let doc = load_openapi_spec(yaml, "test").unwrap();
+        let list = &doc.resources["things"].methods["list"];
+        let p = &list.parameters["X-Some-Wire-Header"];
+        // Raw value, exactly as the spec wrote it. `to_kebab_flag`
+        // converts `customerAccountId` → `customer-account-id`.
+        assert_eq!(p.display_name.as_deref(), Some("customerAccountId"));
+        // And the unit test for kebab normalization itself already lives
+        // in `src/text.rs` — see `test_to_kebab_flag`.
+        assert_eq!(
+            crate::text::to_kebab_flag(p.display_name.as_deref().unwrap()),
+            "customer-account-id"
+        );
+    }
+
+    // -----------------------------------------------------------------
+    // x-fern-default vs. OpenAPI standard `default:`
+    //
+    // We split the two sources because they mean different things:
+    //   * `x-fern-default` is a CLIENT-SIDE default — the CLI sends it
+    //     on the wire when the user omits the flag, and it shows in
+    //     `--help` via clap's `[default: ...]`. Stored on
+    //     `MethodParameter::default_value`.
+    //   * `default:` (OpenAPI standard) is a DOCUMENTATION HINT about
+    //     server behavior. It is rendered as ` [API default: ...]` in
+    //     `--help` but never sent on the wire. Stored on
+    //     `MethodParameter::documentation_default_value`.
+    //
+    // Within `x-fern-default`, fern's openapi-ir-parser precedence
+    // applies: ref-site beats the resolved component parameter, i.e.
+    //   getExtension(parameter, FERN_DEFAULT)
+    //     ?? getExtension(resolvedParameter, FERN_DEFAULT).
+    //
+    // When `x-fern-default` is present, the schema `default:` is
+    // dropped from `documentation_default_value` too so `--help`
+    // doesn't render two conflicting `[default: ...]` lines.
+    // -----------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    fn fern_default_yaml(parameters_block: &str) -> String {
+        format!(
+            r#"
+openapi: "3.0.0"
+info:
+  title: Test
+  version: "1.0"
+servers:
+  - url: https://api.example.com
+paths:
+  /users:
+    get:
+      operationId: users-list
+      x-fern-sdk-group-name: ["users"]
+      x-fern-sdk-method-name: list
+      parameters:
+{parameters_block}
+      responses:
+        '200':
+          description: OK
+"#
+        )
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_default_value_absent_when_no_default_anywhere() {
+        // Sanity check: omitting both `default:` and `x-fern-default`
+        // leaves both fields `None` — no clap default and no help-text
+        // suffix get emitted.
+        let yaml = fern_default_yaml(
+            "        - name: cursor\n          in: query\n          schema:\n            type: string",
+        );
+        let doc = load_openapi_spec(&yaml, "t").unwrap();
+        let cursor = doc.resources["users"].methods["list"]
+            .parameters
+            .get("cursor")
+            .unwrap();
+        assert!(cursor.default_value.is_none());
+        assert!(cursor.documentation_default_value.is_none());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_standard_openapi_default_lowers_as_documentation_only() {
+        // OpenAPI's standard `default:` describes server behavior and is
+        // doc-only for the CLI: it must populate the documentation field
+        // (so `--help` can mention it) but must NOT populate the
+        // client-side default field — sending it on the wire when the
+        // caller omits the flag would change the API contract. Numbers
+        // keep their JSON type so the help-text suffix renders `25` not
+        // `"25"`.
+        let yaml = fern_default_yaml(
+            "        - name: limit\n          in: query\n          schema:\n            type: integer\n            default: 100",
+        );
+        let doc = load_openapi_spec(&yaml, "t").unwrap();
+        let limit = doc.resources["users"].methods["list"]
+            .parameters
+            .get("limit")
+            .unwrap();
+        assert!(
+            limit.default_value.is_none(),
+            "schema `default:` must not produce a client-side default"
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            limit.documentation_default_value,
+            Some(serde_json::Value::Number(100.into())),
+            "schema `default: 100` should round-trip as a JSON number on the documentation field"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_x_fern_default_alone_lowers_as_client_default() {
+        // `x-fern-default` with no standard `default:` is plumbed into
+        // the client-side `default_value` field. Covers string, boolean,
+        // and integer scalar forms — the documentation field stays
+        // `None` because there is no schema `default:` to surface.
+        let yaml = fern_default_yaml(
+            r#"        - name: region
+          in: query
+          x-fern-default: "us-east-1"
+          schema:
+            type: string
+        - name: enabled
+          in: query
+          x-fern-default: true
+          schema:
+            type: boolean
+        - name: pageSize
+          in: query
+          x-fern-default: 50
+          schema:
+            type: integer"#,
+        );
+        let doc = load_openapi_spec(&yaml, "t").unwrap();
+        let params = &doc.resources["users"].methods["list"].parameters;
+        assert_eq!(
+            params["region"].default_value,
+            Some(serde_json::Value::String("us-east-1".to_string()))
+        );
+        assert!(params["region"].documentation_default_value.is_none());
+        assert_eq!(
+            params["enabled"].default_value,
+            Some(serde_json::Value::Bool(true))
+        );
+        assert!(params["enabled"].documentation_default_value.is_none());
+        assert_eq!(
+            params["pageSize"].default_value,
+            Some(serde_json::Value::Number(50.into()))
+        );
+        assert!(params["pageSize"].documentation_default_value.is_none());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_x_fern_default_supersedes_schema_default_for_help_too() {
+        // When both are present we want the client-side default field
+        // populated AND the documentation field cleared, so `--help`
+        // doesn't render two conflicting `[default: ...]` lines. The
+        // user-visible default is what the CLI will actually do (send
+        // `50`); the underlying server default is intentionally hidden
+        // because the API author opted into overriding it.
+        let yaml = fern_default_yaml(
+            r#"        - name: limit
+          in: query
+          x-fern-default: 50
+          schema:
+            type: integer
+            default: 100"#,
+        );
+        let doc = load_openapi_spec(&yaml, "t").unwrap();
+        let limit = doc.resources["users"].methods["list"]
+            .parameters
+            .get("limit")
+            .unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(
+            limit.default_value,
+            Some(serde_json::Value::Number(50.into())),
+            "x-fern-default must drive the client-side default"
+        );
+        assert!(
+            limit.documentation_default_value.is_none(),
+            "schema.default should not also be surfaced when x-fern-default is set"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_x_fern_default_at_ref_site_wins_over_resolved_component() {
+        // Ref-site precedence: when `x-fern-default` is placed alongside
+        // a `$ref`, it wins over the value on the resolved component
+        // parameter. Mirrors fern's `getExtension(parameter, FERN_DEFAULT)
+        // ?? getExtension(resolvedParameter, FERN_DEFAULT)`. The schema
+        // `default:` (a doc hint) is also suppressed because the
+        // client-side default takes over the `--help` slot.
+        let yaml = r#"
+openapi: "3.0.0"
+info:
+  title: Test
+  version: "1.0"
+servers:
+  - url: https://api.example.com
+paths:
+  /users:
+    get:
+      operationId: users-list
+      x-fern-sdk-group-name: ["users"]
+      x-fern-sdk-method-name: list
+      parameters:
+        - $ref: '#/components/parameters/Region'
+          x-fern-default: "eu-west-1"
+      responses:
+        '200':
+          description: OK
+components:
+  parameters:
+    Region:
+      name: region
+      in: query
+      x-fern-default: "us-east-1"
+      schema:
+        type: string
+        default: "us-west-2"
+"#;
+        let doc = load_openapi_spec(yaml, "t").unwrap();
+        let region = doc.resources["users"].methods["list"]
+            .parameters
+            .get("region")
+            .unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(
+            region.default_value,
+            Some(serde_json::Value::String("eu-west-1".to_string())),
+            "ref-site x-fern-default must win over both component-level x-fern-default and schema.default"
+        );
+        assert!(
+            region.documentation_default_value.is_none(),
+            "schema.default should be suppressed when a client-side default exists"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_x_fern_default_from_resolved_component_when_no_ref_site_override() {
+        // Fallback half of the precedence: with no ref-site
+        // `x-fern-default`, the value on the resolved component
+        // parameter populates the client-side default, and the schema
+        // `default:` is still suppressed because the client-side slot
+        // is taken.
+        let yaml = r#"
+openapi: "3.0.0"
+info:
+  title: Test
+  version: "1.0"
+servers:
+  - url: https://api.example.com
+paths:
+  /users:
+    get:
+      operationId: users-list
+      x-fern-sdk-group-name: ["users"]
+      x-fern-sdk-method-name: list
+      parameters:
+        - $ref: '#/components/parameters/Region'
+      responses:
+        '200':
+          description: OK
+components:
+  parameters:
+    Region:
+      name: region
+      in: query
+      x-fern-default: "us-east-1"
+      schema:
+        type: string
+        default: "us-west-2"
+"#;
+        let doc = load_openapi_spec(yaml, "t").unwrap();
+        let region = doc.resources["users"].methods["list"]
+            .parameters
+            .get("region")
+            .unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(
+            region.default_value,
+            Some(serde_json::Value::String("us-east-1".to_string()))
+        );
+        assert!(region.documentation_default_value.is_none());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_schema_default_via_ref_lowers_as_documentation_only() {
+        // Even when the parameter is reached via `$ref`, a schema-level
+        // `default:` with no `x-fern-default` anywhere must NOT become a
+        // client-side default. It populates the documentation field so
+        // `--help` can surface `[API default: us-west-2]` without
+        // forcing the CLI to send the value on the wire.
+        let yaml = r#"
+openapi: "3.0.0"
+info:
+  title: Test
+  version: "1.0"
+servers:
+  - url: https://api.example.com
+paths:
+  /users:
+    get:
+      operationId: users-list
+      x-fern-sdk-group-name: ["users"]
+      x-fern-sdk-method-name: list
+      parameters:
+        - $ref: '#/components/parameters/Region'
+      responses:
+        '200':
+          description: OK
+components:
+  parameters:
+    Region:
+      name: region
+      in: query
+      schema:
+        type: string
+        default: "us-west-2"
+"#;
+        let doc = load_openapi_spec(yaml, "t").unwrap();
+        let region = doc.resources["users"].methods["list"]
+            .parameters
+            .get("region")
+            .unwrap();
+        assert!(
+            region.default_value.is_none(),
+            "schema.default reached via $ref must stay doc-only"
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            region.documentation_default_value,
+            Some(serde_json::Value::String("us-west-2".to_string()))
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_inline_request_body_produces_per_field_body_params() {
+        // An inline object schema in `requestBody` should expose each top-level
+        // property as a body-located MethodParameter so that the command builder
+        // can render per-field flags. Read-only fields are skipped, and required
+        // fields keep their `required` bit so the executor can enforce them.
+        let yaml = r#"
+openapi: "3.0.0"
+info:
+  title: API
+  version: "1.0"
+servers:
+  - url: https://api.example.com
+paths:
+  /things:
+    post:
+      x-fern-sdk-group-name: ["things"]
+      x-fern-sdk-method-name: create
+      requestBody:
+        content:
+          application/json:
+            schema:
+              type: object
+              required:
+                - name
+              properties:
+                name:
+                  type: string
+                count:
+                  type: integer
+                tags:
+                  type: array
+                  items:
+                    type: string
+                server_generated_id:
+                  type: string
+                  readOnly: true
+      responses:
+        "201":
+          description: created
+"#;
+        let doc = load_openapi_spec(yaml, "test").unwrap();
+        let create = &doc.resources["things"].methods["create"];
+
+        let name = create
+            .parameters
+            .get("name")
+            .expect("name should be a body param");
+        assert_eq!(name.location.as_deref(), Some("body"));
+        assert_eq!(name.param_type.as_deref(), Some("string"));
+        assert!(name.required, "name is in `required` and should be marked");
+
+        let count = create
+            .parameters
+            .get("count")
+            .expect("count should be a body param");
+        assert_eq!(count.location.as_deref(), Some("body"));
+        assert_eq!(count.param_type.as_deref(), Some("integer"));
+        assert!(!count.required);
+
+        // Array body properties become repeated flags (repeated: true, param_type: string).
+        let tags = create
+            .parameters
+            .get("tags")
+            .expect("tags should be a body param");
+        assert_eq!(tags.location.as_deref(), Some("body"));
+        assert!(tags.repeated, "array body prop should have repeated: true");
+        assert_eq!(tags.param_type.as_deref(), Some("string"));
+
+        // Read-only fields don't get a flag — they're server-managed.
+        assert!(
+            !create.parameters.contains_key("server_generated_id"),
+            "readOnly properties should be skipped"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_body_depth_3_plus_not_flattened() {
+        // Mirrors MAX_INPUT_DEPTH in graphql/parser.rs: depths 0, 1, 2 are
+        // flattened into dot-notation flags; depth >= 3 is not.
+        let yaml = r#"
+openapi: "3.0.0"
+info:
+  title: API
+  version: "1.0"
+servers:
+  - url: https://api.example.com
+paths:
+  /users:
+    post:
+      x-fern-sdk-group-name: ["users"]
+      x-fern-sdk-method-name: create
+      requestBody:
+        content:
+          application/json:
+            schema:
+              type: object
+              properties:
+                name:
+                  type: string
+                address:
+                  type: object
+                  properties:
+                    city:
+                      type: string
+                    location:
+                      type: object
+                      properties:
+                        street:
+                          type: string
+                        geo:
+                          type: object
+                          properties:
+                            lat:
+                              type: number
+      responses:
+        "201":
+          description: created
+"#;
+        let doc = load_openapi_spec(yaml, "test").unwrap();
+        let create = &doc.resources["users"].methods["create"];
+
+        // Depth-0: top-level scalar.
+        assert!(create.parameters.contains_key("name"), "depth-0 'name' should be a flag");
+
+        // Depth-1: one level of nesting.
+        assert!(create.parameters.contains_key("address.city"), "depth-1 'address.city' should be a flag");
+
+        // Depth-2: two levels of nesting — now emitted (matches GraphQL behaviour).
+        assert!(create.parameters.contains_key("address.location.street"), "depth-2 'address.location.street' should be a flag");
+
+        // Depth-3: NOT emitted — beyond MAX_BODY_DEPTH.
+        assert!(!create.parameters.contains_key("address.location.geo.lat"), "depth-3 'address.location.geo.lat' must not be a flag");
+        // address.location.geo surfaces as a plain object flag (depth limit hit, recursion returns empty).
+        assert!(create.parameters.contains_key("address.location.geo"), "depth-2 object at limit should surface as plain flag");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_ref_property_within_inline_schema_resolved() {
+        // A property within an inline body schema that uses $ref should be
+        // resolved from components/schemas rather than emitted as a typeless flag.
+        let yaml = r#"
+openapi: "3.0.0"
+info:
+  title: API
+  version: "1.0"
+servers:
+  - url: https://api.example.com
+paths:
+  /orders:
+    post:
+      x-fern-sdk-group-name: ["orders"]
+      x-fern-sdk-method-name: create
+      requestBody:
+        content:
+          application/json:
+            schema:
+              type: object
+              properties:
+                note:
+                  type: string
+                address:
+                  $ref: '#/components/schemas/Address'
+      responses:
+        "201":
+          description: Created order
+components:
+  schemas:
+    Address:
+      type: object
+      properties:
+        city:
+          type: string
+        zip:
+          type: string
+"#;
+        let doc = load_openapi_spec(yaml, "test").unwrap();
+        let create = &doc.resources["orders"].methods["create"];
+
+        // Top-level scalar — present as-is.
+        assert!(create.parameters.contains_key("note"), "'note' should be a flag");
+
+        // $ref to an object at depth 0 — resolved and flattened into dot-notation flags.
+        assert!(create.parameters.contains_key("address.city"), "'address.city' should be a flag after $ref resolution");
+        assert!(create.parameters.contains_key("address.zip"), "'address.zip' should be a flag after $ref resolution");
+
+        // The $ref itself should NOT appear as a typeless flag.
+        assert!(!create.parameters.contains_key("address"), "'address' $ref should not appear as a bare typeless flag");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_inline_body_does_not_clobber_query_params_with_same_name() {
+        // If a body schema property collides with an existing query/path/header
+        // parameter, the spec's `parameters` array wins — body-flag generation
+        // shouldn't silently turn a query param into a body param.
+        let yaml = r#"
+openapi: "3.0.0"
+info:
+  title: API
+  version: "1.0"
+servers:
+  - url: https://api.example.com
+paths:
+  /things:
+    post:
+      x-fern-sdk-group-name: ["things"]
+      x-fern-sdk-method-name: create
+      parameters:
+        - name: name
+          in: query
+          schema:
+            type: string
+      requestBody:
+        content:
+          application/json:
+            schema:
+              type: object
+              properties:
+                name:
+                  type: string
+                description:
+                  type: string
+      responses:
+        "201":
+          description: created
+"#;
+        let doc = load_openapi_spec(yaml, "test").unwrap();
+        let create = &doc.resources["things"].methods["create"];
+
+        // `name` was claimed by the query param first — it stays a query param.
+        let name = &create.parameters["name"];
+        assert_eq!(name.location.as_deref(), Some("query"));
+
+        // `description` doesn't collide, lands in the body normally.
+        let description = &create.parameters["description"];
+        assert_eq!(description.location.as_deref(), Some("body"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_per_operation_server_override() {
+        let yaml = r#"
+openapi: "3.0.0"
+info:
+  title: "API"
+  version: "1.0"
+servers:
+  - url: "https://api.example.com"
+paths:
+  /upload:
+    post:
+      servers:
+        - url: "https://upload.example.com"
+      x-fern-sdk-group-name: ["uploads"]
+      x-fern-sdk-method-name: create
+      responses:
+        "200":
+          description: ok
+  /users:
+    get:
+      x-fern-sdk-group-name: ["users"]
+      x-fern-sdk-method-name: list
+      responses:
+        "200":
+          description: ok
+"#;
+        let doc = load_openapi_spec(yaml, "test").unwrap();
+        // Upload operation has its own server — should use it
+        let upload = doc.resources["uploads"].methods["create"].clone();
+        assert_eq!(upload.root_url, "https://upload.example.com");
+        // Users operation has no server override — falls back to spec-level
+        let users = doc.resources["users"].methods["list"].clone();
+        assert_eq!(users.root_url, "https://api.example.com");
+    }
+
+    // ------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // x-fern-idempotent + x-fern-idempotency-headers (FER-9864 P1).
+    // ------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    /// Spec-root `x-fern-idempotency-headers` lowers to
+    /// `RestDescription.idempotency_headers` with the same shape, and an
+    /// operation marked `x-fern-idempotent: true` carries that flag
+    /// through to `RestMethod.idempotent`.
+    #[test]
+    fn test_idempotency_headers_parsed_from_spec_root() {
+        let yaml = r#"
+openapi: 3.0.2
+info:
+  title: Idempotency Test
+  version: "1.0"
+servers:
+  - url: https://api.example.com
+x-fern-idempotency-headers:
+  - header: Idempotency-Key
+    name: idempotency_key
+    env: API_IDEMPOTENCY_KEY
+  - header: X-Trace-Id
+paths:
+  /payments:
+    post:
+      x-fern-sdk-group-name: [payments]
+      x-fern-sdk-method-name: create
+      operationId: payments_create
+      x-fern-idempotent: true
+      responses:
+        "201":
+          description: ok
+"#;
+        let doc = load_openapi_spec(yaml, "test").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(doc.idempotency_headers.len(), 2, "both header entries parsed");
+        assert_eq!(doc.idempotency_headers[0].header, "Idempotency-Key");
+        assert_eq!(doc.idempotency_headers[0].name.as_deref(), Some("idempotency_key"));
+        assert_eq!(doc.idempotency_headers[0].env.as_deref(), Some("API_IDEMPOTENCY_KEY"));
+        assert_eq!(doc.idempotency_headers[1].header, "X-Trace-Id");
+        assert!(doc.idempotency_headers[1].name.is_none());
+        assert!(doc.idempotency_headers[1].env.is_none());
+    }
+
+    /// `x-fern-idempotent: true` toggles `RestMethod.idempotent` and
+    /// synthesizes one header `MethodParameter` per spec-root entry. A
+    /// sibling operation without the extension is unaffected — its
+    /// parameter map contains no idempotency-header entries, which is
+    /// what guarantees the flags are not surfaced and the header is not
+    /// sent on non-idempotent ops.
+    #[test]
+    fn test_idempotent_op_surfaces_header_param_non_idempotent_does_not() {
+        let yaml = r#"
+openapi: 3.0.2
+info:
+  title: Idempotency Test
+  version: "1.0"
+servers:
+  - url: https://api.example.com
+x-fern-idempotency-headers:
+  - header: Idempotency-Key
+    name: idempotency_key
+    env: API_IDEMPOTENCY_KEY
+paths:
+  /payments:
+    get:
+      x-fern-sdk-group-name: [payments]
+      x-fern-sdk-method-name: list
+      operationId: payments_list
+      responses:
+        "200":
+          description: ok
+    post:
+      x-fern-sdk-group-name: [payments]
+      x-fern-sdk-method-name: create
+      operationId: payments_create
+      x-fern-idempotent: true
+      responses:
+        "201":
+          description: ok
+"#;
+        let doc = load_openapi_spec(yaml, "test").unwrap();
+        let payments = doc.resources.get("payments").expect("payments group");
+
+        // Idempotent op
+        let create = payments.methods.get("create").expect("create method");
+        assert!(create.idempotent, "create is x-fern-idempotent: true");
+        let idem_param = create
+            .parameters
+            .get("Idempotency-Key")
+            .expect("synthetic idempotency header parameter exists");
+        assert_eq!(idem_param.location.as_deref(), Some("header"));
+        assert_eq!(idem_param.env_var.as_deref(), Some("API_IDEMPOTENCY_KEY"));
+
+        // Non-idempotent sibling
+        let list = payments.methods.get("list").expect("list method");
+        assert!(!list.idempotent, "list is not idempotent");
+        assert!(
+            !list.parameters.contains_key("Idempotency-Key"),
+            "non-idempotent op must not surface idempotency-header params",
+        );
+    }
+
+    /// An operation marked idempotent but with no spec-root header
+    /// definitions still flips `idempotent = true`; no synthetic
+    /// parameters are added because there are no headers to inject.
+    #[test]
+    fn test_idempotent_op_without_spec_root_headers_has_no_synthetic_params() {
+        let yaml = r#"
+openapi: 3.0.2
+info:
+  title: Idempotency Test
+  version: "1.0"
+servers:
+  - url: https://api.example.com
+paths:
+  /payments:
+    post:
+      x-fern-sdk-group-name: [payments]
+      x-fern-sdk-method-name: create
+      operationId: payments_create
+      x-fern-idempotent: true
+      responses:
+        "201":
+          description: ok
+"#;
+        let doc = load_openapi_spec(yaml, "test").unwrap();
+        assert!(doc.idempotency_headers.is_empty());
+        let create = &doc.resources["payments"].methods["create"];
+        assert!(create.idempotent);
+        assert!(
+            create.parameters.is_empty(),
+            "no synthetic params without spec-root header definitions",
+        );
+    }
+
+    /// When the `IdempotencyHeader` entry sets `name`, the synthetic
+    /// `MethodParameter` carries a `flag_name_override` derived from
+    /// `to_kebab_flag(name)`. The HashMap key remains the wire header
+    /// name (so the executor still sends the correct HTTP header).
+    /// This is the case the upstream Fern OpenAPI importer's SDK
+    /// parameter naming covers — a header like `X-Trace-Id` with
+    /// `name: trace_id` materializes as `--trace-id` on the CLI, not
+    /// `--x-trace-id`.
+    #[test]
+    fn test_idempotent_op_uses_name_for_flag_derivation() {
+        let yaml = r#"
+openapi: 3.0.2
+info:
+  title: Idempotency Test
+  version: "1.0"
+servers:
+  - url: https://api.example.com
+x-fern-idempotency-headers:
+  - header: X-Trace-Id
+    name: trace_id
+  - header: Idempotency-Key
+paths:
+  /payments:
+    post:
+      x-fern-sdk-group-name: [payments]
+      x-fern-sdk-method-name: create
+      operationId: payments_create
+      x-fern-idempotent: true
+      responses:
+        "201":
+          description: ok
+"#;
+        let doc = load_openapi_spec(yaml, "test").unwrap();
+        let create = &doc.resources["payments"].methods["create"];
+
+        // X-Trace-Id with `name: trace_id` → wire key stays
+        // `X-Trace-Id`, but the flag becomes `--trace-id`.
+        let trace = create.parameters.get("X-Trace-Id").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(trace.flag_name_override.as_deref(), Some("trace-id"));
+        assert_eq!(trace.location.as_deref(), Some("header"));
+
+        // No `name` → no override; flag derives from the header name
+        // via the existing `to_kebab_flag` path in `commands.rs`.
+        let idem = create.parameters.get("Idempotency-Key").unwrap();
+        assert!(idem.flag_name_override.is_none());
+    }
+
+    /// Spec-declared parameters always win over a synthetic injection
+    /// with the same key — a per-operation `Idempotency-Key` declaration
+    /// keeps its description, schema, and any other customizations the
+    /// author put on it.
+    #[test]
+    fn test_spec_declared_param_wins_over_injection() {
+        let yaml = r#"
+openapi: 3.0.2
+info:
+  title: Idempotency Test
+  version: "1.0"
+servers:
+  - url: https://api.example.com
+x-fern-idempotency-headers:
+  - header: Idempotency-Key
+    env: API_IDEMPOTENCY_KEY
+paths:
+  /payments:
+    post:
+      x-fern-sdk-group-name: [payments]
+      x-fern-sdk-method-name: create
+      operationId: payments_create
+      x-fern-idempotent: true
+      parameters:
+        - name: Idempotency-Key
+          in: header
+          description: Custom description from author.
+          schema:
+            type: string
+      responses:
+        "201":
+          description: ok
+"#;
+        let doc = load_openapi_spec(yaml, "test").unwrap();
+        let create = &doc.resources["payments"].methods["create"];
+        let p = create
+            .parameters
+            .get("Idempotency-Key")
+            .expect("declared param present");
+        assert_eq!(p.description.as_deref(), Some("Custom description from author."));
+        assert!(
+            p.env_var.is_none(),
+            "spec-declared param does not pick up env_var from the spec-root extension",
+        );
+    }
+
+    // ------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // x-fern-global-headers (FER-9864 P2).
+    // ------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    /// Absent extension → empty `global_headers` (the default-empty
+    /// `Vec` codepath). Pins the wire-compat baseline so a spec that
+    /// does not opt in is not changed.
+    #[test]
+    fn test_global_headers_absent_yields_empty_vec() {
+        let yaml = r#"
+openapi: 3.0.2
+info:
+  title: T
+  version: "1.0"
+servers:
+  - url: https://api.example.com
+paths:
+  /things:
+    get:
+      x-fern-sdk-group-name: [things]
+      x-fern-sdk-method-name: list
+      operationId: things_list
+      responses:
+        "200":
+          description: ok
+"#;
+        let doc = load_openapi_spec(yaml, "test").unwrap();
+        assert!(doc.global_headers.is_empty());
+    }
+
+    /// Full entry round-trips every field through the parser into
+    /// `RestDescription.global_headers`. Mirrors the upstream Fern
+    /// importer shape from `getGlobalHeaders.ts`.
+    #[test]
+    fn test_global_headers_full_entry_round_trips() {
+        let yaml = r#"
+openapi: 3.0.2
+info:
+  title: T
+  version: "1.0"
+servers:
+  - url: https://api.example.com
+x-fern-global-headers:
+  - header: X-API-Version
+    name: apiVersion
+    optional: false
+    env: API_VERSION
+    default: "2024-01-01"
+paths:
+  /things:
+    get:
+      x-fern-sdk-group-name: [things]
+      x-fern-sdk-method-name: list
+      operationId: things_list
+      responses:
+        "200":
+          description: ok
+"#;
+        let doc = load_openapi_spec(yaml, "test").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(doc.global_headers.len(), 1);
+        let h = &doc.global_headers[0];
+        assert_eq!(h.header, "X-API-Version");
+        assert_eq!(h.name.as_deref(), Some("apiVersion"));
+        assert!(!h.optional);
+        assert_eq!(h.env.as_deref(), Some("API_VERSION"));
+        assert_eq!(h.default.as_deref(), Some("2024-01-01"));
+    }
+
+    /// Optional fields absent → defaults applied: `name` and `env` and
+    /// `default` are `None`, `optional` falls back to `false` (matching
+    /// upstream Fern's `?? false` default).
+    #[test]
+    fn test_global_headers_minimal_entry_uses_defaults() {
+        let yaml = r#"
+openapi: 3.0.2
+info:
+  title: T
+  version: "1.0"
+servers:
+  - url: https://api.example.com
+x-fern-global-headers:
+  - header: X-Trace-Id
+paths:
+  /things:
+    get:
+      x-fern-sdk-group-name: [things]
+      x-fern-sdk-method-name: list
+      operationId: things_list
+      responses:
+        "200":
+          description: ok
+"#;
+        let doc = load_openapi_spec(yaml, "test").unwrap();
+        let h = &doc.global_headers[0];
+        assert_eq!(h.header, "X-Trace-Id");
+        assert!(h.name.is_none());
+        assert!(!h.optional, "optional defaults to false (i.e. required)");
+        assert!(h.env.is_none());
+        assert!(h.default.is_none());
+    }
+
+    /// `optional: true` lowers to `GlobalHeader.optional = true`.
+    /// Surfaces the required/optional toggle that the CLI registration
+    /// path consumes to decide whether to error on a missing value.
+    #[test]
+    fn test_global_headers_optional_true_lowers_to_optional() {
+        let yaml = r#"
+openapi: 3.0.2
+info:
+  title: T
+  version: "1.0"
+servers:
+  - url: https://api.example.com
+x-fern-global-headers:
+  - header: X-Optional
+    optional: true
+paths:
+  /things:
+    get:
+      x-fern-sdk-group-name: [things]
+      x-fern-sdk-method-name: list
+      operationId: things_list
+      responses:
+        "200":
+          description: ok
+"#;
+        let doc = load_openapi_spec(yaml, "test").unwrap();
+        assert!(doc.global_headers[0].optional);
+    }
+
+    /// `default` accepts string / bool / number — they all lower to a
+    /// string for the outgoing HTTP header. Anything else (null /
+    /// sequence / mapping) drops to `None` rather than crashing.
+    #[test]
+    fn test_global_headers_default_accepts_scalar_types() {
+        let yaml = r#"
+openapi: 3.0.2
+info:
+  title: T
+  version: "1.0"
+servers:
+  - url: https://api.example.com
+x-fern-global-headers:
+  - header: X-String
+    default: "literal"
+  - header: X-Bool
+    default: true
+  - header: X-Number
+    default: 42
+  - header: X-Null
+    default: null
+paths:
+  /things:
+    get:
+      x-fern-sdk-group-name: [things]
+      x-fern-sdk-method-name: list
+      operationId: things_list
+      responses:
+        "200":
+          description: ok
+"#;
+        let doc = load_openapi_spec(yaml, "test").unwrap();
+        let by_header = |name: &str| -> &crate::openapi::discovery::GlobalHeader {
+            doc.global_headers
+                .iter()
+                .find(|h| h.header == name)
+                .expect("header parsed")
+        };
+        assert_eq!(by_header("X-String").default.as_deref(), Some("literal"));
+        assert_eq!(by_header("X-Bool").default.as_deref(), Some("true"));
+        assert_eq!(by_header("X-Number").default.as_deref(), Some("42"));
+        assert!(
+            by_header("X-Null").default.is_none(),
+            "`null` is not a usable HTTP header value, so it drops to None"
+        );
+    }
+
+    /// `x-fern-default` takes precedence over `default` when both are
+    /// present, mirroring the upstream Fern importer where the
+    /// Fern-namespaced field is the authoritative source for header
+    /// defaults.
+    #[test]
+    fn test_global_headers_x_fern_default_overrides_default() {
+        let yaml = r#"
+openapi: 3.0.2
+info:
+  title: T
+  version: "1.0"
+servers:
+  - url: https://api.example.com
+x-fern-global-headers:
+  - header: X-Stage
+    default: "production"
+    x-fern-default: "development"
+paths:
+  /things:
+    get:
+      x-fern-sdk-group-name: [things]
+      x-fern-sdk-method-name: list
+      operationId: things_list
+      responses:
+        "200":
+          description: ok
+"#;
+        let doc = load_openapi_spec(yaml, "test").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(
+            doc.global_headers[0].default.as_deref(),
+            Some("development"),
+            "x-fern-default wins over default"
+        );
+    }
+
+    /// Multiple entries preserve declaration order. The registration
+    /// pass in `app.rs` later iterates this Vec to register flags, and
+    /// help-text ordering follows source order — pin that here so the
+    /// surface is stable across refactors.
+    #[test]
+    fn test_global_headers_preserves_declaration_order() {
+        let yaml = r#"
+openapi: 3.0.2
+info:
+  title: T
+  version: "1.0"
+servers:
+  - url: https://api.example.com
+x-fern-global-headers:
+  - header: First
+  - header: Second
+  - header: Third
+paths:
+  /things:
+    get:
+      x-fern-sdk-group-name: [things]
+      x-fern-sdk-method-name: list
+      operationId: things_list
+      responses:
+        "200":
+          description: ok
+"#;
+        let doc = load_openapi_spec(yaml, "test").unwrap();
+        let headers: Vec<&str> =
+            doc.global_headers.iter().map(|h| h.header.as_str()).collect();
+        assert_eq!(headers, vec!["First", "Second", "Third"]);
+    }
+
+    // ------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // x-fern-groups (FER-9864 P3).
+    //
+    // Document-root extension that decorates `x-fern-sdk-group-name`
+    // groups with `summary` / `description` metadata for the help
+    // surface. Shape mirrors the upstream Fern OpenAPI importer's
+    // `XFernGroupsSchema` zod schema and matching `SdkGroupInfo` IR
+    // type:
+    //   fern-api/fern packages/cli/api-importers/openapi/openapi-ir-parser/src/openapi/v3/extensions/getFernGroups.ts:8-14
+    //   fern-api/fern packages/cli/api-importers/openapi/openapi-ir/fern/definition/finalIr.yml:51-54
+    // ------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    const X_FERN_GROUPS_SPEC_SKELETON: &str = r#"
+openapi: 3.0.2
+info:
+  title: t
+  version: "1"
+servers:
+  - url: https://api.example.com
+paths:
+  /things:
+    get:
+      x-fern-sdk-group-name: [things]
+      x-fern-sdk-method-name: list
+      operationId: things_list
+      responses:
+        "200":
+          description: ok
+"#;
+
+    /// Baseline: with no `x-fern-groups` extension on the document
+    /// root, `RestDescription::groups` is the empty map. This is the
+    /// "feature opted out" path — every consumer that calls
+    /// `doc.groups.get(...)` falls back to the legacy
+    /// `Operations on '<name>'` rendering.
+    #[test]
+    fn test_x_fern_groups_absent_yields_empty_map() {
+        let doc = load_openapi_spec(X_FERN_GROUPS_SPEC_SKELETON, "test").unwrap();
+        assert!(doc.groups.is_empty());
+    }
+
+    /// Single-group case: both `summary` and `description` flow
+    /// through to `SdkGroupInfo` verbatim. Verifies the kebab-cased
+    /// lookup key matches the resource-tree key the command builder
+    /// uses.
+    #[test]
+    fn test_x_fern_groups_single_group_round_trips() {
+        let yaml = r#"
+openapi: 3.0.2
+info:
+  title: t
+  version: "1"
+servers:
+  - url: https://api.example.com
+x-fern-groups:
+  things:
+    summary: Things Operations
+    description: Long-form prose explaining the things group.
+paths:
+  /things:
+    get:
+      x-fern-sdk-group-name: [things]
+      x-fern-sdk-method-name: list
+      operationId: things_list
+      responses:
+        "200":
+          description: ok
+"#;
+        let doc = load_openapi_spec(yaml, "test").unwrap();
+        let info = doc.groups.get("things").expect("things entry present");
+        assert_eq!(info.summary.as_deref(), Some("Things Operations"));
+        assert_eq!(
+            info.description.as_deref(),
+            Some("Long-form prose explaining the things group.")
+        );
+    }
+
+    /// Multiple groups parse independently. Order is irrelevant for
+    /// the HashMap lookup, so the test asserts on per-key shape rather
+    /// than iteration order.
+    #[test]
+    fn test_x_fern_groups_multiple_groups_parse_independently() {
+        let yaml = r#"
+openapi: 3.0.2
+info:
+  title: t
+  version: "1"
+servers:
+  - url: https://api.example.com
+x-fern-groups:
+  things:
+    summary: Things Operations
+  widgets:
+    summary: Widgets Operations
+    description: A second group.
+paths:
+  /things:
+    get:
+      x-fern-sdk-group-name: [things]
+      x-fern-sdk-method-name: list
+      operationId: things_list
+      responses:
+        "200":
+          description: ok
+  /widgets:
+    get:
+      x-fern-sdk-group-name: [widgets]
+      x-fern-sdk-method-name: list
+      operationId: widgets_list
+      responses:
+        "200":
+          description: ok
+"#;
+        let doc = load_openapi_spec(yaml, "test").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(doc.groups.len(), 2);
+        assert_eq!(
+            doc.groups["things"].summary.as_deref(),
+            Some("Things Operations"),
+        );
+        assert!(doc.groups["things"].description.is_none());
+        assert_eq!(
+            doc.groups["widgets"].summary.as_deref(),
+            Some("Widgets Operations"),
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            doc.groups["widgets"].description.as_deref(),
+            Some("A second group."),
+        );
+    }
+
+    /// Summary-only entry: `description` stays `None` so the command
+    /// builder falls back to the `about()` text when rendering
+    /// `--long-help`.
+    #[test]
+    fn test_x_fern_groups_summary_only_keeps_description_none() {
+        let yaml = r#"
+openapi: 3.0.2
+info:
+  title: t
+  version: "1"
+servers:
+  - url: https://api.example.com
+x-fern-groups:
+  things:
+    summary: Things Operations
+paths:
+  /things:
+    get:
+      x-fern-sdk-group-name: [things]
+      x-fern-sdk-method-name: list
+      operationId: things_list
+      responses:
+        "200":
+          description: ok
+"#;
+        let doc = load_openapi_spec(yaml, "test").unwrap();
+        let info = doc.groups.get("things").expect("things entry present");
+        assert_eq!(info.summary.as_deref(), Some("Things Operations"));
+        assert!(info.description.is_none());
+    }
+
+    /// Description-only entry: `summary` stays `None`. The command
+    /// builder then keeps the legacy `Operations on '<name>'` about
+    /// line while still surfacing the description via
+    /// `long_about()`.
+    #[test]
+    fn test_x_fern_groups_description_only_keeps_summary_none() {
+        let yaml = r#"
+openapi: 3.0.2
+info:
+  title: t
+  version: "1"
+servers:
+  - url: https://api.example.com
+x-fern-groups:
+  things:
+    description: Long-form prose about the group.
+paths:
+  /things:
+    get:
+      x-fern-sdk-group-name: [things]
+      x-fern-sdk-method-name: list
+      operationId: things_list
+      responses:
+        "200":
+          description: ok
+"#;
+        let doc = load_openapi_spec(yaml, "test").unwrap();
+        let info = doc.groups.get("things").expect("things entry present");
+        assert!(info.summary.is_none());
+        assert_eq!(
+            info.description.as_deref(),
+            Some("Long-form prose about the group."),
+        );
+    }
+
+    /// Group keys are kebab-cased so they line up with the resource
+    /// keys the command builder produces from `x-fern-sdk-group-name`
+    /// (which itself runs through `camel_to_kebab`). A `myGroup` entry
+    /// surfaces as `my-group`; the original casing is intentionally
+    /// not preserved.
+    #[test]
+    fn test_x_fern_groups_keys_are_kebab_cased() {
+        let yaml = r#"
+openapi: 3.0.2
+info:
+  title: t
+  version: "1"
+servers:
+  - url: https://api.example.com
+x-fern-groups:
+  myGroup:
+    summary: Pretty Label
+paths:
+  /things:
+    get:
+      x-fern-sdk-group-name: [myGroup]
+      x-fern-sdk-method-name: list
+      operationId: things_list
+      responses:
+        "200":
+          description: ok
+"#;
+        let doc = load_openapi_spec(yaml, "test").unwrap();
+        assert!(doc.groups.contains_key("my-group"));
+        assert!(!doc.groups.contains_key("myGroup"));
+        assert_eq!(
+            doc.groups["my-group"].summary.as_deref(),
+            Some("Pretty Label"),
+        );
+    }
+
+    /// Unrelated extra fields inside a group entry are ignored
+    /// rather than rejected. Fern's `getFernGroups.ts` schema is a
+    /// `z.object({ summary, description })` (no `.strict()`), so the
+    /// importer also tolerates extras — we mirror that to stay
+    /// forward-compatible with the documented `groups:` nesting
+    /// field on the wire (which the cli-sdk does not consume).
+    #[test]
+    fn test_x_fern_groups_tolerates_unknown_fields() {
+        let yaml = r#"
+openapi: 3.0.2
+info:
+  title: t
+  version: "1"
+servers:
+  - url: https://api.example.com
+x-fern-groups:
+  things:
+    summary: Things Operations
+    groups: [other]
+paths:
+  /things:
+    get:
+      x-fern-sdk-group-name: [things]
+      x-fern-sdk-method-name: list
+      operationId: things_list
+      responses:
+        "200":
+          description: ok
+"#;
+        let doc = load_openapi_spec(yaml, "test").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(
+            doc.groups["things"].summary.as_deref(),
+            Some("Things Operations"),
+        );
+    }
+
+    // ------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // Security scheme parsing + per-operation security inheritance.
+    // ------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    fn first_method<'a>(doc: &'a RestDescription, group: &str, method: &str) -> &'a RestMethod {
+        doc.resources
+            .get(group)
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("resource '{group}' missing"))
+            .methods
+            .get(method)
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("method '{method}' on '{group}' missing"))
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_parses_http_bearer_security_scheme() {
+        let yaml = r#"
+openapi: "3.0.0"
+info: { title: T, version: "1.0" }
+servers: [{ url: "https://x.com" }]
+components:
+  securitySchemes:
+    bearerAuth:
+      type: http
+      scheme: bearer
+paths:
+  /things:
+    get:
+      x-fern-sdk-group-name: ["things"]
+      x-fern-sdk-method-name: list
+      responses: { "200": { description: ok } }
+"#;
+        let doc = load_openapi_spec(yaml, "t").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(
+            doc.security_schemes.get("bearerAuth"),
+            Some(&SecurityScheme::HttpBearer),
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_parses_http_basic_security_scheme() {
+        let yaml = r#"
+openapi: "3.0.0"
+info: { title: T, version: "1.0" }
+servers: [{ url: "https://x.com" }]
+components:
+  securitySchemes:
+    basicAuth:
+      type: http
+      scheme: basic
+paths: {}
+"#;
+        let doc = load_openapi_spec(yaml, "t").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(
+            doc.security_schemes.get("basicAuth"),
+            Some(&SecurityScheme::HttpBasic),
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_parses_apikey_header_and_query() {
+        let yaml = r#"
+openapi: "3.0.0"
+info: { title: T, version: "1.0" }
+servers: [{ url: "https://x.com" }]
+components:
+  securitySchemes:
+    headerKey:
+      type: apiKey
+      in: header
+      name: X-Api-Key
+    queryKey:
+      type: apiKey
+      in: query
+      name: api_key
+paths: {}
+"#;
+        let doc = load_openapi_spec(yaml, "t").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(
+            doc.security_schemes.get("headerKey"),
+            Some(&SecurityScheme::ApiKeyHeader {
+                name: "X-Api-Key".to_string(),
+            }),
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            doc.security_schemes.get("queryKey"),
+            Some(&SecurityScheme::ApiKeyQuery {
+                name: "api_key".to_string(),
+            }),
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_parses_oauth2_security_scheme_as_oauth2() {
+        let yaml = r#"
+openapi: "3.0.0"
+info: { title: T, version: "1.0" }
+servers: [{ url: "https://x.com" }]
+components:
+  securitySchemes:
+    oauthScheme:
+      type: oauth2
+      flows:
+        clientCredentials:
+          tokenUrl: https://x.com/token
+          scopes:
+            read: read scope
+paths: {}
+"#;
+        let doc = load_openapi_spec(yaml, "t").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(
+            doc.security_schemes.get("oauthScheme"),
+            Some(&SecurityScheme::OAuth2),
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_unknown_security_type_falls_through_to_other() {
+        let yaml = r#"
+openapi: "3.0.0"
+info: { title: T, version: "1.0" }
+servers: [{ url: "https://x.com" }]
+components:
+  securitySchemes:
+    weird:
+      type: mutualTLS
+paths: {}
+"#;
+        let doc = load_openapi_spec(yaml, "t").unwrap();
+        match doc.security_schemes.get("weird") {
+            Some(SecurityScheme::Other(s)) => assert_eq!(s, "mutualtls"),
+            other => panic!("unexpected scheme: {other:?}"),
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_operation_inherits_spec_level_security() {
+        // Top-level `security: [{bearerAuth: []}]` is inherited by an
+        // operation that doesn't declare its own.
+        let yaml = r#"
+openapi: "3.0.0"
+info: { title: T, version: "1.0" }
+servers: [{ url: "https://x.com" }]
+security:
+  - bearerAuth: []
+components:
+  securitySchemes:
+    bearerAuth:
+      type: http
+      scheme: bearer
+paths:
+  /things:
+    get:
+      x-fern-sdk-group-name: ["things"]
+      x-fern-sdk-method-name: list
+      responses: { "200": { description: ok } }
+"#;
+        let doc = load_openapi_spec(yaml, "t").unwrap();
+        let m = first_method(&doc, "things", "list");
+        let reqs = m
+            .security_requirements
+            .as_ref()
+            .expect("inherited requirements present");
+        assert_eq!(reqs.len(), 1);
+        assert!(reqs[0].contains_key("bearerAuth"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_operation_security_overrides_spec_default() {
+        // Operation declares its own `security` — that wins over the spec
+        // default, even if it picks a different scheme.
+        let yaml = r#"
+openapi: "3.0.0"
+info: { title: T, version: "1.0" }
+servers: [{ url: "https://x.com" }]
+security:
+  - bearerAuth: []
+components:
+  securitySchemes:
+    bearerAuth: { type: http, scheme: bearer }
+    apiKey: { type: apiKey, in: header, name: X-Api-Key }
+paths:
+  /admin:
+    get:
+      x-fern-sdk-group-name: ["admin"]
+      x-fern-sdk-method-name: ping
+      security:
+        - apiKey: []
+      responses: { "200": { description: ok } }
+"#;
+        let doc = load_openapi_spec(yaml, "t").unwrap();
+        let m = first_method(&doc, "admin", "ping");
+        let reqs = m.security_requirements.as_ref().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(reqs.len(), 1);
+        assert!(reqs[0].contains_key("apiKey"));
+        assert!(!reqs[0].contains_key("bearerAuth"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_explicit_empty_operation_security_means_anonymous() {
+        // `security: []` on an operation is meaningful — it explicitly opts
+        // out of the spec-level default, marking the endpoint anonymous.
+        let yaml = r#"
+openapi: "3.0.0"
+info: { title: T, version: "1.0" }
+servers: [{ url: "https://x.com" }]
+security:
+  - bearerAuth: []
+components:
+  securitySchemes:
+    bearerAuth: { type: http, scheme: bearer }
+paths:
+  /public:
+    get:
+      x-fern-sdk-group-name: ["public"]
+      x-fern-sdk-method-name: ping
+      security: []
+      responses: { "200": { description: ok } }
+"#;
+        let doc = load_openapi_spec(yaml, "t").unwrap();
+        let m = first_method(&doc, "public", "ping");
+        let reqs = m.security_requirements.as_ref().unwrap();
+        assert!(
+            reqs.is_empty(),
+            "explicit empty array should produce Some(vec![]), got {reqs:?}",
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_no_security_anywhere_leaves_requirements_none() {
+        let yaml = r#"
+openapi: "3.0.0"
+info: { title: T, version: "1.0" }
+servers: [{ url: "https://x.com" }]
+paths:
+  /things:
+    get:
+      x-fern-sdk-group-name: ["things"]
+      x-fern-sdk-method-name: list
+      responses: { "200": { description: ok } }
+"#;
+        let doc = load_openapi_spec(yaml, "t").unwrap();
+        let m = first_method(&doc, "things", "list");
+        assert!(m.security_requirements.is_none());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_spec_level_empty_security_inherited_as_anonymous() {
+        // `security: []` at the spec root means every operation is
+        // anonymous by default unless it declares its own. Inheritance
+        // should propagate the explicit empty vec through.
+        let yaml = r#"
+openapi: "3.0.0"
+info: { title: T, version: "1.0" }
+servers: [{ url: "https://x.com" }]
+security: []
+paths:
+  /things:
+    get:
+      x-fern-sdk-group-name: ["things"]
+      x-fern-sdk-method-name: list
+      responses: { "200": { description: ok } }
+"#;
+        let doc = load_openapi_spec(yaml, "t").unwrap();
+        let m = first_method(&doc, "things", "list");
+        let reqs = m.security_requirements.as_ref().unwrap();
+        assert!(
+            reqs.is_empty(),
+            "spec-level explicit anonymous should propagate, got {reqs:?}",
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_security_scheme_type_and_scheme_are_case_insensitive() {
+        // OpenAPI doesn't formally constrain casing on `type` / `scheme`;
+        // real-world specs vary. Match generously.
+        let yaml = r#"
+openapi: "3.0.0"
+info: { title: T, version: "1.0" }
+servers: [{ url: "https://x.com" }]
+components:
+  securitySchemes:
+    a:
+      type: HTTP
+      scheme: Bearer
+    b:
+      type: ApiKey
+      in: HEADER
+      name: X-Api-Key
+paths: {}
+"#;
+        let doc = load_openapi_spec(yaml, "t").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(doc.security_schemes.get("a"), Some(&SecurityScheme::HttpBearer));
+        assert_eq!(
+            doc.security_schemes.get("b"),
+            Some(&SecurityScheme::ApiKeyHeader {
+                name: "X-Api-Key".to_string(),
+            }),
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_operation_can_reference_undeclared_scheme() {
+        // An operation referencing a scheme not in components.securitySchemes
+        // is preserved verbatim — Phase 3's RoutingAuthProvider will simply
+        // have no binding for it and fall through. Some real-world specs
+        // reference externally-configured schemes this way.
+        let yaml = r#"
+openapi: "3.0.0"
+info: { title: T, version: "1.0" }
+servers: [{ url: "https://x.com" }]
+paths:
+  /thing:
+    get:
+      x-fern-sdk-group-name: ["thing"]
+      x-fern-sdk-method-name: get
+      security:
+        - externalScheme: []
+      responses: { "200": { description: ok } }
+"#;
+        let doc = load_openapi_spec(yaml, "t").unwrap();
+        let m = first_method(&doc, "thing", "get");
+        let reqs = m.security_requirements.as_ref().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(reqs.len(), 1);
+        assert!(reqs[0].contains_key("externalScheme"));
+        // No declaration in components.securitySchemes — that's fine.
+        assert!(doc.security_schemes.is_empty());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_or_of_ands_security_requirements() {
+        // The classic `[{a: []}, {b: [], c: []}]` shape: satisfy a alone, OR
+        // (b AND c). Verifies we preserve the structure verbatim.
+        let yaml = r#"
+openapi: "3.0.0"
+info: { title: T, version: "1.0" }
+servers: [{ url: "https://x.com" }]
+components:
+  securitySchemes:
+    a: { type: http, scheme: bearer }
+    b: { type: apiKey, in: header, name: X-B }
+    c: { type: apiKey, in: header, name: X-C }
+paths:
+  /complex:
+    get:
+      x-fern-sdk-group-name: ["complex"]
+      x-fern-sdk-method-name: get
+      security:
+        - a: []
+        - b: []
+          c: []
+      responses: { "200": { description: ok } }
+"#;
+        let doc = load_openapi_spec(yaml, "t").unwrap();
+        let m = first_method(&doc, "complex", "get");
+        let reqs = m.security_requirements.as_ref().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(reqs.len(), 2);
+        // First alternative: just `a`.
+        assert!(reqs[0].contains_key("a"));
+        assert_eq!(reqs[0].len(), 1);
+        // Second alternative: `b` AND `c`.
+        assert!(reqs[1].contains_key("b"));
+        assert!(reqs[1].contains_key("c"));
+        assert_eq!(reqs[1].len(), 2);
+    }
+
+    // -----------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // deep_merge_yaml tests — matches Fern CLI mergeWithOverrides behavior
+    // -----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    // -- Scalar / map basics ------------------------------------------------
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_deep_merge_scalars_override_wins() {
+        let base: serde_yaml::Value = serde_yaml::from_str("title: Original").unwrap();
+        let overrides: serde_yaml::Value = serde_yaml::from_str("title: Overridden").unwrap();
+        let merged = deep_merge_yaml(base, overrides);
+        assert_eq!(merged["title"], serde_yaml::Value::String("Overridden".into()));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_deep_merge_adds_new_keys() {
+        let base: serde_yaml::Value = serde_yaml::from_str("a: 1").unwrap();
+        let overrides: serde_yaml::Value = serde_yaml::from_str("b: 2").unwrap();
+        let merged = deep_merge_yaml(base, overrides);
+        assert_eq!(merged["a"], serde_yaml::Value::Number(1.into()));
+        assert_eq!(merged["b"], serde_yaml::Value::Number(2.into()));
+    }
+
+    /// Fern CLI test: "should handle nested object merging"
+    #[test]
+    fn test_deep_merge_nested_object_merging() {
+        let base: serde_yaml::Value = serde_yaml::from_str(r#"
+            config:
+              settings:
+                theme: light
+                notifications: true
+        "#).unwrap();
+        let overrides: serde_yaml::Value = serde_yaml::from_str(r#"
+            config:
+              settings:
+                theme: dark
+                sound: false
+        "#).unwrap();
+        let merged = deep_merge_yaml(base, overrides);
+        assert_eq!(merged["config"]["settings"]["theme"], serde_yaml::Value::String("dark".into()));
+        assert_eq!(merged["config"]["settings"]["notifications"], serde_yaml::Value::Bool(true));
+        assert_eq!(merged["config"]["settings"]["sound"], serde_yaml::Value::Bool(false));
+    }
+
+    /// Fern CLI test: "deep-merges nested objects rather than replacing them"
+    #[test]
+    fn test_deep_merge_nested_sibling_keys() {
+        let base: serde_yaml::Value = serde_yaml::from_str(r#"
+            foo:
+              bar:
+                existingKey: original
+        "#).unwrap();
+        let overrides: serde_yaml::Value = serde_yaml::from_str(r#"
+            foo:
+              bar:
+                newKey: added
+        "#).unwrap();
+        let merged = deep_merge_yaml(base, overrides);
+        assert_eq!(
+            merged["foo"]["bar"]["existingKey"],
+            serde_yaml::Value::String("original".into())
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            merged["foo"]["bar"]["newKey"],
+            serde_yaml::Value::String("added".into())
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_deep_merge_nested_openapi_paths() {
+        let base: serde_yaml::Value = serde_yaml::from_str(r#"
+            paths:
+              /users:
+                get:
+                  summary: List users
+                  operationId: listUsers
+        "#).unwrap();
+        let overrides: serde_yaml::Value = serde_yaml::from_str(r#"
+            paths:
+              /users:
+                get:
+                  x-fern-sdk-group-name: [users]
+                  x-fern-sdk-method-name: list
+        "#).unwrap();
+        let merged = deep_merge_yaml(base, overrides);
+        assert_eq!(
+            merged["paths"]["/users"]["get"]["summary"],
+            serde_yaml::Value::String("List users".into())
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            merged["paths"]["/users"]["get"]["operationId"],
+            serde_yaml::Value::String("listUsers".into())
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            merged["paths"]["/users"]["get"]["x-fern-sdk-method-name"],
+            serde_yaml::Value::String("list".into())
+        );
+    }
+
+    // -- Null deletion (omitDeepBy(isNull)) ---------------------------------
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_deep_merge_null_deletes_key() {
+        let base: serde_yaml::Value = serde_yaml::from_str(r#"
+            info:
+              title: API
+              description: A description
+        "#).unwrap();
+        let overrides: serde_yaml::Value = serde_yaml::from_str(r#"
+            info:
+              description: null
+        "#).unwrap();
+        let merged = deep_merge_yaml(base, overrides);
+        assert_eq!(merged["info"]["title"], serde_yaml::Value::String("API".into()));
+        let info = merged["info"].as_mapping().unwrap();
+        assert!(!info.contains_key("description"), "null should delete the key");
+    }
+
+    /// Fern CLI test: "removes null values from merged result"
+    #[test]
+    fn test_deep_merge_null_removes_from_merged_result() {
+        let base: serde_yaml::Value = serde_yaml::from_str(r#"
+            title: Title
+            description: A description
+        "#).unwrap();
+        let overrides: serde_yaml::Value = serde_yaml::from_str(r#"
+            description: null
+        "#).unwrap();
+        let merged = deep_merge_yaml(base, overrides);
+        assert_eq!(merged["title"], serde_yaml::Value::String("Title".into()));
+        assert!(!merged.as_mapping().unwrap().contains_key("description"));
+    }
+
+    /// Nulls inside non-allowlisted keys are still removed.
+    #[test]
+    fn test_deep_merge_removes_pre_existing_nulls_outside_examples() {
+        let base: serde_yaml::Value = serde_yaml::from_str(r#"
+            type: object
+            properties:
+              name:
+                type: string
+                description: null
+        "#).unwrap();
+        let overrides: serde_yaml::Value = serde_yaml::from_str("{}").unwrap();
+        let merged = deep_merge_yaml(base, overrides);
+        let name = merged["properties"]["name"].as_mapping().unwrap();
+        assert!(name.contains_key("type"));
+        assert!(!name.contains_key("description"), "null outside examples should be removed");
+    }
+
+    /// Fern CLI parity: nulls inside `examples` keys are preserved
+    /// (allowNullKeys = ["examples"]).
+    #[test]
+    fn test_deep_merge_preserves_nulls_inside_examples() {
+        let base: serde_yaml::Value = serde_yaml::from_str(r#"
+            type: object
+            properties:
+              name:
+                type: string
+                examples:
+                  example1: John
+                  example2: null
+        "#).unwrap();
+        let overrides: serde_yaml::Value = serde_yaml::from_str("{}").unwrap();
+        let merged = deep_merge_yaml(base, overrides);
+        let examples = merged["properties"]["name"]["examples"].as_mapping().unwrap();
+        assert!(examples.contains_key("example1"));
+        assert!(examples.contains_key("example2"), "null inside examples should be preserved");
+        assert!(examples.get("example2").unwrap().is_null());
+    }
+
+    /// Nulls deeply nested under an `examples` key are also preserved.
+    #[test]
+    fn test_deep_merge_preserves_nulls_deeply_nested_under_examples() {
+        let base: serde_yaml::Value = serde_yaml::from_str(r#"
+            examples:
+              myExample:
+                value:
+                  name: John
+                  email: null
+                  nested:
+                    field: null
+        "#).unwrap();
+        let overrides: serde_yaml::Value = serde_yaml::from_str("{}").unwrap();
+        let merged = deep_merge_yaml(base, overrides);
+        let value = &merged["examples"]["myExample"]["value"];
+        assert!(value["email"].is_null(), "null under examples descendant preserved");
+        assert!(value["nested"]["field"].is_null(), "deeply nested null under examples preserved");
+    }
+
+    /// Nulls outside `examples` are removed even when siblings of examples.
+    #[test]
+    fn test_deep_merge_mixed_examples_and_non_examples_nulls() {
+        let base: serde_yaml::Value = serde_yaml::from_str(r#"
+            schema:
+              description: null
+              examples:
+                ex1: null
+        "#).unwrap();
+        let overrides: serde_yaml::Value = serde_yaml::from_str("{}").unwrap();
+        let merged = deep_merge_yaml(base, overrides);
+        let schema = merged["schema"].as_mapping().unwrap();
+        assert!(!schema.contains_key("description"), "null outside examples removed");
+        let examples = schema.get("examples").unwrap().as_mapping().unwrap();
+        assert!(examples.contains_key("ex1"), "null inside examples preserved");
+    }
+
+    /// Null deletion should be recursive through deeply nested maps.
+    #[test]
+    fn test_deep_merge_null_deletes_deeply_nested() {
+        let base: serde_yaml::Value = serde_yaml::from_str(r#"
+            a:
+              b:
+                c:
+                  keep: true
+                  remove_me: value
+        "#).unwrap();
+        let overrides: serde_yaml::Value = serde_yaml::from_str(r#"
+            a:
+              b:
+                c:
+                  remove_me: null
+        "#).unwrap();
+        let merged = deep_merge_yaml(base, overrides);
+        let c = merged["a"]["b"]["c"].as_mapping().unwrap();
+        assert!(c.contains_key("keep"));
+        assert!(!c.contains_key("remove_me"));
+    }
+
+    // -- Array of primitives: replaced wholesale (Fern parity) --------------
+
+    /// Fern CLI test: "should replace arrays of primitives"
+    #[test]
+    fn test_deep_merge_primitive_arrays_replaced_wholesale() {
+        let base: serde_yaml::Value = serde_yaml::from_str(r#"
+            tags: [tag1, tag2]
+        "#).unwrap();
+        let overrides: serde_yaml::Value = serde_yaml::from_str(r#"
+            tags: [tag3, tag4]
+        "#).unwrap();
+        let merged = deep_merge_yaml(base, overrides);
+        let tags = merged["tags"].as_sequence().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(tags.len(), 2);
+        assert_eq!(tags[0], serde_yaml::Value::String("tag3".into()));
+        assert_eq!(tags[1], serde_yaml::Value::String("tag4".into()));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_deep_merge_primitive_array_shorter_override_replaces() {
+        let base: serde_yaml::Value = serde_yaml::from_str("tags: [a, b, c]").unwrap();
+        let overrides: serde_yaml::Value = serde_yaml::from_str("tags: [x]").unwrap();
+        let merged = deep_merge_yaml(base, overrides);
+        let tags = merged["tags"].as_sequence().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(tags.len(), 1);
+        assert_eq!(tags[0], serde_yaml::Value::String("x".into()));
+    }
+
+    // -- Arrays of objects: merged element-by-element (Fern parity) ---------
+
+    /// Fern CLI test: "should merge arrays of objects"
+    #[test]
+    fn test_deep_merge_object_arrays_merged_by_index() {
+        let base: serde_yaml::Value = serde_yaml::from_str(r#"
+            items:
+              - id: 1
+                name: Item 1
+              - id: 2
+                name: Item 2
+        "#).unwrap();
+        let overrides: serde_yaml::Value = serde_yaml::from_str(r#"
+            items:
+              - id: 1
+                description: Updated Item 1
+        "#).unwrap();
+        let merged = deep_merge_yaml(base, overrides);
+        let items = merged["items"].as_sequence().unwrap();
+        // Element 0 merged: base {id:1, name: Item 1} + override {id:1, description: Updated Item 1}
+        assert_eq!(items[0]["id"], serde_yaml::Value::Number(1.into()));
+        assert_eq!(items[0]["name"], serde_yaml::Value::String("Item 1".into()));
+        assert_eq!(items[0]["description"], serde_yaml::Value::String("Updated Item 1".into()));
+        // Element 1 carried from base (override only has 1 element)
+        assert_eq!(items.len(), 2);
+        assert_eq!(items[1]["id"], serde_yaml::Value::Number(2.into()));
+        assert_eq!(items[1]["name"], serde_yaml::Value::String("Item 2".into()));
+    }
+
+    /// Override array longer than base — extra elements appended.
+    #[test]
+    fn test_deep_merge_object_arrays_override_longer() {
+        let base: serde_yaml::Value = serde_yaml::from_str(r#"
+            servers:
+              - url: "https://a.com"
+        "#).unwrap();
+        let overrides: serde_yaml::Value = serde_yaml::from_str(r#"
+            servers:
+              - url: "https://a-patched.com"
+              - url: "https://b.com"
+        "#).unwrap();
+        let merged = deep_merge_yaml(base, overrides);
+        let servers = merged["servers"].as_sequence().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(servers.len(), 2);
+        assert_eq!(servers[0]["url"], serde_yaml::Value::String("https://a-patched.com".into()));
+        assert_eq!(servers[1]["url"], serde_yaml::Value::String("https://b.com".into()));
+    }
+
+    /// OpenAPI parameters array (array of objects) should merge by index.
+    #[test]
+    fn test_deep_merge_parameters_array_merges_by_index() {
+        let base: serde_yaml::Value = serde_yaml::from_str(r#"
+            parameters:
+              - name: limit
+                in: query
+                required: false
+              - name: offset
+                in: query
+                required: false
+        "#).unwrap();
+        let overrides: serde_yaml::Value = serde_yaml::from_str(r#"
+            parameters:
+              - description: Maximum number of results
+        "#).unwrap();
+        let merged = deep_merge_yaml(base, overrides);
+        let params = merged["parameters"].as_sequence().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(params.len(), 2);
+        // First param: merged with override
+        assert_eq!(params[0]["name"], serde_yaml::Value::String("limit".into()));
+        assert_eq!(params[0]["description"], serde_yaml::Value::String("Maximum number of results".into()));
+        // Second param: untouched from base
+        assert_eq!(params[1]["name"], serde_yaml::Value::String("offset".into()));
+    }
+
+    // -- Mixed arrays (primitives + objects): replaced wholesale -------------
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_deep_merge_mixed_array_replaced_wholesale() {
+        let base: serde_yaml::Value = serde_yaml::from_str(r#"
+            mixed:
+              - name: obj
+              - just_a_string
+        "#).unwrap();
+        let overrides: serde_yaml::Value = serde_yaml::from_str(r#"
+            mixed:
+              - replaced: true
+        "#).unwrap();
+        let merged = deep_merge_yaml(base, overrides);
+        let mixed = merged["mixed"].as_sequence().unwrap();
+        // Base had mixed types → override replaces wholesale
+        assert_eq!(mixed.len(), 1);
+    }
+
+    // -- Enum arrays (primitives) in schemas --------------------------------
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_deep_merge_enum_array_replaced() {
+        let base: serde_yaml::Value = serde_yaml::from_str(r#"
+            accountStatus:
+              type: string
+              enum: [active, suspended, deleted]
+        "#).unwrap();
+        let overrides: serde_yaml::Value = serde_yaml::from_str(r#"
+            accountStatus:
+              enum: [active, suspended, deleted, inactive]
+        "#).unwrap();
+        let merged = deep_merge_yaml(base, overrides);
+        let enums = merged["accountStatus"]["enum"].as_sequence().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(enums.len(), 4);
+        assert_eq!(enums[3], serde_yaml::Value::String("inactive".into()));
+        // type preserved from base
+        assert_eq!(merged["accountStatus"]["type"], serde_yaml::Value::String("string".into()));
+    }
+
+    // -- Overrides-resolution fixture parity --------------------------------
+
+    /// Matches the Fern CLI overrides-resolution fixture: override adds a new
+    /// property (lastName) to an existing schema, preserving existing ones.
+    #[test]
+    fn test_deep_merge_override_adds_schema_property() {
+        let base: serde_yaml::Value = serde_yaml::from_str(r#"
+            components:
+              schemas:
+                UserUpdate:
+                  type: object
+                  properties:
+                    name:
+                      type: string
+                    email:
+                      type: string
+                      nullable: true
+        "#).unwrap();
+        let overrides: serde_yaml::Value = serde_yaml::from_str(r#"
+            components:
+              schemas:
+                UserUpdate:
+                  type: object
+                  properties:
+                    name:
+                      type: string
+                    lastName:
+                      type: string
+                    email:
+                      type: string
+                      nullable: true
+        "#).unwrap();
+        let merged = deep_merge_yaml(base, overrides);
+        let props = merged["components"]["schemas"]["UserUpdate"]["properties"]
+            .as_mapping().unwrap();
+        assert!(props.contains_key("name"));
+        assert!(props.contains_key("lastName"), "new property from override");
+        assert!(props.contains_key("email"));
+    }
+
+    /// Override introduces an entirely new schema that doesn't exist in the base.
+    #[test]
+    fn test_deep_merge_override_adds_new_schema() {
+        let base: serde_yaml::Value = serde_yaml::from_str(r#"
+            components:
+              schemas:
+                User:
+                  type: object
+                  properties:
+                    id:
+                      type: string
+        "#).unwrap();
+        let overrides: serde_yaml::Value = serde_yaml::from_str(r#"
+            components:
+              schemas:
+                UserStats:
+                  type: object
+                  properties:
+                    totalLogins:
+                      type: integer
+        "#).unwrap();
+        let merged = deep_merge_yaml(base, overrides);
+        let schemas = merged["components"]["schemas"].as_mapping().unwrap();
+        assert!(schemas.contains_key("User"), "base schema preserved");
+        assert!(schemas.contains_key("UserStats"), "new schema from override");
+    }
+
+    // -- Sequential override application ------------------------------------
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_deep_merge_multiple_overrides_applied_sequentially() {
+        let base: serde_yaml::Value = serde_yaml::from_str("a: 1\nb: 2\nc: 3").unwrap();
+        let ovr1: serde_yaml::Value = serde_yaml::from_str("a: 10\nd: 4").unwrap();
+        let ovr2: serde_yaml::Value = serde_yaml::from_str("a: 100\nb: null").unwrap();
+        let merged = deep_merge_yaml(deep_merge_yaml(base, ovr1), ovr2);
+        assert_eq!(merged["a"], serde_yaml::Value::Number(100.into()));
+        assert!(!merged.as_mapping().unwrap().contains_key("b"));
+        assert_eq!(merged["c"], serde_yaml::Value::Number(3.into()));
+        assert_eq!(merged["d"], serde_yaml::Value::Number(4.into()));
+    }
+
+    // -- Empty overrides is identity ----------------------------------------
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_deep_merge_empty_override_is_identity() {
+        let base: serde_yaml::Value = serde_yaml::from_str(r#"
+            info:
+              title: API
+              version: "1.0"
+        "#).unwrap();
+        let overrides: serde_yaml::Value = serde_yaml::from_str("{}").unwrap();
+        let merged = deep_merge_yaml(base.clone(), overrides);
+        // With the exception of pre-existing nulls being removed, result
+        // should match. This base has none, so it should be identical.
+        assert_eq!(merged["info"]["title"], base["info"]["title"]);
+        assert_eq!(merged["info"]["version"], base["info"]["version"]);
+    }
+
+    // -- End-to-end: override adds Fern extensions, parser reflects them ----
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_deep_merge_override_adds_fern_extensions_to_spec() {
+        let base_yaml = r#"
+openapi: "3.0.0"
+info: { title: T, version: "1.0" }
+servers: [{ url: "https://api.example.com" }]
+paths:
+  /customers:
+    get:
+      tags: [Customers]
+      operationId: getCustomers
+      responses: { "200": { description: ok } }
+"#;
+        let overrides_yaml = r#"
+paths:
+  /customers:
+    get:
+      x-fern-sdk-group-name: [customers]
+      x-fern-sdk-method-name: list
+"#;
+        // Without overrides: method name from operationId
+        let doc_no_override = load_openapi_spec(base_yaml, "t").unwrap();
+        let customers = &doc_no_override.resources["customers"];
+        assert!(customers.methods.contains_key("get-customers"));
+
+        // With overrides: method name from x-fern-sdk-method-name
+        let base_val: serde_yaml::Value = serde_yaml::from_str(base_yaml).unwrap();
+        let ovr_val: serde_yaml::Value = serde_yaml::from_str(overrides_yaml).unwrap();
+        let merged = deep_merge_yaml(base_val, ovr_val);
+        let doc_with_override = load_openapi_spec_from_value(merged, "t").unwrap();
+        let customers = &doc_with_override.resources["customers"];
+        assert!(
+            customers.methods.contains_key("list"),
+            "override should set method name to 'list', got keys: {:?}",
+            customers.methods.keys().collect::<Vec<_>>()
+        );
+    }
+
+    /// Multi-operation override: adds fern extensions to multiple endpoints.
+    #[test]
+    fn test_deep_merge_multi_operation_fern_extensions() {
+        let base_yaml = r#"
+openapi: "3.0.0"
+info: { title: T, version: "1.0" }
+servers: [{ url: "https://api.example.com" }]
+paths:
+  /customers:
+    get:
+      tags: [Customers]
+      operationId: getCustomers
+      responses: { "200": { description: ok } }
+    post:
+      tags: [Customers]
+      operationId: createCustomer
+      responses: { "201": { description: created } }
+  /orders:
+    get:
+      tags: [Orders]
+      operationId: getOrders
+      responses: { "200": { description: ok } }
+"#;
+        let overrides_yaml = r#"
+paths:
+  /customers:
+    get:
+      x-fern-sdk-group-name: [customers]
+      x-fern-sdk-method-name: list
+    post:
+      x-fern-sdk-group-name: [customers]
+      x-fern-sdk-method-name: create
+  /orders:
+    get:
+      x-fern-sdk-group-name: [orders]
+      x-fern-sdk-method-name: list
+"#;
+        let base_val: serde_yaml::Value = serde_yaml::from_str(base_yaml).unwrap();
+        let ovr_val: serde_yaml::Value = serde_yaml::from_str(overrides_yaml).unwrap();
+        let merged = deep_merge_yaml(base_val, ovr_val);
+        let doc = load_openapi_spec_from_value(merged, "t").unwrap();
+        let customers = &doc.resources["customers"];
+        assert!(customers.methods.contains_key("list"));
+        assert!(customers.methods.contains_key("create"));
+        let orders = &doc.resources["orders"];
+        assert!(orders.methods.contains_key("list"));
+    }
+
+    /// Override re-groups an operation into a different resource.
+    #[test]
+    fn test_deep_merge_override_changes_group_name() {
+        let base_yaml = r#"
+openapi: "3.0.0"
+info: { title: T, version: "1.0" }
+servers: [{ url: "https://api.example.com" }]
+paths:
+  /admin/users:
+    get:
+      tags: [Admin]
+      operationId: adminListUsers
+      responses: { "200": { description: ok } }
+"#;
+        let overrides_yaml = r#"
+paths:
+  /admin/users:
+    get:
+      x-fern-sdk-group-name: [admin, users]
+      x-fern-sdk-method-name: list
+"#;
+        let base_val: serde_yaml::Value = serde_yaml::from_str(base_yaml).unwrap();
+        let ovr_val: serde_yaml::Value = serde_yaml::from_str(overrides_yaml).unwrap();
+        let merged = deep_merge_yaml(base_val, ovr_val);
+        let doc = load_openapi_spec_from_value(merged, "t").unwrap();
+        let admin = &doc.resources["admin"];
+        let users = &admin.resources["users"];
+        assert!(
+            users.methods.contains_key("list"),
+            "override should place method under admin.users"
+        );
+    }
+
+    // -- Null removal inside arrays of objects ------------------------------
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_deep_merge_null_removed_inside_object_array() {
+        let base: serde_yaml::Value = serde_yaml::from_str(r#"
+            items:
+              - name: keep
+                remove: value
+        "#).unwrap();
+        let overrides: serde_yaml::Value = serde_yaml::from_str(r#"
+            items:
+              - remove: null
+        "#).unwrap();
+        let merged = deep_merge_yaml(base, overrides);
+        let item = &merged["items"].as_sequence().unwrap()[0];
+        let map = item.as_mapping().unwrap();
+        assert!(map.contains_key("name"));
+        assert!(!map.contains_key("remove"), "null inside object array element should be removed");
+    }
+
+    // -- Verification: allowNullKeys covers all Fern CLI keys ---------------
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_allow_null_keys_covers_all_fern_cli_keys() {
+        assert!(ALLOW_NULL_KEYS.contains(&"examples"));
+        assert!(ALLOW_NULL_KEYS.contains(&"example"));
+        assert!(ALLOW_NULL_KEYS.contains(&"x-fern-examples"));
+        assert!(ALLOW_NULL_KEYS.contains(&"x-code-samples"));
+        assert!(ALLOW_NULL_KEYS.contains(&"x-codeSamples"));
+        assert_eq!(ALLOW_NULL_KEYS.len(), 5, "should have exactly 5 keys matching Fern CLI");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_null_preserved_under_example_singular() {
+        let base: serde_yaml::Value = serde_yaml::from_str(r#"
+            schema:
+              example: null
+              description: null
+        "#).unwrap();
+        let merged = deep_merge_yaml(base.clone(), serde_yaml::Value::Mapping(serde_yaml::Mapping::new()));
+        let map = merged.as_mapping().unwrap();
+        let schema = map.get("schema").unwrap().as_mapping().unwrap();
+        assert!(schema.contains_key("example"), "'example' (singular) null should be preserved");
+        assert!(!schema.contains_key("description"), "'description' null should be removed");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_null_preserved_under_x_fern_examples() {
+        let base: serde_yaml::Value = serde_yaml::from_str(r#"
+            x-fern-examples:
+              - value: null
+        "#).unwrap();
+        let merged = deep_merge_yaml(base, serde_yaml::Value::Mapping(serde_yaml::Mapping::new()));
+        let seq = merged["x-fern-examples"].as_sequence().unwrap();
+        let item = seq[0].as_mapping().unwrap();
+        assert!(item.get("value").unwrap().is_null(), "null under x-fern-examples should be preserved");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_null_preserved_under_x_code_samples() {
+        let base: serde_yaml::Value = serde_yaml::from_str(r#"
+            x-code-samples:
+              - lang: python
+                source: null
+        "#).unwrap();
+        let merged = deep_merge_yaml(base, serde_yaml::Value::Mapping(serde_yaml::Mapping::new()));
+        let item = &merged["x-code-samples"].as_sequence().unwrap()[0];
+        assert!(item["source"].is_null(), "null under x-code-samples should be preserved");
+    }
+
+    // -- Verification: all_objects heuristic --------------------------------
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_all_objects_empty_arrays_vacuous_truth() {
+        assert!(all_objects(&[]), "empty array should pass all_objects (vacuous truth)");
+        let base: serde_yaml::Value = serde_yaml::from_str("items: []").unwrap();
+        let ovr: serde_yaml::Value = serde_yaml::from_str("items: []").unwrap();
+        let merged = deep_merge_yaml(base, ovr);
+        assert_eq!(merged["items"].as_sequence().unwrap().len(), 0, "two empty arrays merge to empty");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_all_objects_servers_array_is_all_objects() {
+        let yaml = r#"
+servers:
+  - url: https://api.example.com
+  - url: https://api2.example.com
+"#;
+        let val: serde_yaml::Value = serde_yaml::from_str(yaml).unwrap();
+        let servers = val["servers"].as_sequence().unwrap();
+        assert!(all_objects(servers), "servers array should be all objects → index-merge path");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_all_objects_tags_array_is_primitives() {
+        let yaml = r#"
+tags:
+  - Customers
+  - Orders
+"#;
+        let val: serde_yaml::Value = serde_yaml::from_str(yaml).unwrap();
+        let tags = val["tags"].as_sequence().unwrap();
+        assert!(!all_objects(tags), "string array should NOT be all objects → replace path");
+    }
+
+    // ---------------------------------------------------------------
+    // `x-fern-pagination` resolution
+    // ---------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    fn yaml(input: &str) -> serde_yaml::Value {
+        serde_yaml::from_str(input).expect("valid yaml in test fixture")
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_strip_pagination_prefix_request_and_response() {
+        assert_eq!(strip_pagination_prefix("$request.cursor"), "cursor");
+        assert_eq!(
+            strip_pagination_prefix("$response.pagination.next_cursor"),
+            "pagination.next_cursor"
+        );
+        // No prefix: returned verbatim. This matches the upstream importer,
+        // which is intentionally lenient about callers that already passed
+        // a dotted path.
+        assert_eq!(strip_pagination_prefix("plain"), "plain");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_resolve_pagination_cursor_form_strips_prefixes() {
+        let op = yaml(
+            r#"
+cursor: $request.starting_after
+next_cursor: $response.pagination.next
+results: $response.data
+"#,
+        );
+        let cfg = resolve_pagination_extension(Some(&op), None, "listFoos")
+            .unwrap()
+            .expect("cursor form should produce Some(...)");
+        match cfg {
+            PaginationConfig::Cursor {
+                cursor,
+                next_cursor,
+                results,
+            } => {
+                assert_eq!(cursor, "starting_after");
+                assert_eq!(next_cursor, "pagination.next");
+                assert_eq!(results, "data");
+            }
+            other => panic!("expected Cursor, got {other:?}"),
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_resolve_pagination_offset_form_with_step_and_has_next_page() {
+        let op = yaml(
+            r#"
+offset: $request.page
+results: $response.users
+step: $request.page_size
+has-next-page: $response.meta.has_more
+"#,
+        );
+        let cfg = resolve_pagination_extension(Some(&op), None, "listUsers")
+            .unwrap()
+            .expect("offset form should produce Some(...)");
+        match cfg {
+            PaginationConfig::Offset {
+                offset,
+                results,
+                step,
+                has_next_page,
+            } => {
+                assert_eq!(offset, "page");
+                assert_eq!(results, "users");
+                assert_eq!(step.as_deref(), Some("page_size"));
+                assert_eq!(has_next_page.as_deref(), Some("meta.has_more"));
+            }
+            other => panic!("expected Offset, got {other:?}"),
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_resolve_pagination_inherits_root_when_op_is_true() {
+        let root = yaml(
+            r#"
+cursor: $request.cursor
+next_cursor: $response.next_cursor
+results: $response.items
+"#,
+        );
+        let op = serde_yaml::Value::Bool(true);
+        let cfg = resolve_pagination_extension(Some(&op), Some(&root), "listFoos")
+            .unwrap()
+            .expect("true should inherit root config");
+        match cfg {
+            PaginationConfig::Cursor {
+                cursor,
+                next_cursor,
+                results,
+            } => {
+                assert_eq!(cursor, "cursor");
+                assert_eq!(next_cursor, "next_cursor");
+                assert_eq!(results, "items");
+            }
+            other => panic!("expected Cursor, got {other:?}"),
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_resolve_pagination_op_false_inherits_root_like_upstream() {
+        // Upstream `getFernPaginationExtension.ts` treats *any* boolean —
+        // including `false` — as "look up the root extension". Mirror that
+        // exactly so cli-sdk has parity with the rest of the Fern toolchain.
+        let root = yaml(
+            r#"
+cursor: $request.cursor
+next_cursor: $response.next_cursor
+results: $response.items
+"#,
+        );
+        let op = serde_yaml::Value::Bool(false);
+        let cfg = resolve_pagination_extension(Some(&op), Some(&root), "listFoos")
+            .unwrap()
+            .expect("false should still resolve via root (upstream parity)");
+        assert!(matches!(cfg, PaginationConfig::Cursor { .. }));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_resolve_pagination_missing_extension_returns_none() {
+        let cfg = resolve_pagination_extension(None, None, "listFoos").unwrap();
+        assert!(cfg.is_none(), "absent extension → fall back to heuristic");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_resolve_pagination_op_true_without_root_returns_none() {
+        // Upstream returns `undefined` (no pagination) when the op asks to
+        // inherit but no root block exists. It does *not* raise. Mirror.
+        let op = serde_yaml::Value::Bool(true);
+        let cfg = resolve_pagination_extension(Some(&op), None, "listFoos").unwrap();
+        assert!(
+            cfg.is_none(),
+            "true without root → no pagination (upstream parity)"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_resolve_pagination_discrimination_order_matches_upstream() {
+        // Upstream's `convertPaginationExtension` discriminates by checking
+        // `cursor` first, then `next_uri`, then `next_path`, then `offset`.
+        // When multiple keys collide we must pick the cursor branch — the
+        // first one — to stay consistent with how user specs are
+        // interpreted by the rest of the Fern toolchain.
+        let op = yaml(
+            r#"
+cursor: $request.cursor
+offset: $request.page
+results: $response.items
+next_cursor: $response.next
+"#,
+        );
+        let cfg = resolve_pagination_extension(Some(&op), None, "listFoos")
+            .unwrap()
+            .expect("should resolve to cursor variant");
+        assert!(
+            matches!(cfg, PaginationConfig::Cursor { .. }),
+            "cursor should win when both `cursor` and `offset` are present"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_resolve_pagination_unknown_form_errors() {
+        // Just `results` — no discriminator. Upstream throws
+        // `Invalid pagination extension`; we surface a discovery error
+        // referencing every valid form so the user can debug.
+        let op = yaml("results: $response.items\n");
+        let err = resolve_pagination_extension(Some(&op), None, "listFoos")
+            .expect_err("unknown form should error");
+        let msg = format!("{err}");
+        assert!(msg.contains("cursor"), "got: {msg}");
+        assert!(msg.contains("next_uri"), "got: {msg}");
+        assert!(msg.contains("next_path"), "got: {msg}");
+        assert!(msg.contains("offset"), "got: {msg}");
+        assert!(msg.contains("custom"), "got: {msg}");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_resolve_pagination_non_object_form_errors() {
+        let op = yaml("- not\n- an\n- object\n");
+        let err = resolve_pagination_extension(Some(&op), None, "listFoos")
+            .expect_err("sequence should error");
+        assert!(
+            format!("{err}").contains("expected an object"),
+            "got: {err}"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_resolve_pagination_cursor_form_requires_all_fields() {
+        // `next_cursor` is missing.
+        let op = yaml(
+            r#"
+cursor: $request.starting_after
+results: $response.data
+"#,
+        );
+        let err = resolve_pagination_extension(Some(&op), None, "listFoos")
+            .expect_err("missing next_cursor should error");
+        assert!(
+            format!("{err}").contains("next_cursor"),
+            "got: {err}"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_resolve_pagination_uri_form() {
+        let op = yaml(
+            r#"
+next_uri: $response.next
+results: $response.items
+"#,
+        );
+        let cfg = resolve_pagination_extension(Some(&op), None, "listFoos")
+            .unwrap()
+            .expect("uri form should resolve");
+        match cfg {
+            PaginationConfig::Uri { next_uri, results } => {
+                assert_eq!(next_uri, "next");
+                assert_eq!(results, "items");
+            }
+            other => panic!("expected Uri, got {other:?}"),
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_resolve_pagination_path_form() {
+        let op = yaml(
+            r#"
+next_path: $response.links.next
+results: $response.entries
+"#,
+        );
+        let cfg = resolve_pagination_extension(Some(&op), None, "listFoos")
+            .unwrap()
+            .expect("path form should resolve");
+        match cfg {
+            PaginationConfig::Path { next_path, results } => {
+                assert_eq!(next_path, "links.next");
+                assert_eq!(results, "entries");
+            }
+            other => panic!("expected Path, got {other:?}"),
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_resolve_pagination_custom_form() {
+        let op = yaml(
+            r#"
+type: custom
+results: $response.items
+"#,
+        );
+        let cfg = resolve_pagination_extension(Some(&op), None, "listFoos")
+            .unwrap()
+            .expect("custom form should resolve");
+        match cfg {
+            PaginationConfig::Custom { results } => assert_eq!(results, "items"),
+            other => panic!("expected Custom, got {other:?}"),
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_resolve_pagination_custom_form_rejects_unknown_type() {
+        // `type: anythingElse` is not a valid discriminator, so we fall
+        // through to the "unknown form" error.
+        let op = yaml(
+            r#"
+type: nonsense
+results: $response.items
+"#,
+        );
+        let err = resolve_pagination_extension(Some(&op), None, "listFoos")
+            .expect_err("non-custom `type` should error");
+        assert!(
+            format!("{err}").contains("`type: custom`"),
+            "got: {err}"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_resolve_pagination_op_bool_with_root_bool_is_validation_error() {
+        // Mirrors upstream: when both per-op and root are booleans, raise.
+        let root = serde_yaml::Value::Bool(true);
+        let op = serde_yaml::Value::Bool(true);
+        let err = resolve_pagination_extension(Some(&op), Some(&root), "listFoos")
+            .expect_err("root-also-bool should error");
+        assert!(
+            format!("{err}").contains("spec-root"),
+            "got: {err}"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_resolve_pagination_uri_form_requires_both_fields() {
+        // `results` is missing.
+        let op = yaml("next_uri: $response.next\n");
+        let err = resolve_pagination_extension(Some(&op), None, "listFoos")
+            .expect_err("missing results should error");
+        assert!(format!("{err}").contains("results"), "got: {err}");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_resolve_pagination_offset_form_with_optional_fields() {
+        let op = yaml(
+            r#"
+offset: $request.page
+results: $response.items
+step: $request.page_size
+has-next-page: $response.has_more
+"#,
+        );
+        let cfg = resolve_pagination_extension(Some(&op), None, "listFoos")
+            .unwrap()
+            .expect("offset form should resolve");
+        match cfg {
+            PaginationConfig::Offset {
+                offset,
+                results,
+                step,
+                has_next_page,
+            } => {
+                assert_eq!(offset, "page");
+                assert_eq!(results, "items");
+                assert_eq!(step.as_deref(), Some("page_size"));
+                assert_eq!(has_next_page.as_deref(), Some("has_more"));
+            }
+            other => panic!("expected Offset, got {other:?}"),
+        }
+    }
+
+    // ------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // x-fern-availability — operation level
+    // ------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    /// Build a single-operation spec with the given `extra` YAML injected
+    /// inside the GET operation. Returns the parsed `RestMethod`.
+    fn parse_op_with_extra(extra: &str) -> RestDescription {
+        let yaml = format!(
+            r#"
+openapi: "3.0.0"
+info: {{ title: T, version: "1.0" }}
+servers: [{{ url: "https://x.com" }}]
+paths:
+  /things:
+    get:
+      x-fern-sdk-group-name: ["things"]
+      x-fern-sdk-method-name: list
+{extra}
+      responses: {{ "200": {{ description: ok }} }}
+"#
+        );
+        load_openapi_spec(&yaml, "t").unwrap()
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_operation_availability_beta() {
+        let doc = parse_op_with_extra("      x-fern-availability: beta");
+        let m = first_method(&doc, "things", "list");
+        assert_eq!(m.availability, Some(Availability::Beta));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_operation_availability_pre_release() {
+        let doc = parse_op_with_extra("      x-fern-availability: pre-release");
+        let m = first_method(&doc, "things", "list");
+        assert_eq!(m.availability, Some(Availability::PreRelease));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_operation_availability_generally_available_canonical() {
+        let doc = parse_op_with_extra("      x-fern-availability: generally-available");
+        let m = first_method(&doc, "things", "list");
+        assert_eq!(m.availability, Some(Availability::GenerallyAvailable));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_operation_availability_alias_ga() {
+        let doc = parse_op_with_extra("      x-fern-availability: ga");
+        let m = first_method(&doc, "things", "list");
+        assert_eq!(m.availability, Some(Availability::GenerallyAvailable));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_operation_availability_alpha() {
+        let doc = parse_op_with_extra("      x-fern-availability: alpha");
+        let m = first_method(&doc, "things", "list");
+        assert_eq!(m.availability, Some(Availability::Alpha));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_operation_availability_preview() {
+        let doc = parse_op_with_extra("      x-fern-availability: preview");
+        let m = first_method(&doc, "things", "list");
+        assert_eq!(m.availability, Some(Availability::Preview));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_operation_availability_legacy() {
+        let doc = parse_op_with_extra("      x-fern-availability: legacy");
+        let m = first_method(&doc, "things", "list");
+        assert_eq!(m.availability, Some(Availability::Legacy));
+    }
+
+    /// `stable` is NOT a valid Fern availability — the Fern OpenAPI
+    /// importer accepts only `ga` (and the canonical
+    /// `generally-available`). Make sure cli-sdk rejects `stable` for
+    /// parity, so it can't silently work in one tool and not the other.
+    #[test]
+    fn test_operation_availability_stable_is_rejected() {
+        let yaml = r#"
+openapi: "3.0.0"
+info: { title: T, version: "1.0" }
+servers: [{ url: "https://x.com" }]
+paths:
+  /things:
+    get:
+      x-fern-sdk-group-name: ["things"]
+      x-fern-sdk-method-name: list
+      x-fern-availability: stable
+      responses: { "200": { description: ok } }
+"#;
+        let err = load_openapi_spec(yaml, "t")
+            .expect_err("`stable` must NOT be accepted — only `ga` and `generally-available` are");
+        let msg = err.to_string();
+        assert!(
+            msg.contains("unknown variant") || msg.contains("variant `stable`"),
+            "expected serde deser error mentioning the unknown variant `stable`, got: {msg}",
+        );
+    }
+
+    /// Locks in the canonical wire spelling for `pre-release` so the
+    /// kebab-case rename can't drift. The Fern OpenAPI IR importer
+    /// collapses `pre-release` into `Beta`; cli-sdk deliberately keeps
+    /// `PreRelease` distinct (see `Availability` enum docs).
+    #[test]
+    fn test_operation_availability_pre_release_wire_spelling() {
+        let doc = parse_op_with_extra("      x-fern-availability: pre-release");
+        let m = first_method(&doc, "things", "list");
+        assert_eq!(
+            m.availability,
+            Some(Availability::PreRelease),
+            "`pre-release` must deser to its own variant, not collapse to Beta",
+        );
+        assert_eq!(m.availability.unwrap().as_str(), "pre-release");
+        assert_eq!(m.availability.unwrap().badge(), Some("[PRE-RELEASE]"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_operation_availability_deprecated_value() {
+        let doc = parse_op_with_extra("      x-fern-availability: deprecated");
+        let m = first_method(&doc, "things", "list");
+        assert_eq!(m.availability, Some(Availability::Deprecated));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_operation_availability_absent_defaults_to_none() {
+        let doc = parse_op_with_extra("");
+        let m = first_method(&doc, "things", "list");
+        assert_eq!(m.availability, None, "no extension and no deprecated flag → no badge");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_operation_openapi_deprecated_true_falls_back_to_deprecated() {
+        let doc = parse_op_with_extra("      deprecated: true");
+        let m = first_method(&doc, "things", "list");
+        assert_eq!(
+            m.availability,
+            Some(Availability::Deprecated),
+            "OpenAPI standard `deprecated: true` should lower to Availability::Deprecated when x-fern-availability is absent",
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_operation_x_fern_availability_overrides_openapi_deprecated() {
+        // Both set — x-fern-availability wins.
+        let doc = parse_op_with_extra(
+            "      deprecated: true\n      x-fern-availability: beta",
+        );
+        let m = first_method(&doc, "things", "list");
+        assert_eq!(
+            m.availability,
+            Some(Availability::Beta),
+            "explicit x-fern-availability must override OpenAPI deprecated:true",
+        );
+    }
+
+    // ------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // x-fern-availability — parameter level
+    // ------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_parameter_availability_beta() {
+        let yaml = r#"
+openapi: "3.0.0"
+info: { title: T, version: "1.0" }
+servers: [{ url: "https://x.com" }]
+paths:
+  /things:
+    get:
+      x-fern-sdk-group-name: ["things"]
+      x-fern-sdk-method-name: list
+      parameters:
+        - name: legacy_filter
+          in: query
+          x-fern-availability: beta
+          schema: { type: string }
+      responses: { "200": { description: ok } }
+"#;
+        let doc = load_openapi_spec(yaml, "t").unwrap();
+        let m = first_method(&doc, "things", "list");
+        let p = m.parameters.get("legacy_filter").expect("param missing");
+        assert_eq!(p.availability, Some(Availability::Beta));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_parameter_openapi_deprecated_falls_back_to_deprecated_availability() {
+        let yaml = r#"
+openapi: "3.0.0"
+info: { title: T, version: "1.0" }
+servers: [{ url: "https://x.com" }]
+paths:
+  /things:
+    get:
+      x-fern-sdk-group-name: ["things"]
+      x-fern-sdk-method-name: list
+      parameters:
+        - name: legacy_filter
+          in: query
+          deprecated: true
+          schema: { type: string }
+      responses: { "200": { description: ok } }
+"#;
+        let doc = load_openapi_spec(yaml, "t").unwrap();
+        let m = first_method(&doc, "things", "list");
+        let p = m.parameters.get("legacy_filter").expect("param missing");
+        assert_eq!(p.availability, Some(Availability::Deprecated));
+        assert!(p.deprecated, "raw deprecated flag is still preserved");
+    }
+
+    // -----------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // x-fern-base-path
+    // -----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    /// Spec without `x-fern-base-path` → `RestDescription.base_path` is None.
+    #[test]
+    fn test_x_fern_base_path_absent_yields_none() {
+        let yaml = r#"
+openapi: "3.0.0"
+info: { title: t, version: "1.0" }
+servers: [{ url: "https://api.example.com" }]
+paths:
+  /things:
+    get:
+      x-fern-sdk-group-name: [things]
+      x-fern-sdk-method-name: list
+      responses: { "200": { description: ok } }
+"#;
+        let doc = load_openapi_spec(yaml, "t").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(doc.base_path, None);
+    }
+
+    /// Spec with leading-slash `x-fern-base-path` is captured verbatim.
+    #[test]
+    fn test_x_fern_base_path_with_leading_slash_captured_verbatim() {
+        let yaml = r#"
+openapi: "3.0.0"
+info: { title: t, version: "1.0" }
+servers: [{ url: "https://api.example.com" }]
+x-fern-base-path: /v1
+paths:
+  /things:
+    get:
+      x-fern-sdk-group-name: [things]
+      x-fern-sdk-method-name: list
+      responses: { "200": { description: ok } }
+"#;
+        let doc = load_openapi_spec(yaml, "t").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(doc.base_path.as_deref(), Some("/v1"));
+    }
+
+    /// Spec without a leading slash on `x-fern-base-path` is captured as
+    /// authored — `build_url` normalizes slashes at request time so the
+    /// parser does not reshape the user's input.
+    #[test]
+    fn test_x_fern_base_path_without_leading_slash_captured_verbatim() {
+        let yaml = r#"
+openapi: "3.0.0"
+info: { title: t, version: "1.0" }
+servers: [{ url: "https://api.example.com" }]
+x-fern-base-path: api/public
+paths:
+  /things:
+    get:
+      x-fern-sdk-group-name: [things]
+      x-fern-sdk-method-name: list
+      responses: { "200": { description: ok } }
+"#;
+        let doc = load_openapi_spec(yaml, "t").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(doc.base_path.as_deref(), Some("api/public"));
+    }
+
+    /// Empty / whitespace-only `x-fern-base-path` collapses to None so
+    /// the executor's slash-edge logic doesn't have to handle the empty
+    /// case.
+    #[test]
+    fn test_x_fern_base_path_empty_string_collapses_to_none() {
+        let yaml = r#"
+openapi: "3.0.0"
+info: { title: t, version: "1.0" }
+servers: [{ url: "https://api.example.com" }]
+x-fern-base-path: ""
+paths:
+  /things:
+    get:
+      x-fern-sdk-group-name: [things]
+      x-fern-sdk-method-name: list
+      responses: { "200": { description: ok } }
+"#;
+        let doc = load_openapi_spec(yaml, "t").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(doc.base_path, None);
+    }
+
+    /// `x-fern-base-path` does not affect the command tree — operations
+    /// are still grouped by `x-fern-sdk-group-name` only, not nested
+    /// under the base path.
+    #[test]
+    fn test_x_fern_base_path_does_not_affect_command_tree() {
+        let yaml = r#"
+openapi: "3.0.0"
+info: { title: t, version: "1.0" }
+servers: [{ url: "https://api.example.com" }]
+x-fern-base-path: /v1
+paths:
+  /things:
+    get:
+      x-fern-sdk-group-name: [things]
+      x-fern-sdk-method-name: list
+      responses: { "200": { description: ok } }
+"#;
+        let doc = load_openapi_spec(yaml, "t").unwrap();
+        // Resource grouping is unaffected — no `v1` namespace inserted.
+        assert!(doc.resources.contains_key("things"));
+        assert!(!doc.resources.contains_key("v1"));
+        // The operation's stored path is also unchanged — base_path is
+        // only applied at URL-construction time, not baked into method.path.
+        let m = &doc.resources["things"].methods["list"];
+        assert_eq!(m.path, "/things");
+    }
+
+    /// `normalize_base_path` helper: trims surrounding whitespace, treats
+    /// empty/whitespace-only as absent, otherwise returns the raw value.
+    /// Direct coverage of the helper independent of YAML parsing.
+    #[test]
+    fn test_normalize_base_path() {
+        assert_eq!(normalize_base_path(None), None);
+        assert_eq!(normalize_base_path(Some("")), None);
+        assert_eq!(normalize_base_path(Some("   ")), None);
+        assert_eq!(normalize_base_path(Some("/v1")), Some("/v1".to_string()));
+        assert_eq!(normalize_base_path(Some("v1")), Some("v1".to_string()));
+        assert_eq!(normalize_base_path(Some("  /v1  ")), Some("/v1".to_string()));
+    }
+
+    // ------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // x-fern-sdk-return-value
+    //
+    // Mirrors upstream `FernOpenAPIExtension.RESPONSE_PROPERTY` — the
+    // extension is a string referencing a property on the response body.
+    // Stored on `RestMethod.return_value` as `Option<String>`, with
+    // leading/trailing whitespace trimmed and empty/whitespace-only
+    // values normalized to `None` so downstream code only sees a
+    // resolvable path or nothing.
+    // ------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_operation_return_value_absent_is_none() {
+        let doc = parse_op_with_extra("");
+        let m = first_method(&doc, "things", "list");
+        assert_eq!(
+            m.return_value, None,
+            "no x-fern-sdk-return-value → return_value is None (executor prints full body)",
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_operation_return_value_top_level_path() {
+        let doc = parse_op_with_extra("      x-fern-sdk-return-value: data");
+        let m = first_method(&doc, "things", "list");
+        assert_eq!(m.return_value.as_deref(), Some("data"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_operation_return_value_nested_dotted_path() {
+        let doc = parse_op_with_extra("      x-fern-sdk-return-value: result.items");
+        let m = first_method(&doc, "things", "list");
+        assert_eq!(
+            m.return_value.as_deref(),
+            Some("result.items"),
+            "dotted paths are preserved verbatim; the executor walks them at runtime",
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_operation_return_value_empty_string_is_none() {
+        // Empty / whitespace-only is meaningless for path resolution.
+        // Normalize to `None` so the executor can't be tripped into
+        // emitting a confusing "path '' did not resolve" error.
+        let doc = parse_op_with_extra("      x-fern-sdk-return-value: \"\"");
+        let m = first_method(&doc, "things", "list");
+        assert_eq!(m.return_value, None);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_operation_return_value_whitespace_trimmed() {
+        let doc = parse_op_with_extra("      x-fern-sdk-return-value: \"  data  \"");
+        let m = first_method(&doc, "things", "list");
+        assert_eq!(
+            m.return_value.as_deref(),
+            Some("data"),
+            "surrounding whitespace is trimmed; an inner space would still survive",
+        );
+    }
+
+    // ------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // Named-server parsing — `x-fern-server-name` (v2) and `x-name` (v1).
+    // ------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_named_server_v2_spelling_is_parsed() {
+        // Fern v2 canonical spelling `x-fern-server-name` populates
+        // `Server.name`. The first server in declaration order remains
+        // the default — its URL is what drives `RestDescription.root_url`
+        // for the no-flag case.
+        let yaml = r#"
+openapi: "3.0.0"
+info: { title: T, version: "1.0" }
+servers:
+  - url: "https://api.example.com"
+    x-fern-server-name: Production
+    description: "Production environment"
+  - url: "https://staging.example.com"
+    x-fern-server-name: Staging
+paths:
+  /things:
+    get:
+      x-fern-sdk-group-name: ["things"]
+      x-fern-sdk-method-name: list
+      responses: { "200": { description: ok } }
+"#;
+        let doc = load_openapi_spec(yaml, "t").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(doc.servers.len(), 2);
+        assert_eq!(doc.servers[0].name.as_deref(), Some("Production"));
+        assert_eq!(doc.servers[0].url, "https://api.example.com");
+        assert_eq!(
+            doc.servers[0].description.as_deref(),
+            Some("Production environment"),
+        );
+        assert_eq!(doc.servers[1].name.as_deref(), Some("Staging"));
+        let named: Vec<_> = doc.named_servers().collect();
+        assert_eq!(named.len(), 2);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_named_server_v1_alias_x_name_is_recognized() {
+        // Older specs that haven't migrated to `x-fern-server-name` use
+        // the legacy alias `x-name`. The parser accepts it for
+        // backwards compatibility.
+        let yaml = r#"
+openapi: "3.0.0"
+info: { title: T, version: "1.0" }
+servers:
+  - url: "https://api.example.com"
+    x-name: LegacyProd
+paths:
+  /things:
+    get:
+      x-fern-sdk-group-name: ["things"]
+      x-fern-sdk-method-name: list
+      responses: { "200": { description: ok } }
+"#;
+        let doc = load_openapi_spec(yaml, "t").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(doc.servers.len(), 1);
+        assert_eq!(doc.servers[0].name.as_deref(), Some("LegacyProd"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_named_server_empty_v1_falls_through_to_v2() {
+        // Defensive parity: an `x-name: ""` on the same entry as a
+        // valid `x-fern-server-name: Production` must not shadow the
+        // v2 value. The parser treats empty/whitespace-only extensions
+        // as "absent" before applying the v1-over-v2 fallback, so a
+        // blank legacy alias falls through to the canonical Fern
+        // spelling instead of dropping the server's name entirely.
+        // Mirrors the existing `test_empty_and_whitespace_server_names_are_dropped`
+        // guarantee on the v2 side.
+        let yaml = r#"
+openapi: "3.0.0"
+info: { title: T, version: "1.0" }
+servers:
+  - url: "https://api.example.com"
+    x-name: ""
+    x-fern-server-name: Production
+  - url: "https://whitespace.example.com"
+    x-name: "   "
+    x-fern-server-name: Staging
+paths:
+  /things:
+    get:
+      x-fern-sdk-group-name: ["things"]
+      x-fern-sdk-method-name: list
+      responses: { "200": { description: ok } }
+"#;
+        let doc = load_openapi_spec(yaml, "t").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(doc.servers.len(), 2);
+        assert_eq!(doc.servers[0].name.as_deref(), Some("Production"));
+        assert_eq!(doc.servers[1].name.as_deref(), Some("Staging"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_named_server_empty_v2_still_falls_back_to_v1() {
+        // Symmetric case: an empty `x-fern-server-name: ""` must not
+        // suppress a valid `x-name: OldProd` on the same entry. Even
+        // though v1 wins outright when both are present, this test
+        // pins the per-field trim+filter behavior so future refactors
+        // can't regress into the "first field always wins, even when
+        // blank" trap.
+        let yaml = r#"
+openapi: "3.0.0"
+info: { title: T, version: "1.0" }
+servers:
+  - url: "https://api.example.com"
+    x-name: OldProd
+    x-fern-server-name: ""
+paths:
+  /things:
+    get:
+      x-fern-sdk-group-name: ["things"]
+      x-fern-sdk-method-name: list
+      responses: { "200": { description: ok } }
+"#;
+        let doc = load_openapi_spec(yaml, "t").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(doc.servers.len(), 1);
+        assert_eq!(doc.servers[0].name.as_deref(), Some("OldProd"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_named_server_v1_wins_when_both_present() {
+        // When both v2 (`x-fern-server-name`) and v1 (`x-name`) are
+        // present on the same entry, v1 wins to mirror fern's
+        // `getExtension([SERVER_NAME_V1, SERVER_NAME_V2])` first-match
+        // semantics in
+        // `packages/cli/api-importers/openapi/openapi-ir-parser/src/openapi/v3/converters/convertServer.ts:72-75`.
+        // Fern's order is the source of truth — don't flip this even
+        // if v2-wins reads more naturally.
+        let yaml = r#"
+openapi: "3.0.0"
+info: { title: T, version: "1.0" }
+servers:
+  - url: "https://api.example.com"
+    x-fern-server-name: NewName
+    x-name: OldName
+paths:
+  /things:
+    get:
+      x-fern-sdk-group-name: ["things"]
+      x-fern-sdk-method-name: list
+      responses: { "200": { description: ok } }
+"#;
+        let doc = load_openapi_spec(yaml, "t").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(doc.servers.len(), 1);
+        assert_eq!(doc.servers[0].name.as_deref(), Some("OldName"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_no_named_servers_when_extensions_absent() {
+        // Plain OpenAPI servers without either extension carry no name.
+        // The CLI surface stays unchanged for these specs — no
+        // `--server` flag is exposed downstream.
+        let yaml = r#"
+openapi: "3.0.0"
+info: { title: T, version: "1.0" }
+servers:
+  - url: "https://api.example.com"
+paths:
+  /things:
+    get:
+      x-fern-sdk-group-name: ["things"]
+      x-fern-sdk-method-name: list
+      responses: { "200": { description: ok } }
+"#;
+        let doc = load_openapi_spec(yaml, "t").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(doc.servers.len(), 1);
+        assert!(doc.servers[0].name.is_none());
+        assert_eq!(doc.named_servers().count(), 0);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_per_operation_servers_override_is_captured() {
+        // Per-operation `servers:` blocks lower into
+        // `RestMethod.servers` independently of the top-level set, and
+        // they are authoritative for that operation (the executor
+        // resolves `--server <NAME>` against this list first when it's
+        // non-empty).
+        let yaml = r#"
+openapi: "3.0.0"
+info: { title: T, version: "1.0" }
+servers:
+  - url: "https://api.example.com"
+    x-fern-server-name: Production
+paths:
+  /uploads:
+    post:
+      x-fern-sdk-group-name: ["uploads"]
+      x-fern-sdk-method-name: create
+      servers:
+        - url: "https://upload.example.com"
+          x-fern-server-name: Upload
+      responses: { "200": { description: ok } }
+"#;
+        let doc = load_openapi_spec(yaml, "t").unwrap();
+        let m = first_method(&doc, "uploads", "create");
+        assert_eq!(m.servers.len(), 1);
+        assert_eq!(m.servers[0].name.as_deref(), Some("Upload"));
+        assert_eq!(m.servers[0].url, "https://upload.example.com");
+        // Top-level set is preserved separately.
+        assert_eq!(doc.servers.len(), 1);
+        assert_eq!(doc.servers[0].name.as_deref(), Some("Production"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_empty_and_whitespace_server_names_are_dropped() {
+        // Empty or whitespace-only `x-fern-server-name` / `x-name`
+        // values would leak into clap's allowed-list as blank strings
+        // and into the `Servers:` help block as a blank-named row. The
+        // parser trims and filters them at the source so downstream
+        // code never has to defend against this.
+        let yaml = r#"
+openapi: "3.0.0"
+info: { title: T, version: "1.0" }
+servers:
+  - url: "https://blank.example"
+    x-fern-server-name: ""
+  - url: "https://whitespace.example"
+    x-fern-server-name: "   "
+  - url: "https://blank-legacy.example"
+    x-name: ""
+  - url: "https://trimmed.example"
+    x-fern-server-name: "  Production  "
+paths:
+  /things:
+    get:
+      x-fern-sdk-group-name: ["things"]
+      x-fern-sdk-method-name: list
+      responses: { "200": { description: ok } }
+"#;
+        let doc = load_openapi_spec(yaml, "t").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(doc.servers.len(), 4, "unnamed entries are still preserved");
+        // First three entries' names are filtered out (empty after trim).
+        assert!(doc.servers[0].name.is_none());
+        assert!(doc.servers[1].name.is_none());
+        assert!(doc.servers[2].name.is_none());
+        // Surrounding whitespace is trimmed.
+        assert_eq!(doc.servers[3].name.as_deref(), Some("Production"));
+        // Only the trimmed-but-non-empty entry is selectable via --server.
+        assert_eq!(doc.named_servers().count(), 1);
+    }
+
+    // ------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // x-fern-enum — per-value overrides on parameter enums
+    //
+    // Mirrors the upstream Fern importer
+    // (packages/cli/api-importers/openapi/openapi-ir-parser/src/openapi/v3/
+    //  extensions/getFernEnum.ts), which models the extension as
+    // `Record<wireValue, { description?, name?, casing? }>`. cli-sdk
+    // consumes only `name` (display alias) and `description`; `casing`
+    // is an SDK-codegen concern.
+    // ------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    fn parse_users_list_user_type(extra_indented: &str) -> MethodParameter {
+        let yaml = format!(
+            r#"
+openapi: "3.0.0"
+info: {{ title: T, version: "1.0" }}
+servers: [{{ url: "https://x.com" }}]
+paths:
+  /users:
+    get:
+      x-fern-sdk-group-name: ["users"]
+      x-fern-sdk-method-name: list
+      parameters:
+        - name: user_type
+          in: query
+          schema:
+            type: string
+            enum: [all, managed, external]
+{extra_indented}
+      responses: {{ "200": {{ description: ok }} }}
+"#
+        );
+        let doc = load_openapi_spec(&yaml, "t").unwrap();
+        let m = first_method(&doc, "users", "list");
+        m.parameters
+            .get("user_type")
+            .expect("user_type param missing")
+            .clone()
+    }
+
+    /// Absent extension: `fern_enum` stays `None` and the wire values
+    /// flow through unchanged.
+    #[test]
+    fn test_x_fern_enum_absent_yields_none() {
+        let p = parse_users_list_user_type("");
+        assert!(
+            p.fern_enum.is_none(),
+            "no x-fern-enum should produce None, got {:?}",
+            p.fern_enum
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            p.enum_values.as_deref(),
+            Some(["all", "managed", "external"].as_slice())
+                .map(|s| s.iter().map(|v| v.to_string()).collect::<Vec<_>>())
+                .as_deref(),
+        );
+    }
+
+    /// Every value carries both `name` and `description`: the parser
+    /// should preserve each per-value override keyed by the wire value.
+    #[test]
+    fn test_x_fern_enum_full_override_round_trips_per_value_fields() {
+        let p = parse_users_list_user_type(
+            "            x-fern-enum:
+              all:
+                name: All
+                description: Every user, including external collaborators.
+              managed:
+                name: Managed
+                description: Users your enterprise manages.
+              external:
+                name: External
+                description: External collaborators only.",
+        );
+        let map = p.fern_enum.expect("x-fern-enum should be parsed");
+        assert_eq!(map.len(), 3, "every enum value should have an entry");
+
+        let all = map.get("all").expect("`all` entry missing");
+        assert_eq!(all.display_name.as_deref(), Some("All"));
+        assert_eq!(
+            all.description.as_deref(),
+            Some("Every user, including external collaborators."),
+        );
+
+        let managed = map.get("managed").expect("`managed` entry missing");
+        assert_eq!(managed.display_name.as_deref(), Some("Managed"));
+        assert_eq!(
+            managed.description.as_deref(),
+            Some("Users your enterprise manages."),
+        );
+
+        let external = map.get("external").expect("`external` entry missing");
+        assert_eq!(external.display_name.as_deref(), Some("External"));
+        assert_eq!(
+            external.description.as_deref(),
+            Some("External collaborators only."),
+        );
+    }
+
+    /// Partial override: only some wire values appear under `x-fern-enum`,
+    /// and listed entries may set only one of `name` / `description`.
+    /// Missing entries must NOT synthesize blank overrides — they stay
+    /// out of the map so downstream code falls back to the raw wire
+    /// value with no description.
+    #[test]
+    fn test_x_fern_enum_partial_override_skips_missing_entries() {
+        let p = parse_users_list_user_type(
+            "            x-fern-enum:
+              managed:
+                description: Users your enterprise manages.
+              external:
+                name: External",
+        );
+        let map = p.fern_enum.expect("x-fern-enum should be parsed");
+
+        assert!(
+            !map.contains_key("all"),
+            "values absent from x-fern-enum must not appear in the map; got {map:?}",
+        );
+
+        let managed = map.get("managed").expect("`managed` entry missing");
+        assert_eq!(
+            managed.display_name, None,
+            "`managed` set only description; display_name should remain None",
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            managed.description.as_deref(),
+            Some("Users your enterprise manages."),
+        );
+
+        let external = map.get("external").expect("`external` entry missing");
+        assert_eq!(external.display_name.as_deref(), Some("External"));
+        assert_eq!(
+            external.description, None,
+            "`external` set only name; description should remain None",
+        );
+    }
+
+    /// Empty / whitespace-only `name` and `description` strings are
+    /// treated the same as absent, and an entry with both empty fields
+    /// is dropped entirely. Without this guard, downstream clap rendering
+    /// would emit empty help strings and a meaningless display alias.
+    #[test]
+    fn test_x_fern_enum_drops_empty_entries() {
+        let p = parse_users_list_user_type(
+            "            x-fern-enum:
+              all:
+                name: \"\"
+                description: \"  \"
+              managed:
+                name: Managed",
+        );
+        let map = p.fern_enum.expect("x-fern-enum should be parsed");
+        assert!(
+            !map.contains_key("all"),
+            "entries with only whitespace fields must be dropped, got {map:?}",
+        );
+        assert!(map.contains_key("managed"));
+    }
+
+    /// `resolve_enum_display_to_wire` is the bridge between the CLI
+    /// surface (which accepts either display name or wire value) and
+    /// the HTTP layer (which only ever sees the wire value). This test
+    /// pins the contract end to end: parser → `MethodParameter` →
+    /// resolution.
+    #[test]
+    fn test_x_fern_enum_display_to_wire_round_trip() {
+        let p = parse_users_list_user_type(
+            "            x-fern-enum:
+              all:
+                name: All
+              managed:
+                name: Managed
+                description: Managed users.
+              external: {}",
+        );
+
+        // Display name → wire value
+        assert_eq!(p.resolve_enum_display_to_wire("All").as_ref(), "all");
+        assert_eq!(
+            p.resolve_enum_display_to_wire("Managed").as_ref(),
+            "managed"
+        );
+
+        // Wire value passes through untouched
+        assert_eq!(p.resolve_enum_display_to_wire("all").as_ref(), "all");
+        assert_eq!(
+            p.resolve_enum_display_to_wire("external").as_ref(),
+            "external",
+            "value with empty x-fern-enum entry must round-trip as-is",
+        );
+
+        // Unknown input is returned unchanged (clap rejects this before
+        // we ever hit the executor; we only assert non-mutation here).
+        assert_eq!(p.resolve_enum_display_to_wire("Bogus").as_ref(), "Bogus");
+    }
+
+    /// Without `x-fern-enum`, the resolver must be a pure identity —
+    /// the param-level helper should never block requests on enums
+    /// that don't opt into the extension.
+    #[test]
+    fn test_resolve_enum_display_to_wire_identity_without_fern_enum() {
+        let p = parse_users_list_user_type("");
+        assert!(p.fern_enum.is_none());
+        assert_eq!(
+            p.resolve_enum_display_to_wire("managed").as_ref(),
+            "managed"
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            p.resolve_enum_display_to_wire("unknown").as_ref(),
+            "unknown"
+        );
+    }
+
+    // -----------------------------------------------------------------
+    // x-fern-sdk-variables / x-fern-sdk-variable
+    // -----------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_sdk_variables_parses_string_entries_with_descriptions() {
+        let yaml = r#"
+openapi: "3.0.0"
+info:
+  title: Garden API
+  version: "1.0"
+servers:
+  - url: https://api.example.com
+x-fern-sdk-variables:
+  gardenId:
+    type: string
+    description: The garden tenant identifier.
+  zoneId:
+    type: string
+paths: {}
+"#;
+        let doc = load_openapi_spec(yaml, "garden").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(doc.sdk_variables.len(), 2, "expected two declared variables");
+        // Preserves declaration order so --help renders deterministically.
+        assert_eq!(doc.sdk_variables[0].name, "gardenId");
+        assert_eq!(doc.sdk_variables[0].ty, "string");
+        assert_eq!(
+            doc.sdk_variables[0].description.as_deref(),
+            Some("The garden tenant identifier."),
+        );
+        assert_eq!(doc.sdk_variables[1].name, "zoneId");
+        assert_eq!(doc.sdk_variables[1].description, None);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_sdk_variables_skips_non_string_types() {
+        // Fern docs say only strings are supported today. Non-string
+        // entries are dropped (with a warn-level log); the parser stays
+        // permissive so downstream behavior degrades to "missing flag"
+        // rather than a hard load failure.
+        let yaml = r#"
+openapi: "3.0.0"
+info:
+  title: Test
+  version: "1.0"
+servers:
+  - url: https://api.example.com
+x-fern-sdk-variables:
+  count:
+    type: integer
+  name:
+    type: string
+paths: {}
+"#;
+        let doc = load_openapi_spec(yaml, "t").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(doc.sdk_variables.len(), 1);
+        assert_eq!(doc.sdk_variables[0].name, "name");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_sdk_variable_marks_path_parameter() {
+        let yaml = r#"
+openapi: "3.0.0"
+info:
+  title: Garden API
+  version: "1.0"
+servers:
+  - url: https://api.example.com
+x-fern-sdk-variables:
+  gardenId:
+    type: string
+paths:
+  /gardens/{gardenId}/zones:
+    get:
+      operationId: zones-list
+      x-fern-sdk-group-name: ["zones"]
+      x-fern-sdk-method-name: list
+      parameters:
+        - name: gardenId
+          in: path
+          required: true
+          x-fern-sdk-variable: gardenId
+          schema: { type: string }
+      responses:
+        "200":
+          description: ok
+"#;
+        let doc = load_openapi_spec(yaml, "garden").unwrap();
+        let method = doc
+            .resources
+            .get("zones")
+            .and_then(|r| r.methods.get("list"))
+            .expect("zones.list missing");
+        let param = method
+            .parameters
+            .get("gardenId")
+            .expect("gardenId param missing");
+        assert_eq!(
+            param.variable_reference.as_deref(),
+            Some("gardenId"),
+            "path parameter should be marked variable-bound",
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_sdk_variable_on_non_path_parameter_is_ignored() {
+        // Fern's IR only honors variable references on `in: path`
+        // parameters; references on query/header/cookie are logged and
+        // dropped so the parameter still surfaces as a normal flag.
+        let yaml = r#"
+openapi: "3.0.0"
+info:
+  title: Test
+  version: "1.0"
+servers:
+  - url: https://api.example.com
+x-fern-sdk-variables:
+  tenant:
+    type: string
+paths:
+  /things:
+    get:
+      operationId: things-list
+      x-fern-sdk-group-name: ["things"]
+      x-fern-sdk-method-name: list
+      parameters:
+        - name: tenant
+          in: query
+          x-fern-sdk-variable: tenant
+          schema: { type: string }
+      responses:
+        "200":
+          description: ok
+"#;
+        let doc = load_openapi_spec(yaml, "t").unwrap();
+        let method = doc
+            .resources
+            .get("things")
+            .and_then(|r| r.methods.get("list"))
+            .expect("things.list missing");
+        let param = method.parameters.get("tenant").expect("tenant missing");
+        assert!(
+            param.variable_reference.is_none(),
+            "x-fern-sdk-variable on a query parameter should NOT mark it variable-bound",
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_plain_path_param_without_variable_reference() {
+        // Regression guard: a path parameter without `x-fern-sdk-variable`
+        // must continue to surface as a normal per-operation flag (no
+        // accidental variable_reference inheritance).
+        let yaml = r#"
+openapi: "3.0.0"
+info:
+  title: Test
+  version: "1.0"
+servers:
+  - url: https://api.example.com
+paths:
+  /files/{file_id}:
+    get:
+      operationId: files-get
+      x-fern-sdk-group-name: ["files"]
+      x-fern-sdk-method-name: get
+      parameters:
+        - name: file_id
+          in: path
+          required: true
+          schema: { type: string }
+      responses:
+        "200":
+          description: ok
+"#;
+        let doc = load_openapi_spec(yaml, "t").unwrap();
+        let method = doc
+            .resources
+            .get("files")
+            .and_then(|r| r.methods.get("get"))
+            .expect("files.get missing");
+        let param = method.parameters.get("file_id").expect("file_id missing");
+        assert_eq!(param.variable_reference, None);
+        assert_eq!(param.location.as_deref(), Some("path"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_sdk_variables_absent_yields_empty_vec() {
+        let yaml = r#"
+openapi: "3.0.0"
+info:
+  title: Test
+  version: "1.0"
+servers:
+  - url: https://api.example.com
+paths: {}
+"#;
+        let doc = load_openapi_spec(yaml, "t").unwrap();
+        assert!(doc.sdk_variables.is_empty());
+    }
+
+    // ---------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // x-fern-streaming parsing
+    //
+    // Exercises every form the upstream importer recognizes plus the
+    // failure modes we explicitly validate. Each test isolates one
+    // shape so a regression points at the exact branch in
+    // `parse_streaming_extension`.
+    // ---------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    /// Shared helper to parse a spec stub with the given
+    /// `x-fern-streaming` value and return the resolved streaming
+    /// config for a single hardcoded operation.
+    fn streaming_for(extension_yaml: &str) -> Result<Option<StreamingConfig>, CliError> {
+        let yaml = format!(
+            r#"
+openapi: "3.0.0"
+info:
+  title: Test
+  version: "1.0"
+servers:
+  - url: https://api.example.com
+paths:
+  /stream:
+    post:
+      operationId: streamChat
+      x-fern-streaming: {extension_yaml}
+      responses:
+        "200":
+          description: ok
+"#
+        );
+        let doc = load_openapi_spec(&yaml, "stream-spec")?;
+        Ok(doc
+            .resources
+            .get("stream")
+            .and_then(|r| r.methods.get("stream-chat"))
+            .and_then(|m| m.streaming.clone()))
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_streaming_boolean_true_is_ndjson() {
+        // Upstream's boolean shorthand picks NDJSON (so that callers
+        // who haven't chosen a wire format don't get SSE semantics).
+        let result = streaming_for("true").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(result, Some(StreamingConfig::Json { terminator: None }));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_streaming_boolean_false_is_none() {
+        let result = streaming_for("false").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(result, None);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_streaming_object_format_sse() {
+        let result = streaming_for("{ format: sse }").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(result, Some(StreamingConfig::Sse { terminator: None }));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_streaming_object_format_json() {
+        let result = streaming_for("{ format: json }").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(result, Some(StreamingConfig::Json { terminator: None }));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_streaming_object_sse_with_terminator() {
+        let result = streaming_for(r#"{ format: sse, terminator: "[DONE]" }"#).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(
+            result,
+            Some(StreamingConfig::Sse {
+                terminator: Some("[DONE]".to_string())
+            })
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_streaming_object_default_format_is_json() {
+        // Matches the typed SDKs (TS / C#) and the upstream importer:
+        // an object with no `format` field defaults to NDJSON, the
+        // same as the boolean shorthand. Callers that want SSE must
+        // declare `format: sse` explicitly.
+        let result = streaming_for(r#"{ terminator: "[END]" }"#).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(
+            result,
+            Some(StreamingConfig::Json {
+                terminator: Some("[END]".to_string())
+            })
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_streaming_object_format_text() {
+        // `format: text` mirrors Fern IR's `TextStreamChunk` variant
+        // (see `packages/ir-sdk/.../http.yml`). No terminator field
+        // and no payload type — raw lines are emitted verbatim.
+        let result = streaming_for("{ format: text }").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(result, Some(StreamingConfig::Text));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_streaming_text_rejects_terminator() {
+        // `TextStreamChunk` has no `terminator` field; flagging it at
+        // parse time keeps misconfigurations from silently no-op'ing
+        // at runtime.
+        let err = streaming_for(r#"{ format: text, terminator: "EOF" }"#).unwrap_err();
+        let msg = format!("{err}");
+        assert!(
+            msg.contains("`terminator` is not supported for `format: text`"),
+            "unexpected error: {msg}"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_streaming_invalid_format_errors() {
+        let err = streaming_for("{ format: websocket }").unwrap_err();
+        let msg = format!("{err}");
+        assert!(
+            msg.contains("`format` must be `sse`, `json`, or `text`"),
+            "unexpected error: {msg}"
+        );
+        assert!(msg.contains("websocket"), "unexpected error: {msg}");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_streaming_invalid_kind_errors() {
+        // A scalar that isn't a boolean is meaningless.
+        let err = streaming_for(r#""sse""#).unwrap_err();
+        let msg = format!("{err}");
+        assert!(
+            msg.contains("expected a boolean or an object"),
+            "unexpected error: {msg}"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_streaming_and_pagination_mutually_exclusive() {
+        let yaml = r#"
+openapi: "3.0.0"
+info:
+  title: Test
+  version: "1.0"
+servers:
+  - url: https://api.example.com
+paths:
+  /events:
+    get:
+      operationId: listEvents
+      x-fern-streaming: true
+      x-fern-pagination:
+        cursor: cursor
+        next_cursor: $response.next_cursor
+        results: $response.events
+      responses:
+        "200":
+          description: ok
+"#;
+        let err = load_openapi_spec(yaml, "stream-page").unwrap_err();
+        let msg = format!("{err}");
+        assert!(
+            msg.contains("`x-fern-streaming`")
+                && msg.contains("`x-fern-pagination`")
+                && msg.contains("mutually exclusive"),
+            "expected mutual-exclusion error, got: {msg}"
+        );
+    }
+
+    // ---------------------------------------------------------------
+    // `x-fern-retries` resolution
+    // ---------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_resolve_retries_absent_returns_none() {
+        // Neither root nor op declared the extension. Operations
+        // without an explicit policy stay opt-in — the executor
+        // returns `None` and skips the retry wrapper entirely.
+        let cfg = resolve_retries_extension(None, None, "getFoo").unwrap();
+        assert!(cfg.is_none());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_resolve_retries_op_true_no_root_uses_defaults() {
+        // `x-fern-retries: true` on an op without a root block
+        // materializes the cli-sdk runtime defaults (max=2,
+        // base=250ms, factor=2.0, jitter=0.1) — conservative for an
+        // interactive CLI where users expect fast, observable failures.
+        let op = serde_yaml::Value::Bool(true);
+        let cfg = resolve_retries_extension(Some(&op), None, "getFoo")
+            .unwrap()
+            .expect("op:true materializes defaults");
+        assert_eq!(cfg, RetriesConfig::default());
+        assert!(cfg.enabled);
+        assert_eq!(cfg.max_attempts, crate::openapi::discovery::DEFAULT_RETRY_MAX_ATTEMPTS);
+        assert_eq!(cfg.base_delay_ms, crate::openapi::discovery::DEFAULT_RETRY_BASE_DELAY_MS);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_resolve_retries_op_false_disables_regardless_of_root() {
+        // Per-op `false` short-circuits to `disabled` even when the
+        // root block enabled retries (op specificity > spec defaults).
+        let root = yaml("max_attempts: 5\nbase_delay_ms: 1000\n");
+        let op = serde_yaml::Value::Bool(false);
+        let cfg = resolve_retries_extension(Some(&op), Some(&root), "getFoo")
+            .unwrap()
+            .expect("op:false yields explicit disabled config");
+        assert!(!cfg.enabled);
+        assert_eq!(cfg, RetriesConfig::disabled());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_resolve_retries_op_missing_inherits_root_object() {
+        // Op block missing → inherit the root config verbatim.
+        let root = yaml("max_attempts: 7\nbase_delay_ms: 250\nfactor: 3.0\njitter: 0.0\n");
+        let cfg = resolve_retries_extension(None, Some(&root), "getFoo")
+            .unwrap()
+            .expect("missing op inherits root config");
+        assert!(cfg.enabled);
+        assert_eq!(cfg.max_attempts, 7);
+        assert_eq!(cfg.base_delay_ms, 250);
+        assert!((cfg.factor - 3.0).abs() < f64::EPSILON);
+        assert!((cfg.jitter - 0.0).abs() < f64::EPSILON);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_resolve_retries_op_true_inherits_root_object() {
+        // `x-fern-retries: true` on the op should adopt the root
+        // baseline (not start over from defaults). This is the
+        // shorthand authors use to opt every endpoint into a spec-wide
+        // retry policy.
+        let root = yaml("max_attempts: 5\nbase_delay_ms: 1000\n");
+        let op = serde_yaml::Value::Bool(true);
+        let cfg = resolve_retries_extension(Some(&op), Some(&root), "getFoo")
+            .unwrap()
+            .expect("op:true adopts root baseline");
+        assert_eq!(cfg.max_attempts, 5);
+        assert_eq!(cfg.base_delay_ms, 1000);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_resolve_retries_op_object_overrides_root_field_by_field() {
+        // Per-op object merges over the root baseline. Fields the op
+        // doesn't mention keep the root values; fields it does mention
+        // override. Matches the pagination resolver's field-by-field
+        // merge semantics.
+        let root = yaml("max_attempts: 5\nbase_delay_ms: 1000\nfactor: 2.0\njitter: 0.2\n");
+        let op = yaml("max_attempts: 10\n");
+        let cfg = resolve_retries_extension(Some(&op), Some(&root), "getFoo")
+            .unwrap()
+            .expect("op object merges over root");
+        assert_eq!(cfg.max_attempts, 10, "op overrides root");
+        assert_eq!(cfg.base_delay_ms, 1000, "root inherited");
+        assert!((cfg.factor - 2.0).abs() < f64::EPSILON);
+        assert!((cfg.jitter - 0.2).abs() < f64::EPSILON);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_resolve_retries_root_disabled_inherited_by_default() {
+        // Spec-root `{ disabled: true }` should propagate by default
+        // to operations that don't declare their own block.
+        let root = yaml("disabled: true\n");
+        let cfg = resolve_retries_extension(None, Some(&root), "getFoo")
+            .unwrap()
+            .expect("disabled root inherited");
+        assert!(!cfg.enabled);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_resolve_retries_op_object_reenables_after_root_disabled() {
+        // An explicit per-op object takes precedence over a disabled
+        // root. Authors can opt a single endpoint back in even when
+        // the spec-level policy is off.
+        let root = yaml("disabled: true\n");
+        let op = yaml("max_attempts: 4\n");
+        let cfg = resolve_retries_extension(Some(&op), Some(&root), "getFoo")
+            .unwrap()
+            .expect("per-op object re-enables");
+        assert!(cfg.enabled);
+        assert_eq!(cfg.max_attempts, 4);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_resolve_retries_upstream_disabled_object() {
+        // Canonical upstream shape: `{ disabled: true }` per
+        // `getFernRetriesExtension.ts`. We must round-trip it.
+        let op = yaml("disabled: true\n");
+        let cfg = resolve_retries_extension(Some(&op), None, "getFoo")
+            .unwrap()
+            .expect("disabled:true yields explicit disabled");
+        assert_eq!(cfg, RetriesConfig::disabled());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_resolve_retries_max_zero_treated_as_disabled() {
+        // `max_attempts: 0` means "never retry" — equivalent to
+        // `disabled: true`. Normalize here so the executor doesn't
+        // have to special-case the count.
+        let op = yaml("max_attempts: 0\n");
+        let cfg = resolve_retries_extension(Some(&op), None, "getFoo")
+            .unwrap()
+            .expect("max=0 normalizes to disabled");
+        assert!(!cfg.enabled);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_resolve_retries_max_attempts_alias_spellings() {
+        // `max` / `max-attempts` / `max_attempts` are interchangeable
+        // (forward-compat with upstream which may pick any one).
+        let op_snake = yaml("max_attempts: 6\n");
+        let op_kebab = yaml("max-attempts: 6\n");
+        let op_short = yaml("max: 6\n");
+        for op in [op_snake, op_kebab, op_short] {
+            let cfg = resolve_retries_extension(Some(&op), None, "getFoo")
+                .unwrap()
+                .unwrap();
+            assert_eq!(cfg.max_attempts, 6);
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_resolve_retries_invalid_max_negative_errors() {
+        // Negative values must be rejected (u32 can't hold them) —
+        // surface a clear discovery error.
+        let op = yaml("max_attempts: -1\n");
+        let err = resolve_retries_extension(Some(&op), None, "getFoo")
+            .unwrap_err();
+        let msg = format!("{err}");
+        assert!(msg.contains("max_attempts"), "{msg}");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_resolve_retries_invalid_factor_below_one_errors() {
+        // Backoff factor < 1.0 would mean delays shrink, which is
+        // nonsensical. Reject to catch authoring bugs.
+        let op = yaml("factor: 0.5\n");
+        let err = resolve_retries_extension(Some(&op), None, "getFoo")
+            .unwrap_err();
+        let msg = format!("{err}");
+        assert!(msg.contains("factor"), "{msg}");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_resolve_retries_invalid_jitter_out_of_range_errors() {
+        // Jitter is a fraction in [0, 1]; anything else is an
+        // authoring bug.
+        let op = yaml("jitter: 1.5\n");
+        let err = resolve_retries_extension(Some(&op), None, "getFoo")
+            .unwrap_err();
+        let msg = format!("{err}");
+        assert!(msg.contains("jitter"), "{msg}");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_resolve_retries_invalid_shape_errors() {
+        // Arrays/strings are not a valid shape. Mirror the
+        // pagination resolver's strict typing.
+        let op = yaml("- 1\n- 2\n");
+        let err = resolve_retries_extension(Some(&op), None, "getFoo")
+            .unwrap_err();
+        let msg = format!("{err}");
+        assert!(msg.contains("x-fern-retries"), "{msg}");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_resolve_retries_invalid_disabled_non_bool_errors() {
+        // `disabled` must be boolean. Surface authoring bugs early.
+        let op = yaml("disabled: yes-please\n");
+        let err = resolve_retries_extension(Some(&op), None, "getFoo")
+            .unwrap_err();
+        let msg = format!("{err}");
+        assert!(msg.contains("disabled"), "{msg}");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_load_openapi_spec_with_root_retries() {
+        // End-to-end: a spec with a root `x-fern-retries` block and
+        // no per-op blocks. Every operation inherits the root config.
+        let yaml = r#"
+openapi: "3.0.0"
+info:
+  title: Test
+  version: "1.0"
+servers:
+  - url: https://api.example.com
+x-fern-retries:
+  max_attempts: 5
+  base_delay_ms: 250
+paths:
+  /foo:
+    get:
+      operationId: getFoo
+      x-fern-sdk-method-name: get
+      x-fern-sdk-group-name: foo
+      responses:
+        "200":
+          description: ok
+"#;
+        let doc = load_openapi_spec(yaml, "t").unwrap();
+        let root_cfg = doc.retries.as_ref().expect("root retries set");
+        assert_eq!(root_cfg.max_attempts, 5);
+        assert_eq!(root_cfg.base_delay_ms, 250);
+
+        let foo = doc.resources.get("foo").expect("foo resource");
+        let get = foo
+            .methods
+            .values()
+            .find(|m| m.id.as_deref() == Some("getFoo"))
+            .expect("getFoo");
+        let op_cfg = get.retries.as_ref().expect("op inherited retries");
+        assert_eq!(op_cfg.max_attempts, 5);
+        assert_eq!(op_cfg.base_delay_ms, 250);
+    }
+
+    // ------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // x-fern-audiences (operation level)
+    //
+    // Mirrors fern-api/fern's OpenAPI importer
+    // (`packages/cli/api-importers/openapi/openapi-ir-parser/src/openapi/v3/converters/operation/convertHttpOperation.ts:330`):
+    //
+    //     audiences: getExtension<string[]>(operation, FernOpenAPIExtension.AUDIENCES) ?? []
+    //
+    // — i.e. an array-of-strings extension on the operation object,
+    // defaulting to `[]` when missing. Filtering itself happens at the
+    // command-tree-build stage (see
+    // `crate::openapi::commands::filter_doc_by_audiences`), so the
+    // parser's job is to faithfully surface what the spec declares.
+    // ------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_x_fern_audiences_missing_yields_empty_vec() {
+        let doc = parse_op_with_extra("");
+        let m = first_method(&doc, "things", "list");
+        assert!(
+            m.audiences.is_empty(),
+            "missing x-fern-audiences should yield empty vec, got: {:?}",
+            m.audiences
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_x_fern_audiences_explicit_empty_yields_empty_vec() {
+        // Mirrors fern: an explicitly empty `x-fern-audiences: []` is
+        // indistinguishable from "missing" — both lower to `[]` in the IR.
+        let doc = parse_op_with_extra("      x-fern-audiences: []");
+        let m = first_method(&doc, "things", "list");
+        assert!(m.audiences.is_empty());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_x_fern_audiences_single_value() {
+        let doc = parse_op_with_extra(
+            "      x-fern-audiences:\n        - public",
+        );
+        let m = first_method(&doc, "things", "list");
+        assert_eq!(m.audiences, vec!["public".to_string()]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_x_fern_audiences_multiple_values_preserve_order() {
+        // fern stores audiences as a `string[]` without dedup or sort
+        // (`convertHttpOperation.ts:330` is a direct passthrough). We
+        // do the same — preserve user-declared order so downstream
+        // consumers can rely on the spec's listing.
+        let doc = parse_op_with_extra(
+            "      x-fern-audiences:\n        - public\n        - internal\n        - beta",
+        );
+        let m = first_method(&doc, "things", "list");
+        assert_eq!(
+            m.audiences,
+            vec![
+                "public".to_string(),
+                "internal".to_string(),
+                "beta".to_string(),
+            ],
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_x_fern_audiences_preserves_duplicate_entries() {
+        // Defensive: don't silently dedup. The fern importer passes
+        // the raw array through, so mirroring that means duplicate
+        // entries land verbatim in the IR (the audience filter does
+        // its own membership check and is dedup-tolerant).
+        let doc = parse_op_with_extra(
+            "      x-fern-audiences:\n        - public\n        - public",
+        );
+        let m = first_method(&doc, "things", "list");
+        assert_eq!(
+            m.audiences,
+            vec!["public".to_string(), "public".to_string()],
+        );
+    }
+    // -- JSON Schema composition (oneOf / anyOf / allOf) -----------------
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_composition_one_of_captures_branches() {
+        let obj: OpenApiSchemaObject = serde_yaml::from_str(
+            r#"
+            oneOf:
+              - type: string
+              - type: integer
+            "#,
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        let prop = convert_schema_property(&obj);
+        assert_eq!(prop.one_of.len(), 2);
+        assert_eq!(prop.one_of[0].prop_type.as_deref(), Some("string"));
+        assert_eq!(prop.one_of[1].prop_type.as_deref(), Some("integer"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_composition_any_of_and_all_of() {
+        let obj: OpenApiSchemaObject = serde_yaml::from_str(
+            r##"
+            allOf:
+              - $ref: "#/components/schemas/Base"
+              - type: object
+                properties:
+                  extra:
+                    type: string
+            anyOf:
+              - type: number
+              - type: string
+            "##,
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        let prop = convert_schema_property(&obj);
+        assert_eq!(prop.all_of.len(), 2);
+        assert_eq!(prop.all_of[0].schema_ref.as_deref(), Some("Base"));
+        assert_eq!(prop.any_of.len(), 2);
+        assert_eq!(prop.any_of[0].prop_type.as_deref(), Some("number"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_composition_at_parent_json_schema_level() {
+        // Component-schema roots can themselves be a oneOf/anyOf/allOf (heavy
+        // pattern in Auth0's spec). The IR's parent JsonSchema must capture
+        // these, not just the property-level variants.
+        let obj: OpenApiSchemaObject = serde_yaml::from_str(
+            r##"
+            allOf:
+              - $ref: "#/components/schemas/Base"
+              - type: object
+                properties:
+                  extra:
+                    type: string
+            "##,
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        let s = convert_schema_object(&obj);
+        assert_eq!(s.all_of.len(), 2);
+        assert_eq!(s.all_of[0].schema_ref.as_deref(), Some("Base"));
+        assert_eq!(s.all_of[1].prop_type.as_deref(), Some("object"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_composition_nullable_via_oneof_with_null_type() {
+        let obj: OpenApiSchemaObject = serde_yaml::from_str(
+            r#"
+            oneOf:
+              - type: string
+              - type: "null"
+            "#,
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        let prop = convert_schema_property(&obj);
+        assert_eq!(prop.one_of.len(), 2);
+        assert_eq!(prop.one_of[1].prop_type.as_deref(), Some("null"));
+    }
+
+    // -- OpenAPI 3.0/3.1 examples ----------------------------------------
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_example_30_single() {
+        let obj: OpenApiSchemaObject = serde_yaml::from_str(
+            r#"
+            type: string
+            example: "hello"
+            "#,
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        let prop = convert_schema_property(&obj);
+        assert_eq!(
+            prop.example,
+            Some(serde_yaml::Value::String("hello".to_string())),
+        );
+        assert!(prop.examples.is_none());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_examples_31_list() {
+        let obj: OpenApiSchemaObject = serde_yaml::from_str(
+            r#"
+            type: string
+            examples:
+              - "alpha"
+              - "beta"
+            "#,
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        let prop = convert_schema_property(&obj);
+        let seq = prop.examples.as_ref().and_then(|v| v.as_sequence()).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(seq.len(), 2);
+        assert_eq!(seq[0], serde_yaml::Value::String("alpha".to_string()));
+        assert_eq!(seq[1], serde_yaml::Value::String("beta".to_string()));
+        assert!(prop.example.is_none());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_examples_lax_30_map_form() {
+        // Schema-level `examples` map (out-of-spec for
+        // OpenAPI 3.0 at the schema level, but real-world specs use it).
+        // The parser must round-trip without erroring.
+        let obj: OpenApiSchemaObject = serde_yaml::from_str(
+            r#"
+            type: array
+            examples:
+              Response:
+                value:
+                  - red
+                  - green
+            "#,
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        let prop = convert_schema_property(&obj);
+        let map = prop.examples.as_ref().and_then(|v| v.as_mapping()).unwrap();
+        assert!(map.contains_key(serde_yaml::Value::String("Response".to_string())));
+    }
+
+    // -- OpenAPI 3.0/3.1 numeric bounds ----------------------------------
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_bounds_30_inclusive() {
+        let obj: OpenApiSchemaObject = serde_yaml::from_str(
+            r#"
+            type: integer
+            minimum: 0
+            maximum: 100
+            "#,
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        let prop = convert_schema_property(&obj);
+        assert_eq!(prop.minimum, Some(0.0));
+        assert_eq!(prop.maximum, Some(100.0));
+        assert_eq!(prop.exclusive_minimum, None);
+        assert_eq!(prop.exclusive_maximum, None);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_bounds_30_exclusive_flag_promotes_minimum() {
+        let obj: OpenApiSchemaObject = serde_yaml::from_str(
+            r#"
+            type: integer
+            minimum: 5
+            exclusiveMinimum: true
+            "#,
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        let prop = convert_schema_property(&obj);
+        assert_eq!(prop.minimum, None, "minimum becomes exclusive in 3.0 flag form");
+        assert_eq!(prop.exclusive_minimum, Some(5.0));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_bounds_31_numeric_form() {
+        let obj: OpenApiSchemaObject = serde_yaml::from_str(
+            r#"
+            type: integer
+            exclusiveMinimum: 5
+            exclusiveMaximum: 99.5
+            "#,
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        let prop = convert_schema_property(&obj);
+        assert_eq!(prop.minimum, None);
+        assert_eq!(prop.exclusive_minimum, Some(5.0));
+        assert_eq!(prop.exclusive_maximum, Some(99.5));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_bounds_30_and_31_produce_same_ir_for_strict_minimum() {
+        let obj_30: OpenApiSchemaObject = serde_yaml::from_str(
+            r#"
+            type: integer
+            minimum: 5
+            exclusiveMinimum: true
+            "#,
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        let obj_31: OpenApiSchemaObject = serde_yaml::from_str(
+            r#"
+            type: integer
+            exclusiveMinimum: 5
+            "#,
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        let p30 = convert_schema_property(&obj_30);
+        let p31 = convert_schema_property(&obj_31);
+        assert_eq!(p30.minimum, p31.minimum);
+        assert_eq!(p30.exclusive_minimum, p31.exclusive_minimum);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_bounds_30_exclusive_maximum_flag_promotes_maximum() {
+        // Symmetric to test_bounds_30_exclusive_flag_promotes_minimum — locks
+        // exclusiveMaximum's 3.0 boolean form against the same code path.
+        let obj: OpenApiSchemaObject = serde_yaml::from_str(
+            r#"
+            type: integer
+            maximum: 99
+            exclusiveMaximum: true
+            "#,
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        let prop = convert_schema_property(&obj);
+        assert_eq!(prop.maximum, None, "maximum becomes exclusive in 3.0 flag form");
+        assert_eq!(prop.exclusive_maximum, Some(99.0));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_bounds_30_exclusive_false_keeps_inclusive() {
+        let obj: OpenApiSchemaObject = serde_yaml::from_str(
+            r#"
+            type: integer
+            minimum: 5
+            exclusiveMinimum: false
+            "#,
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        let prop = convert_schema_property(&obj);
+        assert_eq!(prop.minimum, Some(5.0));
+        assert_eq!(prop.exclusive_minimum, None);
+    }
+
+    // -- OpenAPI 3.1 const ------------------------------------------------
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_const_lowers_to_single_element_enum() {
+        let obj: OpenApiSchemaObject = serde_yaml::from_str(
+            r#"
+            type: string
+            const: webhook.user.created
+            "#,
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        let prop = convert_schema_property(&obj);
+        assert_eq!(
+            prop.enum_values.as_deref(),
+            Some(&["webhook.user.created".to_string()][..]),
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_const_numeric_value() {
+        let obj: OpenApiSchemaObject = serde_yaml::from_str(
+            r#"
+            type: integer
+            const: 42
+            "#,
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        let prop = convert_schema_property(&obj);
+        assert_eq!(prop.enum_values.as_deref(), Some(&["42".to_string()][..]));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_const_lowered_through_flatten_body_params_inline() {
+        // Inline-property branch: `const` reaches the generated CLI flag as
+        // (a) a single-value enum constraint, (b) a client-side default
+        // that auto-injects on omission, and (c) optional even if the
+        // parent's required: list names it.
+        let schema: OpenApiSchemaObject = serde_yaml::from_str(
+            r#"
+            type: object
+            required: [status]
+            properties:
+              status:
+                type: string
+                const: active
+            "#,
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        let component_schemas = HashMap::new();
+        let params = flatten_body_params(&schema, &component_schemas, 0);
+        let status = params.get("status").expect("status flag should be emitted");
+        assert_eq!(status.enum_values.as_deref(), Some(&["active".to_string()][..]));
+        assert_eq!(status.default_value, Some(serde_json::Value::String("active".into())));
+        assert!(!status.required, "const-bearing flag must be optional");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_const_lowered_through_flatten_body_params_via_ref() {
+        // $ref-resolution branch: same three properties hold when the const
+        // lives on a $ref-resolved component schema.
+        let schema: OpenApiSchemaObject = serde_yaml::from_str(
+            r##"
+            type: object
+            required: [role]
+            properties:
+              role:
+                $ref: "#/components/schemas/Role"
+            "##,
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        let role_schema: OpenApiSchemaObject = serde_yaml::from_str(
+            r#"
+            type: string
+            const: admin
+            "#,
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        let mut component_schemas = HashMap::new();
+        component_schemas.insert("Role".to_string(), role_schema);
+        let params = flatten_body_params(&schema, &component_schemas, 0);
+        let role = params.get("role").expect("role flag should be emitted");
+        assert_eq!(role.enum_values.as_deref(), Some(&["admin".to_string()][..]));
+        assert_eq!(role.default_value, Some(serde_json::Value::String("admin".into())));
+        assert!(!role.required, "const-bearing $ref'd flag must be optional");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_const_numeric_default_keeps_wire_type() {
+        // A numeric const lands on the wire as a JSON number, not a string —
+        // critical for body fields whose const is meaningful as a literal
+        // type rather than a label.
+        let schema: OpenApiSchemaObject = serde_yaml::from_str(
+            r#"
+            type: object
+            properties:
+              version:
+                type: integer
+                const: 2
+            "#,
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        let params = flatten_body_params(&schema, &HashMap::new(), 0);
+        let version = params.get("version").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(
+            version.default_value,
+            Some(serde_json::Value::Number(serde_json::Number::from(2))),
+            "numeric const must default to JSON number",
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_const_does_not_override_explicit_enum() {
+        let obj: OpenApiSchemaObject = serde_yaml::from_str(
+            r#"
+            type: string
+            enum: [a, b]
+            const: c
+            "#,
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        let prop = convert_schema_property(&obj);
+        assert_eq!(
+            prop.enum_values.as_deref(),
+            Some(&["a".to_string(), "b".to_string()][..]),
+        );
+    }
+
+    // -- OpenAPI 3.1 webhooks ---------------------------------------------
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_webhooks_block_parses_and_is_ignored_for_commands() {
+        let yaml = r##"
+openapi: "3.1.0"
+info:
+  title: Webhook-only spec
+  version: "1.0.0"
+paths: {}
+webhooks:
+  userCreated:
+    post:
+      operationId: handleUserCreated
+      requestBody:
+        content:
+          application/json:
+            schema:
+              $ref: "#/components/schemas/User"
+      responses:
+        "200":
+          description: OK
+components:
+  schemas:
+    User:
+      type: object
+      properties:
+        id: { type: string }
+"##;
+        let value: serde_yaml::Value = serde_yaml::from_str(yaml).unwrap();
+        let desc = load_openapi_spec_from_value(value, "test-cli").expect("spec should parse");
+        // Component schema is still reachable via discovery.
+        assert!(desc.schemas.contains_key("User"));
+        // No CLI methods generated.
+        let total_methods: usize = desc.resources.values().map(|r| r.methods.len()).sum();
+        assert_eq!(total_methods, 0, "webhook ops must not become subcommands");
+    }
+
+    // -- OpenAPI 3.1 nullability ------------------------------------------
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_nullable_30_explicit_field() {
+        let obj: OpenApiSchemaObject = serde_yaml::from_str(
+            r#"
+            type: string
+            nullable: true
+            "#,
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(obj.schema_type(), Some("string"));
+        assert!(obj.is_nullable());
+        let prop = convert_schema_property(&obj);
+        assert!(prop.nullable);
+        assert_eq!(prop.prop_type.as_deref(), Some("string"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_nullable_31_type_array_with_null() {
+        let obj: OpenApiSchemaObject = serde_yaml::from_str(
+            r#"
+            type: ["string", "null"]
+            "#,
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(obj.schema_type(), Some("string"));
+        assert!(obj.is_nullable());
+        let prop = convert_schema_property(&obj);
+        assert!(prop.nullable);
+        assert_eq!(prop.prop_type.as_deref(), Some("string"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_nullable_31_type_array_null_first() {
+        // Order shouldn't matter — `find` picks first non-null, presence of
+        // "null" anywhere flips nullability on.
+        let obj: OpenApiSchemaObject = serde_yaml::from_str(
+            r#"
+            type: ["null", "integer"]
+            "#,
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(obj.schema_type(), Some("integer"));
+        assert!(obj.is_nullable());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_nullable_31_type_array_only_null() {
+        let obj: OpenApiSchemaObject = serde_yaml::from_str(
+            r#"
+            type: ["null"]
+            "#,
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(obj.schema_type(), None);
+        assert!(obj.is_nullable());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_nullable_30_regression_plain_type() {
+        let obj: OpenApiSchemaObject = serde_yaml::from_str(
+            r#"
+            type: string
+            "#,
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(obj.schema_type(), Some("string"));
+        assert!(!obj.is_nullable());
+        let prop = convert_schema_property(&obj);
+        assert!(!prop.nullable);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_nullable_at_parent_json_schema_level() {
+        // The parent JsonSchema (returned by convert_schema_object) carries
+        // its own nullable flag — covers the case where a top-level
+        // request/response body schema is itself nullable rather than just
+        // having nullable properties.
+        let obj_30: OpenApiSchemaObject = serde_yaml::from_str(
+            r#"
+            type: object
+            nullable: true
+            "#,
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        let obj_31: OpenApiSchemaObject = serde_yaml::from_str(
+            r#"
+            type: ["object", "null"]
+            "#,
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        let s_30 = convert_schema_object(&obj_30);
+        let s_31 = convert_schema_object(&obj_31);
+        assert!(s_30.nullable);
+        assert!(s_31.nullable);
+        assert_eq!(s_30.schema_type.as_deref(), Some("object"));
+        assert_eq!(s_31.schema_type.as_deref(), Some("object"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_nullable_schema_object_lowering() {
+        let obj_30: OpenApiSchemaObject = serde_yaml::from_str(
+            r#"
+            type: object
+            properties:
+              email:
+                type: string
+                nullable: true
+            "#,
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        let obj_31: OpenApiSchemaObject = serde_yaml::from_str(
+            r#"
+            type: object
+            properties:
+              email:
+                type: ["string", "null"]
+            "#,
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        let lowered_30 = convert_schema_object(&obj_30);
+        let lowered_31 = convert_schema_object(&obj_31);
+        assert_eq!(lowered_30.schema_type.as_deref(), Some("object"));
+        assert_eq!(lowered_31.schema_type.as_deref(), Some("object"));
+        assert!(lowered_30.properties["email"].nullable);
+        assert!(lowered_31.properties["email"].nullable);
+        assert_eq!(
+            lowered_30.properties["email"].prop_type.as_deref(),
+            Some("string"),
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            lowered_31.properties["email"].prop_type.as_deref(),
+            Some("string"),
+        );
+    }
+}
diff --git a/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/openapi/skill_emitter.rs b/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/openapi/skill_emitter.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..aecee7c01b96
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/openapi/skill_emitter.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,731 @@
+//! Deterministic SKILL.md generator for OpenAPI-driven CLIs.
+//!
+//! Walks the parsed [`RestDescription`] and emits one markdown file per
+//! top-level command group plus a shared file containing auth setup and
+//! global flags. All output is fully deterministic — pure Rust string
+//! templates over spec data, no LLM, no hand-written overlay files.
+//!
+//! Public surface: [`generate_skills`] — a pure function returning
+//! `(PathBuf, String)` pairs. The caller is responsible for filesystem
+//! writes.
+
+use std::fmt::Write as FmtWrite;
+use std::path::PathBuf;
+
+use clap::{Arg, Command};
+
+use crate::auth::{AuthCredentialSource, SchemeBinding};
+use crate::openapi::discovery::{RestDescription, RestResource, SecurityScheme};
+use crate::text;
+
+/// Maximum characters for the frontmatter `description` field.
+const FRONTMATTER_DESC_LIMIT: usize = 120;
+
+/// Returns the clap `Command` for `generate-skills` so it appears in
+/// `--help`, shell completions, and man pages.
+pub fn generate_skills_command() -> Command {
+    Command::new("generate-skills")
+        .about("Generate SKILL.md files for AI agent integration")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::new("output-dir")
+                .long("output-dir")
+                .value_name("PATH")
+                .help("Output directory [default: skills]"),
+        )
+}
+
+/// Generates all SKILL.md files for the given binary.
+///
+/// Returns a list of `(relative_path, content)` pairs. The caller writes
+/// them under whatever output directory was requested.
+pub fn generate_skills(
+    doc: &RestDescription,
+    bin_name: &str,
+    auth_bindings: &[(String, SchemeBinding)],
+) -> Vec<(PathBuf, String)> {
+    let mut files: Vec<(PathBuf, String)> = Vec::new();
+
+    // Shared skill
+    let shared_path = PathBuf::from(format!("{bin_name}-shared")).join("SKILL.md");
+    let shared_content = render_shared_skill(doc, bin_name, auth_bindings);
+    files.push((shared_path, shared_content));
+
+    // Per-group skills — sorted for deterministic output
+    let mut group_names: Vec<&String> = doc.resources.keys().collect();
+    group_names.sort();
+    for group_name in group_names {
+        let resource = &doc.resources[group_name];
+        let group_path = PathBuf::from(format!("{bin_name}-{group_name}")).join("SKILL.md");
+        let group_content = render_group_skill(doc, bin_name, group_name, resource);
+        files.push((group_path, group_content));
+    }
+
+    files
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Shared skill
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+fn render_shared_skill(
+    doc: &RestDescription,
+    bin_name: &str,
+    auth_bindings: &[(String, SchemeBinding)],
+) -> String {
+    let mut out = String::new();
+
+    // Frontmatter
+    let desc = format!(
+        "{bin_name} CLI: Shared patterns for authentication, global flags, and output formatting."
+    );
+    write_frontmatter(&mut out, &format!("{bin_name}-shared"), &desc);
+
+    // Title
+    let _ = writeln!(out, "# {bin_name} — Shared Reference\n");
+
+    // Auth section
+    let _ = writeln!(out, "## Authentication\n");
+    if auth_bindings.is_empty() && doc.security_schemes.is_empty() {
+        let _ = writeln!(out, "No authentication configured.\n");
+    } else {
+        render_auth_section(&mut out, doc, bin_name, auth_bindings);
+    }
+
+    // Global flags
+    let _ = writeln!(out, "## Global Flags\n");
+    let _ = writeln!(out, "These flags are available on every command:\n");
+    let _ = writeln!(out, "| Flag | Description | Default |");
+    let _ = writeln!(out, "|------|-------------|---------|");
+    let _ = writeln!(
+        out,
+        "| `--dry-run` | Validate locally without sending the request | |"
+    );
+    let _ = writeln!(
+        out,
+        "| `--format <FMT>` | Output format: `json`, `table`, `yaml`, `csv` | `json` |"
+    );
+    let _ = writeln!(
+        out,
+        "| `--base-url <URL>` | Override the API base URL | |"
+    );
+    let _ = writeln!(
+        out,
+        "| `--params <JSON>` | URL/query/path parameters as JSON | |"
+    );
+    let _ = writeln!(
+        out,
+        "| `--json <JSON>` | Request body for POST/PATCH/PUT | |"
+    );
+    let _ = writeln!(
+        out,
+        "| `-o, --output <PATH>` | Write binary responses to a file | |"
+    );
+    let _ = writeln!(
+        out,
+        "| `--page-all` | Auto-paginate (NDJSON) | off |"
+    );
+    let _ = writeln!(
+        out,
+        "| `--page-limit <N>` | Max pages to fetch | `10` |"
+    );
+    let _ = writeln!(
+        out,
+        "| `--page-delay <MS>` | Delay between page fetches | `100` |"
+    );
+    let _ = writeln!(
+        out,
+        "| `--no-retry` | Disable retries | |"
+    );
+    let _ = writeln!(
+        out,
+        "| `--no-extract` | Print the full response body | |"
+    );
+    let _ = writeln!(out);
+
+    // Output formatting tips
+    let _ = writeln!(out, "## Output Formatting\n");
+    let _ = writeln!(out, "```bash");
+    let _ = writeln!(out, "# JSON (default)");
+    let _ = writeln!(out, "{bin_name} <resource> <method> --format json\n");
+    let _ = writeln!(out, "# Table view");
+    let _ = writeln!(out, "{bin_name} <resource> <method> --format table\n");
+    let _ = writeln!(out, "# Pipe-friendly: jq, grep, etc.");
+    let _ = writeln!(
+        out,
+        "{bin_name} <resource> <method> | jq '.fieldName'"
+    );
+    let _ = writeln!(out, "```\n");
+
+    // Dry-run section
+    let _ = writeln!(out, "## Dry Run\n");
+    let _ = writeln!(
+        out,
+        "Use `--dry-run` to preview the HTTP request without sending it:\n"
+    );
+    let _ = writeln!(out, "```bash");
+    let _ = writeln!(out, "{bin_name} <resource> <method> --dry-run");
+    let _ = writeln!(out, "```\n");
+
+    out
+}
+
+fn render_auth_section(
+    out: &mut String,
+    doc: &RestDescription,
+    bin_name: &str,
+    auth_bindings: &[(String, SchemeBinding)],
+) {
+    if !auth_bindings.is_empty() {
+        for (scheme_name, binding) in auth_bindings {
+            let scheme_type = doc
+                .security_schemes
+                .get(scheme_name)
+                .map(describe_scheme_type)
+                .unwrap_or_else(|| "bearer".to_string());
+
+            let source_desc = describe_binding_source(binding);
+            let _ = writeln!(
+                out,
+                "- **{scheme_name}** ({scheme_type}): {source_desc}"
+            );
+        }
+        let _ = writeln!(out);
+
+        // Emit setup instructions based on binding sources
+        let env_vars = collect_env_vars(auth_bindings);
+        if !env_vars.is_empty() {
+            let _ = writeln!(out, "Set the required environment variable(s):\n");
+            let _ = writeln!(out, "```bash");
+            for var in &env_vars {
+                let _ = writeln!(out, "export {var}=\"<your-token>\"");
+            }
+            let _ = writeln!(out, "```\n");
+
+            let _ = writeln!(out, "Verify authentication works:\n");
+            let _ = writeln!(out, "```bash");
+            let _ = writeln!(out, "{bin_name} --help");
+            let _ = writeln!(out, "```\n");
+        }
+    } else {
+        // Fall back to security schemes from spec
+        let mut schemes: Vec<(&String, &SecurityScheme)> = doc.security_schemes.iter().collect();
+        schemes.sort_by_key(|(name, _)| *name);
+        for (name, scheme) in &schemes {
+            let _ = writeln!(out, "- **{name}** ({})", describe_scheme_type(scheme));
+        }
+        let _ = writeln!(out);
+    }
+}
+
+fn describe_scheme_type(scheme: &SecurityScheme) -> String {
+    match scheme {
+        SecurityScheme::HttpBearer => "bearer token".to_string(),
+        SecurityScheme::HttpBasic => "HTTP basic auth".to_string(),
+        SecurityScheme::ApiKeyHeader { name } => format!("API key in `{name}` header"),
+        SecurityScheme::ApiKeyQuery { name } => format!("API key in `{name}` query param"),
+        SecurityScheme::OAuth2 => "OAuth2 bearer token".to_string(),
+        SecurityScheme::Other(ty) => ty.clone(),
+    }
+}
+
+fn describe_binding_source(binding: &SchemeBinding) -> String {
+    match binding {
+        SchemeBinding::Token(src) => describe_credential_source(src),
+        SchemeBinding::Basic { username, password } => {
+            format!(
+                "HTTP basic — username: {}, password: {}",
+                describe_credential_source(username),
+                describe_credential_source(password),
+            )
+        }
+        SchemeBinding::Custom(_) => "custom auth provider".to_string(),
+    }
+}
+
+fn describe_credential_source(src: &AuthCredentialSource) -> String {
+    match src {
+        AuthCredentialSource::Env(name) => format!("`{name}` env var"),
+        AuthCredentialSource::Cli(arg) => format!("`--{arg}` flag"),
+        AuthCredentialSource::File(path) => format!("`{}` file", path.display()),
+        AuthCredentialSource::Literal(_) => "built-in literal".to_string(),
+        AuthCredentialSource::Closure(_) => "custom resolver".to_string(),
+        AuthCredentialSource::Chain(sources) => sources
+            .iter()
+            .map(describe_credential_source)
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+            .join(" or "),
+        AuthCredentialSource::Missing => "(unbound)".to_string(),
+    }
+}
+
+fn collect_env_vars(bindings: &[(String, SchemeBinding)]) -> Vec<String> {
+    let mut vars = Vec::new();
+    for (_, binding) in bindings {
+        collect_env_vars_from_binding(binding, &mut vars);
+    }
+    vars
+}
+
+fn collect_env_vars_from_binding(binding: &SchemeBinding, out: &mut Vec<String>) {
+    match binding {
+        SchemeBinding::Token(src) => collect_env_vars_from_source(src, out),
+        SchemeBinding::Basic { username, password } => {
+            collect_env_vars_from_source(username, out);
+            collect_env_vars_from_source(password, out);
+        }
+        SchemeBinding::Custom(_) => {}
+    }
+}
+
+fn collect_env_vars_from_source(src: &AuthCredentialSource, out: &mut Vec<String>) {
+    match src {
+        AuthCredentialSource::Env(name) if !out.contains(name) => {
+            out.push(name.clone());
+        }
+        AuthCredentialSource::Chain(sources) => {
+            for s in sources {
+                collect_env_vars_from_source(s, out);
+            }
+        }
+        _ => {}
+    }
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Per-group skill
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+fn render_group_skill(
+    doc: &RestDescription,
+    bin_name: &str,
+    group_name: &str,
+    resource: &RestResource,
+) -> String {
+    let mut out = String::new();
+
+    // Frontmatter
+    let skill_name = format!("{bin_name}-{group_name}");
+    let group_desc = group_description(doc, group_name);
+    let frontmatter_desc = text::truncate_description(&group_desc, FRONTMATTER_DESC_LIMIT, true);
+    write_frontmatter(&mut out, &skill_name, &frontmatter_desc);
+
+    // Title
+    let _ = writeln!(out, "# {group_name}\n");
+
+    // Prerequisite
+    let _ = writeln!(
+        out,
+        "> **PREREQUISITE:** Read `../{bin_name}-shared/SKILL.md` for auth, \
+         global flags, and output formatting. If missing, run \
+         `{bin_name} generate-skills` to create it.\n"
+    );
+
+    // Syntax
+    let _ = writeln!(out, "```bash");
+    let _ = writeln!(out, "{bin_name} {group_name} <method> [flags]");
+    let _ = writeln!(out, "```\n");
+
+    // API Resources tree
+    let _ = writeln!(out, "## API Resources\n");
+    render_resource_tree(&mut out, resource, 0);
+
+    // Discovering Commands
+    let _ = writeln!(out, "## Discovering Commands\n");
+    let _ = writeln!(out, "Before calling any API method, inspect it:\n");
+    let _ = writeln!(out, "```bash");
+    let _ = writeln!(out, "# Browse resources and methods");
+    let _ = writeln!(out, "{bin_name} {group_name} --help\n");
+    let _ = writeln!(out, "# Machine-readable operation list");
+    let _ = writeln!(out, "{bin_name} {group_name} --help --format json");
+    let _ = writeln!(out, "```\n");
+
+    out
+}
+
+fn group_description(doc: &RestDescription, group_name: &str) -> String {
+    // Try x-fern-groups metadata first
+    if let Some(info) = doc.groups.get(group_name) {
+        if let Some(ref summary) = info.summary {
+            return summary.clone();
+        }
+        if let Some(ref description) = info.description {
+            return first_sentence(description);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Fall back to spec title/description
+    if let Some(ref title) = doc.title {
+        return format!("{title}: Operations on {group_name}");
+    }
+    format!("Operations on {group_name}")
+}
+
+fn first_sentence(s: &str) -> String {
+    if let Some(idx) = s.find(". ") {
+        s[..=idx].to_string()
+    } else {
+        s.to_string()
+    }
+}
+
+fn render_resource_tree(out: &mut String, resource: &RestResource, depth: usize) {
+    // Render methods at this level — sorted
+    let mut method_names: Vec<&String> = resource.methods.keys().collect();
+    method_names.sort();
+    for method_name in method_names {
+        let method = &resource.methods[method_name];
+        let desc = method
+            .description
+            .as_deref()
+            .map(|d| text::truncate_description(d, text::CLI_DESCRIPTION_LIMIT, false))
+            .unwrap_or_default();
+        if desc.is_empty() {
+            let _ = writeln!(out, " - `{method_name}`");
+        } else {
+            let _ = writeln!(out, " - `{method_name}` — {desc}");
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Render sub-resources — sorted, with heading
+    let mut sub_names: Vec<&String> = resource.resources.keys().collect();
+    sub_names.sort();
+    for sub_name in sub_names {
+        let sub = &resource.resources[sub_name];
+        let heading_level = "#".repeat((3 + depth).min(6));
+        let _ = writeln!(out, "\n{heading_level} {sub_name}\n");
+        render_resource_tree(out, sub, depth + 1);
+    }
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Helpers
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+fn write_frontmatter(out: &mut String, name: &str, description: &str) {
+    let _ = writeln!(out, "---");
+    let _ = writeln!(out, "name: \"{}\"", escape_yaml_string(name));
+    let _ = writeln!(out, "description: \"{}\"", escape_yaml_string(description));
+    let _ = writeln!(out, "---\n");
+}
+
+fn escape_yaml_string(s: &str) -> String {
+    s.replace('\\', "\\\\")
+        .replace('"', "\\\"")
+        .replace('\n', "\\n")
+        .replace('\r', "\\r")
+        .replace('\t', "\\t")
+}
+
+/// Placeholder value for a method parameter, derived from format or type.
+pub fn example_placeholder(param: &crate::openapi::discovery::MethodParameter) -> String {
+    // Check format first
+    if let Some(ref fmt) = param.format {
+        match fmt.as_str() {
+            "email" => return "user@example.com".to_string(),
+            "uri" | "url" => return "https://example.com".to_string(),
+            "uuid" => return "<UUID>".to_string(),
+            "date" => return "2024-01-01".to_string(),
+            "date-time" => return "2024-01-01T00:00:00Z".to_string(),
+            "int32" | "int64" => return "42".to_string(),
+            "float" | "double" => return "3.14".to_string(),
+            _ => {}
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Fall back to type
+    match param.param_type.as_deref() {
+        Some("integer") => "42".to_string(),
+        Some("number") => "3.14".to_string(),
+        Some("boolean") => "true".to_string(),
+        Some("array") => "[]".to_string(),
+        Some("object") => "{}".to_string(),
+        _ => "<VALUE>".to_string(),
+    }
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Tests
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use std::collections::HashMap;
+    use crate::openapi::discovery::{MethodParameter, RestDescription, RestMethod, RestResource};
+
+    fn minimal_doc() -> RestDescription {
+        let mut resources = HashMap::new();
+        let mut methods = HashMap::new();
+        methods.insert(
+            "list".to_string(),
+            RestMethod {
+                description: Some("List all items.".to_string()),
+                http_method: "GET".to_string(),
+                path: "/items".to_string(),
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+        );
+        methods.insert(
+            "get".to_string(),
+            RestMethod {
+                description: Some("Get a single item by ID.".to_string()),
+                http_method: "GET".to_string(),
+                path: "/items/{id}".to_string(),
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+        );
+        resources.insert(
+            "items".to_string(),
+            RestResource {
+                methods,
+                resources: HashMap::new(),
+            },
+        );
+        RestDescription {
+            name: "test-api".to_string(),
+            title: Some("Test API".to_string()),
+            resources,
+            ..Default::default()
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn bindings_for(env_var: &str) -> Vec<(String, SchemeBinding)> {
+        vec![(
+            "bearerAuth".to_string(),
+            SchemeBinding::Token(AuthCredentialSource::Env(env_var.to_string())),
+        )]
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn generates_shared_and_group_files() {
+        let doc = minimal_doc();
+        let files = generate_skills(&doc, "testcli", &bindings_for("TEST_API_KEY"));
+        let names: Vec<String> = files.iter().map(|(p, _)| p.display().to_string()).collect();
+        assert!(names.contains(&"testcli-shared/SKILL.md".to_string()));
+        assert!(names.contains(&"testcli-items/SKILL.md".to_string()));
+        assert_eq!(files.len(), 2);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn shared_skill_has_valid_frontmatter() {
+        let doc = minimal_doc();
+        let files = generate_skills(&doc, "testcli", &bindings_for("TEST_API_KEY"));
+        let shared = &files[0].1;
+        assert!(shared.starts_with("---\n"));
+        assert!(shared.contains("name: \"testcli-shared\""));
+        assert!(shared.contains("description: \""));
+        // Verify closing frontmatter
+        let second_fence = shared[4..].find("---").unwrap() + 4;
+        assert!(second_fence > 4);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn group_skill_has_valid_frontmatter() {
+        let doc = minimal_doc();
+        let files = generate_skills(&doc, "testcli", &bindings_for("TEST_API_KEY"));
+        let group = &files[1].1;
+        assert!(group.starts_with("---\n"));
+        assert!(group.contains("name: \"testcli-items\""));
+        assert!(group.contains("description: \""));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn shared_skill_contains_auth_section() {
+        let doc = minimal_doc();
+        let files = generate_skills(&doc, "testcli", &bindings_for("TEST_API_KEY"));
+        let shared = &files[0].1;
+        assert!(shared.contains("## Authentication"));
+        assert!(shared.contains("TEST_API_KEY"));
+        assert!(shared.contains("bearerAuth"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn shared_skill_contains_global_flags() {
+        let doc = minimal_doc();
+        let files = generate_skills(&doc, "testcli", &[]);
+        let shared = &files[0].1;
+        assert!(shared.contains("## Global Flags"));
+        assert!(shared.contains("--dry-run"));
+        assert!(shared.contains("--format"));
+        assert!(shared.contains("--page-all"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn group_skill_lists_methods() {
+        let doc = minimal_doc();
+        let files = generate_skills(&doc, "testcli", &[]);
+        let group = &files[1].1;
+        assert!(group.contains("`get`"));
+        assert!(group.contains("`list`"));
+        assert!(group.contains("List all items."));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn group_skill_has_prerequisite_link() {
+        let doc = minimal_doc();
+        let files = generate_skills(&doc, "testcli", &[]);
+        let group = &files[1].1;
+        assert!(group.contains("testcli-shared/SKILL.md"));
+        assert!(group.contains("testcli generate-skills"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn group_skill_has_discovering_commands() {
+        let doc = minimal_doc();
+        let files = generate_skills(&doc, "testcli", &[]);
+        let group = &files[1].1;
+        assert!(group.contains("## Discovering Commands"));
+        assert!(group.contains("testcli items --help"));
+        assert!(group.contains("--help --format json"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn example_placeholder_format_driven() {
+        let email_param = MethodParameter {
+            format: Some("email".to_string()),
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        assert_eq!(example_placeholder(&email_param), "user@example.com");
+
+        let uuid_param = MethodParameter {
+            format: Some("uuid".to_string()),
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        assert_eq!(example_placeholder(&uuid_param), "<UUID>");
+
+        let int_param = MethodParameter {
+            format: Some("int64".to_string()),
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        assert_eq!(example_placeholder(&int_param), "42");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn example_placeholder_type_driven() {
+        let int_param = MethodParameter {
+            param_type: Some("integer".to_string()),
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        assert_eq!(example_placeholder(&int_param), "42");
+
+        let bool_param = MethodParameter {
+            param_type: Some("boolean".to_string()),
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        assert_eq!(example_placeholder(&bool_param), "true");
+
+        let string_param = MethodParameter {
+            param_type: Some("string".to_string()),
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        assert_eq!(example_placeholder(&string_param), "<VALUE>");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn example_placeholder_missing_fields() {
+        let empty = MethodParameter::default();
+        assert_eq!(example_placeholder(&empty), "<VALUE>");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn multi_level_resource_nesting() {
+        let mut inner_methods = HashMap::new();
+        inner_methods.insert(
+            "read".to_string(),
+            RestMethod {
+                description: Some("Read nested item.".to_string()),
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+        );
+
+        let mut sub_resources = HashMap::new();
+        sub_resources.insert(
+            "nested".to_string(),
+            RestResource {
+                methods: inner_methods,
+                resources: HashMap::new(),
+            },
+        );
+
+        let mut top_methods = HashMap::new();
+        top_methods.insert(
+            "list".to_string(),
+            RestMethod {
+                description: Some("List things.".to_string()),
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+        );
+
+        let mut resources = HashMap::new();
+        resources.insert(
+            "things".to_string(),
+            RestResource {
+                methods: top_methods,
+                resources: sub_resources,
+            },
+        );
+
+        let doc = RestDescription {
+            name: "api".to_string(),
+            resources,
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+
+        let files = generate_skills(&doc, "cli", &[]);
+        let group = &files[1].1;
+        assert!(group.contains("`list`"));
+        assert!(group.contains("### nested"));
+        assert!(group.contains("`read`"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn empty_resources_produces_only_shared() {
+        let doc = RestDescription {
+            name: "empty".to_string(),
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let files = generate_skills(&doc, "empty", &[]);
+        assert_eq!(files.len(), 1);
+        assert!(files[0].0.display().to_string().contains("shared"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn deterministic_output_across_calls() {
+        let doc = minimal_doc();
+        let bindings = bindings_for("KEY");
+        let a = generate_skills(&doc, "test", &bindings);
+        let b = generate_skills(&doc, "test", &bindings);
+        assert_eq!(a.len(), b.len());
+        for (fa, fb) in a.iter().zip(b.iter()) {
+            assert_eq!(fa.0, fb.0);
+            assert_eq!(fa.1, fb.1);
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn frontmatter_description_escapes_quotes() {
+        let mut resources = HashMap::new();
+        let mut methods = HashMap::new();
+        methods.insert(
+            "get".to_string(),
+            RestMethod::default(),
+        );
+        resources.insert(
+            "test".to_string(),
+            RestResource {
+                methods,
+                resources: HashMap::new(),
+            },
+        );
+
+        let doc = RestDescription {
+            name: "api".to_string(),
+            title: Some("API with \"quotes\"".to_string()),
+            resources,
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let files = generate_skills(&doc, "cli", &[]);
+        let group = &files[1].1;
+        assert!(group.contains("\\\"quotes\\\""));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/output.rs b/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/output.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..6ae0f1bea2a1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/output.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,231 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! Shared output helpers for terminal sanitization, coloring, and stderr
+//! messaging.
+//!
+//! Every function that prints untrusted content to the terminal should use
+//! these helpers to prevent escape-sequence injection, Unicode spoofing,
+//! and to respect `NO_COLOR` / non-TTY environments.
+
+use crate::error::CliError;
+
+// ── Dangerous character detection ─────────────────────────────────────
+
+/// Returns `true` for Unicode characters that are dangerous in terminal
+/// output but not caught by `char::is_control()`: zero-width chars, bidi
+/// overrides, Unicode line/paragraph separators, and directional isolates.
+///
+/// Using `matches!` with char ranges gives O(1) per character instead of the
+/// O(M) linear scan that a slice `.contains()` would require.
+pub(crate) fn is_dangerous_unicode(c: char) -> bool {
+    matches!(c,
+        // zero-width: ZWSP, ZWNJ, ZWJ, BOM/ZWNBSP
+        '\u{200B}'..='\u{200D}' | '\u{FEFF}' |
+        // bidi: LRE, RLE, PDF, LRO, RLO
+        '\u{202A}'..='\u{202E}' |
+        // line / paragraph separators
+        '\u{2028}'..='\u{2029}' |
+        // directional isolates: LRI, RLI, FSI, PDI
+        '\u{2066}'..='\u{2069}'
+    )
+}
+
+// ── Sanitization ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+/// Strip dangerous characters from untrusted text before printing to the
+/// terminal.  Removes ASCII control characters (except `\n` and `\t`,
+/// which are preserved for readability) and dangerous Unicode characters
+/// (bidi overrides, zero-width chars, line/paragraph separators).
+pub(crate) fn sanitize_for_terminal(text: &str) -> String {
+    text.chars()
+        .filter(|&c| {
+            if c == '\n' || c == '\t' {
+                return true;
+            }
+            if c.is_control() {
+                return false;
+            }
+            !is_dangerous_unicode(c)
+        })
+        .collect()
+}
+
+/// Rejects strings containing control characters (C0: U+0000–U+001F,
+/// C1: U+0080–U+009F, and DEL: U+007F) or dangerous Unicode characters
+/// such as zero-width chars, bidi overrides, and line/paragraph separators.
+///
+/// Used for validating CLI argument values at the parse boundary.
+pub(crate) fn reject_dangerous_chars(value: &str, flag_name: &str) -> Result<(), CliError> {
+    for c in value.chars() {
+        if c.is_control() {
+            return Err(CliError::Validation(format!(
+                "{flag_name} contains invalid control characters"
+            )));
+        }
+        if is_dangerous_unicode(c) {
+            return Err(CliError::Validation(format!(
+                "{flag_name} contains invalid Unicode characters"
+            )));
+        }
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+// ── Color ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+/// Returns true when stderr is connected to an interactive terminal and
+/// `NO_COLOR` is not set, meaning ANSI color codes will be visible.
+pub(crate) fn stderr_supports_color() -> bool {
+    use std::io::IsTerminal;
+    std::io::stderr().is_terminal() && std::env::var_os("NO_COLOR").is_none()
+}
+
+/// Wrap `text` in ANSI bold + the given color code, resetting afterwards.
+/// Returns the plain text unchanged when stderr is not a TTY or `NO_COLOR`
+/// is set.
+pub(crate) fn colorize(text: &str, ansi_color: &str) -> String {
+    if stderr_supports_color() && ansi_color.chars().all(|c| c.is_ascii_digit()) {
+        format!("\x1b[1;{ansi_color}m{text}\x1b[0m")
+    } else {
+        text.to_string()
+    }
+}
+
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    // ── sanitize_for_terminal ─────────────────────────────────────
+
+    #[test]
+    fn sanitize_strips_ansi_escape_sequences() {
+        let input = "normal \x1b[31mred text\x1b[0m end";
+        let sanitized = sanitize_for_terminal(input);
+        assert_eq!(sanitized, "normal [31mred text[0m end");
+        assert!(!sanitized.contains('\x1b'));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn sanitize_preserves_newlines_and_tabs() {
+        let input = "line1\nline2\ttab";
+        assert_eq!(sanitize_for_terminal(input), "line1\nline2\ttab");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn sanitize_strips_bell_and_backspace() {
+        let input = "hello\x07bell\x08backspace";
+        assert_eq!(sanitize_for_terminal(input), "hellobellbackspace");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn sanitize_strips_carriage_return() {
+        let input = "real\rfake";
+        assert_eq!(sanitize_for_terminal(input), "realfake");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn sanitize_strips_bidi_overrides() {
+        let input = "hello\u{202E}dlrow";
+        assert_eq!(sanitize_for_terminal(input), "hellodlrow");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn sanitize_strips_zero_width_chars() {
+        assert_eq!(sanitize_for_terminal("foo\u{200B}bar"), "foobar");
+        assert_eq!(sanitize_for_terminal("foo\u{FEFF}bar"), "foobar");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn sanitize_strips_line_separators() {
+        assert_eq!(sanitize_for_terminal("line1\u{2028}line2"), "line1line2");
+        assert_eq!(sanitize_for_terminal("para1\u{2029}para2"), "para1para2");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn sanitize_strips_directional_isolates() {
+        assert_eq!(sanitize_for_terminal("a\u{2066}b\u{2069}c"), "abc");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn sanitize_preserves_normal_unicode() {
+        assert_eq!(sanitize_for_terminal("日本語 café αβγ"), "日本語 café αβγ");
+    }
+
+    // ── reject_dangerous_chars ────────────────────────────────────
+
+    #[test]
+    fn reject_clean_string() {
+        assert!(reject_dangerous_chars("hello/world", "test").is_ok());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn reject_tab() {
+        assert!(reject_dangerous_chars("hello\tworld", "test").is_err());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn reject_newline() {
+        assert!(reject_dangerous_chars("hello\nworld", "test").is_err());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn reject_del() {
+        assert!(reject_dangerous_chars("hello\x7Fworld", "test").is_err());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn reject_zero_width_space() {
+        assert!(reject_dangerous_chars("foo\u{200B}bar", "test").is_err());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn reject_bom() {
+        assert!(reject_dangerous_chars("foo\u{FEFF}bar", "test").is_err());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn reject_rtl_override() {
+        assert!(reject_dangerous_chars("foo\u{202E}bar", "test").is_err());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn reject_line_separator() {
+        assert!(reject_dangerous_chars("foo\u{2028}bar", "test").is_err());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn reject_paragraph_separator() {
+        assert!(reject_dangerous_chars("foo\u{2029}bar", "test").is_err());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn reject_zero_width_joiner() {
+        assert!(reject_dangerous_chars("foo\u{200D}bar", "test").is_err());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn reject_preserves_normal_unicode() {
+        assert!(reject_dangerous_chars("日本語", "test").is_ok());
+        assert!(reject_dangerous_chars("café", "test").is_ok());
+        assert!(reject_dangerous_chars("αβγ", "test").is_ok());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn reject_c1_control_csi() {
+        // U+009B is the C1 "Control Sequence Introducer" — can inject
+        // terminal escape sequences just like ESC+[
+        assert!(reject_dangerous_chars("foo\u{009B}bar", "test").is_err());
+    }
+
+    // ── colorize ──────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+    #[test]
+    fn colorize_returns_text_in_no_color_mode() {
+        // In test environment, stderr is typically not a TTY
+        let result = colorize("hello", "31");
+        // Either plain text (no TTY) or colored (TTY) — we just verify
+        // it contains the original text
+        assert!(result.contains("hello"));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/stability.rs b/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/stability.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..82a0536b7f60
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/stability.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,127 @@
+//! Stability levels for commands in the CLI tree.
+//!
+//! Commands can be annotated with a [`Stability`] level. Pre-GA commands
+//! are hidden from `--help` and gated behind `--maturity <level>`.
+
+/// Stability level for a command or command group.
+///
+/// Ordered most-mature → least: `Stable > Rc > Beta > Alpha > EarlyAccess`.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[non_exhaustive]
+pub enum Stability {
+    Stable,
+    Rc,
+    Beta,
+    Alpha,
+    EarlyAccess,
+    Deprecated {
+        message: String,
+        replacement: Option<String>,
+        removed_in: Option<String>,
+    },
+    Removed {
+        message: String,
+    },
+}
+
+impl Stability {
+    /// Numeric rank for maturity comparison. Lower = more mature.
+    /// `Deprecated` and `Removed` are special — they are always visible
+    /// (with a badge) and don't participate in maturity gating.
+    pub fn rank(&self) -> u8 {
+        match self {
+            Self::Stable => 0,
+            Self::Rc => 1,
+            Self::Beta => 2,
+            Self::Alpha => 3,
+            Self::EarlyAccess => 4,
+            Self::Deprecated { .. } => 0, // always visible
+            Self::Removed { .. } => 255,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Badge text shown in `--help` output (e.g. `[beta]`, `[deprecated]`).
+    pub fn badge(&self) -> Option<&'static str> {
+        match self {
+            Self::Stable => None,
+            Self::Rc => Some("[rc]"),
+            Self::Beta => Some("[beta]"),
+            Self::Alpha => Some("[alpha]"),
+            Self::EarlyAccess => Some("[early-access]"),
+            Self::Deprecated { .. } => Some("[deprecated]"),
+            Self::Removed { .. } => Some("[removed]"),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns `true` if this command should be visible at the given
+    /// maturity level (lower rank = more mature).
+    pub fn visible_at(&self, maturity_rank: u8) -> bool {
+        match self {
+            // Deprecated commands are always visible (with badge).
+            Self::Deprecated { .. } => true,
+            // Removed commands are never visible.
+            Self::Removed { .. } => false,
+            // GA and pre-GA: visible if the user's threshold allows it.
+            _ => self.rank() <= maturity_rank,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn rank_ordering() {
+        assert!(Stability::Stable.rank() < Stability::Rc.rank());
+        assert!(Stability::Rc.rank() < Stability::Beta.rank());
+        assert!(Stability::Beta.rank() < Stability::Alpha.rank());
+        assert!(Stability::Alpha.rank() < Stability::EarlyAccess.rank());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn visible_at_threshold() {
+        // Stable is always visible at default (0)
+        assert!(Stability::Stable.visible_at(0));
+        // Beta is NOT visible at default (0)
+        assert!(!Stability::Beta.visible_at(0));
+        // Beta IS visible at rank 2+
+        assert!(Stability::Beta.visible_at(2));
+        assert!(Stability::Beta.visible_at(4));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn deprecated_always_visible() {
+        let dep = Stability::Deprecated {
+            message: "use v2".into(),
+            replacement: None,
+            removed_in: None,
+        };
+        assert!(dep.visible_at(0));
+        assert!(dep.visible_at(4));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn removed_never_visible() {
+        let rem = Stability::Removed {
+            message: "gone".into(),
+        };
+        assert!(!rem.visible_at(0));
+        assert!(!rem.visible_at(255));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn badge_text() {
+        assert_eq!(Stability::Stable.badge(), None);
+        assert_eq!(Stability::Beta.badge(), Some("[beta]"));
+        assert_eq!(
+            Stability::Deprecated {
+                message: String::new(),
+                replacement: None,
+                removed_in: None,
+            }
+            .badge(),
+            Some("[deprecated]")
+        );
+    }
+}
diff --git a/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/text.rs b/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/text.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..b66cb4446ae2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/text.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,327 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+/// Max chars for CLI `--help` method descriptions (terminal-width friendly).
+pub const CLI_DESCRIPTION_LIMIT: usize = 200;
+
+/// Convert a parameter name to an idiomatic kebab-case CLI flag.
+///
+/// Handles snake_case (`min_start_time` → `min-start-time`), camelCase
+/// (`pageToken` → `page-token`), and Header-Case names that already
+/// contain dashes (`Idempotency-Key` → `idempotency-key`). Adjacent
+/// separator characters never produce double dashes — both `_` and `-`
+/// collapse to a single `-`, and an uppercase letter that immediately
+/// follows a separator is *not* preceded by an additional dash.
+pub fn to_kebab_flag(s: &str) -> String {
+    let mut result = String::with_capacity(s.len() + 4);
+    for (i, ch) in s.chars().enumerate() {
+        if ch == '_' || ch == '-' {
+            if !result.is_empty() && !result.ends_with('-') {
+                result.push('-');
+            }
+        } else if ch.is_uppercase() {
+            if i > 0 && !result.is_empty() && !result.ends_with('-') {
+                result.push('-');
+            }
+            result.push(ch.to_lowercase().next().unwrap());
+        } else {
+            result.push(ch);
+        }
+    }
+    result
+}
+
+/// Convert an identifier to SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE, the canonical env-var
+/// spelling for `--<kebab>` flags.
+///
+/// Mirrors [`to_kebab_flag`] then uppercases and swaps hyphens for
+/// underscores: `pageToken` → `PAGE_TOKEN`, `min_start_time` →
+/// `MIN_START_TIME`, `garden-id` → `GARDEN_ID`. Used by
+/// `x-fern-sdk-variables` to derive the env-var fallback for each global.
+pub fn to_screaming_snake(s: &str) -> String {
+    to_kebab_flag(s).to_ascii_uppercase().replace('-', "_")
+}
+
+/// Truncates a description string to `max_chars` using smart boundaries.
+///
+/// When `strip_links` is true, markdown links `[text](url)` are replaced with
+/// just `text` to reclaim character budget (useful for CLI help / frontmatter).
+/// When false, links are preserved (useful for skill body text where agents can
+/// follow URLs).
+///
+/// Truncation strategy:
+/// 1. If a complete sentence (ending in `. `) fits within the limit, truncate there.
+/// 2. Otherwise, break at the last word boundary (space) and append `…`.
+/// 3. If no space exists, hard-cut at `max_chars - 1` and append `…`.
+pub fn truncate_description(desc: &str, max_chars: usize, strip_links: bool) -> String {
+    if max_chars == 0 {
+        return String::new();
+    }
+
+    let cleaned = if strip_links {
+        strip_markdown_links(desc)
+    } else {
+        desc.to_string()
+    };
+    let trimmed = cleaned.trim();
+
+    // Count chars (UTF-8 safe)
+    let char_count = trimmed.chars().count();
+    if char_count <= max_chars {
+        return trimmed.to_string();
+    }
+
+    // Collect the first `max_chars` characters as a string to search within.
+    let prefix: String = trimmed.chars().take(max_chars).collect();
+
+    // Try to find the last complete sentence within the limit.
+    // A sentence ends with ". " followed by more text, or "." at the end of
+    // the prefix. We look for the last ". " to find a sentence boundary.
+    if let Some(sentence_end) = find_last_sentence_boundary(&prefix) {
+        let truncated: String = trimmed.chars().take(sentence_end).collect();
+        return truncated;
+    }
+
+    // Fall back to last word boundary (space) within the limit.
+    if let Some(last_space) = rfind_char_boundary(&prefix, ' ') {
+        let truncated: String = trimmed.chars().take(last_space).collect();
+        return format!("{truncated}…");
+    }
+
+    // Hard cut — no spaces at all
+    let truncated: String = trimmed.chars().take(max_chars - 1).collect();
+    format!("{truncated}…")
+}
+
+/// Strips markdown-style links `[text](url)` and replaces them with just `text`.
+fn strip_markdown_links(s: &str) -> String {
+    let mut result = String::with_capacity(s.len());
+    let chars: Vec<char> = s.chars().collect();
+    let len = chars.len();
+    let mut i = 0;
+
+    while i < len {
+        if chars[i] == '[' {
+            // Look for the closing ] followed by (
+            if let Some(close_bracket) = find_char_from(&chars, ']', i + 1) {
+                if close_bracket + 1 < len && chars[close_bracket + 1] == '(' {
+                    if let Some(close_paren) = find_char_from(&chars, ')', close_bracket + 2) {
+                        // Found a complete [text](url) — emit just the text
+                        result.extend(&chars[i + 1..close_bracket]);
+                        i = close_paren + 1;
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        result.push(chars[i]);
+        i += 1;
+    }
+
+    result
+}
+
+/// Finds the character-index of `target` starting from position `from`.
+fn find_char_from(chars: &[char], target: char, from: usize) -> Option<usize> {
+    chars[from..]
+        .iter()
+        .position(|&c| c == target)
+        .map(|p| from + p)
+}
+
+/// Finds the last sentence boundary within a char-indexed string.
+/// A sentence boundary is a position right after ". " where we can cleanly cut.
+/// Returns the char-count to include (up to and including the period).
+fn find_last_sentence_boundary(prefix: &str) -> Option<usize> {
+    let chars: Vec<char> = prefix.chars().collect();
+    let mut last_boundary = None;
+
+    for (i, _) in chars.iter().enumerate() {
+        if chars[i] == '.' {
+            let after_period = i + 1;
+            // Sentence boundary: period followed by a space, or period at end of prefix
+            if after_period == chars.len()
+                || (after_period < chars.len() && chars[after_period] == ' ')
+            {
+                last_boundary = Some(after_period);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    last_boundary
+}
+
+/// Finds the last occurrence of `target` in a string, returning its char-index.
+fn rfind_char_boundary(s: &str, target: char) -> Option<usize> {
+    let chars: Vec<char> = s.chars().collect();
+    chars.iter().rposition(|&c| c == target)
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn short_desc_unchanged() {
+        let desc = "Lists all files.";
+        assert_eq!(truncate_description(desc, 200, true), "Lists all files.");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn truncate_at_sentence_boundary() {
+        let desc = "Creates a file in Drive. This method supports multipart upload. See the guide for details on how to use it.";
+        // At limit 30, only the first sentence fits before the sentence boundary.
+        let result = truncate_description(desc, 30, true);
+        assert_eq!(result, "Creates a file in Drive.");
+
+        // At limit 70, both first and second sentences fit.
+        let result = truncate_description(desc, 70, true);
+        assert_eq!(
+            result,
+            "Creates a file in Drive. This method supports multipart upload."
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn truncate_at_word_boundary() {
+        let desc = "Create a guest user with access to a subset of Workspace capabilities";
+        let result = truncate_description(desc, 50, true);
+        // Should cut at the last space before char 50
+        assert!(result.ends_with('…'));
+        assert!(result.len() <= 55); // 50 chars + ellipsis
+        assert!(!result.contains("capabil")); // Should not cut mid-word
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn hard_cut_no_spaces() {
+        let desc = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz";
+        let result = truncate_description(desc, 10, true);
+        assert_eq!(result, "abcdefghi…");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn strips_markdown_links() {
+        let desc = "Create a guest user with access to a [subset of Workspace capabilities](https://support.google.com/a/answer/16558545). This feature is in Alpha.";
+        let result = truncate_description(desc, 200, true);
+        assert_eq!(
+            result,
+            "Create a guest user with access to a subset of Workspace capabilities. This feature is in Alpha."
+        );
+        assert!(!result.contains("https://"));
+        assert!(!result.contains('['));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn preserves_links_when_strip_links_false() {
+        let desc = "Create a guest user with access to a [subset of Workspace capabilities](https://support.google.com/a/answer/16558545). This feature is in Alpha.";
+        let result = truncate_description(desc, 500, false);
+        assert!(result.contains("https://support.google.com"));
+        assert!(result.contains("[subset of Workspace capabilities]"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn strips_markdown_links_and_truncates() {
+        let desc = "Create a guest user with access to a [subset of Workspace capabilities](https://support.google.com/a/answer/16558545). This feature is currently in Alpha. Please reach out to support if you are interested in enabling this feature.";
+        let result = truncate_description(desc, 120, true);
+        // After stripping the link, the sentence boundary should work.
+        assert!(result.contains("subset of Workspace capabilities."));
+        assert!(!result.contains("https://"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn multibyte_safe() {
+        let desc = "Résumé création für Ñoño — a long description that should be safely truncated at word boundaries without panicking on multi-byte chars";
+        let result = truncate_description(desc, 30, true);
+        assert!(result.ends_with('…') || result.chars().count() <= 30);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn empty_and_whitespace() {
+        assert_eq!(truncate_description("", 100, true), "");
+        assert_eq!(truncate_description("   ", 100, true), "");
+        assert_eq!(truncate_description("", 0, true), "");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_strip_markdown_links() {
+        assert_eq!(strip_markdown_links("[text](http://example.com)"), "text");
+        assert_eq!(
+            strip_markdown_links("Use [this link](http://a.com) and [that](http://b.com) too"),
+            "Use this link and that too"
+        );
+        assert_eq!(strip_markdown_links("no links here"), "no links here");
+        // Incomplete link syntax should be left alone
+        assert_eq!(strip_markdown_links("[broken"), "[broken");
+        assert_eq!(strip_markdown_links("[text]no-parens"), "[text]no-parens");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn preserves_sentence_ending_at_limit() {
+        let desc = "Deletes a user.";
+        assert_eq!(truncate_description(desc, 15, true), "Deletes a user.");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn does_not_cut_url_looking_periods() {
+        // Periods in URLs or abbreviations like "v1." shouldn't be treated as sentence ends
+        // unless followed by a space
+        let desc = "See the docs at developers.google.com for more details on this API endpoint";
+        let result = truncate_description(desc, 50, true);
+        // Should truncate at word boundary, not at "developers."
+        assert!(result.ends_with('…'));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn sentence_boundary_at_exact_limit() {
+        // Period falls exactly at the end of the prefix — should still detect it
+        let desc = "This is a complete sentence. And more text follows here.";
+        let result = truncate_description(desc, 28, true);
+        assert_eq!(result, "This is a complete sentence.");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn zero_max_chars() {
+        assert_eq!(truncate_description("anything", 0, true), "");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_to_kebab_flag() {
+        // snake_case
+        assert_eq!(to_kebab_flag("page_token"), "page-token");
+        assert_eq!(to_kebab_flag("user_id"), "user-id");
+        assert_eq!(to_kebab_flag("min_start_time"), "min-start-time");
+        assert_eq!(to_kebab_flag("a_b_c"), "a-b-c");
+        // camelCase
+        assert_eq!(to_kebab_flag("pageToken"), "page-token");
+        assert_eq!(to_kebab_flag("userId"), "user-id");
+        assert_eq!(to_kebab_flag("minStartTime"), "min-start-time");
+        assert_eq!(to_kebab_flag("eventTypeURI"), "event-type-u-r-i");
+        // already kebab or simple
+        assert_eq!(to_kebab_flag("simple"), "simple");
+        assert_eq!(to_kebab_flag("uuid"), "uuid");
+        assert_eq!(to_kebab_flag(""), "");
+        // Header-Case (HTTP header names — idempotency headers, custom
+        // headers — pass through to the flag builder as-is via the
+        // synthetic-parameter path).
+        assert_eq!(to_kebab_flag("Idempotency-Key"), "idempotency-key");
+        assert_eq!(to_kebab_flag("X-Request-Id"), "x-request-id");
+        assert_eq!(to_kebab_flag("Content-Type"), "content-type");
+        // Defensive: doubled separators in mixed-case inputs collapse.
+        assert_eq!(to_kebab_flag("foo--bar"), "foo-bar");
+        assert_eq!(to_kebab_flag("foo__bar"), "foo-bar");
+        assert_eq!(to_kebab_flag("-leading-dash"), "leading-dash");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_to_screaming_snake() {
+        // camelCase → SCREAMING_SNAKE
+        assert_eq!(to_screaming_snake("gardenId"), "GARDEN_ID");
+        assert_eq!(to_screaming_snake("pageToken"), "PAGE_TOKEN");
+        // snake_case stays underscore-delimited and uppercases
+        assert_eq!(to_screaming_snake("min_start_time"), "MIN_START_TIME");
+        // kebab inputs flatten the same way as camel
+        assert_eq!(to_screaming_snake("garden-id"), "GARDEN_ID");
+        // single token
+        assert_eq!(to_screaming_snake("uuid"), "UUID");
+        assert_eq!(to_screaming_snake(""), "");
+    }
+}
diff --git a/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/validate.rs b/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/validate.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..8371b99969ca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/validate.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,839 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! Shared input validation helpers.
+//!
+//! These functions harden CLI inputs against adversarial or accidentally
+//! malformed values — especially important when the CLI is invoked by an
+//! LLM agent rather than a human operator.
+
+use crate::error::CliError;
+use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
+
+use crate::output::reject_dangerous_chars as reject_control_chars;
+
+/// Validates that `dir` is a safe output directory.
+///
+/// The path is resolved relative to CWD. The function rejects paths that
+/// would escape above CWD (e.g. `../../.ssh`) or contain null bytes /
+/// control characters.
+///
+/// Returns the canonicalized path on success.
+pub fn validate_safe_output_dir(dir: &str) -> Result<PathBuf, CliError> {
+    reject_control_chars(dir, "--output-dir")?;
+
+    let path = Path::new(dir);
+
+    // Reject absolute paths — force everything relative to CWD
+    if path.is_absolute() {
+        return Err(CliError::Validation(format!(
+            "--output-dir must be a relative path, got absolute path '{dir}'"
+        )));
+    }
+
+    // Canonicalize CWD and resolve the target under it
+    let cwd = std::env::current_dir()
+        .map_err(|e| CliError::Validation(format!("Failed to determine current directory: {e}")))?;
+    let resolved = cwd.join(path);
+
+    // If the directory already exists, canonicalize. Otherwise, canonicalize
+    // the longest existing prefix and append the remaining segments.
+    let canonical = if resolved.exists() {
+        resolved.canonicalize().map_err(|e| {
+            CliError::Validation(format!("Failed to resolve --output-dir '{dir}': {e}"))
+        })?
+    } else {
+        normalize_non_existing(&resolved)?
+    };
+
+    let canonical_cwd = cwd.canonicalize().map_err(|e| {
+        CliError::Validation(format!("Failed to canonicalize current directory: {e}"))
+    })?;
+
+    if !canonical.starts_with(&canonical_cwd) {
+        return Err(CliError::Validation(format!(
+            "--output-dir '{dir}' resolves to '{}' which is outside the current directory",
+            canonical.display()
+        )));
+    }
+
+    Ok(canonical)
+}
+
+/// Validates that `dir` is a safe directory for reading files (e.g. `--dir`
+/// in `script +push`).
+///
+/// Similar to [`validate_safe_output_dir`] but also follows symlinks
+/// safely and ensures the resolved path stays under CWD.
+pub fn validate_safe_dir_path(dir: &str) -> Result<PathBuf, CliError> {
+    reject_control_chars(dir, "--dir")?;
+
+    let path = Path::new(dir);
+
+    // "." is always safe (CWD itself)
+    if dir == "." {
+        return std::env::current_dir().map_err(|e| {
+            CliError::Validation(format!("Failed to determine current directory: {e}"))
+        });
+    }
+
+    if path.is_absolute() {
+        return Err(CliError::Validation(format!(
+            "--dir must be a relative path, got absolute path '{dir}'"
+        )));
+    }
+
+    let cwd = std::env::current_dir()
+        .map_err(|e| CliError::Validation(format!("Failed to determine current directory: {e}")))?;
+    let resolved = cwd.join(path);
+
+    let canonical = resolved
+        .canonicalize()
+        .map_err(|e| CliError::Validation(format!("Failed to resolve --dir '{dir}': {e}")))?;
+
+    let canonical_cwd = cwd.canonicalize().map_err(|e| {
+        CliError::Validation(format!("Failed to canonicalize current directory: {e}"))
+    })?;
+
+    if !canonical.starts_with(&canonical_cwd) {
+        return Err(CliError::Validation(format!(
+            "--dir '{dir}' resolves to '{}' which is outside the current directory",
+            canonical.display()
+        )));
+    }
+
+    Ok(canonical)
+}
+
+/// Validates that a file path (e.g. `--upload` or `--output`) is safe.
+///
+/// Rejects paths that escape above CWD via `..` traversal, contain
+/// control characters, or follow symlinks to locations outside CWD.
+/// Absolute paths are allowed (reading an existing file from a known
+/// location is legitimate) but the resolved target must still live
+/// under CWD.
+///
+/// # TOCTOU caveat
+///
+/// This is a best-effort defence-in-depth check. A local attacker with
+/// write access to a parent directory could replace a path component
+/// between this validation and the subsequent I/O. Fully eliminating
+/// TOCTOU would require `openat(O_NOFOLLOW)` on each path component,
+/// which is tracked as a follow-up for Unix platforms.
+pub fn validate_safe_file_path(path_str: &str, flag_name: &str) -> Result<PathBuf, CliError> {
+    reject_control_chars(path_str, flag_name)?;
+
+    let path = Path::new(path_str);
+    let cwd = std::env::current_dir()
+        .map_err(|e| CliError::Validation(format!("Failed to determine current directory: {e}")))?;
+
+    let resolved = if path.is_absolute() {
+        path.to_path_buf()
+    } else {
+        cwd.join(path)
+    };
+
+    // For existing files, canonicalize to resolve symlinks.
+    // For non-existing files, get the prefix canonicalized then normalize
+    // the remaining components to resolve any `..` or `.` segments.
+    let canonical = if resolved.exists() {
+        resolved.canonicalize().map_err(|e| {
+            CliError::Validation(format!("Failed to resolve {flag_name} '{path_str}': {e}"))
+        })?
+    } else {
+        let raw = normalize_non_existing(&resolved)?;
+        // normalize_non_existing does NOT resolve `..` in the non-existent
+        // suffix. We must resolve them here to prevent bypass via paths like
+        // `non_existent/../../etc/passwd`.
+        normalize_dotdot(&raw)
+    };
+
+    let canonical_cwd = cwd.canonicalize().map_err(|e| {
+        CliError::Validation(format!("Failed to canonicalize current directory: {e}"))
+    })?;
+
+    if !canonical.starts_with(&canonical_cwd) {
+        return Err(CliError::Validation(format!(
+            "{flag_name} '{}' resolves to '{}' which is outside the current directory",
+            path_str,
+            canonical.display()
+        )));
+    }
+
+    Ok(canonical)
+}
+
+/// Resolve `.` and `..` components in a path without touching the filesystem.
+fn normalize_dotdot(path: &Path) -> PathBuf {
+    let mut out = PathBuf::new();
+    for component in path.components() {
+        match component {
+            std::path::Component::ParentDir => {
+                out.pop();
+            }
+            std::path::Component::CurDir => {}
+            c => out.push(c),
+        }
+    }
+    out
+}
+
+// reject_control_chars is now a re-export from crate::output (see top of file)
+
+/// Resolves a path that may not exist yet by canonicalizing the existing
+/// prefix and appending remaining components.
+fn normalize_non_existing(path: &Path) -> Result<PathBuf, CliError> {
+    let mut resolved = PathBuf::new();
+    let mut remaining = Vec::new();
+
+    // Walk backwards until we find a component that exists
+    let mut current = path.to_path_buf();
+    loop {
+        if current.exists() {
+            resolved = current
+                .canonicalize()
+                .map_err(|e| CliError::Validation(format!("Failed to canonicalize path: {e}")))?;
+            break;
+        }
+        if let Some(name) = current.file_name() {
+            remaining.push(name.to_os_string());
+        } else {
+            // We've exhausted the path without finding an existing prefix
+            return Err(CliError::Validation(format!(
+                "Cannot resolve path '{}'",
+                path.display()
+            )));
+        }
+        current = match current.parent() {
+            Some(p) => p.to_path_buf(),
+            None => break,
+        };
+    }
+
+    // Append remaining segments (in reverse since we collected them backwards)
+    for seg in remaining.into_iter().rev() {
+        resolved.push(seg);
+    }
+
+    Ok(resolved)
+}
+
+/// Characters to encode in a single URL path segment. Keeps RFC 3986 §2.3
+/// unreserved characters that commonly appear in resource IDs (`-` and `_`)
+/// unencoded; encodes everything else including `.` (dots appear in email-style
+/// calendar IDs and should not carry path semantics).
+use percent_encoding::{AsciiSet, CONTROLS};
+const PATH_SEGMENT: &AsciiSet = &CONTROLS
+    .add(b' ').add(b'!').add(b'"').add(b'#').add(b'$').add(b'%')
+    .add(b'&').add(b'\'').add(b'(').add(b')').add(b'*').add(b'+')
+    .add(b',').add(b'.').add(b'/').add(b':').add(b';').add(b'<')
+    .add(b'=').add(b'>').add(b'?').add(b'@').add(b'[').add(b'\\')
+    .add(b']').add(b'^').add(b'`').add(b'{').add(b'|').add(b'}')
+    .add(b'~');
+
+/// Percent-encode a value for use as a single URL path segment (e.g., file ID,
+/// calendar ID, message ID). Hyphens and underscores are left unencoded since
+/// they are unreserved per RFC 3986 and ubiquitous in resource IDs.
+pub fn encode_path_segment(s: &str) -> String {
+    use percent_encoding::utf8_percent_encode;
+    utf8_percent_encode(s, PATH_SEGMENT).to_string()
+}
+
+/// Percent-encode a value for use in URI path templates where `/` should stay
+/// as a path separator (e.g., RFC 6570 `{+name}` expansions).
+///
+/// Each path segment is encoded independently, then joined with `/`, so
+/// dangerous characters like `#`/`?` are still escaped while hierarchical
+/// resource names such as `projects/p/locations/l` remain readable.
+pub fn encode_path_preserving_slashes(s: &str) -> String {
+    s.split('/')
+        .map(encode_path_segment)
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+        .join("/")
+}
+
+/// Validate a multi-segment resource name (e.g., `spaces/ABC`, `subscriptions/123`).
+/// Rejects path traversal, control characters, and URL-special characters including `%`
+/// to prevent URL-encoded bypasses. Returns the validated name or an error.
+pub fn validate_resource_name(s: &str) -> Result<&str, CliError> {
+    if s.is_empty() {
+        return Err(CliError::Validation(
+            "Resource name must not be empty".to_string(),
+        ));
+    }
+    if s.split('/').any(|seg| seg == "..") {
+        return Err(CliError::Validation(format!(
+            "Resource name must not contain path traversal ('..') segments: {s}"
+        )));
+    }
+    if s.chars()
+        .any(|c| c == '\0' || c.is_control() || crate::output::is_dangerous_unicode(c))
+    {
+        return Err(CliError::Validation(format!(
+            "Resource name contains invalid characters: {s}"
+        )));
+    }
+    // Reject URL-special characters that could inject query params or fragments
+    if s.contains('?') || s.contains('#') {
+        return Err(CliError::Validation(format!(
+            "Resource name must not contain '?' or '#': {s}"
+        )));
+    }
+    // Reject '%' to prevent URL-encoded bypasses (e.g. %2e%2e for ..)
+    if s.contains('%') {
+        return Err(CliError::Validation(format!(
+            "Resource name must not contain '%' (URL encoding bypass attempt): {s}"
+        )));
+    }
+    Ok(s)
+}
+
+/// Validate an API identifier (service name, version string) for use in
+/// cache filenames and discovery URLs. Only alphanumeric characters, hyphens,
+/// underscores, and dots are allowed to prevent path traversal and injection.
+pub fn validate_api_identifier(s: &str) -> Result<&str, CliError> {
+    if s.is_empty() {
+        return Err(CliError::Validation(
+            "API identifier must not be empty".to_string(),
+        ));
+    }
+    if !s
+        .chars()
+        .all(|c| c.is_ascii_alphanumeric() || c == '-' || c == '_' || c == '.')
+    {
+        return Err(CliError::Validation(format!(
+            "API identifier contains invalid characters (only alphanumeric, '-', '_', '.' allowed): {s}"
+        )));
+    }
+    Ok(s)
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use serial_test::serial;
+    use std::fs;
+    use tempfile::tempdir;
+
+    // --- validate_safe_output_dir ---
+
+    #[test]
+    #[serial]
+    fn test_output_dir_relative_subdir() {
+        // Create a real temp dir and change into it for the test
+        let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
+        // Canonicalize to handle macOS /var -> /private/var symlink
+        let canonical_dir = dir.path().canonicalize().unwrap();
+        let sub = canonical_dir.join("output");
+        fs::create_dir_all(&sub).unwrap();
+
+        let saved_cwd = std::env::current_dir().unwrap();
+        std::env::set_current_dir(&canonical_dir).unwrap();
+
+        let result = validate_safe_output_dir("output");
+        std::env::set_current_dir(&saved_cwd).unwrap();
+
+        assert!(result.is_ok(), "expected Ok, got: {result:?}");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    #[serial]
+    fn test_output_dir_rejects_symlink_traversal() {
+        let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
+        let canonical_dir = dir.path().canonicalize().unwrap();
+
+        // Create a directory inside the tempdir
+        let allowed_dir = canonical_dir.join("allowed");
+        fs::create_dir(&allowed_dir).unwrap();
+
+        // Create a symlink pointing OUTSIDE the tempdir (e.g. to /tmp)
+        let symlink_path = canonical_dir.join("sneaky_link");
+        #[cfg(unix)]
+        std::os::unix::fs::symlink("/tmp", &symlink_path).unwrap();
+        #[cfg(windows)]
+        return; // Skip on Windows due to privilege requirements for symlinks
+
+        let saved_cwd = std::env::current_dir().unwrap();
+        std::env::set_current_dir(&canonical_dir).unwrap();
+
+        // Try to validate the symlink resolving outside CWD
+        let result = validate_safe_output_dir("sneaky_link");
+        std::env::set_current_dir(&saved_cwd).unwrap();
+
+        assert!(result.is_err());
+        let msg = result.unwrap_err().to_string();
+        assert!(msg.contains("outside the current directory"), "got: {msg}");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    #[serial]
+    fn test_output_dir_rejects_traversal() {
+        let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
+        let canonical_dir = dir.path().canonicalize().unwrap();
+        let saved_cwd = std::env::current_dir().unwrap();
+        std::env::set_current_dir(&canonical_dir).unwrap();
+
+        let result = validate_safe_output_dir("../../.ssh");
+        std::env::set_current_dir(&saved_cwd).unwrap();
+
+        assert!(result.is_err());
+        let msg = result.unwrap_err().to_string();
+        assert!(msg.contains("outside the current directory"), "got: {msg}");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_output_dir_rejects_absolute() {
+        assert!(validate_safe_output_dir("/tmp/evil").is_err());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_output_dir_rejects_null_bytes() {
+        assert!(validate_safe_output_dir("foo\0bar").is_err());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_output_dir_rejects_control_chars() {
+        assert!(validate_safe_output_dir("foo\x01bar").is_err());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    #[serial]
+    fn test_output_dir_non_existing_subdir() {
+        let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
+        let canonical_dir = dir.path().canonicalize().unwrap();
+        let saved_cwd = std::env::current_dir().unwrap();
+        std::env::set_current_dir(&canonical_dir).unwrap();
+
+        let result = validate_safe_output_dir("new/nested/dir");
+        std::env::set_current_dir(&saved_cwd).unwrap();
+
+        assert!(
+            result.is_ok(),
+            "expected Ok for non-existing subdir, got: {result:?}"
+        );
+    }
+
+    // --- validate_safe_dir_path ---
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_dir_path_cwd() {
+        assert!(validate_safe_dir_path(".").is_ok());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    #[serial]
+    fn test_dir_path_rejects_traversal() {
+        let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
+        let canonical_dir = dir.path().canonicalize().unwrap();
+        let saved_cwd = std::env::current_dir().unwrap();
+        std::env::set_current_dir(&canonical_dir).unwrap();
+
+        let result = validate_safe_dir_path("../../etc");
+        std::env::set_current_dir(&saved_cwd).unwrap();
+
+        assert!(result.is_err());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_dir_path_rejects_absolute() {
+        assert!(validate_safe_dir_path("/usr/local").is_err());
+    }
+
+    // --- reject_control_chars ---
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_reject_control_chars_clean() {
+        assert!(reject_control_chars("hello/world", "test").is_ok());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_reject_control_chars_tab() {
+        assert!(reject_control_chars("hello\tworld", "test").is_err());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_reject_control_chars_newline() {
+        assert!(reject_control_chars("hello\nworld", "test").is_err());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_reject_control_chars_del() {
+        assert!(reject_control_chars("hello\x7Fworld", "test").is_err());
+    }
+
+    // -- encode_path_segment --------------------------------------------------
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_encode_path_segment_plain_id() {
+        assert_eq!(encode_path_segment("abc123"), "abc123");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_encode_path_segment_hyphenated_id() {
+        // Hyphens and underscores are unreserved (RFC 3986 §2.3) and common in
+        // resource IDs (UUIDs, slugs). They must not be percent-encoded.
+        assert_eq!(encode_path_segment("file-123"), "file-123");
+        assert_eq!(encode_path_segment("my_resource_id"), "my_resource_id");
+        assert_eq!(
+            encode_path_segment("550e8400-e29b-41d4-a716-446655440000"),
+            "550e8400-e29b-41d4-a716-446655440000"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_encode_path_segment_email() {
+        // Calendar IDs are often email addresses
+        let encoded = encode_path_segment("user@gmail.com");
+        assert!(!encoded.contains('@'));
+        assert!(!encoded.contains('.'));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_encode_path_segment_query_injection() {
+        // LLM might include query params in an ID by mistake
+        let encoded = encode_path_segment("fileid?fields=name");
+        assert!(!encoded.contains('?'));
+        assert!(!encoded.contains('='));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_encode_path_segment_fragment_injection() {
+        let encoded = encode_path_segment("fileid#section");
+        assert!(!encoded.contains('#'));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_encode_path_segment_path_traversal() {
+        // Encoding makes traversal segments harmless
+        let encoded = encode_path_segment("../../etc/passwd");
+        assert!(!encoded.contains('/'));
+        assert!(!encoded.contains(".."));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_encode_path_segment_unicode() {
+        // LLM might pass unicode characters
+        let encoded = encode_path_segment("日本語ID");
+        assert!(!encoded.contains('日'));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_encode_path_segment_spaces() {
+        let encoded = encode_path_segment("my file id");
+        assert!(!encoded.contains(' '));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_encode_path_segment_already_encoded() {
+        // LLM might double-encode by passing pre-encoded values
+        let encoded = encode_path_segment("user%40gmail.com");
+        // The % itself gets encoded to %25, so %40 becomes %2540
+        // This prevents double-encoding issues at the HTTP layer
+        assert!(encoded.contains("%2540"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_encode_path_preserving_slashes_hierarchical_name() {
+        let encoded = encode_path_preserving_slashes("projects/p1/locations/us/topics/t1");
+        assert_eq!(encoded, "projects/p1/locations/us/topics/t1");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_encode_path_preserving_slashes_escapes_reserved_chars() {
+        let encoded = encode_path_preserving_slashes("hash#1/child?x=y");
+        assert_eq!(encoded, "hash%231/child%3Fx%3Dy");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_encode_path_preserving_slashes_spaces_and_unicode() {
+        let encoded = encode_path_preserving_slashes("タイムライン 1/列 A");
+        assert!(!encoded.contains(' '));
+        assert!(encoded.contains('/'));
+    }
+
+    // -- validate_resource_name -----------------------------------------------
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_validate_resource_name_valid() {
+        assert!(validate_resource_name("spaces/ABC123").is_ok());
+        assert!(validate_resource_name("subscriptions/my-sub").is_ok());
+        assert!(validate_resource_name("@default").is_ok());
+        assert!(validate_resource_name("projects/p1/topics/t1").is_ok());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_validate_resource_name_traversal() {
+        assert!(validate_resource_name("../../etc/passwd").is_err());
+        assert!(validate_resource_name("spaces/../other").is_err());
+        assert!(validate_resource_name("..").is_err());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_validate_resource_name_control_chars() {
+        assert!(validate_resource_name("spaces/\0bad").is_err());
+        assert!(validate_resource_name("spaces/\nbad").is_err());
+        assert!(validate_resource_name("spaces/\rbad").is_err());
+        assert!(validate_resource_name("spaces/\tbad").is_err());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_validate_resource_name_empty() {
+        assert!(validate_resource_name("").is_err());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_validate_resource_name_query_injection() {
+        // LLMs might append query strings or fragments to resource names
+        assert!(validate_resource_name("spaces/ABC?key=val").is_err());
+        assert!(validate_resource_name("spaces/ABC#fragment").is_err());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_validate_resource_name_error_messages_are_clear() {
+        let err = validate_resource_name("").unwrap_err();
+        assert!(err.to_string().contains("must not be empty"));
+
+        let err = validate_resource_name("../bad").unwrap_err();
+        assert!(err.to_string().contains("path traversal"));
+
+        let err = validate_resource_name("bad\0id").unwrap_err();
+        assert!(err.to_string().contains("invalid characters"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_validate_resource_name_percent_bypass() {
+        // %2e%2e is ..
+        assert!(validate_resource_name("%2e%2e").is_err());
+        assert!(validate_resource_name("spaces/%2e%2e/etc").is_err());
+        // Just % should be rejected too
+        assert!(validate_resource_name("spaces/100%").is_err());
+    }
+
+    // --- reject_control_chars Unicode ---
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_reject_control_chars_zero_width_space() {
+        // U+200B zero-width space
+        assert!(reject_control_chars("foo\u{200B}bar", "test").is_err());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_reject_control_chars_bom() {
+        // U+FEFF byte-order mark / zero-width no-break space
+        assert!(reject_control_chars("foo\u{FEFF}bar", "test").is_err());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_reject_control_chars_rtl_override() {
+        // U+202E RIGHT-TO-LEFT OVERRIDE
+        assert!(reject_control_chars("foo\u{202E}bar", "test").is_err());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_reject_control_chars_unicode_line_separator() {
+        // U+2028 LINE SEPARATOR
+        assert!(reject_control_chars("foo\u{2028}bar", "test").is_err());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_reject_control_chars_paragraph_separator() {
+        // U+2029 PARAGRAPH SEPARATOR
+        assert!(reject_control_chars("foo\u{2029}bar", "test").is_err());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_reject_control_chars_zero_width_joiner() {
+        // U+200D ZERO WIDTH JOINER
+        assert!(reject_control_chars("foo\u{200D}bar", "test").is_err());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_reject_control_chars_normal_unicode_ok() {
+        // CJK, accented characters and emoji should pass
+        assert!(reject_control_chars("日本語", "test").is_ok());
+        assert!(reject_control_chars("café", "test").is_ok());
+        assert!(reject_control_chars("αβγ", "test").is_ok());
+    }
+
+    // --- path validator Unicode (via validate_safe_output_dir) ---
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_output_dir_rejects_zero_width_chars() {
+        // U+200B in a path segment
+        assert!(validate_safe_output_dir("foo\u{200B}bar").is_err());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_output_dir_rejects_rtl_override() {
+        assert!(validate_safe_output_dir("foo\u{202E}bar").is_err());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_output_dir_rejects_unicode_line_separator() {
+        assert!(validate_safe_output_dir("foo\u{2028}bar").is_err());
+    }
+
+    // --- validate_resource_name Unicode ---
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_validate_resource_name_zero_width_chars() {
+        // U+200B, U+200D, U+FEFF all rejected
+        assert!(validate_resource_name("foo\u{200B}bar").is_err());
+        assert!(validate_resource_name("foo\u{200D}bar").is_err());
+        assert!(validate_resource_name("foo\u{FEFF}bar").is_err());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_validate_resource_name_unicode_line_seps() {
+        assert!(validate_resource_name("foo\u{2028}bar").is_err());
+        assert!(validate_resource_name("foo\u{2029}bar").is_err());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_validate_resource_name_rtl_override() {
+        assert!(validate_resource_name("foo\u{202E}bar").is_err());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_validate_resource_name_bidi_embedding() {
+        // U+202A LEFT-TO-RIGHT EMBEDDING, U+202B RIGHT-TO-LEFT EMBEDDING
+        assert!(validate_resource_name("foo\u{202A}bar").is_err());
+        assert!(validate_resource_name("foo\u{202B}bar").is_err());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_validate_resource_name_homoglyphs_pass_through() {
+        // Cyrillic lookalikes are intentionally allowed (homoglyph detection
+        // is out of scope for this validator — see validate_resource_name docs).
+        assert!(validate_resource_name("spaces/ΑΒС").is_ok()); // Cyrillic С
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_validate_resource_name_overlong_accepted() {
+        // No length limit — documents current behaviour.
+        let long = "a".repeat(10_000);
+        assert!(validate_resource_name(&long).is_ok());
+    }
+
+    // --- validate_api_identifier ---
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_validate_api_identifier_valid() {
+        assert_eq!(validate_api_identifier("drive").unwrap(), "drive");
+        assert_eq!(validate_api_identifier("v3").unwrap(), "v3");
+        assert_eq!(
+            validate_api_identifier("directory_v1").unwrap(),
+            "directory_v1"
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            validate_api_identifier("admin.reports_v1").unwrap(),
+            "admin.reports_v1"
+        );
+        assert_eq!(validate_api_identifier("v2beta1").unwrap(), "v2beta1");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_validate_api_identifier_rejects_path_traversal() {
+        assert!(validate_api_identifier("../etc/passwd").is_err());
+        assert!(validate_api_identifier("foo/../bar").is_err());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_validate_api_identifier_rejects_special_chars() {
+        assert!(validate_api_identifier("drive?key=val").is_err());
+        assert!(validate_api_identifier("drive#frag").is_err());
+        assert!(validate_api_identifier("drive%2f..").is_err());
+        assert!(validate_api_identifier("v3 ").is_err());
+        assert!(validate_api_identifier("v3\n").is_err());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_validate_api_identifier_empty() {
+        assert!(validate_api_identifier("").is_err());
+    }
+
+    // --- validate_safe_file_path ---
+
+    #[test]
+    #[serial]
+    fn test_file_path_relative_is_ok() {
+        let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
+        let canonical_dir = dir.path().canonicalize().unwrap();
+        fs::write(canonical_dir.join("test.txt"), "data").unwrap();
+
+        let saved_cwd = std::env::current_dir().unwrap();
+        std::env::set_current_dir(&canonical_dir).unwrap();
+
+        let result = validate_safe_file_path("test.txt", "--upload");
+        std::env::set_current_dir(&saved_cwd).unwrap();
+
+        assert!(result.is_ok(), "expected Ok, got: {result:?}");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    #[serial]
+    fn test_file_path_rejects_traversal() {
+        let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
+        let canonical_dir = dir.path().canonicalize().unwrap();
+
+        let saved_cwd = std::env::current_dir().unwrap();
+        std::env::set_current_dir(&canonical_dir).unwrap();
+
+        let result = validate_safe_file_path("../../etc/passwd", "--upload");
+        std::env::set_current_dir(&saved_cwd).unwrap();
+
+        assert!(result.is_err(), "path traversal should be rejected");
+        assert!(
+            result.unwrap_err().to_string().contains("outside"),
+            "error should mention 'outside'"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_file_path_rejects_control_chars() {
+        let result = validate_safe_file_path("file\x00.txt", "--output");
+        assert!(result.is_err(), "null bytes should be rejected");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    #[serial]
+    fn test_file_path_rejects_symlink_escape() {
+        let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
+        let canonical_dir = dir.path().canonicalize().unwrap();
+
+        // Create a symlink that points outside the directory
+        #[cfg(unix)]
+        {
+            let link_path = canonical_dir.join("escape");
+            std::os::unix::fs::symlink("/tmp", &link_path).unwrap();
+
+            let saved_cwd = std::env::current_dir().unwrap();
+            std::env::set_current_dir(&canonical_dir).unwrap();
+
+            let result = validate_safe_file_path("escape/secret.txt", "--output");
+            std::env::set_current_dir(&saved_cwd).unwrap();
+
+            assert!(result.is_err(), "symlink escape should be rejected");
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    #[serial]
+    fn test_file_path_rejects_traversal_via_nonexistent_prefix() {
+        // Regression: non_existent/../../etc/passwd could bypass starts_with
+        // because normalize_non_existing preserves ".." in the non-existent
+        // suffix. The normalize_dotdot fix resolves this.
+        let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
+        let canonical_dir = dir.path().canonicalize().unwrap();
+
+        let saved_cwd = std::env::current_dir().unwrap();
+        std::env::set_current_dir(&canonical_dir).unwrap();
+
+        let result = validate_safe_file_path("doesnt_exist/../../etc/passwd", "--output");
+        std::env::set_current_dir(&saved_cwd).unwrap();
+
+        assert!(
+            result.is_err(),
+            "traversal via non-existent prefix should be rejected"
+        );
+    }
+}
diff --git a/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/websocket/auth.rs b/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/websocket/auth.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..4b74abfd54d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/websocket/auth.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,532 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! WebSocket authentication: query-param, header, and first-message
+//! variants. Each variant takes an [`AuthCredentialSource`] directly — the
+//! WS path deliberately bypasses [`AuthProvider`](crate::auth::AuthProvider)
+//! (which is shaped around `reqwest::RequestBuilder`); see
+//! `docs/adr/0001-auth-provider-no-cred-extraction.md`.
+
+use percent_encoding::{utf8_percent_encode, AsciiSet, CONTROLS};
+use secrecy::ExposeSecret;
+use serde_json::Value;
+
+use crate::auth::AuthCredentialSource;
+use crate::error::CliError;
+
+/// Percent-encoding set for query-string components: encode everything that
+/// is not in the application/x-www-form-urlencoded "safe" set, plus the
+/// reserved characters that would otherwise terminate the value (`&`, `=`,
+/// `#`, `+`, ` `, `/`, `?`). Mirrors the `url::form_urlencoded` set without
+/// adding `url` as a direct dep.
+const QUERY_VALUE: &AsciiSet = &CONTROLS
+    .add(b' ')
+    .add(b'"')
+    .add(b'#')
+    .add(b'&')
+    .add(b'+')
+    .add(b'/')
+    .add(b'<')
+    .add(b'=')
+    .add(b'>')
+    .add(b'?')
+    .add(b'`')
+    .add(b'{')
+    .add(b'}');
+
+/// Where the WS handshake / first frame puts the credential.
+///
+/// Variants take an [`AuthCredentialSource`] directly rather than a
+/// resolved string so the same `cli > env > file` precedence patterns
+/// users already configure for the HTTP path work without extra plumbing.
+///
+/// # `AuthCredentialSource::Cli` footgun
+///
+/// `AuthCredentialSource::cli("token")` is bound to a clap argument and
+/// resolves to `None` until [`AuthCredentialSource::finalize`] is called
+/// against the parsed matches. The HTTP path runs `finalize` automatically
+/// inside `CliApp::run`; the WS path is invoked from a custom-command
+/// handler that does *not* go through that finalize step. If you want
+/// CLI-bound creds, either:
+///
+/// - prefer `AuthCredentialSource::from_env(...)` so the same scheme used
+///   by `auth_scheme_env` Just Works;
+/// - or call `source = source.finalize(matches)` yourself before passing
+///   the source into `WsAuth::*`.
+///
+/// Missing creds surface as `CliError::Auth` so the failure mode is loud,
+/// not silent.
+pub enum WsAuth {
+    /// Append the credential as a query parameter on the connect URL.
+    /// Example: `wss://api.example.com/stream?authorization=<bearer>`.
+    QueryParam(String, AuthCredentialSource),
+    /// Send the credential as an HTTP header on the WS upgrade request.
+    /// Example: a standard `X-Api-Key: <key>` header.
+    ///
+    /// # Header-value prefixes (footgun)
+    ///
+    /// The source's resolved value becomes the *entire* header value.
+    /// Some APIs require `Authorization: Token <key>` — the literal word
+    /// `Token` is part of the value, NOT a scheme the library prepends.
+    /// **Prefer the convenience constructors [`WsAuth::bearer`] /
+    /// [`WsAuth::token`]** rather than baking the prefix into a literal
+    /// or closure by hand; they're auditable in one place and impossible
+    /// to misspell.
+    Header(String, AuthCredentialSource),
+    /// Send multiple HTTP headers on the WS upgrade request. Use when the
+    /// API requires more than one header on the handshake (e.g. an auth
+    /// header plus an API-version header). Each pair is validated
+    /// against the WS-protocol reserved-header deny-list and each source
+    /// must resolve to a non-empty value.
+    Headers(Vec<(String, AuthCredentialSource)>),
+    /// Merge the credential into the *first* outbound JSON frame as the
+    /// named field. Useful for APIs that authenticate via a "configure
+    /// session" message on the first text frame.
+    FirstMessage(String, AuthCredentialSource),
+    /// No auth (anonymous connection, or auth handled by the caller
+    /// outside this module).
+    None,
+}
+
+impl WsAuth {
+    /// `Authorization: Bearer <value>` convenience. Prepends the literal
+    /// `Bearer ` to the resolved credential so callers cannot
+    /// accidentally double-prefix or omit it. Use for any RFC-6750
+    /// bearer-token API.
+    pub fn bearer(source: AuthCredentialSource) -> Self {
+        WsAuth::Header("Authorization".into(), prefix_source(source, "Bearer "))
+    }
+
+    /// `Authorization: Token <value>` convenience. Prepends the literal
+    /// `Token ` to the resolved credential. Use for APIs that treat the
+    /// word `Token` as part of the value (not a scheme tungstenite
+    /// prepends) — callers that miss this footgun get a confusing 401
+    /// from the upgrade.
+    pub fn token(source: AuthCredentialSource) -> Self {
+        WsAuth::Header("Authorization".into(), prefix_source(source, "Token "))
+    }
+
+    /// Apply auth to the URL and header list before the handshake.
+    ///
+    /// For [`WsAuth::QueryParam`] this appends `?key=value` (or `&key=value`)
+    /// to `url`. For [`WsAuth::Header`] it pushes `(name, value)` onto
+    /// `headers`. For [`WsAuth::FirstMessage`] and [`WsAuth::None`] it's
+    /// a no-op — `FirstMessage` is applied by [`Self::merge_into_first_message`]
+    /// before the first send.
+    ///
+    /// Returns an error if the credential is required (i.e. variant is
+    /// not `None`) but the source resolves to `None` — that's almost
+    /// certainly a misconfiguration the user should see immediately.
+    pub fn apply_to_url_and_headers(
+        &self,
+        url: &mut String,
+        headers: &mut Vec<(String, String)>,
+    ) -> Result<(), CliError> {
+        match self {
+            WsAuth::QueryParam(key, source) => {
+                let secret = source.resolve().ok_or_else(|| {
+                    CliError::Auth(format!(
+                        "WebSocket auth: credential for query param `{key}` is unset"
+                    ))
+                })?;
+                append_query_param(url, key, secret.expose_secret());
+                Ok(())
+            }
+            WsAuth::Header(name, source) => {
+                apply_single_header(name, source, headers)
+            }
+            WsAuth::Headers(pairs) => {
+                for (name, source) in pairs {
+                    apply_single_header(name, source, headers)?;
+                }
+                Ok(())
+            }
+            WsAuth::FirstMessage(_, _) | WsAuth::None => Ok(()),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Merge the credential into the first outbound JSON frame.
+    ///
+    /// Used only for [`WsAuth::FirstMessage`]; other variants are a no-op.
+    /// The frame must be a JSON object — merging a top-level field into a
+    /// non-object value is a misconfiguration and surfaces as `Validation`.
+    pub fn merge_into_first_message(&self, msg: &mut Value) -> Result<(), CliError> {
+        if let WsAuth::FirstMessage(field, source) = self {
+            let secret = source.resolve().ok_or_else(|| {
+                CliError::Auth(format!(
+                    "WebSocket auth: credential for first-message field `{field}` is unset"
+                ))
+            })?;
+            // Pre-compute the type name string so the error closure
+            // doesn't borrow `msg` while `as_object_mut` already holds a
+            // mutable borrow.
+            let observed = type_name(msg);
+            let obj = msg.as_object_mut().ok_or_else(|| {
+                CliError::Validation(format!(
+                    "WebSocket auth: first message must be a JSON object to inject `{field}` \
+                     (got {observed})"
+                ))
+            })?;
+            obj.insert(field.clone(), Value::String(secret.expose_secret().to_string()));
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+/// Shared body for `Header` / `Headers` application — validates the name
+/// against the reserved-handshake-header deny-list and resolves the source.
+fn apply_single_header(
+    name: &str,
+    source: &AuthCredentialSource,
+    headers: &mut Vec<(String, String)>,
+) -> Result<(), CliError> {
+    // Reject WS-protocol headers — letting a customer set `Host`,
+    // `Upgrade`, `Connection`, or `Sec-WebSocket-*` would silently
+    // clobber the auto-generated values from `IntoClientRequest` and
+    // produce a confusing handshake failure. Fail loudly.
+    if is_reserved_handshake_header(name) {
+        return Err(CliError::Validation(format!(
+            "WebSocket auth: header `{name}` is a WS-protocol \
+             header and cannot be set via WsAuth — the handshake \
+             machinery sets it automatically"
+        )));
+    }
+    let secret = source.resolve().ok_or_else(|| {
+        CliError::Auth(format!(
+            "WebSocket auth: credential for header `{name}` is unset"
+        ))
+    })?;
+    headers.push((name.to_string(), secret.expose_secret().to_string()));
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// Append `?key=value` (or `&key=value` if a `?` is already present) to a
+/// URL string. Percent-encodes the value so credentials with `&`, `=`, or
+/// other URL-special characters survive the round-trip intact.
+fn append_query_param(url: &mut String, key: &str, value: &str) {
+    let separator = if url.contains('?') { '&' } else { '?' };
+    url.push(separator);
+    url.push_str(&utf8_percent_encode(key, QUERY_VALUE).to_string());
+    url.push('=');
+    url.push_str(&utf8_percent_encode(value, QUERY_VALUE).to_string());
+}
+
+/// Wrap `source` so its resolved value gets `prefix` prepended.
+/// `AuthCredentialSource` derives `Clone`, so the move-closure can keep
+/// re-resolving each request without consuming the original source.
+fn prefix_source(source: AuthCredentialSource, prefix: &'static str) -> AuthCredentialSource {
+    AuthCredentialSource::closure(move || {
+        source
+            .resolve()
+            .map(|s| format!("{prefix}{}", s.expose_secret()))
+    })
+}
+
+/// Names of HTTP headers the WS handshake machinery sets itself. Setting
+/// any of them via `WsAuth::Header` would either clobber the correct value
+/// or get clobbered by tungstenite — both end in a confusing handshake
+/// failure. Reject up front.
+fn is_reserved_handshake_header(name: &str) -> bool {
+    let lower = name.to_ascii_lowercase();
+    matches!(
+        lower.as_str(),
+        "host"
+            | "upgrade"
+            | "connection"
+            | "sec-websocket-key"
+            | "sec-websocket-version"
+            | "sec-websocket-extensions"
+            | "sec-websocket-protocol"
+            | "sec-websocket-accept"
+    )
+}
+
+fn type_name(v: &Value) -> &'static str {
+    match v {
+        Value::Null => "null",
+        Value::Bool(_) => "boolean",
+        Value::Number(_) => "number",
+        Value::String(_) => "string",
+        Value::Array(_) => "array",
+        Value::Object(_) => "object",
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    fn literal(v: &str) -> AuthCredentialSource {
+        AuthCredentialSource::literal(v)
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn query_param_appends_to_clean_url() {
+        let mut url = "wss://api.example.com/v1/socket".to_string();
+        let mut headers = Vec::new();
+        WsAuth::QueryParam("authorization".into(), literal("bearer-token"))
+            .apply_to_url_and_headers(&mut url, &mut headers)
+            .unwrap();
+        assert!(url.starts_with("wss://api.example.com/v1/socket?"));
+        assert!(url.contains("authorization=bearer-token"));
+        assert!(headers.is_empty());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn query_param_appends_with_ampersand_when_query_present() {
+        let mut url = "wss://api.example.com/v1/socket?agent_id=abc".to_string();
+        let mut headers = Vec::new();
+        WsAuth::QueryParam("authorization".into(), literal("tok"))
+            .apply_to_url_and_headers(&mut url, &mut headers)
+            .unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(url, "wss://api.example.com/v1/socket?agent_id=abc&authorization=tok");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn query_param_percent_encodes_special_chars() {
+        let mut url = "wss://api.example.com/".to_string();
+        let mut headers = Vec::new();
+        WsAuth::QueryParam("token".into(), literal("a&b=c d"))
+            .apply_to_url_and_headers(&mut url, &mut headers)
+            .unwrap();
+        // Percent-encoded: & → %26, = → %3D, space → %20 (we encode all
+        // reserved characters consistently rather than using application/
+        // x-www-form-urlencoded's `+` for space — wss:// query strings
+        // tend to round-trip the percent form more reliably across libs.)
+        assert!(url.contains("token=a%26b%3Dc%20d"), "url: {url}");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn header_adds_to_header_list_does_not_touch_url() {
+        let mut url = "wss://api.example.com/".to_string();
+        let mut headers = Vec::new();
+        WsAuth::Header("xi-api-key".into(), literal("sk-test"))
+            .apply_to_url_and_headers(&mut url, &mut headers)
+            .unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(url, "wss://api.example.com/");
+        assert_eq!(headers, vec![("xi-api-key".to_string(), "sk-test".to_string())]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn first_message_is_noop_at_handshake() {
+        let mut url = "wss://api.example.com/".to_string();
+        let mut headers = Vec::new();
+        WsAuth::FirstMessage("xi_api_key".into(), literal("sk-fm"))
+            .apply_to_url_and_headers(&mut url, &mut headers)
+            .unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(url, "wss://api.example.com/");
+        assert!(headers.is_empty());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn none_is_noop() {
+        let mut url = "wss://api.example.com/".to_string();
+        let mut headers = Vec::new();
+        WsAuth::None
+            .apply_to_url_and_headers(&mut url, &mut headers)
+            .unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(url, "wss://api.example.com/");
+        assert!(headers.is_empty());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn missing_credential_for_header_surfaces_as_auth_error() {
+        let mut url = "wss://api.example.com/".to_string();
+        let mut headers = Vec::new();
+        // Empty literal resolves to None — same path as a missing env var.
+        let err = WsAuth::Header("xi-api-key".into(), literal(""))
+            .apply_to_url_and_headers(&mut url, &mut headers)
+            .expect_err("missing cred should error");
+        assert!(matches!(err, CliError::Auth(_)));
+        assert!(err.to_string().contains("xi-api-key"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn missing_credential_for_query_param_surfaces_as_auth_error() {
+        let mut url = "wss://api.example.com/".to_string();
+        let mut headers = Vec::new();
+        let err = WsAuth::QueryParam("authorization".into(), literal(""))
+            .apply_to_url_and_headers(&mut url, &mut headers)
+            .expect_err("missing cred should error");
+        assert!(matches!(err, CliError::Auth(_)));
+        assert!(err.to_string().contains("authorization"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn first_message_merges_field_into_json_object() {
+        let mut msg = serde_json::json!({"text": "hello", "voice_settings": {"stability": 0.5}});
+        WsAuth::FirstMessage("xi_api_key".into(), literal("sk-merged"))
+            .merge_into_first_message(&mut msg)
+            .unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(msg["xi_api_key"], "sk-merged");
+        assert_eq!(msg["text"], "hello");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn first_message_rejects_non_object() {
+        let mut msg = serde_json::json!(["not", "an", "object"]);
+        let err = WsAuth::FirstMessage("xi_api_key".into(), literal("sk"))
+            .merge_into_first_message(&mut msg)
+            .expect_err("array first frame should error");
+        assert!(matches!(err, CliError::Validation(_)));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn first_message_missing_credential_errors() {
+        let mut msg = serde_json::json!({});
+        let err = WsAuth::FirstMessage("xi_api_key".into(), literal(""))
+            .merge_into_first_message(&mut msg)
+            .expect_err("missing cred should error");
+        assert!(matches!(err, CliError::Auth(_)));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn header_rejects_ws_protocol_reserved_names() {
+        let mut url = "wss://api.example.com/".to_string();
+        let mut headers = Vec::new();
+        for reserved in &[
+            "Host",
+            "host",
+            "Upgrade",
+            "Connection",
+            "Sec-WebSocket-Key",
+            "Sec-WebSocket-Version",
+            "Sec-WebSocket-Protocol",
+        ] {
+            let err = WsAuth::Header((*reserved).into(), literal("x"))
+                .apply_to_url_and_headers(&mut url, &mut headers)
+                .expect_err(reserved);
+            assert!(matches!(err, CliError::Validation(_)),
+                "reserved `{reserved}` should validation-error, got: {err:?}");
+        }
+        // Sanity: a non-reserved name passes.
+        assert!(WsAuth::Header("X-My-Custom".into(), literal("x"))
+            .apply_to_url_and_headers(&mut url, &mut headers)
+            .is_ok());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn headers_variant_emits_all_pairs_in_order() {
+        let mut url = "wss://api.example.com/v1/realtime?model=test".to_string();
+        let mut headers = Vec::new();
+        WsAuth::Headers(vec![
+            (
+                "Authorization".into(),
+                literal("Bearer sk-test"),
+            ),
+            (
+                "X-Api-Version".into(),
+                literal("v1"),
+            ),
+        ])
+        .apply_to_url_and_headers(&mut url, &mut headers)
+        .unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(
+            headers,
+            vec![
+                ("Authorization".to_string(), "Bearer sk-test".to_string()),
+                ("X-Api-Version".to_string(), "v1".to_string()),
+            ]
+        );
+        // URL is unchanged.
+        assert_eq!(url, "wss://api.example.com/v1/realtime?model=test");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn headers_variant_rejects_reserved_names_per_pair() {
+        let mut url = "wss://x".to_string();
+        let mut headers = Vec::new();
+        let err = WsAuth::Headers(vec![
+            ("X-Custom".into(), literal("ok")),
+            ("Upgrade".into(), literal("nope")),
+        ])
+        .apply_to_url_and_headers(&mut url, &mut headers)
+        .expect_err("reserved header should error");
+        assert!(matches!(err, CliError::Validation(_)));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn headers_variant_missing_credential_errors() {
+        let mut url = "wss://x".to_string();
+        let mut headers = Vec::new();
+        let err = WsAuth::Headers(vec![
+            ("Authorization".into(), literal("Bearer xyz")),
+            ("X-Api-Version".into(), literal("")),
+        ])
+        .apply_to_url_and_headers(&mut url, &mut headers)
+        .expect_err("missing cred should error");
+        assert!(matches!(err, CliError::Auth(_)));
+        // Auth-error message names the missing header.
+        assert!(err.to_string().contains("X-Api-Version"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn bearer_helper_prepends_literal_bearer_space() {
+        let mut url = "wss://api.example.com/v1/realtime".to_string();
+        let mut headers = Vec::new();
+        WsAuth::bearer(literal("sk-test"))
+            .apply_to_url_and_headers(&mut url, &mut headers)
+            .unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(
+            headers,
+            vec![("Authorization".to_string(), "Bearer sk-test".to_string())]
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn token_helper_prepends_literal_token_space() {
+        let mut url = "wss://api.example.com/v1/listen".to_string();
+        let mut headers = Vec::new();
+        WsAuth::token(literal("dg_secret"))
+            .apply_to_url_and_headers(&mut url, &mut headers)
+            .unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(
+            headers,
+            vec![("Authorization".to_string(), "Token dg_secret".to_string())]
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn bearer_helper_surfaces_missing_credential_loudly() {
+        let mut url = "wss://x".to_string();
+        let mut headers = Vec::new();
+        // Empty literal source resolves to None — should bubble up as
+        // CliError::Auth like the underlying Header variant.
+        let err = WsAuth::bearer(literal(""))
+            .apply_to_url_and_headers(&mut url, &mut headers)
+            .expect_err("empty cred should error");
+        assert!(matches!(err, CliError::Auth(_)));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn token_helper_does_not_double_prefix_already_prefixed_value() {
+        // If a customer mistakenly passes "Token foo" to `WsAuth::token`,
+        // they get "Token Token foo" — documented surprise; we don't
+        // try to detect "already prefixed" since that would be fragile.
+        // This test is explicit so future refactors don't accidentally
+        // start stripping prefixes (which would also be wrong).
+        let mut url = "wss://x".to_string();
+        let mut headers = Vec::new();
+        WsAuth::token(literal("Token already-prefixed"))
+            .apply_to_url_and_headers(&mut url, &mut headers)
+            .unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(
+            headers[0].1,
+            "Token Token already-prefixed",
+            "token() always prepends — by design"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn other_variants_skip_merge_into_first_message() {
+        let mut msg = serde_json::json!({"text": "hi"});
+        WsAuth::Header("xi-api-key".into(), literal("k"))
+            .merge_into_first_message(&mut msg)
+            .unwrap();
+        WsAuth::QueryParam("auth".into(), literal("k"))
+            .merge_into_first_message(&mut msg)
+            .unwrap();
+        WsAuth::None.merge_into_first_message(&mut msg).unwrap();
+        // No mutation expected from any of these variants.
+        assert_eq!(msg, serde_json::json!({"text": "hi"}));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/websocket/client.rs b/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/websocket/client.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..0823a541ae36
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/websocket/client.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,667 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! `WebSocketClient` — async bidirectional WS client driven by an
+//! [`OutputPipeline`](crate::formatter::OutputPipeline). See `mod.rs`
+//! for the module-level overview.
+
+use std::sync::Arc;
+use std::time::Duration;
+
+use futures_util::{SinkExt, StreamExt};
+use serde_json::Value;
+use tokio::io::{AsyncBufReadExt, BufReader};
+use tokio::sync::mpsc;
+use tokio_tungstenite::tungstenite::client::IntoClientRequest;
+use tokio_tungstenite::tungstenite::http::HeaderValue;
+use tokio_tungstenite::tungstenite::protocol::{frame::coding::CloseCode, CloseFrame, Message};
+
+use crate::error::CliError;
+use crate::formatter::OutputPipeline;
+use crate::http::HttpConfig;
+
+use super::auth::WsAuth;
+use super::error::{classify_close_frame, map_handshake_error, map_stream_error};
+
+/// Inbound-frame autoresponder.
+///
+/// Called once per inbound JSON frame. Returning `Some(reply)` causes the
+/// client to (a) send `reply` as an outbound text frame and (b) **elide**
+/// the inbound frame from stdout — useful for application-level ping/pong
+/// where the inbound is protocol overhead, not user-visible payload.
+/// Returning `None` lets the inbound flow through to
+/// [`OutputPipeline::emit`].
+///
+/// Write your own closure for app-level ping/pong or any other
+/// inbound-frame responder pattern your API requires.
+///
+/// # Stateful autoresponders
+///
+/// The closure is `Fn`, not `FnMut`, because the recv loop borrows it by
+/// shared reference. If you need state (counter, throttle, per-event-id
+/// dedupe), reach for interior mutability:
+///
+/// ```ignore
+/// use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicU64, Ordering};
+/// let count = std::sync::Arc::new(AtomicU64::new(0));
+/// let count_inner = count.clone();
+/// let responder: AutoResponder = std::sync::Arc::new(move |frame| {
+///     count_inner.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
+///     /* ... */
+///     None
+/// });
+/// ```
+///
+/// Naïve `let mut n = 0; Arc::new(move |f| { n += 1; ... })` fails to
+/// compile — the compiler error points at the closure body, not the
+/// trait bound, which is easy to misread.
+pub type AutoResponder = Arc<dyn Fn(&Value) -> Option<Value> + Send + Sync>;
+
+/// Configuration for a single WS connection.
+pub struct WsConfig {
+    /// Connect URL (`wss://...` for TLS, `ws://...` for plaintext mocks).
+    pub url: String,
+    /// Where the credential goes (query / header / first-message / none).
+    pub auth: WsAuth,
+    /// Optional autoresponder. See [`AutoResponder`].
+    pub auto_responder: Option<AutoResponder>,
+    /// Output pipeline applied to each inbound frame the autoresponder
+    /// did *not* claim. Pass via [`OutputPipeline::from_matches`] from
+    /// the custom-command handler so `--format` (and future
+    /// `--jq`/`--fields`/`--template`) flow through automatically.
+    pub output_pipeline: OutputPipeline,
+    /// If true, forward stdin lines as outbound text frames. EOF on stdin
+    /// triggers a clean WS Close(1000) and exit 0.
+    pub stdin_input: bool,
+    /// Validate each stdin line as JSON before sending. Invalid lines are
+    /// written to stderr as a warning and dropped (the connection is *not*
+    /// terminated). Default `true`. Set false only when the wire protocol
+    /// is non-JSON.
+    pub stdin_validate_json: bool,
+    /// JSON keys to recursively elide from each inbound frame before
+    /// emitting. Use to strip base64 audio blobs that would otherwise
+    /// flood a terminal.
+    pub strip_audio_keys: Vec<String>,
+    /// Hint string woven into mid-stream / abnormal-close error messages.
+    /// Defaults to a generic "check auth, network, keepalive/timeout"
+    /// nudge; override when wiring an API with a more specific common
+    /// failure mode.
+    pub abnormal_close_hint: String,
+}
+
+impl WsConfig {
+    /// Build a minimal config with no auth and a default pipeline. Useful
+    /// for in-process mock tests; production callers always fill in the
+    /// auth + autoresponder + stdin fields.
+    pub fn new(url: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            url: url.into(),
+            auth: WsAuth::None,
+            auto_responder: None,
+            output_pipeline: OutputPipeline::default(),
+            stdin_input: false,
+            stdin_validate_json: true,
+            strip_audio_keys: Vec::new(),
+            abnormal_close_hint: super::error::ABNORMAL_CLOSE_HINT.to_string(),
+        }
+    }
+
+}
+
+/// A connected WS client ready to send and receive frames.
+pub struct WebSocketClient {
+    stream: tokio_tungstenite::WebSocketStream<
+        tokio_tungstenite::MaybeTlsStream<tokio::net::TcpStream>,
+    >,
+    config: WsConfig,
+    /// Tracks whether [`WebSocketClient::send`] has run yet. Used to
+    /// merge [`WsAuth::FirstMessage`] into the first outbound frame.
+    first_send_done: bool,
+}
+
+impl WebSocketClient {
+    /// Connect to a WS endpoint, applying auth and reading TLS knobs from
+    /// `http_config`.
+    ///
+    /// Honored in v1:
+    /// - `<NAME>_CONNECT_TIMEOUT_SECS` — applied as a handshake deadline.
+    ///
+    /// Resolved but not yet wired to the tungstenite connector
+    /// (deferred — misconfigurations still surface as a `CliError` at
+    /// `resolve()` time, before the handshake is attempted):
+    /// - `<NAME>_CA_BUNDLE` / `<NAME>_EXTRA_CA_CERTS` / `SSL_CERT_FILE`
+    /// - `<NAME>_INSECURE` / `<NAME>_INSECURE_SKIP_VERIFY`
+    /// - `<NAME>_PROXY` / `<NAME>_NO_PROXY`
+    ///
+    /// Not applicable to streaming transports:
+    /// - `<NAME>_TIMEOUT_SECS` — bounds total request lifetime for the
+    ///   reqwest path; a streaming WS connection has no defined "total
+    ///   lifetime" so the value is ignored here. Use
+    ///   `<NAME>_CONNECT_TIMEOUT_SECS` for the handshake deadline.
+    ///
+    /// Default trust roots come from whichever TLS backend the feature
+    /// gate selects (`native-tls` reads the OS keychain; `rustls` uses
+    /// Mozilla's bundled webpki roots).
+    pub async fn connect(
+        mut config: WsConfig,
+        http_config: &HttpConfig,
+    ) -> Result<Self, CliError> {
+        // Resolve transport config up front. Even though v1 doesn't yet
+        // translate CA bundle / insecure into a tungstenite Connector,
+        // calling resolve() surfaces a misconfigured CA path immediately
+        // rather than after a confusing TLS error during handshake.
+        let resolved = http_config.resolve()?;
+
+        // Apply URL/header auth. FirstMessage is deferred to first send().
+        let mut url = config.url.clone();
+        let mut headers: Vec<(String, String)> = Vec::new();
+        config.auth.apply_to_url_and_headers(&mut url, &mut headers)?;
+
+        // Build the handshake request. Using IntoClientRequest on a parsed
+        // URI gets us all the required WS handshake headers
+        // (Sec-WebSocket-Key/Version/Upgrade); we then layer our custom
+        // headers on top.
+        let uri: tokio_tungstenite::tungstenite::http::Uri = url.parse().map_err(|e| {
+            CliError::Validation(format!("invalid WebSocket URL `{url}`: {e}"))
+        })?;
+        let mut request = uri
+            .into_client_request()
+            .map_err(map_handshake_error)?;
+        for (name, value) in &headers {
+            let header_value = HeaderValue::from_str(value).map_err(|e| {
+                CliError::Validation(format!(
+                    "WebSocket header `{name}` contains invalid characters: {e}"
+                ))
+            })?;
+            let header_name: tokio_tungstenite::tungstenite::http::HeaderName =
+                name.parse().map_err(|e| {
+                    CliError::Validation(format!("invalid WebSocket header name `{name}`: {e}"))
+                })?;
+            request.headers_mut().insert(header_name, header_value);
+        }
+
+        // Sync the URL on the WsConfig with what we actually connected to,
+        // so anything downstream that reads it (logging, error messages)
+        // reflects the post-auth-apply form.
+        config.url = url;
+
+        // Connect, with optional handshake deadline.
+        let connect_fut = tokio_tungstenite::connect_async(request);
+        let connect_result = if let Some(deadline) = resolved.connect_timeout {
+            tokio::time::timeout(deadline, connect_fut).await.map_err(|_| {
+                CliError::Other(anyhow::anyhow!(
+                    "WebSocket handshake timed out after {}s",
+                    deadline.as_secs(),
+                ))
+            })?
+        } else {
+            connect_fut.await
+        };
+
+        let (stream, _response) = connect_result.map_err(map_handshake_error)?;
+        Ok(Self {
+            stream,
+            config,
+            first_send_done: false,
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Send a JSON value as a WS text frame. Applies
+    /// [`WsAuth::FirstMessage`] merging on the very first send, then
+    /// becomes a plain serialize-and-send.
+    pub async fn send(&mut self, msg: &Value) -> Result<(), CliError> {
+        let mut to_send = msg.clone();
+        if !self.first_send_done {
+            self.config.auth.merge_into_first_message(&mut to_send)?;
+            self.first_send_done = true;
+        }
+        let text = serde_json::to_string(&to_send).map_err(|e| {
+            CliError::Validation(format!("failed to serialize WS frame: {e}"))
+        })?;
+        let hint = self.config.abnormal_close_hint.clone();
+        self.stream
+            .send(Message::Text(text))
+            .await
+            .map_err(|e| map_stream_error(e, &hint))
+    }
+
+    /// Send raw bytes as a WS binary frame.
+    ///
+    /// Required by APIs that ship PCM audio (or any other binary payload)
+    /// on the wire. Callers typically drive this from their own
+    /// audio-capture loop (`cpal` mic, file reader, etc.) rather than from
+    /// the stdin path — stdin forwarding stays JSON-text only in v1
+    /// (see ADR-0002 follow-ups).
+    ///
+    /// # `WsAuth::FirstMessage` interaction
+    ///
+    /// `FirstMessage` auth merges the credential into the first outbound
+    /// JSON frame. Binary frames have no JSON object to merge into, so
+    /// calling `send_binary` as the *very first* outbound when `FirstMessage`
+    /// auth is configured silently drops the credential. We error loudly
+    /// instead: send a JSON frame first (typically a per-API "configure
+    /// session" message that *should* carry the credential), then call
+    /// `send_binary` for audio chunks.
+    pub async fn send_binary(&mut self, bytes: Vec<u8>) -> Result<(), CliError> {
+        if !self.first_send_done && matches!(self.config.auth, WsAuth::FirstMessage(_, _)) {
+            return Err(CliError::Validation(
+                "WebSocket: send_binary called before any send() with WsAuth::FirstMessage \
+                 configured — the auth credential would never reach the server. Send your \
+                 session-init JSON frame via `send(...)` first; binary frames after."
+                    .into(),
+            ));
+        }
+        let hint = self.config.abnormal_close_hint.clone();
+        self.stream
+            .send(Message::Binary(bytes))
+            .await
+            .map_err(|e| map_stream_error(e, &hint))
+    }
+
+    /// Run the recv loop until either `shutdown` fires or the server
+    /// closes the connection. On graceful shutdown / server `Close(1000)`,
+    /// returns `Ok(())`. Other terminations map per the matrix in
+    /// [`super::error`].
+    ///
+    /// `shutdown` is intentionally a generic future rather than a
+    /// `tokio_util::sync::CancellationToken` — keeps the dep surface
+    /// small, and lets tests pass a `oneshot::Receiver` without dragging
+    /// the SIGINT machinery into unit tests. Production wires this to
+    /// [`tokio::signal::ctrl_c`] via [`Self::run_recv_loop`].
+    pub async fn run_until_shutdown<F>(self, shutdown: F) -> Result<(), CliError>
+    where
+        F: std::future::Future<Output = ()> + Send + Unpin,
+    {
+        let WebSocketClient {
+            stream,
+            config,
+            first_send_done,
+        } = self;
+        let (mut sink, mut source) = stream.split();
+
+        let stdin_input = config.stdin_input;
+        let stdin_validate_json = config.stdin_validate_json;
+        let abnormal_hint = config.abnormal_close_hint.clone();
+        // Keep the first-send bookkeeping live across the loop so the
+        // stdin branch can honor `WsAuth::FirstMessage` — without this,
+        // a caller combining `stdin_input = true` with `FirstMessage`
+        // auth would have the auth field silently dropped from the first
+        // outbound frame.
+        let mut first_send_done = first_send_done;
+
+        // Bounded channel: stdin reader → recv loop. Bound is 64; when
+        // full, the reader blocks on `tx.send`, propagating backpressure
+        // back through the OS pipe buffer to the user's writer side.
+        // The `_stdin_tx_keepalive` binding holds the sender alive when
+        // we're not spawning a reader — without it the rx would return
+        // `None` on first recv, which the select! arm interprets as
+        // EOF (= clean shutdown) and exits immediately. Combined with
+        // the `if stdin_input` guard below this is belt-and-braces.
+        let (stdin_tx, mut stdin_rx) = mpsc::channel::<String>(64);
+        let _stdin_tx_keepalive;
+        let stdin_handle = if stdin_input {
+            _stdin_tx_keepalive = None;
+            Some(tokio::spawn(stdin_reader_task(stdin_tx, stdin_validate_json)))
+        } else {
+            _stdin_tx_keepalive = Some(stdin_tx);
+            None
+        };
+
+        // Use the owned `Stdout` rather than a `StdoutLock`. Holding a
+        // lock across the recv loop's await points blocks any other
+        // thread that tries to write to stdout — and `StdoutLock` isn't
+        // `Send`, so the future itself wouldn't be `Send` either, which
+        // breaks `tokio::spawn`. `Stdout::write_all` locks internally
+        // per call, which is the right granularity for our throughput.
+        let mut stdout = std::io::stdout();
+        let pipeline = config.output_pipeline.clone();
+        let auto_responder = config.auto_responder.clone();
+        let strip_keys: Vec<String> = config.strip_audio_keys.clone();
+
+        let mut shutdown = shutdown;
+
+        let exit_reason: Result<(), CliError> = loop {
+            tokio::select! {
+                // Bias toward shutdown — if a Ctrl+C fires the same
+                // instant as a frame arrives, the user expects the close
+                // path to win.
+                biased;
+                _ = &mut shutdown => {
+                    break Ok(());
+                }
+                line = stdin_rx.recv(), if stdin_input => {
+                    match line {
+                        Some(text) => {
+                            // If `WsAuth::FirstMessage` is configured and
+                            // we haven't sent yet, parse → merge → re-serialize
+                            // so the auth credential lands in the very first
+                            // outbound frame. Lines after the first ship as-is
+                            // (matching `WebSocketClient::send`'s contract that
+                            // FirstMessage applies only once per connection).
+                            let to_send = if !first_send_done
+                                && matches!(config.auth, WsAuth::FirstMessage(_, _))
+                            {
+                                match serde_json::from_str::<Value>(&text) {
+                                    Ok(mut v) => {
+                                        if let Err(e) =
+                                            config.auth.merge_into_first_message(&mut v)
+                                        {
+                                            break Err(e);
+                                        }
+                                        match serde_json::to_string(&v) {
+                                            Ok(s) => s,
+                                            Err(e) => {
+                                                break Err(CliError::Validation(format!(
+                                                    "failed to re-serialize first stdin \
+                                                     frame after merging FirstMessage \
+                                                     auth: {e}"
+                                                )));
+                                            }
+                                        }
+                                    }
+                                    Err(e) => {
+                                        // FirstMessage auth requires merging
+                                        // into a JSON object — a non-JSON first
+                                        // stdin line breaks the contract loudly
+                                        // rather than silently dropping creds.
+                                        break Err(CliError::Validation(format!(
+                                            "FirstMessage auth requires the first stdin \
+                                             frame to be valid JSON (got parse error: \
+                                             {e}). If your wire protocol allows non-JSON \
+                                             frames, call `client.send(...)` once with \
+                                             the auth-bearing frame before \
+                                             `run_until_shutdown`."
+                                        )));
+                                    }
+                                }
+                            } else {
+                                text
+                            };
+                            first_send_done = true;
+                            if let Err(e) = sink.send(Message::Text(to_send)).await {
+                                break Err(map_stream_error(e, &abnormal_hint));
+                            }
+                        }
+                        None => {
+                            // stdin EOF — clean exit per resolution sheet.
+                            // The Close(1000) frame is sent after the loop
+                            // unwinds (`exit_reason.is_ok()` branch below).
+                            break Ok(());
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                msg = source.next() => {
+                    let result = handle_inbound(
+                        msg,
+                        &mut sink,
+                        &auto_responder,
+                        &pipeline,
+                        &strip_keys,
+                        &mut stdout,
+                        &abnormal_hint,
+                    ).await;
+                    match result {
+                        FrameDisposition::Continue => continue,
+                        FrameDisposition::Stop(r) => break r,
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        };
+
+        // Send Close(1000) on graceful exit. We swallow the error from
+        // close() because the connection may already be closed (server
+        // initiated the close, network is gone, etc.) — `exit_reason`
+        // is the authoritative outcome.
+        //
+        // Note: when the server initiated the close, tungstenite has
+        // already queued the echo internally before our `Message::Close`
+        // reaches `sink.send`. Tungstenite's close-state machine treats
+        // user-side `send(Close)` as a no-op outside the Active state,
+        // so this is *not* a double-frame on the wire — just a wasted
+        // method call. Cheap and keeps the source readable.
+        if exit_reason.is_ok() {
+            let _ = tokio::time::timeout(
+                Duration::from_secs(2),
+                sink.send(Message::Close(Some(CloseFrame {
+                    code: CloseCode::Normal,
+                    reason: "".into(),
+                }))),
+            )
+            .await;
+        }
+
+        // Abort the stdin reader task. NOTE: `abort()` does NOT unwind a
+        // blocking read inside `tokio::io::stdin()` — the underlying
+        // blocking thread continues until the OS hands it a line or EOF.
+        // In `run_recv_loop` this is fine because the process is about
+        // to exit and the OS reclaims everything. Future stdin-driven
+        // *tests* will need a fake stdin (e.g. a custom `AsyncRead`
+        // injected via a future `WsConfig.stdin_source` field) to avoid
+        // leaking a blocking thread per test.
+        if let Some(handle) = stdin_handle {
+            handle.abort();
+        }
+
+        exit_reason
+    }
+
+    /// Convenience wrapper that runs the recv loop until either
+    /// [`tokio::signal::ctrl_c`] fires or the server closes.
+    pub async fn run_recv_loop(self) -> Result<(), CliError> {
+        // Wrap the signal future so its concrete unit-typed shape lines
+        // up with the `Future<Output = ()> + Unpin` bound on
+        // `run_until_shutdown`. Box the future to satisfy Unpin without
+        // requiring callers to pin manually.
+        let shutdown = Box::pin(async {
+            let _ = tokio::signal::ctrl_c().await;
+        });
+        self.run_until_shutdown(shutdown).await
+    }
+}
+
+enum FrameDisposition {
+    Continue,
+    Stop(Result<(), CliError>),
+}
+
+/// Single-frame handler — invoked once per item from the WS source.
+/// Returns whether the loop should keep going or break with a result.
+async fn handle_inbound(
+    msg: Option<Result<Message, tokio_tungstenite::tungstenite::Error>>,
+    sink: &mut futures_util::stream::SplitSink<
+        tokio_tungstenite::WebSocketStream<
+            tokio_tungstenite::MaybeTlsStream<tokio::net::TcpStream>,
+        >,
+        Message,
+    >,
+    auto_responder: &Option<AutoResponder>,
+    pipeline: &OutputPipeline,
+    strip_keys: &[String],
+    stdout: &mut std::io::Stdout,
+    abnormal_hint: &str,
+) -> FrameDisposition {
+    match msg {
+        None => FrameDisposition::Stop(Err(CliError::Other(anyhow::anyhow!(
+            "WebSocket stream ended without a close frame — {abnormal_hint}"
+        )))),
+        Some(Err(e)) => FrameDisposition::Stop(Err(map_stream_error(e, abnormal_hint))),
+        Some(Ok(Message::Close(frame))) => {
+            FrameDisposition::Stop(classify_close_frame(frame.as_ref(), abnormal_hint))
+        }
+        // WS protocol-level Ping/Pong are auto-handled by tungstenite; we
+        // never see them as user-payload. Frame is also internal. None of
+        // them should emit to stdout.
+        Some(Ok(Message::Ping(_) | Message::Pong(_) | Message::Frame(_))) => {
+            FrameDisposition::Continue
+        }
+        Some(Ok(Message::Binary(b))) => {
+            // v1: inbound binary frames are not emitted to stdout (most
+            // streaming APIs send JSON inbound and only accept binary
+            // outbound). Warn visibly so callers hitting an API that
+            // *does* stream binary back know their stream produced
+            // unprintable bytes — silence would look like a hung pipe.
+            eprintln!(
+                "warning: dropped {}-byte inbound WebSocket binary frame \
+                 (v1 does not emit binary inbound; plumb a handler via \
+                 WsConfig in a future release if your API needs this)",
+                b.len(),
+            );
+            FrameDisposition::Continue
+        }
+        Some(Ok(Message::Text(text))) => {
+            // Parse as JSON. If parsing fails, treat as transport-level
+            // garbage from the server — surface it.
+            let value: Value = match serde_json::from_str(&text) {
+                Ok(v) => v,
+                Err(e) => {
+                    return FrameDisposition::Stop(Err(CliError::Other(anyhow::anyhow!(
+                        "WebSocket received unparseable JSON: {e}: {}",
+                        truncate(&text, 200),
+                    ))));
+                }
+            };
+
+            // Autoresponder first: if it claims the frame, send the reply
+            // and elide. No emit.
+            if let Some(responder) = auto_responder {
+                if let Some(reply) = responder(&value) {
+                    let reply_text = match serde_json::to_string(&reply) {
+                        Ok(s) => s,
+                        Err(e) => {
+                            return FrameDisposition::Stop(Err(CliError::Other(
+                                anyhow::anyhow!("autoresponder produced unserializable JSON: {e}"),
+                            )));
+                        }
+                    };
+                    if let Err(e) = sink.send(Message::Text(reply_text)).await {
+                        return FrameDisposition::Stop(Err(map_stream_error(e, abnormal_hint)));
+                    }
+                    return FrameDisposition::Continue;
+                }
+            }
+
+            // Strip audio-shaped keys before emit (recursive).
+            let to_emit = if strip_keys.is_empty() {
+                value
+            } else {
+                let mut v = value;
+                strip_keys_recursive(&mut v, strip_keys);
+                v
+            };
+
+            // Emit through the pipeline. `paginated=true` so each frame
+            // emits as compact NDJSON (one object per line).
+            if let Err(e) = pipeline.emit(stdout, &to_emit, true, false) {
+                return FrameDisposition::Stop(Err(CliError::Other(anyhow::anyhow!(
+                    "failed to emit WebSocket frame: {e}"
+                ))));
+            }
+            FrameDisposition::Continue
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Recursively remove keys whose name matches any entry in `keys`. Walks
+/// objects and arrays in place. Linear in the JSON value's node count.
+fn strip_keys_recursive(value: &mut Value, keys: &[String]) {
+    match value {
+        Value::Object(map) => {
+            for k in keys {
+                map.remove(k);
+            }
+            for (_, v) in map.iter_mut() {
+                strip_keys_recursive(v, keys);
+            }
+        }
+        Value::Array(arr) => {
+            for v in arr.iter_mut() {
+                strip_keys_recursive(v, keys);
+            }
+        }
+        _ => {}
+    }
+}
+
+/// Stdin reader task: pushes validated lines onto the bounded sender.
+/// When stdin EOFs, drops the sender so the main loop sees `None` on
+/// its next `recv()` and exits cleanly. Blank lines silently skipped;
+/// invalid JSON warned to stderr and dropped (connection stays up).
+async fn stdin_reader_task(tx: mpsc::Sender<String>, validate_json: bool) {
+    let stdin = tokio::io::stdin();
+    let mut reader = BufReader::new(stdin).lines();
+    loop {
+        match reader.next_line().await {
+            Ok(Some(line)) => {
+                if line.trim().is_empty() {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                if validate_json {
+                    if let Err(e) = serde_json::from_str::<Value>(&line) {
+                        eprintln!(
+                            "warning: stdin line is not valid JSON, dropping: {} ({})",
+                            truncate(&line, 80),
+                            e,
+                        );
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                }
+                if tx.send(line).await.is_err() {
+                    // Receiver dropped — the recv loop has exited. Stop.
+                    return;
+                }
+            }
+            Ok(None) => return, // EOF — drop tx by returning
+            Err(e) => {
+                eprintln!("warning: stdin read error: {e}");
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn truncate(s: &str, max: usize) -> String {
+    if s.len() <= max {
+        s.to_string()
+    } else {
+        let mut end = max;
+        while end > 0 && !s.is_char_boundary(end) {
+            end -= 1;
+        }
+        format!("{}…", &s[..end])
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn strip_keys_removes_top_level_and_nested() {
+        let mut value = serde_json::json!({
+            "audio_base_64": "AAAA...",
+            "text": "hello",
+            "agent_response": {
+                "audio_base_64": "BBBB...",
+                "transcript": "world",
+            },
+            "items": [
+                {"audio_base_64": "CCCC...", "id": 1},
+                {"audio_base_64": "DDDD...", "id": 2},
+            ],
+        });
+        strip_keys_recursive(&mut value, &["audio_base_64".to_string()]);
+        assert!(value.get("audio_base_64").is_none());
+        assert_eq!(value["text"], "hello");
+        assert!(value["agent_response"].get("audio_base_64").is_none());
+        assert_eq!(value["agent_response"]["transcript"], "world");
+        assert!(value["items"][0].get("audio_base_64").is_none());
+        assert!(value["items"][1].get("audio_base_64").is_none());
+        assert_eq!(value["items"][0]["id"], 1);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn strip_keys_noop_when_keys_absent() {
+        let mut value = serde_json::json!({"text": "hi", "n": 1});
+        strip_keys_recursive(&mut value, &["audio_base_64".to_string()]);
+        assert_eq!(value, serde_json::json!({"text": "hi", "n": 1}));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/websocket/error.rs b/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/websocket/error.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..8e6d5a317252
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/websocket/error.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,247 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! WebSocket failure → [`CliError`] mapping.
+//!
+//! # The matrix (v1)
+//!
+//! | Phase | Failure mode | `CliError` | Exit |
+//! |---|---|---|---|
+//! | handshake | DNS / TCP refused / reset | `Other` | 5 |
+//! | handshake | TLS cert error | `Other` | 5 |
+//! | handshake | 401 / 403 Upgrade rejected | `Auth` | 2 |
+//! | handshake | 404 / wrong URL | `Discovery` | 4 |
+//! | handshake | 5xx | `Api { code, .. }` | 1 |
+//! | mid-stream | server `Close(1000)` Normal Closure | `Ok(())` | **0** |
+//! | mid-stream | server `Close(1001..=1015)` abnormal | `Other` (hint included) | 5 |
+//! | mid-stream | TCP drop / read timeout / inactivity | `Other` (hint included) | 5 |
+//! | local | bad URL given to [`WsConfig::url`](super::WsConfig) | `Validation` | 3 |
+//! | local | unparseable JSON from server | `Other` | 5 |
+//!
+//! The abnormal-close hint nudges users toward the most common failure
+//! mode: auth / network / app-level keepalive misses.
+
+use tokio_tungstenite::tungstenite;
+
+use crate::error::CliError;
+
+/// Default hint appended to abnormal-close errors. API-neutral by
+/// design — it's the message a user of *any* WS-using CLI should
+/// understand. Override per-CLI by setting
+/// [`super::WsConfig::abnormal_close_hint`] with API-specific guidance.
+pub const ABNORMAL_CLOSE_HINT: &str =
+    "connection ended abnormally; check auth, network, and the API's keepalive/timeout requirements";
+
+/// Map a `tungstenite::Error` raised during the handshake phase to a
+/// [`CliError`] following the matrix above. Public so an external caller
+/// implementing its own handshake wrapper (e.g. for unit-testing the
+/// matrix in isolation) can reuse the mapping.
+pub fn map_handshake_error(err: tungstenite::Error) -> CliError {
+    use tungstenite::Error as TE;
+
+    match err {
+        TE::Http(response) => {
+            // The HTTP-status-bearing handshake failure: the server
+            // accepted the TCP connection but rejected the Upgrade.
+            let status = response.status().as_u16();
+            // Best-effort body capture for the error message. Tungstenite
+            // exposes it as `Option<Vec<u8>>`.
+            let body = response
+                .into_body()
+                .and_then(|b| String::from_utf8(b).ok())
+                .unwrap_or_default();
+            match status {
+                401 | 403 => CliError::Auth(format!(
+                    "WebSocket upgrade rejected with {status}: {}",
+                    truncate(&body, 200),
+                )),
+                404 => CliError::Discovery(format!(
+                    "WebSocket endpoint not found (404): {}",
+                    truncate(&body, 200),
+                )),
+                500..=599 => CliError::Api {
+                    code: status,
+                    message: format!("WebSocket upgrade failed: {}", truncate(&body, 200)),
+                    reason: "wsHandshakeServerError".into(),
+                },
+                _ => CliError::Other(anyhow::anyhow!(
+                    "WebSocket upgrade failed with status {status}: {}",
+                    truncate(&body, 200),
+                )),
+            }
+        }
+        TE::Url(e) => {
+            // tungstenite couldn't even parse / route the URL — caller
+            // gave us garbage.
+            CliError::Validation(format!("invalid WebSocket URL: {e}"))
+        }
+        // Everything else (Io, Tls, ConnectionClosed before negotiation,
+        // protocol violations during the upgrade) is transport-shaped.
+        other => CliError::Other(anyhow::anyhow!("WebSocket handshake failed: {other}")),
+    }
+}
+
+/// Map a `tungstenite::Error` raised mid-stream (after handshake) to a
+/// [`CliError`]. Always returns an `Err`; the recv loop maps `Ok` paths
+/// (clean close 1000, polite close 1001) directly. `hint` is the message
+/// the user should investigate — pass the WS config's
+/// [`super::WsConfig::abnormal_close_hint`] (or the default).
+pub(crate) fn map_stream_error(err: tungstenite::Error, hint: &str) -> CliError {
+    use tungstenite::Error as TE;
+
+    match err {
+        TE::ConnectionClosed | TE::AlreadyClosed => CliError::Other(anyhow::anyhow!(
+            "WebSocket connection closed unexpectedly — {hint}"
+        )),
+        TE::Io(e) => CliError::Other(anyhow::anyhow!(
+            "WebSocket I/O error mid-stream: {e} — {hint}"
+        )),
+        other => CliError::Other(anyhow::anyhow!(
+            "WebSocket protocol error mid-stream: {other}"
+        )),
+    }
+}
+
+/// Classify a server-initiated close frame.
+///
+/// Returns `Ok(())` for **success-shaped** closures:
+/// - `1000 Normal Closure` — protocol-correct end-of-session.
+/// - `1001 Going Away` — peer is leaving (page navigation, server
+///   shutdown, *or* session-cap expiry like a long-running session
+///   hitting a server-side hard limit). For long-running sessions this
+///   is the polite way to say "we're done"; treating it as an error
+///   would cause shell pipelines to spuriously fail on a clean
+///   end-of-session.
+///
+/// Returns `Err` for everything else, with `hint` woven into the message
+/// when supplied. `hint` is what the user should investigate; pass
+/// [`ABNORMAL_CLOSE_HINT`] for the generic default, or supply an
+/// API-specific string (see [`super::WsConfig::abnormal_close_hint`]).
+pub(crate) fn classify_close_frame(
+    frame: Option<&tungstenite::protocol::CloseFrame<'_>>,
+    hint: &str,
+) -> Result<(), CliError> {
+    use tokio_tungstenite::tungstenite::protocol::frame::coding::CloseCode;
+
+    let Some(frame) = frame else {
+        // No close frame at all — the peer just hung up. Treat as abnormal.
+        return Err(CliError::Other(anyhow::anyhow!(
+            "WebSocket peer closed without a close frame — {hint}"
+        )));
+    };
+    match frame.code {
+        CloseCode::Normal => Ok(()),
+        CloseCode::Away => {
+            // 1001 "Going Away" — log to stderr so the user sees that
+            // the session ended for a benign reason, but don't fail the
+            // exit code.
+            let reason_suffix = if frame.reason.is_empty() {
+                String::new()
+            } else {
+                format!(" ({})", frame.reason)
+            };
+            eprintln!(
+                "websocket: session ended with code 1001 going away{reason_suffix}"
+            );
+            Ok(())
+        }
+        _ => {
+            let code: u16 = frame.code.into();
+            Err(CliError::Other(anyhow::anyhow!(
+                "WebSocket closed with code {code}{} — {hint}",
+                if frame.reason.is_empty() {
+                    String::new()
+                } else {
+                    format!(" ({})", frame.reason)
+                },
+            )))
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn truncate(s: &str, max: usize) -> String {
+    if s.len() <= max {
+        s.to_string()
+    } else {
+        // Truncate on a char boundary for safety; the body may be UTF-8
+        // and slicing in the middle of a multibyte sequence panics.
+        let mut end = max;
+        while end > 0 && !s.is_char_boundary(end) {
+            end -= 1;
+        }
+        format!("{}…", &s[..end])
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use tokio_tungstenite::tungstenite::protocol::{CloseFrame, frame::coding::CloseCode};
+    use std::borrow::Cow;
+
+    fn frame(code: u16, reason: &'static str) -> CloseFrame<'static> {
+        CloseFrame {
+            code: CloseCode::from(code),
+            reason: Cow::Borrowed(reason),
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn close_1000_is_ok() {
+        assert!(classify_close_frame(Some(&frame(1000, "")), ABNORMAL_CLOSE_HINT).is_ok());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn close_1001_going_away_is_ok() {
+        // 1001 = peer is leaving (page nav, server shutdown, session-cap
+        // expiry). Treated as a clean end-of-session for long-running
+        // sessions that hit a server-side hard limit and similar
+        // "polite hangup" patterns.
+        assert!(classify_close_frame(Some(&frame(1001, "session cap")), ABNORMAL_CLOSE_HINT).is_ok());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn close_1006_is_err_with_hint() {
+        let err = classify_close_frame(Some(&frame(1006, "")), ABNORMAL_CLOSE_HINT).unwrap_err();
+        assert!(err.to_string().contains("1006"));
+        assert!(err.to_string().contains(ABNORMAL_CLOSE_HINT));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn close_with_reason_includes_reason_in_message() {
+        let err = classify_close_frame(Some(&frame(1011, "internal error")), ABNORMAL_CLOSE_HINT)
+            .unwrap_err();
+        assert!(err.to_string().contains("internal error"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn missing_close_frame_is_abnormal_err() {
+        let err = classify_close_frame(None, ABNORMAL_CLOSE_HINT).unwrap_err();
+        assert!(err.to_string().contains(ABNORMAL_CLOSE_HINT));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn custom_hint_replaces_default_in_message() {
+        let custom = "custom hint: check KeepAlive cadence + audio format";
+        let err = classify_close_frame(Some(&frame(1006, "")), custom).unwrap_err();
+        assert!(err.to_string().contains(custom));
+        assert!(!err.to_string().contains(ABNORMAL_CLOSE_HINT),
+            "default hint should NOT appear when a custom one was passed");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn handshake_url_error_maps_to_validation() {
+        let err = map_handshake_error(tungstenite::Error::Url(
+            tungstenite::error::UrlError::NoHostName,
+        ));
+        assert!(matches!(err, CliError::Validation(_)));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn truncate_respects_char_boundary() {
+        // U+1F600 is 4 bytes in UTF-8. Truncating at byte 2 would split it.
+        let s = "ab😀cd";
+        let truncated = truncate(s, 3);
+        // Should fall back to a char boundary at or before 3.
+        assert!(truncated.starts_with("ab"));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/websocket/mod.rs b/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/websocket/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..090000eef2ac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/github-npm/src/websocket/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! WebSocket bidirectional client.
+//!
+//! Used by custom commands that need to graft a long-lived bidirectional
+//! connection onto the CLI (realtime streaming, conversational APIs,
+//! etc.). The recv loop emits each inbound JSON frame through
+//! [`crate::formatter::OutputPipeline`] so format / color / future
+//! jq/fields/template flags compose for free.
+//!
+//! # Composition with [`AppContext`](crate::openapi::AppContext)
+//!
+//! Custom-command handlers are synchronous, but the WS client is async.
+//! Bridge with the same `block_in_place` + `Handle::current().block_on(...)`
+//! pattern that [`AppContext::execute`](crate::openapi::AppContext::execute)
+//! uses internally — see [`WebSocketClient::connect`] for an example.
+//!
+//! # Auth
+//!
+//! `WsAuth::{QueryParam, Header, FirstMessage}` each take an
+//! [`AuthCredentialSource`](crate::auth::AuthCredentialSource) directly —
+//! the WS module does **not** call into [`AuthProvider`](crate::auth::AuthProvider)
+//! because that surface is reqwest-shaped. See
+//! `docs/adr/0001-auth-provider-no-cred-extraction.md`.
+//!
+//! # TLS
+//!
+//! `WebSocketClient::connect` honors compile-time roots from
+//! `CliApp::extra_root_cert` and resolves the same env vars as the
+//! reqwest path via [`HttpConfig::resolve`](crate::http::HttpConfig::resolve)
+//! — `<NAME>_CA_BUNDLE`, `<NAME>_INSECURE`, `<NAME>_CONNECT_TIMEOUT_SECS`.
+//! Proxy support (`<NAME>_PROXY`) is not implemented in v1; document it as
+//! a follow-up.
+//!
+//! # Graceful shutdown
+//!
+//! [`WebSocketClient::run_until_shutdown`] takes any future. Production
+//! wires it to [`tokio::signal::ctrl_c`] via the convenience wrapper
+//! [`WebSocketClient::run_recv_loop`]; tests wire it to a `oneshot`
+//! receiver.
+
+mod auth;
+mod client;
+mod error;
+
+pub use auth::WsAuth;
+pub use client::{AutoResponder, WebSocketClient, WsConfig};
+pub use error::map_handshake_error;
diff --git a/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/no-custom-config/Cargo.lock b/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/no-custom-config/Cargo.lock
index a5a694a2abd8..666fd8812728 100644
--- a/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/no-custom-config/Cargo.lock
+++ b/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/no-custom-config/Cargo.lock
@@ -344,7 +344,7 @@ checksum = "9f1f227452a390804cdb637b74a86990f2a7d7ba4b7d5693aac9b4dd6defd8d6"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "fern-cli-sdk"
-version = "0.18.1"
+version = "0.0.0"
 dependencies = [
  "anyhow",
  "base64",
diff --git a/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/no-custom-config/Cargo.toml b/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/no-custom-config/Cargo.toml
index 5d3bcf79c003..a679b3c5223e 100644
--- a/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/no-custom-config/Cargo.toml
+++ b/seed/cli/query-parameters-openapi/no-custom-config/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "fern-cli-sdk"
-version = "0.18.1"
+version = "0.0.0"
 edition = "2021"
 description = "CLI generator — dynamic command surface from OpenAPI and GraphQL schemas"
 license = "Apache-2.0"
diff --git a/seed/cli/schemaless-request-body-examples/Cargo.lock b/seed/cli/schemaless-request-body-examples/Cargo.lock
index a5a694a2abd8..666fd8812728 100644
--- a/seed/cli/schemaless-request-body-examples/Cargo.lock
+++ b/seed/cli/schemaless-request-body-examples/Cargo.lock
@@ -344,7 +344,7 @@ checksum = "9f1f227452a390804cdb637b74a86990f2a7d7ba4b7d5693aac9b4dd6defd8d6"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "fern-cli-sdk"
-version = "0.18.1"
+version = "0.0.0"
 dependencies = [
  "anyhow",
  "base64",
diff --git a/seed/cli/schemaless-request-body-examples/Cargo.toml b/seed/cli/schemaless-request-body-examples/Cargo.toml
index 94ab1d5b8cf0..30ec3cf676f6 100644
--- a/seed/cli/schemaless-request-body-examples/Cargo.toml
+++ b/seed/cli/schemaless-request-body-examples/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "fern-cli-sdk"
-version = "0.18.1"
+version = "0.0.0"
 edition = "2021"
 description = "CLI generator — dynamic command surface from OpenAPI and GraphQL schemas"
 license = "Apache-2.0"
diff --git a/seed/cli/seed.yml b/seed/cli/seed.yml
index 5df39b73eb63..340a236ab4f3 100644
--- a/seed/cli/seed.yml
+++ b/seed/cli/seed.yml
@@ -60,6 +60,18 @@ fixtures:
   query-parameters-openapi:
     - customConfig: null
       outputFolder: no-custom-config
+    # Github output mode with npm publish info — verifies that the
+    # generator emits `.github/workflows/ci.yml` and stamps the
+    # resolved version into Cargo.toml.
+    - customConfig: null
+      outputFolder: github-npm
+      outputMode: github
+      outputVersion: "1.0.0"
+      publishConfig:
+        type: npm
+        registryUrl: https://registry.npmjs.org
+        packageName: "@fern/query-parameters-openapi"
+        token: "${NPM_TOKEN}"
   # Multi-spec fixture — declares two OpenAPI specs with NO namespaces.
   # `customConfig.binaryName` is REQUIRED for multi-spec (the generator
   # refuses to guess a single name across multiple titles).
diff --git a/seed/cli/server-sent-events-openapi/Cargo.lock b/seed/cli/server-sent-events-openapi/Cargo.lock
index a5a694a2abd8..666fd8812728 100644
--- a/seed/cli/server-sent-events-openapi/Cargo.lock
+++ b/seed/cli/server-sent-events-openapi/Cargo.lock
@@ -344,7 +344,7 @@ checksum = "9f1f227452a390804cdb637b74a86990f2a7d7ba4b7d5693aac9b4dd6defd8d6"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "fern-cli-sdk"
-version = "0.18.1"
+version = "0.0.0"
 dependencies = [
  "anyhow",
  "base64",
diff --git a/seed/cli/server-sent-events-openapi/Cargo.toml b/seed/cli/server-sent-events-openapi/Cargo.toml
index 4eb67d78b555..ee56ec8f1794 100644
--- a/seed/cli/server-sent-events-openapi/Cargo.toml
+++ b/seed/cli/server-sent-events-openapi/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "fern-cli-sdk"
-version = "0.18.1"
+version = "0.0.0"
 edition = "2021"
 description = "CLI generator — dynamic command surface from OpenAPI and GraphQL schemas"
 license = "Apache-2.0"
diff --git a/seed/cli/server-url-templating/Cargo.lock b/seed/cli/server-url-templating/Cargo.lock
index a5a694a2abd8..666fd8812728 100644
--- a/seed/cli/server-url-templating/Cargo.lock
+++ b/seed/cli/server-url-templating/Cargo.lock
@@ -344,7 +344,7 @@ checksum = "9f1f227452a390804cdb637b74a86990f2a7d7ba4b7d5693aac9b4dd6defd8d6"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "fern-cli-sdk"
-version = "0.18.1"
+version = "0.0.0"
 dependencies = [
  "anyhow",
  "base64",
diff --git a/seed/cli/server-url-templating/Cargo.toml b/seed/cli/server-url-templating/Cargo.toml
index 249018f1b41c..978da0185e82 100644
--- a/seed/cli/server-url-templating/Cargo.toml
+++ b/seed/cli/server-url-templating/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "fern-cli-sdk"
-version = "0.18.1"
+version = "0.0.0"
 edition = "2021"
 description = "CLI generator — dynamic command surface from OpenAPI and GraphQL schemas"
 license = "Apache-2.0"
diff --git a/seed/cli/url-form-encoded/Cargo.lock b/seed/cli/url-form-encoded/Cargo.lock
index a5a694a2abd8..666fd8812728 100644
--- a/seed/cli/url-form-encoded/Cargo.lock
+++ b/seed/cli/url-form-encoded/Cargo.lock
@@ -344,7 +344,7 @@ checksum = "9f1f227452a390804cdb637b74a86990f2a7d7ba4b7d5693aac9b4dd6defd8d6"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "fern-cli-sdk"
-version = "0.18.1"
+version = "0.0.0"
 dependencies = [
  "anyhow",
  "base64",
diff --git a/seed/cli/url-form-encoded/Cargo.toml b/seed/cli/url-form-encoded/Cargo.toml
index 01fbd12afa41..70218b784696 100644
--- a/seed/cli/url-form-encoded/Cargo.toml
+++ b/seed/cli/url-form-encoded/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "fern-cli-sdk"
-version = "0.18.1"
+version = "0.0.0"
 edition = "2021"
 description = "CLI generator — dynamic command surface from OpenAPI and GraphQL schemas"
 license = "Apache-2.0"
diff --git a/seed/cli/webhook-audience/Cargo.lock b/seed/cli/webhook-audience/Cargo.lock
index a5a694a2abd8..666fd8812728 100644
--- a/seed/cli/webhook-audience/Cargo.lock
+++ b/seed/cli/webhook-audience/Cargo.lock
@@ -344,7 +344,7 @@ checksum = "9f1f227452a390804cdb637b74a86990f2a7d7ba4b7d5693aac9b4dd6defd8d6"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "fern-cli-sdk"
-version = "0.18.1"
+version = "0.0.0"
 dependencies = [
  "anyhow",
  "base64",
diff --git a/seed/cli/webhook-audience/Cargo.toml b/seed/cli/webhook-audience/Cargo.toml
index a2d9a8619d3e..67c7b55b8774 100644
--- a/seed/cli/webhook-audience/Cargo.toml
+++ b/seed/cli/webhook-audience/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "fern-cli-sdk"
-version = "0.18.1"
+version = "0.0.0"
 edition = "2021"
 description = "CLI generator — dynamic command surface from OpenAPI and GraphQL schemas"
 license = "Apache-2.0"
diff --git a/seed/cli/x-fern-default/Cargo.lock b/seed/cli/x-fern-default/Cargo.lock
index a5a694a2abd8..666fd8812728 100644
--- a/seed/cli/x-fern-default/Cargo.lock
+++ b/seed/cli/x-fern-default/Cargo.lock
@@ -344,7 +344,7 @@ checksum = "9f1f227452a390804cdb637b74a86990f2a7d7ba4b7d5693aac9b4dd6defd8d6"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "fern-cli-sdk"
-version = "0.18.1"
+version = "0.0.0"
 dependencies = [
  "anyhow",
  "base64",
diff --git a/seed/cli/x-fern-default/Cargo.toml b/seed/cli/x-fern-default/Cargo.toml
index d9a209bc11db..eed4751f7d66 100644
--- a/seed/cli/x-fern-default/Cargo.toml
+++ b/seed/cli/x-fern-default/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "fern-cli-sdk"
-version = "0.18.1"
+version = "0.0.0"
 edition = "2021"
 description = "CLI generator — dynamic command surface from OpenAPI and GraphQL schemas"
 license = "Apache-2.0"

From 15014e8379d0ae4921a2490d5a047a212a7cd882 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: jsklan <100491078+jsklan@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 2 Jun 2026 17:53:20 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 09/14] Revert "chore(cli-generator): rename Docker image from
 fernapi/fern-cli to fernapi/fern-cli-generator" (#16200)
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit

Revert "chore(cli-generator): rename Docker image from fernapi/fern-cli to fe…"

This reverts commit 89c3c569f3721e5d53f8110a26aec0824ebe3611.
---
 generators/cli/package.json                                 | 4 ++--
 generators/cli/sdk/docs/DESIGN.md                           | 2 +-
 packages/cli/cli-v2/src/sdk/config/converter/constants.ts   | 2 +-
 packages/cli/cli/changes/5.25.0/add-cli-generator.yml       | 2 +-
 packages/cli/cli/changes/5.37.0/cli-generator-support.yml   | 2 +-
 .../cli/changes/unreleased/rename-cli-generator-image.yml   | 6 ------
 packages/cli/cli/versions.yml                               | 4 ++--
 .../src/generators-yml/GeneratorName.ts                     | 2 +-
 .../cli/generation/ir-migrations/src/generatorVersionMap.ts | 2 +-
 .../src/__test__/LocalTaskHandler.snippetCopy.test.ts       | 2 +-
 .../local-workspace-runner/src/__test__/rawSpecs.test.ts    | 2 +-
 .../local-workspace-runner/src/constants.ts                 | 2 +-
 seed/cli/seed.yml                                           | 6 +++---
 .../fern/apis/cli-multi-spec-namespaced/generators.yml      | 2 +-
 test-definitions/fern/apis/cli-multi-spec/generators.yml    | 2 +-
 15 files changed, 18 insertions(+), 24 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 packages/cli/cli/changes/unreleased/rename-cli-generator-image.yml

diff --git a/generators/cli/package.json b/generators/cli/package.json
index a94b23470bc7..e4de04010473 100644
--- a/generators/cli/package.json
+++ b/generators/cli/package.json
@@ -27,8 +27,8 @@
     "compile": "tsc",
     "compile:debug": "tsc --sourceMap",
     "dist:cli": "node build.mjs",
-    "dockerTagLatest": "docker build -f ./Dockerfile -t fernapi/fern-cli-generator:latest .",
-    "dockerTagVersion": "turbo run dist:cli --filter . && docker build -f ./Dockerfile -t fernapi/fern-cli-generator:${0} .",
+    "dockerTagLatest": "docker build -f ./Dockerfile -t fernapi/fern-cli:latest .",
+    "dockerTagVersion": "turbo run dist:cli --filter . && docker build -f ./Dockerfile -t fernapi/fern-cli:${0} .",
     "test": "vitest --passWithNoTests --run"
   },
   "devDependencies": {
diff --git a/generators/cli/sdk/docs/DESIGN.md b/generators/cli/sdk/docs/DESIGN.md
index 6ded9822f8d2..4230c2525a3b 100644
--- a/generators/cli/sdk/docs/DESIGN.md
+++ b/generators/cli/sdk/docs/DESIGN.md
@@ -429,7 +429,7 @@ The current prototype embeds a single spec at compile time. The full vision (out
 groups:
   cli:
     generators:
-      - name: fernapi/fern-cli-generator
+      - name: fernapi/fern-cli
         version: 0.1.0
         config:
           cli-name: acme
diff --git a/packages/cli/cli-v2/src/sdk/config/converter/constants.ts b/packages/cli/cli-v2/src/sdk/config/converter/constants.ts
index 3264902b506c..acff55234819 100644
--- a/packages/cli/cli-v2/src/sdk/config/converter/constants.ts
+++ b/packages/cli/cli-v2/src/sdk/config/converter/constants.ts
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ export const DOCKER_IMAGE_TO_GENERATOR_ID: Record<string, string> = {
     "fernapi/fern-swift-model": "swift-model",
     "fernapi/fern-postman": "postman",
     "fernapi/fern-openapi": "openapi",
-    "fernapi/fern-cli-generator": "cli"
+    "fernapi/fern-cli": "cli"
 };
 
 /**
diff --git a/packages/cli/cli/changes/5.25.0/add-cli-generator.yml b/packages/cli/cli/changes/5.25.0/add-cli-generator.yml
index 452ac55d60d3..7877edfd98d6 100644
--- a/packages/cli/cli/changes/5.25.0/add-cli-generator.yml
+++ b/packages/cli/cli/changes/5.25.0/add-cli-generator.yml
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 - summary: |
-    Register the new `fernapi/fern-cli-generator` generator in the CLI configuration.
+    Register the new `fernapi/fern-cli` generator in the CLI configuration.
   type: feat
 - summary: |
     Pass raw API spec files (OAS, overrides, overlays, protobuf, etc.) to generators via Docker mount.
diff --git a/packages/cli/cli/changes/5.37.0/cli-generator-support.yml b/packages/cli/cli/changes/5.37.0/cli-generator-support.yml
index e3c0f4352959..b84907e10897 100644
--- a/packages/cli/cli/changes/5.37.0/cli-generator-support.yml
+++ b/packages/cli/cli/changes/5.37.0/cli-generator-support.yml
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
     and `GraphQLSpec.namespace`). Enables generators that opt into
     `generatorWantsSpecs` to route multi-spec workspaces by their
     workspace-declared namespace instead of inferring one from the
-    runner-assigned filename. The new `fernapi/fern-cli-generator` generator
+    runner-assigned filename. The new `fernapi/fern-cli` generator
     uses this to emit `.spec_under("<ns>", ...)` in the generated
     `main.rs` when the user namespaces their specs.
   type: feat
diff --git a/packages/cli/cli/changes/unreleased/rename-cli-generator-image.yml b/packages/cli/cli/changes/unreleased/rename-cli-generator-image.yml
deleted file mode 100644
index f247a89b2bfd..000000000000
--- a/packages/cli/cli/changes/unreleased/rename-cli-generator-image.yml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
-# yaml-language-server: $schema=../../../../../fern-changes-yml.schema.json
-
-- summary: |
-    Rename the CLI generator Docker image from `fernapi/fern-cli` to
-    `fernapi/fern-cli-generator`.
-  type: chore
diff --git a/packages/cli/cli/versions.yml b/packages/cli/cli/versions.yml
index 0d4f7e2b2ca4..d89d894e907e 100644
--- a/packages/cli/cli/versions.yml
+++ b/packages/cli/cli/versions.yml
@@ -251,7 +251,7 @@
         and `GraphQLSpec.namespace`). Enables generators that opt into
         `generatorWantsSpecs` to route multi-spec workspaces by their
         workspace-declared namespace instead of inferring one from the
-        runner-assigned filename. The new `fernapi/fern-cli-generator` generator
+        runner-assigned filename. The new `fernapi/fern-cli` generator
         uses this to emit `.spec_under("<ns>", ...)` in the generated
         `main.rs` when the user namespaces their specs.
       type: feat
@@ -715,7 +715,7 @@
 - version: 5.25.0
   changelogEntry:
     - summary: |
-        Register the new `fernapi/fern-cli-generator` generator in the CLI configuration.
+        Register the new `fernapi/fern-cli` generator in the CLI configuration.
       type: feat
   createdAt: "2026-05-14"
   irVersion: 66
diff --git a/packages/cli/configuration-loader/src/generators-yml/GeneratorName.ts b/packages/cli/configuration-loader/src/generators-yml/GeneratorName.ts
index 569275dd173c..39918af8369f 100644
--- a/packages/cli/configuration-loader/src/generators-yml/GeneratorName.ts
+++ b/packages/cli/configuration-loader/src/generators-yml/GeneratorName.ts
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ export const GeneratorName = {
     STOPLIGHT: "fernapi/fern-stoplight",
     POSTMAN: "fernapi/fern-postman",
     OPENAPI_PYTHON_CLIENT: "fernapi/openapi-python-client",
-    CLI: "fernapi/fern-cli-generator"
+    CLI: "fernapi/fern-cli"
 } as const;
 
 export type GeneratorName = (typeof GeneratorName)[keyof typeof GeneratorName];
diff --git a/packages/cli/generation/ir-migrations/src/generatorVersionMap.ts b/packages/cli/generation/ir-migrations/src/generatorVersionMap.ts
index f6e010e1b081..14bf4dc2f0c8 100644
--- a/packages/cli/generation/ir-migrations/src/generatorVersionMap.ts
+++ b/packages/cli/generation/ir-migrations/src/generatorVersionMap.ts
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 import { MINIMUM_SUPPORTED_IR_VERSION } from "./constants.js";
 
 export const GENERATOR_MINIMUM_VERSIONS: Record<string, string> = {
-    "fernapi/fern-cli-generator": "0.0.1",
+    "fernapi/fern-cli": "0.0.1",
     "fernapi/fern-csharp-model": "0.0.2",
     "fernapi/fern-csharp-sdk": "0.5.0",
     "fernapi/fern-express": "0.17.3",
diff --git a/packages/cli/generation/local-generation/local-workspace-runner/src/__test__/LocalTaskHandler.snippetCopy.test.ts b/packages/cli/generation/local-generation/local-workspace-runner/src/__test__/LocalTaskHandler.snippetCopy.test.ts
index 2627ecc167c2..754eecc74c6c 100644
--- a/packages/cli/generation/local-generation/local-workspace-runner/src/__test__/LocalTaskHandler.snippetCopy.test.ts
+++ b/packages/cli/generation/local-generation/local-workspace-runner/src/__test__/LocalTaskHandler.snippetCopy.test.ts
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ import { copySnippetJsonIfNonEmpty } from "../LocalTaskHandler.js";
 
 /**
  * Unit coverage for the empty-stub skip behavior introduced when the
- * `fernapi/fern-cli-generator` generator started shipping outputs without
+ * `fernapi/fern-cli` generator started shipping outputs without
  * per-endpoint snippets. `runGenerator` pre-creates an empty
  * `snippet.json` in the workspace tmp dir; if we blindly copy it into
  * the user's output every generator without a snippet emission leaves a
diff --git a/packages/cli/generation/local-generation/local-workspace-runner/src/__test__/rawSpecs.test.ts b/packages/cli/generation/local-generation/local-workspace-runner/src/__test__/rawSpecs.test.ts
index 9d0536db890b..a227121f90b9 100644
--- a/packages/cli/generation/local-generation/local-workspace-runner/src/__test__/rawSpecs.test.ts
+++ b/packages/cli/generation/local-generation/local-workspace-runner/src/__test__/rawSpecs.test.ts
@@ -882,7 +882,7 @@ describe("filterSpec", () => {
 /**
  * Coverage for the per-entry `namespace` field added to
  * `RawSpecsManifestEntry`. Downstream generators (initially
- * `fernapi/fern-cli-generator`) rely on this field to route multi-spec
+ * `fernapi/fern-cli`) rely on this field to route multi-spec
  * workspaces by their `generators.yml`-declared namespace rather than
  * inferring one from the runner-assigned filename.
  */
diff --git a/packages/cli/generation/local-generation/local-workspace-runner/src/constants.ts b/packages/cli/generation/local-generation/local-workspace-runner/src/constants.ts
index db199336028b..dedf5848cb87 100644
--- a/packages/cli/generation/local-generation/local-workspace-runner/src/constants.ts
+++ b/packages/cli/generation/local-generation/local-workspace-runner/src/constants.ts
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ export const DEFAULT_NODE_DEBUG_PORT = "9229";
  * Generators that receive pre-processed raw API spec files mounted into their
  * Docker container. Add new generator names here as they opt in.
  */
-const GENERATORS_WANTING_SPECS: ReadonlySet<string> = new Set(["fernapi/fern-cli-generator"]);
+const GENERATORS_WANTING_SPECS: ReadonlySet<string> = new Set(["fernapi/fern-cli"]);
 
 export function generatorWantsSpecs(generatorName: string): boolean {
     return GENERATORS_WANTING_SPECS.has(generatorName);
diff --git a/seed/cli/seed.yml b/seed/cli/seed.yml
index 340a236ab4f3..ee1f30e060c4 100644
--- a/seed/cli/seed.yml
+++ b/seed/cli/seed.yml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 irVersion: v67
 displayName: CLI
-image: fernapi/fern-cli-generator
+image: fernapi/fern-cli
 changelogLocation: ../../generators/cli/versions.yml
 
 buildScripts:
@@ -16,12 +16,12 @@ publish:
     - pnpm turbo run dist:cli --filter @fern-api/cli-generator
   docker:
     file: ./generators/cli/Dockerfile
-    image: fernapi/fern-cli-generator
+    image: fernapi/fern-cli
     context: ./generators/cli
 
 test:
   docker:
-    image: fernapi/fern-cli-generator:latest
+    image: fernapi/fern-cli:latest
     command: pnpm turbo run dockerTagLatest --filter @fern-api/cli-generator
   local:
     workingDirectory: generators/cli
diff --git a/test-definitions/fern/apis/cli-multi-spec-namespaced/generators.yml b/test-definitions/fern/apis/cli-multi-spec-namespaced/generators.yml
index 40b53a6b3027..22e5eb38949e 100644
--- a/test-definitions/fern/apis/cli-multi-spec-namespaced/generators.yml
+++ b/test-definitions/fern/apis/cli-multi-spec-namespaced/generators.yml
@@ -13,6 +13,6 @@ api:
 groups:
   cli:
     generators:
-      - name: fernapi/fern-cli-generator
+      - name: fernapi/fern-cli
         version: latest
         ir-version: latest
diff --git a/test-definitions/fern/apis/cli-multi-spec/generators.yml b/test-definitions/fern/apis/cli-multi-spec/generators.yml
index 91a1404ec22d..61d39e9bfbbe 100644
--- a/test-definitions/fern/apis/cli-multi-spec/generators.yml
+++ b/test-definitions/fern/apis/cli-multi-spec/generators.yml
@@ -10,6 +10,6 @@ api:
 groups:
   cli:
     generators:
-      - name: fernapi/fern-cli-generator
+      - name: fernapi/fern-cli
         version: latest
         ir-version: latest

From 69e6f59b7f7bb03eb3febef1835b2420e17dc588 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Fern Support <126544928+fern-support@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 2 Jun 2026 18:18:12 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 10/14] chore(seed): update all seed snapshots (#16192)

Co-authored-by: jsklan <100491078+jsklan@users.noreply.github.com>
---
 .../allof-inline/Snippets/Example10.cs        |   24 +
 .../allof-inline/Snippets/Example11.cs        |   26 +
 .../allof-inline/Snippets/Example12.cs        |   21 +
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 seed/go-sdk/allof-inline/types_test.go        | 3458 ++++++++++++++---
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 .../allof/src/api/types/tree_record.rs        |   48 +
 seed/rust-sdk/allof/src/core/mod.rs           |    1 +
 .../allof/src/core/number_serializers.rs      |  177 +
 .../allof-inline/Snippets/Example10.swift     |   17 +
 .../allof-inline/Snippets/Example11.swift     |   19 +
 .../allof-inline/Snippets/Example12.swift     |   14 +
 .../allof-inline/Snippets/Example13.swift     |   17 +
 .../allof-inline/Sources/ApiClient.swift      |   26 +
 .../Sources/Requests/Requests+PlantPost.swift |   83 +
 .../Sources/Schemas/PlantBase.swift           |   60 +
 .../Schemas/PlantBaseWateringFrequency.swift  |    8 +
 .../Schemas/PlantPostSunExposure.swift        |    8 +
 .../Schemas/PlantPostWateringFrequency.swift  |    8 +
 .../Sources/Schemas/PlantStrict.swift         |   47 +
 .../Sources/Schemas/TreeBase.swift            |   61 +
 .../Sources/Schemas/TreeDescribable.swift     |   40 +
 .../Sources/Schemas/TreeIdentifiable.swift    |   33 +
 .../Sources/Schemas/TreeRecord.swift          |   68 +
 seed/swift-sdk/allof-inline/reference.md      |  153 +
 seed/swift-sdk/allof/Snippets/Example10.swift |   15 +
 seed/swift-sdk/allof/Snippets/Example11.swift |   19 +
 seed/swift-sdk/allof/Snippets/Example12.swift |   12 +
 seed/swift-sdk/allof/Snippets/Example13.swift |   17 +
 seed/swift-sdk/allof/Sources/ApiClient.swift  |   26 +
 .../Sources/Requests/Requests+PlantPost.swift |   83 +
 .../allof/Sources/Schemas/PlantBase.swift     |   60 +
 .../Schemas/PlantBaseWateringFrequency.swift  |    8 +
 .../Schemas/PlantPostSunExposure.swift        |    8 +
 .../allof/Sources/Schemas/PlantStrict.swift   |   47 +
 .../allof/Sources/Schemas/TreeBase.swift      |   61 +
 .../Sources/Schemas/TreeDescribable.swift     |   40 +
 .../Sources/Schemas/TreeIdentifiable.swift    |   33 +
 .../allof/Sources/Schemas/TreeRecord.swift    |   68 +
 seed/swift-sdk/allof/reference.md             |  149 +
 seed/ts-sdk/allof-inline/reference.md         |  137 +
 seed/ts-sdk/allof-inline/snippet.json         |   22 +
 seed/ts-sdk/allof-inline/src/Client.ts        |  121 +
 .../src/api/client/requests/PlantPost.ts      |   47 +
 .../src/api/client/requests/index.ts          |    1 +
 .../allof-inline/src/api/types/PlantBase.ts   |   23 +
 .../allof-inline/src/api/types/PlantStrict.ts |   10 +
 .../allof-inline/src/api/types/TreeBase.ts    |   14 +
 .../src/api/types/TreeDescribable.ts          |    8 +
 .../src/api/types/TreeIdentifiable.ts         |    6 +
 .../allof-inline/src/api/types/TreeRecord.ts  |   16 +
 .../allof-inline/src/api/types/index.ts       |    6 +
 .../allof-inline/tests/wire/main.test.ts      |   63 +
 seed/ts-sdk/allof/.fern/metadata.json         |    3 +-
 430 files changed, 18891 insertions(+), 1482 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 seed/csharp-sdk/allof-inline/Snippets/Example10.cs
 create mode 100644 seed/csharp-sdk/allof-inline/Snippets/Example11.cs
 create mode 100644 seed/csharp-sdk/allof-inline/Snippets/Example12.cs
 create mode 100644 seed/csharp-sdk/allof-inline/Snippets/Example13.cs
 create mode 100644 seed/csharp-sdk/allof-inline/src/SeedApi.Test/Unit/MockServer/CreatePlantTest.cs
 create mode 100644 seed/csharp-sdk/allof-inline/src/SeedApi.Test/Unit/MockServer/CreateTreeTest.cs
 create mode 100644 seed/csharp-sdk/allof-inline/src/SeedApi/Requests/PlantPost.cs
 create mode 100644 seed/csharp-sdk/allof-inline/src/SeedApi/Types/PlantBase.cs
 create mode 100644 seed/csharp-sdk/allof-inline/src/SeedApi/Types/PlantBaseWateringFrequency.cs
 create mode 100644 seed/csharp-sdk/allof-inline/src/SeedApi/Types/PlantPostSunExposure.cs
 create mode 100644 seed/csharp-sdk/allof-inline/src/SeedApi/Types/PlantPostWateringFrequency.cs
 create mode 100644 seed/csharp-sdk/allof-inline/src/SeedApi/Types/PlantStrict.cs
 create mode 100644 seed/csharp-sdk/allof-inline/src/SeedApi/Types/TreeBase.cs
 create mode 100644 seed/csharp-sdk/allof-inline/src/SeedApi/Types/TreeDescribable.cs
 create mode 100644 seed/csharp-sdk/allof-inline/src/SeedApi/Types/TreeIdentifiable.cs
 create mode 100644 seed/csharp-sdk/allof-inline/src/SeedApi/Types/TreeRecord.cs
 create mode 100644 seed/csharp-sdk/allof/Snippets/Example10.cs
 create mode 100644 seed/csharp-sdk/allof/Snippets/Example11.cs
 create mode 100644 seed/csharp-sdk/allof/Snippets/Example12.cs
 create mode 100644 seed/csharp-sdk/allof/Snippets/Example13.cs
 create mode 100644 seed/csharp-sdk/allof/src/SeedApi.Test/Unit/MockServer/CreatePlantTest.cs
 create mode 100644 seed/csharp-sdk/allof/src/SeedApi.Test/Unit/MockServer/CreateTreeTest.cs
 create mode 100644 seed/csharp-sdk/allof/src/SeedApi/Requests/PlantPost.cs
 create mode 100644 seed/csharp-sdk/allof/src/SeedApi/Types/PlantBase.cs
 create mode 100644 seed/csharp-sdk/allof/src/SeedApi/Types/PlantBaseWateringFrequency.cs
 create mode 100644 seed/csharp-sdk/allof/src/SeedApi/Types/PlantPostSunExposure.cs
 create mode 100644 seed/csharp-sdk/allof/src/SeedApi/Types/PlantStrict.cs
 create mode 100644 seed/csharp-sdk/allof/src/SeedApi/Types/TreeBase.cs
 create mode 100644 seed/csharp-sdk/allof/src/SeedApi/Types/TreeDescribable.cs
 create mode 100644 seed/csharp-sdk/allof/src/SeedApi/Types/TreeIdentifiable.cs
 create mode 100644 seed/csharp-sdk/allof/src/SeedApi/Types/TreeRecord.cs
 create mode 100644 seed/go-sdk/allof-inline/dynamic-snippets/example10/snippet.go
 create mode 100644 seed/go-sdk/allof-inline/dynamic-snippets/example11/snippet.go
 create mode 100644 seed/go-sdk/allof-inline/dynamic-snippets/example12/snippet.go
 create mode 100644 seed/go-sdk/allof-inline/dynamic-snippets/example13/snippet.go
 create mode 100644 seed/java-sdk/allof-inline/src/main/java/com/seed/api/requests/PlantPost.java
 create mode 100644 seed/java-sdk/allof-inline/src/main/java/com/seed/api/types/PlantBase.java
 create mode 100644 seed/java-sdk/allof-inline/src/main/java/com/seed/api/types/PlantBaseWateringFrequency.java
 create mode 100644 seed/java-sdk/allof-inline/src/main/java/com/seed/api/types/PlantPostSunExposure.java
 create mode 100644 seed/java-sdk/allof-inline/src/main/java/com/seed/api/types/PlantPostWateringFrequency.java
 create mode 100644 seed/java-sdk/allof-inline/src/main/java/com/seed/api/types/PlantStrict.java
 create mode 100644 seed/java-sdk/allof-inline/src/main/java/com/seed/api/types/TreeBase.java
 create mode 100644 seed/java-sdk/allof-inline/src/main/java/com/seed/api/types/TreeDescribable.java
 create mode 100644 seed/java-sdk/allof-inline/src/main/java/com/seed/api/types/TreeIdentifiable.java
 create mode 100644 seed/java-sdk/allof-inline/src/main/java/com/seed/api/types/TreeRecord.java
 create mode 100644 seed/java-sdk/allof-inline/src/main/java/com/snippets/Example10.java
 create mode 100644 seed/java-sdk/allof-inline/src/main/java/com/snippets/Example11.java
 create mode 100644 seed/java-sdk/allof-inline/src/main/java/com/snippets/Example12.java
 create mode 100644 seed/java-sdk/allof-inline/src/main/java/com/snippets/Example13.java
 create mode 100644 seed/php-sdk/allof-inline/src/Requests/PlantPost.php
 create mode 100644 seed/php-sdk/allof-inline/src/Types/PlantBase.php
 create mode 100644 seed/php-sdk/allof-inline/src/Types/PlantBaseWateringFrequency.php
 create mode 100644 seed/php-sdk/allof-inline/src/Types/PlantPostSunExposure.php
 create mode 100644 seed/php-sdk/allof-inline/src/Types/PlantPostWateringFrequency.php
 create mode 100644 seed/php-sdk/allof-inline/src/Types/PlantStrict.php
 create mode 100644 seed/php-sdk/allof-inline/src/Types/TreeBase.php
 create mode 100644 seed/php-sdk/allof-inline/src/Types/TreeDescribable.php
 create mode 100644 seed/php-sdk/allof-inline/src/Types/TreeIdentifiable.php
 create mode 100644 seed/php-sdk/allof-inline/src/Types/TreeRecord.php
 create mode 100644 seed/php-sdk/allof-inline/src/dynamic-snippets/example10/snippet.php
 create mode 100644 seed/php-sdk/allof-inline/src/dynamic-snippets/example11/snippet.php
 create mode 100644 seed/php-sdk/allof-inline/src/dynamic-snippets/example12/snippet.php
 create mode 100644 seed/php-sdk/allof-inline/src/dynamic-snippets/example13/snippet.php
 create mode 100644 seed/php-sdk/allof/src/Requests/PlantPost.php
 create mode 100644 seed/php-sdk/allof/src/Traits/PlantBase.php
 create mode 100644 seed/php-sdk/allof/src/Traits/PlantStrict.php
 create mode 100644 seed/php-sdk/allof/src/Traits/TreeBase.php
 create mode 100644 seed/php-sdk/allof/src/Traits/TreeDescribable.php
 create mode 100644 seed/php-sdk/allof/src/Traits/TreeIdentifiable.php
 create mode 100644 seed/php-sdk/allof/src/Types/PlantBase.php
 create mode 100644 seed/php-sdk/allof/src/Types/PlantBaseWateringFrequency.php
 create mode 100644 seed/php-sdk/allof/src/Types/PlantPostSunExposure.php
 create mode 100644 seed/php-sdk/allof/src/Types/PlantStrict.php
 create mode 100644 seed/php-sdk/allof/src/Types/TreeBase.php
 create mode 100644 seed/php-sdk/allof/src/Types/TreeDescribable.php
 create mode 100644 seed/php-sdk/allof/src/Types/TreeIdentifiable.php
 create mode 100644 seed/php-sdk/allof/src/Types/TreeRecord.php
 create mode 100644 seed/php-sdk/allof/src/dynamic-snippets/example10/snippet.php
 create mode 100644 seed/php-sdk/allof/src/dynamic-snippets/example11/snippet.php
 create mode 100644 seed/php-sdk/allof/src/dynamic-snippets/example12/snippet.php
 create mode 100644 seed/php-sdk/allof/src/dynamic-snippets/example13/snippet.php
 create mode 100644 seed/python-sdk/allof-inline/no-custom-config/src/seed/types/plant_base.py
 create mode 100644 seed/python-sdk/allof-inline/no-custom-config/src/seed/types/plant_base_watering_frequency.py
 create mode 100644 seed/python-sdk/allof-inline/no-custom-config/src/seed/types/plant_post_sun_exposure.py
 create mode 100644 seed/python-sdk/allof-inline/no-custom-config/src/seed/types/plant_post_watering_frequency.py
 create mode 100644 seed/python-sdk/allof-inline/no-custom-config/src/seed/types/plant_strict.py
 create mode 100644 seed/python-sdk/allof-inline/no-custom-config/src/seed/types/tree_base.py
 create mode 100644 seed/python-sdk/allof-inline/no-custom-config/src/seed/types/tree_describable.py
 create mode 100644 seed/python-sdk/allof-inline/no-custom-config/src/seed/types/tree_identifiable.py
 create mode 100644 seed/python-sdk/allof-inline/no-custom-config/src/seed/types/tree_record.py
 create mode 100644 seed/ruby-sdk-v2/allof-inline/dynamic-snippets/example10/snippet.rb
 create mode 100644 seed/ruby-sdk-v2/allof-inline/dynamic-snippets/example11/snippet.rb
 create mode 100644 seed/ruby-sdk-v2/allof-inline/dynamic-snippets/example12/snippet.rb
 create mode 100644 seed/ruby-sdk-v2/allof-inline/dynamic-snippets/example13/snippet.rb
 create mode 100644 seed/ruby-sdk-v2/allof-inline/lib/seed/types/plant_base.rb
 create mode 100644 seed/ruby-sdk-v2/allof-inline/lib/seed/types/plant_base_watering_frequency.rb
 create mode 100644 seed/ruby-sdk-v2/allof-inline/lib/seed/types/plant_post.rb
 create mode 100644 seed/ruby-sdk-v2/allof-inline/lib/seed/types/plant_post_sun_exposure.rb
 create mode 100644 seed/ruby-sdk-v2/allof-inline/lib/seed/types/plant_post_watering_frequency.rb
 create mode 100644 seed/ruby-sdk-v2/allof-inline/lib/seed/types/plant_strict.rb
 create mode 100644 seed/ruby-sdk-v2/allof-inline/lib/seed/types/tree_base.rb
 create mode 100644 seed/ruby-sdk-v2/allof-inline/lib/seed/types/tree_describable.rb
 create mode 100644 seed/ruby-sdk-v2/allof-inline/lib/seed/types/tree_identifiable.rb
 create mode 100644 seed/ruby-sdk-v2/allof-inline/lib/seed/types/tree_record.rb
 create mode 100644 seed/ruby-sdk-v2/allof/dynamic-snippets/example10/snippet.rb
 create mode 100644 seed/ruby-sdk-v2/allof/dynamic-snippets/example11/snippet.rb
 create mode 100644 seed/ruby-sdk-v2/allof/dynamic-snippets/example12/snippet.rb
 create mode 100644 seed/ruby-sdk-v2/allof/dynamic-snippets/example13/snippet.rb
 create mode 100644 seed/ruby-sdk-v2/allof/lib/seed/types/plant_base.rb
 create mode 100644 seed/ruby-sdk-v2/allof/lib/seed/types/plant_base_watering_frequency.rb
 create mode 100644 seed/ruby-sdk-v2/allof/lib/seed/types/plant_post.rb
 create mode 100644 seed/ruby-sdk-v2/allof/lib/seed/types/plant_post_sun_exposure.rb
 create mode 100644 seed/ruby-sdk-v2/allof/lib/seed/types/plant_strict.rb
 create mode 100644 seed/ruby-sdk-v2/allof/lib/seed/types/tree_base.rb
 create mode 100644 seed/ruby-sdk-v2/allof/lib/seed/types/tree_describable.rb
 create mode 100644 seed/ruby-sdk-v2/allof/lib/seed/types/tree_identifiable.rb
 create mode 100644 seed/ruby-sdk-v2/allof/lib/seed/types/tree_record.rb
 create mode 100644 seed/rust-sdk/allof-inline/dynamic-snippets/example10.rs
 create mode 100644 seed/rust-sdk/allof-inline/dynamic-snippets/example11.rs
 create mode 100644 seed/rust-sdk/allof-inline/dynamic-snippets/example12.rs
 create mode 100644 seed/rust-sdk/allof-inline/dynamic-snippets/example13.rs
 create mode 100644 seed/rust-sdk/allof-inline/src/api/types/plant_base.rs
 create mode 100644 seed/rust-sdk/allof-inline/src/api/types/plant_base_watering_frequency.rs
 create mode 100644 seed/rust-sdk/allof-inline/src/api/types/plant_post.rs
 create mode 100644 seed/rust-sdk/allof-inline/src/api/types/plant_post_sun_exposure.rs
 create mode 100644 seed/rust-sdk/allof-inline/src/api/types/plant_post_watering_frequency.rs
 create mode 100644 seed/rust-sdk/allof-inline/src/api/types/plant_strict.rs
 create mode 100644 seed/rust-sdk/allof-inline/src/api/types/tree_base.rs
 create mode 100644 seed/rust-sdk/allof-inline/src/api/types/tree_describable.rs
 create mode 100644 seed/rust-sdk/allof-inline/src/api/types/tree_identifiable.rs
 create mode 100644 seed/rust-sdk/allof-inline/src/api/types/tree_record.rs
 create mode 100644 seed/rust-sdk/allof-inline/src/core/number_serializers.rs
 create mode 100644 seed/rust-sdk/allof/dynamic-snippets/example10.rs
 create mode 100644 seed/rust-sdk/allof/dynamic-snippets/example11.rs
 create mode 100644 seed/rust-sdk/allof/dynamic-snippets/example12.rs
 create mode 100644 seed/rust-sdk/allof/dynamic-snippets/example13.rs
 create mode 100644 seed/rust-sdk/allof/src/api/types/plant_base.rs
 create mode 100644 seed/rust-sdk/allof/src/api/types/plant_base_watering_frequency.rs
 create mode 100644 seed/rust-sdk/allof/src/api/types/plant_post.rs
 create mode 100644 seed/rust-sdk/allof/src/api/types/plant_post_sun_exposure.rs
 create mode 100644 seed/rust-sdk/allof/src/api/types/plant_strict.rs
 create mode 100644 seed/rust-sdk/allof/src/api/types/tree_base.rs
 create mode 100644 seed/rust-sdk/allof/src/api/types/tree_describable.rs
 create mode 100644 seed/rust-sdk/allof/src/api/types/tree_identifiable.rs
 create mode 100644 seed/rust-sdk/allof/src/api/types/tree_record.rs
 create mode 100644 seed/rust-sdk/allof/src/core/number_serializers.rs
 create mode 100644 seed/swift-sdk/allof-inline/Snippets/Example10.swift
 create mode 100644 seed/swift-sdk/allof-inline/Snippets/Example11.swift
 create mode 100644 seed/swift-sdk/allof-inline/Snippets/Example12.swift
 create mode 100644 seed/swift-sdk/allof-inline/Snippets/Example13.swift
 create mode 100644 seed/swift-sdk/allof-inline/Sources/Requests/Requests+PlantPost.swift
 create mode 100644 seed/swift-sdk/allof-inline/Sources/Schemas/PlantBase.swift
 create mode 100644 seed/swift-sdk/allof-inline/Sources/Schemas/PlantBaseWateringFrequency.swift
 create mode 100644 seed/swift-sdk/allof-inline/Sources/Schemas/PlantPostSunExposure.swift
 create mode 100644 seed/swift-sdk/allof-inline/Sources/Schemas/PlantPostWateringFrequency.swift
 create mode 100644 seed/swift-sdk/allof-inline/Sources/Schemas/PlantStrict.swift
 create mode 100644 seed/swift-sdk/allof-inline/Sources/Schemas/TreeBase.swift
 create mode 100644 seed/swift-sdk/allof-inline/Sources/Schemas/TreeDescribable.swift
 create mode 100644 seed/swift-sdk/allof-inline/Sources/Schemas/TreeIdentifiable.swift
 create mode 100644 seed/swift-sdk/allof-inline/Sources/Schemas/TreeRecord.swift
 create mode 100644 seed/swift-sdk/allof/Snippets/Example10.swift
 create mode 100644 seed/swift-sdk/allof/Snippets/Example11.swift
 create mode 100644 seed/swift-sdk/allof/Snippets/Example12.swift
 create mode 100644 seed/swift-sdk/allof/Snippets/Example13.swift
 create mode 100644 seed/swift-sdk/allof/Sources/Requests/Requests+PlantPost.swift
 create mode 100644 seed/swift-sdk/allof/Sources/Schemas/PlantBase.swift
 create mode 100644 seed/swift-sdk/allof/Sources/Schemas/PlantBaseWateringFrequency.swift
 create mode 100644 seed/swift-sdk/allof/Sources/Schemas/PlantPostSunExposure.swift
 create mode 100644 seed/swift-sdk/allof/Sources/Schemas/PlantStrict.swift
 create mode 100644 seed/swift-sdk/allof/Sources/Schemas/TreeBase.swift
 create mode 100644 seed/swift-sdk/allof/Sources/Schemas/TreeDescribable.swift
 create mode 100644 seed/swift-sdk/allof/Sources/Schemas/TreeIdentifiable.swift
 create mode 100644 seed/swift-sdk/allof/Sources/Schemas/TreeRecord.swift
 create mode 100644 seed/ts-sdk/allof-inline/src/api/client/requests/PlantPost.ts
 create mode 100644 seed/ts-sdk/allof-inline/src/api/types/PlantBase.ts
 create mode 100644 seed/ts-sdk/allof-inline/src/api/types/PlantStrict.ts
 create mode 100644 seed/ts-sdk/allof-inline/src/api/types/TreeBase.ts
 create mode 100644 seed/ts-sdk/allof-inline/src/api/types/TreeDescribable.ts
 create mode 100644 seed/ts-sdk/allof-inline/src/api/types/TreeIdentifiable.ts
 create mode 100644 seed/ts-sdk/allof-inline/src/api/types/TreeRecord.ts

diff --git a/seed/csharp-sdk/allof-inline/Snippets/Example10.cs b/seed/csharp-sdk/allof-inline/Snippets/Example10.cs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..a7e919b10028
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/csharp-sdk/allof-inline/Snippets/Example10.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+using SeedApi;
+
+public partial class Examples
+{
+    public async Task Example10() {
+        var client = new SeedApiClient(
+            clientOptions: new ClientOptions {
+                BaseUrl = "https://api.fern.com"
+            }
+        );
+
+        await client.CreatePlantAsync(
+            new PlantPost {
+                Species = "species",
+                Family = "family",
+                Genus = "genus",
+                CommonName = "commonName",
+                WateringFrequency = PlantPostWateringFrequency.Daily,
+                SunExposure = PlantPostSunExposure.Full
+            }
+        );
+    }
+
+}
diff --git a/seed/csharp-sdk/allof-inline/Snippets/Example11.cs b/seed/csharp-sdk/allof-inline/Snippets/Example11.cs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..1654094ba006
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/csharp-sdk/allof-inline/Snippets/Example11.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+using SeedApi;
+
+public partial class Examples
+{
+    public async Task Example11() {
+        var client = new SeedApiClient(
+            clientOptions: new ClientOptions {
+                BaseUrl = "https://api.fern.com"
+            }
+        );
+
+        await client.CreatePlantAsync(
+            new PlantPost {
+                Species = "species",
+                Family = "family",
+                Genus = "genus",
+                CommonName = "commonName",
+                WateringFrequency = PlantPostWateringFrequency.Daily,
+                SunExposure = PlantPostSunExposure.Full,
+                PlantedAt = DateOnly.Parse("2023-01-15"),
+                SoilType = "soilType"
+            }
+        );
+    }
+
+}
diff --git a/seed/csharp-sdk/allof-inline/Snippets/Example12.cs b/seed/csharp-sdk/allof-inline/Snippets/Example12.cs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..5f931fcc6816
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/csharp-sdk/allof-inline/Snippets/Example12.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+using SeedApi;
+
+public partial class Examples
+{
+    public async Task Example12() {
+        var client = new SeedApiClient(
+            clientOptions: new ClientOptions {
+                BaseUrl = "https://api.fern.com"
+            }
+        );
+
+        await client.CreateTreeAsync(
+            new TreeRecord {
+                Id = "id",
+                TreeName = "treeName",
+                TreeSpecies = "treeSpecies"
+            }
+        );
+    }
+
+}
diff --git a/seed/csharp-sdk/allof-inline/Snippets/Example13.cs b/seed/csharp-sdk/allof-inline/Snippets/Example13.cs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..38556d707348
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/csharp-sdk/allof-inline/Snippets/Example13.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+using SeedApi;
+
+public partial class Examples
+{
+    public async Task Example13() {
+        var client = new SeedApiClient(
+            clientOptions: new ClientOptions {
+                BaseUrl = "https://api.fern.com"
+            }
+        );
+
+        await client.CreateTreeAsync(
+            new TreeRecord {
+                Id = "id",
+                TreeName = "treeName",
+                TreeDescription = "treeDescription",
+                TreeSpecies = "treeSpecies",
+                HeightInFeet = 1.1,
+                PlantedDate = DateOnly.Parse("2023-01-15")
+            }
+        );
+    }
+
+}
diff --git a/seed/csharp-sdk/allof-inline/reference.md b/seed/csharp-sdk/allof-inline/reference.md
index eab7f3a438d2..214066fb6eec 100644
--- a/seed/csharp-sdk/allof-inline/reference.md
+++ b/seed/csharp-sdk/allof-inline/reference.md
@@ -160,3 +160,128 @@ await client.GetOrganizationAsync();
 </dl>
 </details>
 
+<details><summary><code>client.<a href="/src/SeedApi/SeedApiClient.cs">CreatePlantAsync</a>(PlantPost { ... }) -> WithRawResponseTask&lt;PlantStrict&gt;</code></summary>
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+#### 📝 Description
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+Tests three-level allOf chain where a parent schema itself uses allOf with $ref elements. The grandparent's properties must be resolved through the nested $ref.
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+#### 🔌 Usage
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+```csharp
+await client.CreatePlantAsync(
+    new PlantPost
+    {
+        Species = "species",
+        Family = "family",
+        Genus = "genus",
+        CommonName = "commonName",
+        WateringFrequency = PlantPostWateringFrequency.Daily,
+        SunExposure = PlantPostSunExposure.Full,
+    }
+);
+```
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+#### ⚙️ Parameters
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+**request:** `PlantPost` 
+    
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</details>
+
+<details><summary><code>client.<a href="/src/SeedApi/SeedApiClient.cs">CreateTreeAsync</a>(TreeRecord { ... }) -> WithRawResponseTask&lt;TreeRecord&gt;</code></summary>
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+#### 📝 Description
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+Tests that when a parent's allOf contains multiple $ref entries, all of them are resolved and their properties merged.
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+#### 🔌 Usage
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+```csharp
+await client.CreateTreeAsync(
+    new TreeRecord
+    {
+        Id = "id",
+        TreeName = "treeName",
+        TreeSpecies = "treeSpecies",
+    }
+);
+```
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+#### ⚙️ Parameters
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+**request:** `TreeRecord` 
+    
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</details>
+
diff --git a/seed/csharp-sdk/allof-inline/snippet.json b/seed/csharp-sdk/allof-inline/snippet.json
index 56a6d70194b2..e4a3683f2860 100644
--- a/seed/csharp-sdk/allof-inline/snippet.json
+++ b/seed/csharp-sdk/allof-inline/snippet.json
@@ -60,6 +60,30 @@
                 "type": "csharp",
                 "client": "using SeedApi;\n\nvar client = new SeedApiClient();\nawait client.GetOrganizationAsync();\n"
             }
+        },
+        {
+            "example_identifier": null,
+            "id": {
+                "path": "/plants",
+                "method": "POST",
+                "identifier_override": "endpoint_.createPlant"
+            },
+            "snippet": {
+                "type": "csharp",
+                "client": "using SeedApi;\n\nvar client = new SeedApiClient();\nawait client.CreatePlantAsync(\n    new PlantPost\n    {\n        Species = \"species\",\n        Family = \"family\",\n        Genus = \"genus\",\n        CommonName = \"commonName\",\n        WateringFrequency = PlantPostWateringFrequency.Daily,\n        SunExposure = PlantPostSunExposure.Full,\n    }\n);\n"
+            }
+        },
+        {
+            "example_identifier": null,
+            "id": {
+                "path": "/trees",
+                "method": "POST",
+                "identifier_override": "endpoint_.createTree"
+            },
+            "snippet": {
+                "type": "csharp",
+                "client": "using SeedApi;\n\nvar client = new SeedApiClient();\nawait client.CreateTreeAsync(\n    new TreeRecord\n    {\n        Id = \"id\",\n        TreeName = \"treeName\",\n        TreeSpecies = \"treeSpecies\",\n    }\n);\n"
+            }
         }
     ]
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/seed/csharp-sdk/allof-inline/src/SeedApi.Test/Unit/MockServer/CreatePlantTest.cs b/seed/csharp-sdk/allof-inline/src/SeedApi.Test/Unit/MockServer/CreatePlantTest.cs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..ebe5516d6a42
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/csharp-sdk/allof-inline/src/SeedApi.Test/Unit/MockServer/CreatePlantTest.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
+using NUnit.Framework;
+using SeedApi;
+using SeedApi.Test.Utils;
+
+namespace SeedApi.Test.Unit.MockServer;
+
+[TestFixture]
+[Parallelizable(ParallelScope.Self)]
+public class CreatePlantTest : BaseMockServerTest
+{
+    [NUnit.Framework.Test]
+    public async Task MockServerTest_1()
+    {
+        const string requestJson = """
+            {
+              "species": "species",
+              "family": "family",
+              "genus": "genus",
+              "commonName": "commonName",
+              "wateringFrequency": "daily",
+              "sunExposure": "full",
+              "plantedAt": "2023-01-15",
+              "soilType": "soilType"
+            }
+            """;
+
+        const string mockResponse = """
+            {
+              "species": "species",
+              "family": "family",
+              "genus": "genus"
+            }
+            """;
+
+        Server
+            .Given(
+                WireMock
+                    .RequestBuilders.Request.Create()
+                    .WithPath("/plants")
+                    .WithHeader("Content-Type", "application/json")
+                    .UsingPost()
+                    .WithBodyAsJson(requestJson)
+            )
+            .RespondWith(
+                WireMock
+                    .ResponseBuilders.Response.Create()
+                    .WithStatusCode(200)
+                    .WithBody(mockResponse)
+            );
+
+        var response = await Client.CreatePlantAsync(
+            new PlantPost
+            {
+                Species = "species",
+                Family = "family",
+                Genus = "genus",
+                CommonName = "commonName",
+                WateringFrequency = PlantPostWateringFrequency.Daily,
+                SunExposure = PlantPostSunExposure.Full,
+                PlantedAt = new DateOnly(2023, 1, 15),
+                SoilType = "soilType",
+            }
+        );
+        JsonAssert.AreEqual(response, mockResponse);
+    }
+
+    [NUnit.Framework.Test]
+    public async Task MockServerTest_2()
+    {
+        const string requestJson = """
+            {
+              "species": "species",
+              "family": "family",
+              "genus": "genus",
+              "commonName": "commonName",
+              "wateringFrequency": "daily",
+              "sunExposure": "full"
+            }
+            """;
+
+        const string mockResponse = """
+            {
+              "species": "species",
+              "family": "family",
+              "genus": "genus"
+            }
+            """;
+
+        Server
+            .Given(
+                WireMock
+                    .RequestBuilders.Request.Create()
+                    .WithPath("/plants")
+                    .WithHeader("Content-Type", "application/json")
+                    .UsingPost()
+                    .WithBodyAsJson(requestJson)
+            )
+            .RespondWith(
+                WireMock
+                    .ResponseBuilders.Response.Create()
+                    .WithStatusCode(200)
+                    .WithBody(mockResponse)
+            );
+
+        var response = await Client.CreatePlantAsync(
+            new PlantPost
+            {
+                Species = "species",
+                Family = "family",
+                Genus = "genus",
+                CommonName = "commonName",
+                WateringFrequency = PlantPostWateringFrequency.Daily,
+                SunExposure = PlantPostSunExposure.Full,
+            }
+        );
+        JsonAssert.AreEqual(response, mockResponse);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/seed/csharp-sdk/allof-inline/src/SeedApi.Test/Unit/MockServer/CreateTreeTest.cs b/seed/csharp-sdk/allof-inline/src/SeedApi.Test/Unit/MockServer/CreateTreeTest.cs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..6a0cad71e24a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/csharp-sdk/allof-inline/src/SeedApi.Test/Unit/MockServer/CreateTreeTest.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+using NUnit.Framework;
+using SeedApi;
+using SeedApi.Test.Utils;
+
+namespace SeedApi.Test.Unit.MockServer;
+
+[TestFixture]
+[Parallelizable(ParallelScope.Self)]
+public class CreateTreeTest : BaseMockServerTest
+{
+    [NUnit.Framework.Test]
+    public async Task MockServerTest_1()
+    {
+        const string requestJson = """
+            {
+              "id": "id",
+              "treeName": "treeName",
+              "treeDescription": "treeDescription",
+              "treeSpecies": "treeSpecies",
+              "heightInFeet": 1.1,
+              "plantedDate": "2023-01-15"
+            }
+            """;
+
+        const string mockResponse = """
+            {
+              "id": "id",
+              "treeName": "treeName",
+              "treeDescription": "treeDescription",
+              "treeSpecies": "treeSpecies",
+              "heightInFeet": 1.1,
+              "plantedDate": "2023-01-15"
+            }
+            """;
+
+        Server
+            .Given(
+                WireMock
+                    .RequestBuilders.Request.Create()
+                    .WithPath("/trees")
+                    .UsingPost()
+                    .WithBodyAsJson(requestJson)
+            )
+            .RespondWith(
+                WireMock
+                    .ResponseBuilders.Response.Create()
+                    .WithStatusCode(200)
+                    .WithBody(mockResponse)
+            );
+
+        var response = await Client.CreateTreeAsync(
+            new TreeRecord
+            {
+                Id = "id",
+                TreeName = "treeName",
+                TreeDescription = "treeDescription",
+                TreeSpecies = "treeSpecies",
+                HeightInFeet = 1.1,
+                PlantedDate = new DateOnly(2023, 1, 15),
+            }
+        );
+        JsonAssert.AreEqual(response, mockResponse);
+    }
+
+    [NUnit.Framework.Test]
+    public async Task MockServerTest_2()
+    {
+        const string requestJson = """
+            {
+              "id": "id",
+              "treeName": "treeName",
+              "treeSpecies": "treeSpecies"
+            }
+            """;
+
+        const string mockResponse = """
+            {
+              "id": "id",
+              "treeName": "treeName",
+              "treeDescription": "treeDescription",
+              "treeSpecies": "treeSpecies",
+              "heightInFeet": 1.1,
+              "plantedDate": "2023-01-15"
+            }
+            """;
+
+        Server
+            .Given(
+                WireMock
+                    .RequestBuilders.Request.Create()
+                    .WithPath("/trees")
+                    .UsingPost()
+                    .WithBodyAsJson(requestJson)
+            )
+            .RespondWith(
+                WireMock
+                    .ResponseBuilders.Response.Create()
+                    .WithStatusCode(200)
+                    .WithBody(mockResponse)
+            );
+
+        var response = await Client.CreateTreeAsync(
+            new TreeRecord
+            {
+                Id = "id",
+                TreeName = "treeName",
+                TreeSpecies = "treeSpecies",
+            }
+        );
+        JsonAssert.AreEqual(response, mockResponse);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/seed/csharp-sdk/allof-inline/src/SeedApi/ISeedApiClient.cs b/seed/csharp-sdk/allof-inline/src/SeedApi/ISeedApiClient.cs
index 4b1eb3e650c8..2d0b14cff320 100644
--- a/seed/csharp-sdk/allof-inline/src/SeedApi/ISeedApiClient.cs
+++ b/seed/csharp-sdk/allof-inline/src/SeedApi/ISeedApiClient.cs
@@ -28,4 +28,22 @@ WithRawResponseTask<Organization> GetOrganizationAsync(
         RequestOptions? options = null,
         CancellationToken cancellationToken = default
     );
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Tests three-level allOf chain where a parent schema itself uses allOf with $ref elements. The grandparent's properties must be resolved through the nested $ref.
+    /// </summary>
+    WithRawResponseTask<PlantStrict> CreatePlantAsync(
+        PlantPost request,
+        RequestOptions? options = null,
+        CancellationToken cancellationToken = default
+    );
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Tests that when a parent's allOf contains multiple $ref entries, all of them are resolved and their properties merged.
+    /// </summary>
+    WithRawResponseTask<TreeRecord> CreateTreeAsync(
+        TreeRecord request,
+        RequestOptions? options = null,
+        CancellationToken cancellationToken = default
+    );
 }
diff --git a/seed/csharp-sdk/allof-inline/src/SeedApi/Requests/PlantPost.cs b/seed/csharp-sdk/allof-inline/src/SeedApi/Requests/PlantPost.cs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..d94b5a4416d7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/csharp-sdk/allof-inline/src/SeedApi/Requests/PlantPost.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+using global::System.Text.Json.Serialization;
+using SeedApi.Core;
+
+namespace SeedApi;
+
+[Serializable]
+public record PlantPost
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// The botanical species name.
+    /// </summary>
+    [JsonPropertyName("species")]
+    public required string Species { get; set; }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// The botanical family.
+    /// </summary>
+    [JsonPropertyName("family")]
+    public required string Family { get; set; }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// The botanical genus.
+    /// </summary>
+    [JsonPropertyName("genus")]
+    public required string Genus { get; set; }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// The common name of the plant.
+    /// </summary>
+    [JsonPropertyName("commonName")]
+    public required string CommonName { get; set; }
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("wateringFrequency")]
+    public required PlantPostWateringFrequency WateringFrequency { get; set; }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Required sun exposure level.
+    /// </summary>
+    [JsonPropertyName("sunExposure")]
+    public required PlantPostSunExposure SunExposure { get; set; }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Date the plant was planted.
+    /// </summary>
+    [JsonPropertyName("plantedAt")]
+    public DateOnly? PlantedAt { get; set; }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Preferred soil type.
+    /// </summary>
+    [JsonPropertyName("soilType")]
+    public string? SoilType { get; set; }
+
+    /// <inheritdoc />
+    public override string ToString()
+    {
+        return JsonUtils.Serialize(this);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/seed/csharp-sdk/allof-inline/src/SeedApi/SeedApiClient.cs b/seed/csharp-sdk/allof-inline/src/SeedApi/SeedApiClient.cs
index f8a55884e719..178c4c803ed9 100644
--- a/seed/csharp-sdk/allof-inline/src/SeedApi/SeedApiClient.cs
+++ b/seed/csharp-sdk/allof-inline/src/SeedApi/SeedApiClient.cs
@@ -358,6 +358,139 @@ private async Task<WithRawResponse<Organization>> GetOrganizationAsyncCore(
         }
     }
 
+    private async Task<WithRawResponse<PlantStrict>> CreatePlantAsyncCore(
+        PlantPost request,
+        RequestOptions? options = null,
+        CancellationToken cancellationToken = default
+    )
+    {
+        var _headers = await new SeedApi.Core.HeadersBuilder.Builder()
+            .Add(_client.Options.Headers)
+            .Add(_client.Options.AdditionalHeaders)
+            .Add(options?.AdditionalHeaders)
+            .BuildAsync()
+            .ConfigureAwait(false);
+        var response = await _client
+            .SendRequestAsync(
+                new JsonRequest
+                {
+                    Method = HttpMethod.Post,
+                    Path = "plants",
+                    Body = request,
+                    Headers = _headers,
+                    ContentType = "application/json",
+                    Options = options,
+                },
+                cancellationToken
+            )
+            .ConfigureAwait(false);
+        if (response.StatusCode is >= 200 and < 400)
+        {
+            var responseBody = await response
+                .Raw.Content.ReadAsStringAsync(cancellationToken)
+                .ConfigureAwait(false);
+            try
+            {
+                var responseData = JsonUtils.Deserialize<PlantStrict>(responseBody)!;
+                return new WithRawResponse<PlantStrict>()
+                {
+                    Data = responseData,
+                    RawResponse = new RawResponse()
+                    {
+                        StatusCode = response.Raw.StatusCode,
+                        Url = response.Raw.RequestMessage?.RequestUri ?? new Uri("about:blank"),
+                        Headers = ResponseHeaders.FromHttpResponseMessage(response.Raw),
+                    },
+                };
+            }
+            catch (JsonException e)
+            {
+                throw new SeedApiApiException(
+                    "Failed to deserialize response",
+                    response.StatusCode,
+                    responseBody,
+                    e
+                );
+            }
+        }
+        {
+            var responseBody = await response
+                .Raw.Content.ReadAsStringAsync(cancellationToken)
+                .ConfigureAwait(false);
+            throw new SeedApiApiException(
+                $"Error with status code {response.StatusCode}",
+                response.StatusCode,
+                responseBody
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    private async Task<WithRawResponse<TreeRecord>> CreateTreeAsyncCore(
+        TreeRecord request,
+        RequestOptions? options = null,
+        CancellationToken cancellationToken = default
+    )
+    {
+        var _headers = await new SeedApi.Core.HeadersBuilder.Builder()
+            .Add(_client.Options.Headers)
+            .Add(_client.Options.AdditionalHeaders)
+            .Add(options?.AdditionalHeaders)
+            .BuildAsync()
+            .ConfigureAwait(false);
+        var response = await _client
+            .SendRequestAsync(
+                new JsonRequest
+                {
+                    Method = HttpMethod.Post,
+                    Path = "trees",
+                    Body = request,
+                    Headers = _headers,
+                    Options = options,
+                },
+                cancellationToken
+            )
+            .ConfigureAwait(false);
+        if (response.StatusCode is >= 200 and < 400)
+        {
+            var responseBody = await response
+                .Raw.Content.ReadAsStringAsync(cancellationToken)
+                .ConfigureAwait(false);
+            try
+            {
+                var responseData = JsonUtils.Deserialize<TreeRecord>(responseBody)!;
+                return new WithRawResponse<TreeRecord>()
+                {
+                    Data = responseData,
+                    RawResponse = new RawResponse()
+                    {
+                        StatusCode = response.Raw.StatusCode,
+                        Url = response.Raw.RequestMessage?.RequestUri ?? new Uri("about:blank"),
+                        Headers = ResponseHeaders.FromHttpResponseMessage(response.Raw),
+                    },
+                };
+            }
+            catch (JsonException e)
+            {
+                throw new SeedApiApiException(
+                    "Failed to deserialize response",
+                    response.StatusCode,
+                    responseBody,
+                    e
+                );
+            }
+        }
+        {
+            var responseBody = await response
+                .Raw.Content.ReadAsStringAsync(cancellationToken)
+                .ConfigureAwait(false);
+            throw new SeedApiApiException(
+                $"Error with status code {response.StatusCode}",
+                response.StatusCode,
+                responseBody
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
     /// <example><code>
     /// await client.SearchRuleTypesAsync(new SearchRuleTypesRequest());
     /// </code></example>
@@ -430,4 +563,55 @@ public WithRawResponseTask<Organization> GetOrganizationAsync(
             GetOrganizationAsyncCore(options, cancellationToken)
         );
     }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Tests three-level allOf chain where a parent schema itself uses allOf with $ref elements. The grandparent's properties must be resolved through the nested $ref.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <example><code>
+    /// await client.CreatePlantAsync(
+    ///     new PlantPost
+    ///     {
+    ///         Species = "species",
+    ///         Family = "family",
+    ///         Genus = "genus",
+    ///         CommonName = "commonName",
+    ///         WateringFrequency = PlantPostWateringFrequency.Daily,
+    ///         SunExposure = PlantPostSunExposure.Full,
+    ///     }
+    /// );
+    /// </code></example>
+    public WithRawResponseTask<PlantStrict> CreatePlantAsync(
+        PlantPost request,
+        RequestOptions? options = null,
+        CancellationToken cancellationToken = default
+    )
+    {
+        return new WithRawResponseTask<PlantStrict>(
+            CreatePlantAsyncCore(request, options, cancellationToken)
+        );
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Tests that when a parent's allOf contains multiple $ref entries, all of them are resolved and their properties merged.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <example><code>
+    /// await client.CreateTreeAsync(
+    ///     new TreeRecord
+    ///     {
+    ///         Id = "id",
+    ///         TreeName = "treeName",
+    ///         TreeSpecies = "treeSpecies",
+    ///     }
+    /// );
+    /// </code></example>
+    public WithRawResponseTask<TreeRecord> CreateTreeAsync(
+        TreeRecord request,
+        RequestOptions? options = null,
+        CancellationToken cancellationToken = default
+    )
+    {
+        return new WithRawResponseTask<TreeRecord>(
+            CreateTreeAsyncCore(request, options, cancellationToken)
+        );
+    }
 }
diff --git a/seed/csharp-sdk/allof-inline/src/SeedApi/Types/PlantBase.cs b/seed/csharp-sdk/allof-inline/src/SeedApi/Types/PlantBase.cs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..0da6a14739de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/csharp-sdk/allof-inline/src/SeedApi/Types/PlantBase.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+using global::System.Text.Json;
+using global::System.Text.Json.Serialization;
+using SeedApi.Core;
+
+namespace SeedApi;
+
+[Serializable]
+public record PlantBase : IJsonOnDeserialized
+{
+    [JsonExtensionData]
+    private readonly IDictionary<string, JsonElement> _extensionData =
+        new Dictionary<string, JsonElement>();
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// The botanical species name.
+    /// </summary>
+    [JsonPropertyName("species")]
+    public required string Species { get; set; }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// The botanical family.
+    /// </summary>
+    [JsonPropertyName("family")]
+    public required string Family { get; set; }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// The botanical genus.
+    /// </summary>
+    [JsonPropertyName("genus")]
+    public required string Genus { get; set; }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// The common name of the plant.
+    /// </summary>
+    [JsonPropertyName("commonName")]
+    public string? CommonName { get; set; }
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("wateringFrequency")]
+    public PlantBaseWateringFrequency? WateringFrequency { get; set; }
+
+    [JsonIgnore]
+    public ReadOnlyAdditionalProperties AdditionalProperties { get; private set; } = new();
+
+    void IJsonOnDeserialized.OnDeserialized() =>
+        AdditionalProperties.CopyFromExtensionData(_extensionData);
+
+    /// <inheritdoc />
+    public override string ToString()
+    {
+        return JsonUtils.Serialize(this);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/seed/csharp-sdk/allof-inline/src/SeedApi/Types/PlantBaseWateringFrequency.cs b/seed/csharp-sdk/allof-inline/src/SeedApi/Types/PlantBaseWateringFrequency.cs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..21cf02a95749
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/csharp-sdk/allof-inline/src/SeedApi/Types/PlantBaseWateringFrequency.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+using global::System.Text.Json;
+using global::System.Text.Json.Serialization;
+using SeedApi.Core;
+
+namespace SeedApi;
+
+[JsonConverter(typeof(PlantBaseWateringFrequency.PlantBaseWateringFrequencySerializer))]
+[Serializable]
+public readonly record struct PlantBaseWateringFrequency : IStringEnum
+{
+    public static readonly PlantBaseWateringFrequency Daily = new(Values.Daily);
+
+    public static readonly PlantBaseWateringFrequency Weekly = new(Values.Weekly);
+
+    public static readonly PlantBaseWateringFrequency Biweekly = new(Values.Biweekly);
+
+    public static readonly PlantBaseWateringFrequency Monthly = new(Values.Monthly);
+
+    public PlantBaseWateringFrequency(string value)
+    {
+        Value = value;
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// The string value of the enum.
+    /// </summary>
+    public string Value { get; }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Create a string enum with the given value.
+    /// </summary>
+    public static PlantBaseWateringFrequency FromCustom(string value)
+    {
+        return new PlantBaseWateringFrequency(value);
+    }
+
+    public bool Equals(string? other)
+    {
+        return Value.Equals(other);
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Returns the string value of the enum.
+    /// </summary>
+    public override string ToString()
+    {
+        return Value;
+    }
+
+    public static bool operator ==(PlantBaseWateringFrequency value1, string value2) =>
+        value1.Value.Equals(value2);
+
+    public static bool operator !=(PlantBaseWateringFrequency value1, string value2) =>
+        !value1.Value.Equals(value2);
+
+    public static explicit operator string(PlantBaseWateringFrequency value) => value.Value;
+
+    public static explicit operator PlantBaseWateringFrequency(string value) => new(value);
+
+    internal class PlantBaseWateringFrequencySerializer : JsonConverter<PlantBaseWateringFrequency>
+    {
+        public override PlantBaseWateringFrequency Read(
+            ref Utf8JsonReader reader,
+            Type typeToConvert,
+            JsonSerializerOptions options
+        )
+        {
+            var stringValue =
+                reader.GetString()
+                ?? throw new global::System.Exception(
+                    "The JSON value could not be read as a string."
+                );
+            return new PlantBaseWateringFrequency(stringValue);
+        }
+
+        public override void Write(
+            Utf8JsonWriter writer,
+            PlantBaseWateringFrequency value,
+            JsonSerializerOptions options
+        )
+        {
+            writer.WriteStringValue(value.Value);
+        }
+
+        public override PlantBaseWateringFrequency ReadAsPropertyName(
+            ref Utf8JsonReader reader,
+            Type typeToConvert,
+            JsonSerializerOptions options
+        )
+        {
+            var stringValue =
+                reader.GetString()
+                ?? throw new global::System.Exception(
+                    "The JSON property name could not be read as a string."
+                );
+            return new PlantBaseWateringFrequency(stringValue);
+        }
+
+        public override void WriteAsPropertyName(
+            Utf8JsonWriter writer,
+            PlantBaseWateringFrequency value,
+            JsonSerializerOptions options
+        )
+        {
+            writer.WritePropertyName(value.Value);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Constant strings for enum values
+    /// </summary>
+    [Serializable]
+    public static class Values
+    {
+        public const string Daily = "daily";
+
+        public const string Weekly = "weekly";
+
+        public const string Biweekly = "biweekly";
+
+        public const string Monthly = "monthly";
+    }
+}
diff --git a/seed/csharp-sdk/allof-inline/src/SeedApi/Types/PlantPostSunExposure.cs b/seed/csharp-sdk/allof-inline/src/SeedApi/Types/PlantPostSunExposure.cs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..6bb2024aa2e0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/csharp-sdk/allof-inline/src/SeedApi/Types/PlantPostSunExposure.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
+using global::System.Text.Json;
+using global::System.Text.Json.Serialization;
+using SeedApi.Core;
+
+namespace SeedApi;
+
+[JsonConverter(typeof(PlantPostSunExposure.PlantPostSunExposureSerializer))]
+[Serializable]
+public readonly record struct PlantPostSunExposure : IStringEnum
+{
+    public static readonly PlantPostSunExposure Full = new(Values.Full);
+
+    public static readonly PlantPostSunExposure Partial = new(Values.Partial);
+
+    public static readonly PlantPostSunExposure Shade = new(Values.Shade);
+
+    public PlantPostSunExposure(string value)
+    {
+        Value = value;
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// The string value of the enum.
+    /// </summary>
+    public string Value { get; }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Create a string enum with the given value.
+    /// </summary>
+    public static PlantPostSunExposure FromCustom(string value)
+    {
+        return new PlantPostSunExposure(value);
+    }
+
+    public bool Equals(string? other)
+    {
+        return Value.Equals(other);
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Returns the string value of the enum.
+    /// </summary>
+    public override string ToString()
+    {
+        return Value;
+    }
+
+    public static bool operator ==(PlantPostSunExposure value1, string value2) =>
+        value1.Value.Equals(value2);
+
+    public static bool operator !=(PlantPostSunExposure value1, string value2) =>
+        !value1.Value.Equals(value2);
+
+    public static explicit operator string(PlantPostSunExposure value) => value.Value;
+
+    public static explicit operator PlantPostSunExposure(string value) => new(value);
+
+    internal class PlantPostSunExposureSerializer : JsonConverter<PlantPostSunExposure>
+    {
+        public override PlantPostSunExposure Read(
+            ref Utf8JsonReader reader,
+            Type typeToConvert,
+            JsonSerializerOptions options
+        )
+        {
+            var stringValue =
+                reader.GetString()
+                ?? throw new global::System.Exception(
+                    "The JSON value could not be read as a string."
+                );
+            return new PlantPostSunExposure(stringValue);
+        }
+
+        public override void Write(
+            Utf8JsonWriter writer,
+            PlantPostSunExposure value,
+            JsonSerializerOptions options
+        )
+        {
+            writer.WriteStringValue(value.Value);
+        }
+
+        public override PlantPostSunExposure ReadAsPropertyName(
+            ref Utf8JsonReader reader,
+            Type typeToConvert,
+            JsonSerializerOptions options
+        )
+        {
+            var stringValue =
+                reader.GetString()
+                ?? throw new global::System.Exception(
+                    "The JSON property name could not be read as a string."
+                );
+            return new PlantPostSunExposure(stringValue);
+        }
+
+        public override void WriteAsPropertyName(
+            Utf8JsonWriter writer,
+            PlantPostSunExposure value,
+            JsonSerializerOptions options
+        )
+        {
+            writer.WritePropertyName(value.Value);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Constant strings for enum values
+    /// </summary>
+    [Serializable]
+    public static class Values
+    {
+        public const string Full = "full";
+
+        public const string Partial = "partial";
+
+        public const string Shade = "shade";
+    }
+}
diff --git a/seed/csharp-sdk/allof-inline/src/SeedApi/Types/PlantPostWateringFrequency.cs b/seed/csharp-sdk/allof-inline/src/SeedApi/Types/PlantPostWateringFrequency.cs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..96740b82bb64
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/csharp-sdk/allof-inline/src/SeedApi/Types/PlantPostWateringFrequency.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+using global::System.Text.Json;
+using global::System.Text.Json.Serialization;
+using SeedApi.Core;
+
+namespace SeedApi;
+
+[JsonConverter(typeof(PlantPostWateringFrequency.PlantPostWateringFrequencySerializer))]
+[Serializable]
+public readonly record struct PlantPostWateringFrequency : IStringEnum
+{
+    public static readonly PlantPostWateringFrequency Daily = new(Values.Daily);
+
+    public static readonly PlantPostWateringFrequency Weekly = new(Values.Weekly);
+
+    public static readonly PlantPostWateringFrequency Biweekly = new(Values.Biweekly);
+
+    public static readonly PlantPostWateringFrequency Monthly = new(Values.Monthly);
+
+    public PlantPostWateringFrequency(string value)
+    {
+        Value = value;
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// The string value of the enum.
+    /// </summary>
+    public string Value { get; }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Create a string enum with the given value.
+    /// </summary>
+    public static PlantPostWateringFrequency FromCustom(string value)
+    {
+        return new PlantPostWateringFrequency(value);
+    }
+
+    public bool Equals(string? other)
+    {
+        return Value.Equals(other);
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Returns the string value of the enum.
+    /// </summary>
+    public override string ToString()
+    {
+        return Value;
+    }
+
+    public static bool operator ==(PlantPostWateringFrequency value1, string value2) =>
+        value1.Value.Equals(value2);
+
+    public static bool operator !=(PlantPostWateringFrequency value1, string value2) =>
+        !value1.Value.Equals(value2);
+
+    public static explicit operator string(PlantPostWateringFrequency value) => value.Value;
+
+    public static explicit operator PlantPostWateringFrequency(string value) => new(value);
+
+    internal class PlantPostWateringFrequencySerializer : JsonConverter<PlantPostWateringFrequency>
+    {
+        public override PlantPostWateringFrequency Read(
+            ref Utf8JsonReader reader,
+            Type typeToConvert,
+            JsonSerializerOptions options
+        )
+        {
+            var stringValue =
+                reader.GetString()
+                ?? throw new global::System.Exception(
+                    "The JSON value could not be read as a string."
+                );
+            return new PlantPostWateringFrequency(stringValue);
+        }
+
+        public override void Write(
+            Utf8JsonWriter writer,
+            PlantPostWateringFrequency value,
+            JsonSerializerOptions options
+        )
+        {
+            writer.WriteStringValue(value.Value);
+        }
+
+        public override PlantPostWateringFrequency ReadAsPropertyName(
+            ref Utf8JsonReader reader,
+            Type typeToConvert,
+            JsonSerializerOptions options
+        )
+        {
+            var stringValue =
+                reader.GetString()
+                ?? throw new global::System.Exception(
+                    "The JSON property name could not be read as a string."
+                );
+            return new PlantPostWateringFrequency(stringValue);
+        }
+
+        public override void WriteAsPropertyName(
+            Utf8JsonWriter writer,
+            PlantPostWateringFrequency value,
+            JsonSerializerOptions options
+        )
+        {
+            writer.WritePropertyName(value.Value);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Constant strings for enum values
+    /// </summary>
+    [Serializable]
+    public static class Values
+    {
+        public const string Daily = "daily";
+
+        public const string Weekly = "weekly";
+
+        public const string Biweekly = "biweekly";
+
+        public const string Monthly = "monthly";
+    }
+}
diff --git a/seed/csharp-sdk/allof-inline/src/SeedApi/Types/PlantStrict.cs b/seed/csharp-sdk/allof-inline/src/SeedApi/Types/PlantStrict.cs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..19797ad4dcce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/csharp-sdk/allof-inline/src/SeedApi/Types/PlantStrict.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+using global::System.Text.Json;
+using global::System.Text.Json.Serialization;
+using SeedApi.Core;
+
+namespace SeedApi;
+
+[Serializable]
+public record PlantStrict : IJsonOnDeserialized
+{
+    [JsonExtensionData]
+    private readonly IDictionary<string, JsonElement> _extensionData =
+        new Dictionary<string, JsonElement>();
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// The botanical species name.
+    /// </summary>
+    [JsonPropertyName("species")]
+    public required string Species { get; set; }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// The botanical family.
+    /// </summary>
+    [JsonPropertyName("family")]
+    public required string Family { get; set; }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// The botanical genus.
+    /// </summary>
+    [JsonPropertyName("genus")]
+    public required string Genus { get; set; }
+
+    [JsonIgnore]
+    public ReadOnlyAdditionalProperties AdditionalProperties { get; private set; } = new();
+
+    void IJsonOnDeserialized.OnDeserialized() =>
+        AdditionalProperties.CopyFromExtensionData(_extensionData);
+
+    /// <inheritdoc />
+    public override string ToString()
+    {
+        return JsonUtils.Serialize(this);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/seed/csharp-sdk/allof-inline/src/SeedApi/Types/TreeBase.cs b/seed/csharp-sdk/allof-inline/src/SeedApi/Types/TreeBase.cs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..61605244b66e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/csharp-sdk/allof-inline/src/SeedApi/Types/TreeBase.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+using global::System.Text.Json;
+using global::System.Text.Json.Serialization;
+using SeedApi.Core;
+
+namespace SeedApi;
+
+[Serializable]
+public record TreeBase : IJsonOnDeserialized
+{
+    [JsonExtensionData]
+    private readonly IDictionary<string, JsonElement> _extensionData =
+        new Dictionary<string, JsonElement>();
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Unique tree identifier.
+    /// </summary>
+    [JsonPropertyName("id")]
+    public required string Id { get; set; }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Display name of the tree.
+    /// </summary>
+    [JsonPropertyName("treeName")]
+    public string? TreeName { get; set; }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// A description of the tree.
+    /// </summary>
+    [JsonPropertyName("treeDescription")]
+    public string? TreeDescription { get; set; }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// The species of tree.
+    /// </summary>
+    [JsonPropertyName("treeSpecies")]
+    public string? TreeSpecies { get; set; }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Height of the tree in feet.
+    /// </summary>
+    [JsonPropertyName("heightInFeet")]
+    public double? HeightInFeet { get; set; }
+
+    [JsonIgnore]
+    public ReadOnlyAdditionalProperties AdditionalProperties { get; private set; } = new();
+
+    void IJsonOnDeserialized.OnDeserialized() =>
+        AdditionalProperties.CopyFromExtensionData(_extensionData);
+
+    /// <inheritdoc />
+    public override string ToString()
+    {
+        return JsonUtils.Serialize(this);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/seed/csharp-sdk/allof-inline/src/SeedApi/Types/TreeDescribable.cs b/seed/csharp-sdk/allof-inline/src/SeedApi/Types/TreeDescribable.cs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..4c6bd360a758
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/csharp-sdk/allof-inline/src/SeedApi/Types/TreeDescribable.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+using global::System.Text.Json;
+using global::System.Text.Json.Serialization;
+using SeedApi.Core;
+
+namespace SeedApi;
+
+[Serializable]
+public record TreeDescribable : IJsonOnDeserialized
+{
+    [JsonExtensionData]
+    private readonly IDictionary<string, JsonElement> _extensionData =
+        new Dictionary<string, JsonElement>();
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Display name of the tree.
+    /// </summary>
+    [JsonPropertyName("treeName")]
+    public string? TreeName { get; set; }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// A description of the tree.
+    /// </summary>
+    [JsonPropertyName("treeDescription")]
+    public string? TreeDescription { get; set; }
+
+    [JsonIgnore]
+    public ReadOnlyAdditionalProperties AdditionalProperties { get; private set; } = new();
+
+    void IJsonOnDeserialized.OnDeserialized() =>
+        AdditionalProperties.CopyFromExtensionData(_extensionData);
+
+    /// <inheritdoc />
+    public override string ToString()
+    {
+        return JsonUtils.Serialize(this);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/seed/csharp-sdk/allof-inline/src/SeedApi/Types/TreeIdentifiable.cs b/seed/csharp-sdk/allof-inline/src/SeedApi/Types/TreeIdentifiable.cs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..c8e6ef3e1299
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/csharp-sdk/allof-inline/src/SeedApi/Types/TreeIdentifiable.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+using global::System.Text.Json;
+using global::System.Text.Json.Serialization;
+using SeedApi.Core;
+
+namespace SeedApi;
+
+[Serializable]
+public record TreeIdentifiable : IJsonOnDeserialized
+{
+    [JsonExtensionData]
+    private readonly IDictionary<string, JsonElement> _extensionData =
+        new Dictionary<string, JsonElement>();
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Unique tree identifier.
+    /// </summary>
+    [JsonPropertyName("id")]
+    public required string Id { get; set; }
+
+    [JsonIgnore]
+    public ReadOnlyAdditionalProperties AdditionalProperties { get; private set; } = new();
+
+    void IJsonOnDeserialized.OnDeserialized() =>
+        AdditionalProperties.CopyFromExtensionData(_extensionData);
+
+    /// <inheritdoc />
+    public override string ToString()
+    {
+        return JsonUtils.Serialize(this);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/seed/csharp-sdk/allof-inline/src/SeedApi/Types/TreeRecord.cs b/seed/csharp-sdk/allof-inline/src/SeedApi/Types/TreeRecord.cs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..df414345abd2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/csharp-sdk/allof-inline/src/SeedApi/Types/TreeRecord.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+using global::System.Text.Json;
+using global::System.Text.Json.Serialization;
+using SeedApi.Core;
+
+namespace SeedApi;
+
+[Serializable]
+public record TreeRecord : IJsonOnDeserialized
+{
+    [JsonExtensionData]
+    private readonly IDictionary<string, JsonElement> _extensionData =
+        new Dictionary<string, JsonElement>();
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Unique tree identifier.
+    /// </summary>
+    [JsonPropertyName("id")]
+    public required string Id { get; set; }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Display name of the tree.
+    /// </summary>
+    [JsonPropertyName("treeName")]
+    public required string TreeName { get; set; }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// A description of the tree.
+    /// </summary>
+    [JsonPropertyName("treeDescription")]
+    public string? TreeDescription { get; set; }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// The species of tree.
+    /// </summary>
+    [JsonPropertyName("treeSpecies")]
+    public required string TreeSpecies { get; set; }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Height of the tree in feet.
+    /// </summary>
+    [JsonPropertyName("heightInFeet")]
+    public double? HeightInFeet { get; set; }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Date the tree was planted.
+    /// </summary>
+    [JsonPropertyName("plantedDate")]
+    public DateOnly? PlantedDate { get; set; }
+
+    [JsonIgnore]
+    public ReadOnlyAdditionalProperties AdditionalProperties { get; private set; } = new();
+
+    void IJsonOnDeserialized.OnDeserialized() =>
+        AdditionalProperties.CopyFromExtensionData(_extensionData);
+
+    /// <inheritdoc />
+    public override string ToString()
+    {
+        return JsonUtils.Serialize(this);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/seed/csharp-sdk/allof/Snippets/Example10.cs b/seed/csharp-sdk/allof/Snippets/Example10.cs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..8aa2663c4670
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/csharp-sdk/allof/Snippets/Example10.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+using SeedApi;
+
+public partial class Examples
+{
+    public async Task Example10() {
+        var client = new SeedApiClient(
+            clientOptions: new ClientOptions {
+                BaseUrl = "https://api.fern.com"
+            }
+        );
+
+        await client.CreatePlantAsync(
+            new PlantPost {
+                Species = "species",
+                Family = "family",
+                Genus = "genus",
+                SunExposure = PlantPostSunExposure.Full
+            }
+        );
+    }
+
+}
diff --git a/seed/csharp-sdk/allof/Snippets/Example11.cs b/seed/csharp-sdk/allof/Snippets/Example11.cs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..5f159ad4d991
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/csharp-sdk/allof/Snippets/Example11.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+using SeedApi;
+
+public partial class Examples
+{
+    public async Task Example11() {
+        var client = new SeedApiClient(
+            clientOptions: new ClientOptions {
+                BaseUrl = "https://api.fern.com"
+            }
+        );
+
+        await client.CreatePlantAsync(
+            new PlantPost {
+                CommonName = "commonName",
+                WateringFrequency = PlantBaseWateringFrequency.Daily,
+                Species = "species",
+                Family = "family",
+                Genus = "genus",
+                SunExposure = PlantPostSunExposure.Full,
+                PlantedAt = DateOnly.Parse("2023-01-15"),
+                SoilType = "soilType"
+            }
+        );
+    }
+
+}
diff --git a/seed/csharp-sdk/allof/Snippets/Example12.cs b/seed/csharp-sdk/allof/Snippets/Example12.cs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..f100ab67388b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/csharp-sdk/allof/Snippets/Example12.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+using SeedApi;
+
+public partial class Examples
+{
+    public async Task Example12() {
+        var client = new SeedApiClient(
+            clientOptions: new ClientOptions {
+                BaseUrl = "https://api.fern.com"
+            }
+        );
+
+        await client.CreateTreeAsync(
+            new TreeRecord {
+                Id = "id"
+            }
+        );
+    }
+
+}
diff --git a/seed/csharp-sdk/allof/Snippets/Example13.cs b/seed/csharp-sdk/allof/Snippets/Example13.cs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..dfa4b032fd25
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/csharp-sdk/allof/Snippets/Example13.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+using SeedApi;
+
+public partial class Examples
+{
+    public async Task Example13() {
+        var client = new SeedApiClient(
+            clientOptions: new ClientOptions {
+                BaseUrl = "https://api.fern.com"
+            }
+        );
+
+        await client.CreateTreeAsync(
+            new TreeRecord {
+                TreeSpecies = "treeSpecies",
+                HeightInFeet = 1.1,
+                Id = "id",
+                TreeName = "treeName",
+                TreeDescription = "treeDescription",
+                PlantedDate = DateOnly.Parse("2023-01-15")
+            }
+        );
+    }
+
+}
diff --git a/seed/csharp-sdk/allof/reference.md b/seed/csharp-sdk/allof/reference.md
index eab7f3a438d2..c11b706aab3b 100644
--- a/seed/csharp-sdk/allof/reference.md
+++ b/seed/csharp-sdk/allof/reference.md
@@ -160,3 +160,119 @@ await client.GetOrganizationAsync();
 </dl>
 </details>
 
+<details><summary><code>client.<a href="/src/SeedApi/SeedApiClient.cs">CreatePlantAsync</a>(PlantPost { ... }) -> WithRawResponseTask&lt;PlantStrict&gt;</code></summary>
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+#### 📝 Description
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+Tests three-level allOf chain where a parent schema itself uses allOf with $ref elements. The grandparent's properties must be resolved through the nested $ref.
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+#### 🔌 Usage
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+```csharp
+await client.CreatePlantAsync(
+    new PlantPost
+    {
+        Species = "species",
+        Family = "family",
+        Genus = "genus",
+        SunExposure = PlantPostSunExposure.Full,
+    }
+);
+```
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+#### ⚙️ Parameters
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+**request:** `PlantPost` 
+    
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</details>
+
+<details><summary><code>client.<a href="/src/SeedApi/SeedApiClient.cs">CreateTreeAsync</a>(TreeRecord { ... }) -> WithRawResponseTask&lt;TreeRecord&gt;</code></summary>
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+#### 📝 Description
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+Tests that when a parent's allOf contains multiple $ref entries, all of them are resolved and their properties merged.
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+#### 🔌 Usage
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+```csharp
+await client.CreateTreeAsync(new TreeRecord { Id = "id" });
+```
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+#### ⚙️ Parameters
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+**request:** `TreeRecord` 
+    
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</details>
+
diff --git a/seed/csharp-sdk/allof/snippet.json b/seed/csharp-sdk/allof/snippet.json
index 56a6d70194b2..28c47cbd8165 100644
--- a/seed/csharp-sdk/allof/snippet.json
+++ b/seed/csharp-sdk/allof/snippet.json
@@ -60,6 +60,30 @@
                 "type": "csharp",
                 "client": "using SeedApi;\n\nvar client = new SeedApiClient();\nawait client.GetOrganizationAsync();\n"
             }
+        },
+        {
+            "example_identifier": null,
+            "id": {
+                "path": "/plants",
+                "method": "POST",
+                "identifier_override": "endpoint_.createPlant"
+            },
+            "snippet": {
+                "type": "csharp",
+                "client": "using SeedApi;\n\nvar client = new SeedApiClient();\nawait client.CreatePlantAsync(\n    new PlantPost\n    {\n        Species = \"species\",\n        Family = \"family\",\n        Genus = \"genus\",\n        SunExposure = PlantPostSunExposure.Full,\n    }\n);\n"
+            }
+        },
+        {
+            "example_identifier": null,
+            "id": {
+                "path": "/trees",
+                "method": "POST",
+                "identifier_override": "endpoint_.createTree"
+            },
+            "snippet": {
+                "type": "csharp",
+                "client": "using SeedApi;\n\nvar client = new SeedApiClient();\nawait client.CreateTreeAsync(new TreeRecord { Id = \"id\" });\n"
+            }
         }
     ]
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/seed/csharp-sdk/allof/src/SeedApi.Test/Unit/MockServer/CreatePlantTest.cs b/seed/csharp-sdk/allof/src/SeedApi.Test/Unit/MockServer/CreatePlantTest.cs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..7b1a9101fd47
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/csharp-sdk/allof/src/SeedApi.Test/Unit/MockServer/CreatePlantTest.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+using NUnit.Framework;
+using SeedApi;
+using SeedApi.Test.Utils;
+
+namespace SeedApi.Test.Unit.MockServer;
+
+[TestFixture]
+[Parallelizable(ParallelScope.Self)]
+public class CreatePlantTest : BaseMockServerTest
+{
+    [NUnit.Framework.Test]
+    public async Task MockServerTest_1()
+    {
+        const string requestJson = """
+            {
+              "sunExposure": "full",
+              "plantedAt": "2023-01-15",
+              "soilType": "soilType",
+              "commonName": "commonName",
+              "wateringFrequency": "daily",
+              "species": "species",
+              "family": "family",
+              "genus": "genus"
+            }
+            """;
+
+        const string mockResponse = """
+            {
+              "species": "species",
+              "family": "family",
+              "genus": "genus"
+            }
+            """;
+
+        Server
+            .Given(
+                WireMock
+                    .RequestBuilders.Request.Create()
+                    .WithPath("/plants")
+                    .WithHeader("Content-Type", "application/json")
+                    .UsingPost()
+                    .WithBodyAsJson(requestJson)
+            )
+            .RespondWith(
+                WireMock
+                    .ResponseBuilders.Response.Create()
+                    .WithStatusCode(200)
+                    .WithBody(mockResponse)
+            );
+
+        var response = await Client.CreatePlantAsync(
+            new PlantPost
+            {
+                SunExposure = PlantPostSunExposure.Full,
+                PlantedAt = new DateOnly(2023, 1, 15),
+                SoilType = "soilType",
+                CommonName = "commonName",
+                WateringFrequency = PlantBaseWateringFrequency.Daily,
+                Species = "species",
+                Family = "family",
+                Genus = "genus",
+            }
+        );
+        JsonAssert.AreEqual(response, mockResponse);
+    }
+
+    [NUnit.Framework.Test]
+    public async Task MockServerTest_2()
+    {
+        const string requestJson = """
+            {
+              "species": "species",
+              "family": "family",
+              "genus": "genus",
+              "sunExposure": "full"
+            }
+            """;
+
+        const string mockResponse = """
+            {
+              "species": "species",
+              "family": "family",
+              "genus": "genus"
+            }
+            """;
+
+        Server
+            .Given(
+                WireMock
+                    .RequestBuilders.Request.Create()
+                    .WithPath("/plants")
+                    .WithHeader("Content-Type", "application/json")
+                    .UsingPost()
+                    .WithBodyAsJson(requestJson)
+            )
+            .RespondWith(
+                WireMock
+                    .ResponseBuilders.Response.Create()
+                    .WithStatusCode(200)
+                    .WithBody(mockResponse)
+            );
+
+        var response = await Client.CreatePlantAsync(
+            new PlantPost
+            {
+                Species = "species",
+                Family = "family",
+                Genus = "genus",
+                SunExposure = PlantPostSunExposure.Full,
+            }
+        );
+        JsonAssert.AreEqual(response, mockResponse);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/seed/csharp-sdk/allof/src/SeedApi.Test/Unit/MockServer/CreateTreeTest.cs b/seed/csharp-sdk/allof/src/SeedApi.Test/Unit/MockServer/CreateTreeTest.cs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..55cd7b79ee27
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/csharp-sdk/allof/src/SeedApi.Test/Unit/MockServer/CreateTreeTest.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+using NUnit.Framework;
+using SeedApi;
+using SeedApi.Test.Utils;
+
+namespace SeedApi.Test.Unit.MockServer;
+
+[TestFixture]
+[Parallelizable(ParallelScope.Self)]
+public class CreateTreeTest : BaseMockServerTest
+{
+    [NUnit.Framework.Test]
+    public async Task MockServerTest_1()
+    {
+        const string requestJson = """
+            {
+              "plantedDate": "2023-01-15",
+              "treeSpecies": "treeSpecies",
+              "heightInFeet": 1.1,
+              "id": "id",
+              "treeName": "treeName",
+              "treeDescription": "treeDescription"
+            }
+            """;
+
+        const string mockResponse = """
+            {
+              "plantedDate": "2023-01-15",
+              "treeSpecies": "treeSpecies",
+              "heightInFeet": 1.1,
+              "id": "id",
+              "treeName": "treeName",
+              "treeDescription": "treeDescription"
+            }
+            """;
+
+        Server
+            .Given(
+                WireMock
+                    .RequestBuilders.Request.Create()
+                    .WithPath("/trees")
+                    .UsingPost()
+                    .WithBodyAsJson(requestJson)
+            )
+            .RespondWith(
+                WireMock
+                    .ResponseBuilders.Response.Create()
+                    .WithStatusCode(200)
+                    .WithBody(mockResponse)
+            );
+
+        var response = await Client.CreateTreeAsync(
+            new TreeRecord
+            {
+                PlantedDate = new DateOnly(2023, 1, 15),
+                TreeSpecies = "treeSpecies",
+                HeightInFeet = 1.1,
+                Id = "id",
+                TreeName = "treeName",
+                TreeDescription = "treeDescription",
+            }
+        );
+        JsonAssert.AreEqual(response, mockResponse);
+    }
+
+    [NUnit.Framework.Test]
+    public async Task MockServerTest_2()
+    {
+        const string requestJson = """
+            {
+              "id": "id"
+            }
+            """;
+
+        const string mockResponse = """
+            {
+              "treeName": "treeName",
+              "treeDescription": "treeDescription",
+              "id": "id",
+              "treeSpecies": "treeSpecies",
+              "heightInFeet": 1.1,
+              "plantedDate": "2023-01-15"
+            }
+            """;
+
+        Server
+            .Given(
+                WireMock
+                    .RequestBuilders.Request.Create()
+                    .WithPath("/trees")
+                    .UsingPost()
+                    .WithBodyAsJson(requestJson)
+            )
+            .RespondWith(
+                WireMock
+                    .ResponseBuilders.Response.Create()
+                    .WithStatusCode(200)
+                    .WithBody(mockResponse)
+            );
+
+        var response = await Client.CreateTreeAsync(new TreeRecord { Id = "id" });
+        JsonAssert.AreEqual(response, mockResponse);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/seed/csharp-sdk/allof/src/SeedApi/ISeedApiClient.cs b/seed/csharp-sdk/allof/src/SeedApi/ISeedApiClient.cs
index 4b1eb3e650c8..2d0b14cff320 100644
--- a/seed/csharp-sdk/allof/src/SeedApi/ISeedApiClient.cs
+++ b/seed/csharp-sdk/allof/src/SeedApi/ISeedApiClient.cs
@@ -28,4 +28,22 @@ WithRawResponseTask<Organization> GetOrganizationAsync(
         RequestOptions? options = null,
         CancellationToken cancellationToken = default
     );
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Tests three-level allOf chain where a parent schema itself uses allOf with $ref elements. The grandparent's properties must be resolved through the nested $ref.
+    /// </summary>
+    WithRawResponseTask<PlantStrict> CreatePlantAsync(
+        PlantPost request,
+        RequestOptions? options = null,
+        CancellationToken cancellationToken = default
+    );
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Tests that when a parent's allOf contains multiple $ref entries, all of them are resolved and their properties merged.
+    /// </summary>
+    WithRawResponseTask<TreeRecord> CreateTreeAsync(
+        TreeRecord request,
+        RequestOptions? options = null,
+        CancellationToken cancellationToken = default
+    );
 }
diff --git a/seed/csharp-sdk/allof/src/SeedApi/Requests/PlantPost.cs b/seed/csharp-sdk/allof/src/SeedApi/Requests/PlantPost.cs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..a514c3621f1a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/csharp-sdk/allof/src/SeedApi/Requests/PlantPost.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+using global::System.Text.Json.Serialization;
+using SeedApi.Core;
+
+namespace SeedApi;
+
+[Serializable]
+public record PlantPost
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Required sun exposure level.
+    /// </summary>
+    [JsonPropertyName("sunExposure")]
+    public required PlantPostSunExposure SunExposure { get; set; }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Date the plant was planted.
+    /// </summary>
+    [JsonPropertyName("plantedAt")]
+    public DateOnly? PlantedAt { get; set; }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Preferred soil type.
+    /// </summary>
+    [JsonPropertyName("soilType")]
+    public string? SoilType { get; set; }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// The common name of the plant.
+    /// </summary>
+    [JsonPropertyName("commonName")]
+    public string? CommonName { get; set; }
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("wateringFrequency")]
+    public PlantBaseWateringFrequency? WateringFrequency { get; set; }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// The botanical species name.
+    /// </summary>
+    [JsonPropertyName("species")]
+    public required string Species { get; set; }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// The botanical family.
+    /// </summary>
+    [JsonPropertyName("family")]
+    public required string Family { get; set; }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// The botanical genus.
+    /// </summary>
+    [JsonPropertyName("genus")]
+    public required string Genus { get; set; }
+
+    /// <inheritdoc />
+    public override string ToString()
+    {
+        return JsonUtils.Serialize(this);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/seed/csharp-sdk/allof/src/SeedApi/SeedApiClient.cs b/seed/csharp-sdk/allof/src/SeedApi/SeedApiClient.cs
index a966af08225e..ac2671fc0373 100644
--- a/seed/csharp-sdk/allof/src/SeedApi/SeedApiClient.cs
+++ b/seed/csharp-sdk/allof/src/SeedApi/SeedApiClient.cs
@@ -358,6 +358,139 @@ private async Task<WithRawResponse<Organization>> GetOrganizationAsyncCore(
         }
     }
 
+    private async Task<WithRawResponse<PlantStrict>> CreatePlantAsyncCore(
+        PlantPost request,
+        RequestOptions? options = null,
+        CancellationToken cancellationToken = default
+    )
+    {
+        var _headers = await new SeedApi.Core.HeadersBuilder.Builder()
+            .Add(_client.Options.Headers)
+            .Add(_client.Options.AdditionalHeaders)
+            .Add(options?.AdditionalHeaders)
+            .BuildAsync()
+            .ConfigureAwait(false);
+        var response = await _client
+            .SendRequestAsync(
+                new JsonRequest
+                {
+                    Method = HttpMethod.Post,
+                    Path = "plants",
+                    Body = request,
+                    Headers = _headers,
+                    ContentType = "application/json",
+                    Options = options,
+                },
+                cancellationToken
+            )
+            .ConfigureAwait(false);
+        if (response.StatusCode is >= 200 and < 400)
+        {
+            var responseBody = await response
+                .Raw.Content.ReadAsStringAsync(cancellationToken)
+                .ConfigureAwait(false);
+            try
+            {
+                var responseData = JsonUtils.Deserialize<PlantStrict>(responseBody)!;
+                return new WithRawResponse<PlantStrict>()
+                {
+                    Data = responseData,
+                    RawResponse = new RawResponse()
+                    {
+                        StatusCode = response.Raw.StatusCode,
+                        Url = response.Raw.RequestMessage?.RequestUri ?? new Uri("about:blank"),
+                        Headers = ResponseHeaders.FromHttpResponseMessage(response.Raw),
+                    },
+                };
+            }
+            catch (JsonException e)
+            {
+                throw new SeedApiApiException(
+                    "Failed to deserialize response",
+                    response.StatusCode,
+                    responseBody,
+                    e
+                );
+            }
+        }
+        {
+            var responseBody = await response
+                .Raw.Content.ReadAsStringAsync(cancellationToken)
+                .ConfigureAwait(false);
+            throw new SeedApiApiException(
+                $"Error with status code {response.StatusCode}",
+                response.StatusCode,
+                responseBody
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    private async Task<WithRawResponse<TreeRecord>> CreateTreeAsyncCore(
+        TreeRecord request,
+        RequestOptions? options = null,
+        CancellationToken cancellationToken = default
+    )
+    {
+        var _headers = await new SeedApi.Core.HeadersBuilder.Builder()
+            .Add(_client.Options.Headers)
+            .Add(_client.Options.AdditionalHeaders)
+            .Add(options?.AdditionalHeaders)
+            .BuildAsync()
+            .ConfigureAwait(false);
+        var response = await _client
+            .SendRequestAsync(
+                new JsonRequest
+                {
+                    Method = HttpMethod.Post,
+                    Path = "trees",
+                    Body = request,
+                    Headers = _headers,
+                    Options = options,
+                },
+                cancellationToken
+            )
+            .ConfigureAwait(false);
+        if (response.StatusCode is >= 200 and < 400)
+        {
+            var responseBody = await response
+                .Raw.Content.ReadAsStringAsync(cancellationToken)
+                .ConfigureAwait(false);
+            try
+            {
+                var responseData = JsonUtils.Deserialize<TreeRecord>(responseBody)!;
+                return new WithRawResponse<TreeRecord>()
+                {
+                    Data = responseData,
+                    RawResponse = new RawResponse()
+                    {
+                        StatusCode = response.Raw.StatusCode,
+                        Url = response.Raw.RequestMessage?.RequestUri ?? new Uri("about:blank"),
+                        Headers = ResponseHeaders.FromHttpResponseMessage(response.Raw),
+                    },
+                };
+            }
+            catch (JsonException e)
+            {
+                throw new SeedApiApiException(
+                    "Failed to deserialize response",
+                    response.StatusCode,
+                    responseBody,
+                    e
+                );
+            }
+        }
+        {
+            var responseBody = await response
+                .Raw.Content.ReadAsStringAsync(cancellationToken)
+                .ConfigureAwait(false);
+            throw new SeedApiApiException(
+                $"Error with status code {response.StatusCode}",
+                response.StatusCode,
+                responseBody
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
     /// <example><code>
     /// await client.SearchRuleTypesAsync(new SearchRuleTypesRequest());
     /// </code></example>
@@ -430,4 +563,46 @@ public WithRawResponseTask<Organization> GetOrganizationAsync(
             GetOrganizationAsyncCore(options, cancellationToken)
         );
     }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Tests three-level allOf chain where a parent schema itself uses allOf with $ref elements. The grandparent's properties must be resolved through the nested $ref.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <example><code>
+    /// await client.CreatePlantAsync(
+    ///     new PlantPost
+    ///     {
+    ///         Species = "species",
+    ///         Family = "family",
+    ///         Genus = "genus",
+    ///         SunExposure = PlantPostSunExposure.Full,
+    ///     }
+    /// );
+    /// </code></example>
+    public WithRawResponseTask<PlantStrict> CreatePlantAsync(
+        PlantPost request,
+        RequestOptions? options = null,
+        CancellationToken cancellationToken = default
+    )
+    {
+        return new WithRawResponseTask<PlantStrict>(
+            CreatePlantAsyncCore(request, options, cancellationToken)
+        );
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Tests that when a parent's allOf contains multiple $ref entries, all of them are resolved and their properties merged.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <example><code>
+    /// await client.CreateTreeAsync(new TreeRecord { Id = "id" });
+    /// </code></example>
+    public WithRawResponseTask<TreeRecord> CreateTreeAsync(
+        TreeRecord request,
+        RequestOptions? options = null,
+        CancellationToken cancellationToken = default
+    )
+    {
+        return new WithRawResponseTask<TreeRecord>(
+            CreateTreeAsyncCore(request, options, cancellationToken)
+        );
+    }
 }
diff --git a/seed/csharp-sdk/allof/src/SeedApi/Types/PlantBase.cs b/seed/csharp-sdk/allof/src/SeedApi/Types/PlantBase.cs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..bedf2c7f8eba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/csharp-sdk/allof/src/SeedApi/Types/PlantBase.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+using global::System.Text.Json;
+using global::System.Text.Json.Serialization;
+using SeedApi.Core;
+
+namespace SeedApi;
+
+[Serializable]
+public record PlantBase : IJsonOnDeserialized
+{
+    [JsonExtensionData]
+    private readonly IDictionary<string, JsonElement> _extensionData =
+        new Dictionary<string, JsonElement>();
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// The common name of the plant.
+    /// </summary>
+    [JsonPropertyName("commonName")]
+    public string? CommonName { get; set; }
+
+    [JsonPropertyName("wateringFrequency")]
+    public PlantBaseWateringFrequency? WateringFrequency { get; set; }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// The botanical species name.
+    /// </summary>
+    [JsonPropertyName("species")]
+    public required string Species { get; set; }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// The botanical family.
+    /// </summary>
+    [JsonPropertyName("family")]
+    public required string Family { get; set; }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// The botanical genus.
+    /// </summary>
+    [JsonPropertyName("genus")]
+    public required string Genus { get; set; }
+
+    [JsonIgnore]
+    public ReadOnlyAdditionalProperties AdditionalProperties { get; private set; } = new();
+
+    void IJsonOnDeserialized.OnDeserialized() =>
+        AdditionalProperties.CopyFromExtensionData(_extensionData);
+
+    /// <inheritdoc />
+    public override string ToString()
+    {
+        return JsonUtils.Serialize(this);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/seed/csharp-sdk/allof/src/SeedApi/Types/PlantBaseWateringFrequency.cs b/seed/csharp-sdk/allof/src/SeedApi/Types/PlantBaseWateringFrequency.cs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..21cf02a95749
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/csharp-sdk/allof/src/SeedApi/Types/PlantBaseWateringFrequency.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+using global::System.Text.Json;
+using global::System.Text.Json.Serialization;
+using SeedApi.Core;
+
+namespace SeedApi;
+
+[JsonConverter(typeof(PlantBaseWateringFrequency.PlantBaseWateringFrequencySerializer))]
+[Serializable]
+public readonly record struct PlantBaseWateringFrequency : IStringEnum
+{
+    public static readonly PlantBaseWateringFrequency Daily = new(Values.Daily);
+
+    public static readonly PlantBaseWateringFrequency Weekly = new(Values.Weekly);
+
+    public static readonly PlantBaseWateringFrequency Biweekly = new(Values.Biweekly);
+
+    public static readonly PlantBaseWateringFrequency Monthly = new(Values.Monthly);
+
+    public PlantBaseWateringFrequency(string value)
+    {
+        Value = value;
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// The string value of the enum.
+    /// </summary>
+    public string Value { get; }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Create a string enum with the given value.
+    /// </summary>
+    public static PlantBaseWateringFrequency FromCustom(string value)
+    {
+        return new PlantBaseWateringFrequency(value);
+    }
+
+    public bool Equals(string? other)
+    {
+        return Value.Equals(other);
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Returns the string value of the enum.
+    /// </summary>
+    public override string ToString()
+    {
+        return Value;
+    }
+
+    public static bool operator ==(PlantBaseWateringFrequency value1, string value2) =>
+        value1.Value.Equals(value2);
+
+    public static bool operator !=(PlantBaseWateringFrequency value1, string value2) =>
+        !value1.Value.Equals(value2);
+
+    public static explicit operator string(PlantBaseWateringFrequency value) => value.Value;
+
+    public static explicit operator PlantBaseWateringFrequency(string value) => new(value);
+
+    internal class PlantBaseWateringFrequencySerializer : JsonConverter<PlantBaseWateringFrequency>
+    {
+        public override PlantBaseWateringFrequency Read(
+            ref Utf8JsonReader reader,
+            Type typeToConvert,
+            JsonSerializerOptions options
+        )
+        {
+            var stringValue =
+                reader.GetString()
+                ?? throw new global::System.Exception(
+                    "The JSON value could not be read as a string."
+                );
+            return new PlantBaseWateringFrequency(stringValue);
+        }
+
+        public override void Write(
+            Utf8JsonWriter writer,
+            PlantBaseWateringFrequency value,
+            JsonSerializerOptions options
+        )
+        {
+            writer.WriteStringValue(value.Value);
+        }
+
+        public override PlantBaseWateringFrequency ReadAsPropertyName(
+            ref Utf8JsonReader reader,
+            Type typeToConvert,
+            JsonSerializerOptions options
+        )
+        {
+            var stringValue =
+                reader.GetString()
+                ?? throw new global::System.Exception(
+                    "The JSON property name could not be read as a string."
+                );
+            return new PlantBaseWateringFrequency(stringValue);
+        }
+
+        public override void WriteAsPropertyName(
+            Utf8JsonWriter writer,
+            PlantBaseWateringFrequency value,
+            JsonSerializerOptions options
+        )
+        {
+            writer.WritePropertyName(value.Value);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Constant strings for enum values
+    /// </summary>
+    [Serializable]
+    public static class Values
+    {
+        public const string Daily = "daily";
+
+        public const string Weekly = "weekly";
+
+        public const string Biweekly = "biweekly";
+
+        public const string Monthly = "monthly";
+    }
+}
diff --git a/seed/csharp-sdk/allof/src/SeedApi/Types/PlantPostSunExposure.cs b/seed/csharp-sdk/allof/src/SeedApi/Types/PlantPostSunExposure.cs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..6bb2024aa2e0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/csharp-sdk/allof/src/SeedApi/Types/PlantPostSunExposure.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
+using global::System.Text.Json;
+using global::System.Text.Json.Serialization;
+using SeedApi.Core;
+
+namespace SeedApi;
+
+[JsonConverter(typeof(PlantPostSunExposure.PlantPostSunExposureSerializer))]
+[Serializable]
+public readonly record struct PlantPostSunExposure : IStringEnum
+{
+    public static readonly PlantPostSunExposure Full = new(Values.Full);
+
+    public static readonly PlantPostSunExposure Partial = new(Values.Partial);
+
+    public static readonly PlantPostSunExposure Shade = new(Values.Shade);
+
+    public PlantPostSunExposure(string value)
+    {
+        Value = value;
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// The string value of the enum.
+    /// </summary>
+    public string Value { get; }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Create a string enum with the given value.
+    /// </summary>
+    public static PlantPostSunExposure FromCustom(string value)
+    {
+        return new PlantPostSunExposure(value);
+    }
+
+    public bool Equals(string? other)
+    {
+        return Value.Equals(other);
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Returns the string value of the enum.
+    /// </summary>
+    public override string ToString()
+    {
+        return Value;
+    }
+
+    public static bool operator ==(PlantPostSunExposure value1, string value2) =>
+        value1.Value.Equals(value2);
+
+    public static bool operator !=(PlantPostSunExposure value1, string value2) =>
+        !value1.Value.Equals(value2);
+
+    public static explicit operator string(PlantPostSunExposure value) => value.Value;
+
+    public static explicit operator PlantPostSunExposure(string value) => new(value);
+
+    internal class PlantPostSunExposureSerializer : JsonConverter<PlantPostSunExposure>
+    {
+        public override PlantPostSunExposure Read(
+            ref Utf8JsonReader reader,
+            Type typeToConvert,
+            JsonSerializerOptions options
+        )
+        {
+            var stringValue =
+                reader.GetString()
+                ?? throw new global::System.Exception(
+                    "The JSON value could not be read as a string."
+                );
+            return new PlantPostSunExposure(stringValue);
+        }
+
+        public override void Write(
+            Utf8JsonWriter writer,
+            PlantPostSunExposure value,
+            JsonSerializerOptions options
+        )
+        {
+            writer.WriteStringValue(value.Value);
+        }
+
+        public override PlantPostSunExposure ReadAsPropertyName(
+            ref Utf8JsonReader reader,
+            Type typeToConvert,
+            JsonSerializerOptions options
+        )
+        {
+            var stringValue =
+                reader.GetString()
+                ?? throw new global::System.Exception(
+                    "The JSON property name could not be read as a string."
+                );
+            return new PlantPostSunExposure(stringValue);
+        }
+
+        public override void WriteAsPropertyName(
+            Utf8JsonWriter writer,
+            PlantPostSunExposure value,
+            JsonSerializerOptions options
+        )
+        {
+            writer.WritePropertyName(value.Value);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Constant strings for enum values
+    /// </summary>
+    [Serializable]
+    public static class Values
+    {
+        public const string Full = "full";
+
+        public const string Partial = "partial";
+
+        public const string Shade = "shade";
+    }
+}
diff --git a/seed/csharp-sdk/allof/src/SeedApi/Types/PlantStrict.cs b/seed/csharp-sdk/allof/src/SeedApi/Types/PlantStrict.cs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..19797ad4dcce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/csharp-sdk/allof/src/SeedApi/Types/PlantStrict.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+using global::System.Text.Json;
+using global::System.Text.Json.Serialization;
+using SeedApi.Core;
+
+namespace SeedApi;
+
+[Serializable]
+public record PlantStrict : IJsonOnDeserialized
+{
+    [JsonExtensionData]
+    private readonly IDictionary<string, JsonElement> _extensionData =
+        new Dictionary<string, JsonElement>();
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// The botanical species name.
+    /// </summary>
+    [JsonPropertyName("species")]
+    public required string Species { get; set; }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// The botanical family.
+    /// </summary>
+    [JsonPropertyName("family")]
+    public required string Family { get; set; }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// The botanical genus.
+    /// </summary>
+    [JsonPropertyName("genus")]
+    public required string Genus { get; set; }
+
+    [JsonIgnore]
+    public ReadOnlyAdditionalProperties AdditionalProperties { get; private set; } = new();
+
+    void IJsonOnDeserialized.OnDeserialized() =>
+        AdditionalProperties.CopyFromExtensionData(_extensionData);
+
+    /// <inheritdoc />
+    public override string ToString()
+    {
+        return JsonUtils.Serialize(this);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/seed/csharp-sdk/allof/src/SeedApi/Types/TreeBase.cs b/seed/csharp-sdk/allof/src/SeedApi/Types/TreeBase.cs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..78a08eb67e73
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/csharp-sdk/allof/src/SeedApi/Types/TreeBase.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+using global::System.Text.Json;
+using global::System.Text.Json.Serialization;
+using SeedApi.Core;
+
+namespace SeedApi;
+
+[Serializable]
+public record TreeBase : IJsonOnDeserialized
+{
+    [JsonExtensionData]
+    private readonly IDictionary<string, JsonElement> _extensionData =
+        new Dictionary<string, JsonElement>();
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// The species of tree.
+    /// </summary>
+    [JsonPropertyName("treeSpecies")]
+    public string? TreeSpecies { get; set; }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Height of the tree in feet.
+    /// </summary>
+    [JsonPropertyName("heightInFeet")]
+    public double? HeightInFeet { get; set; }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Unique tree identifier.
+    /// </summary>
+    [JsonPropertyName("id")]
+    public required string Id { get; set; }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Display name of the tree.
+    /// </summary>
+    [JsonPropertyName("treeName")]
+    public string? TreeName { get; set; }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// A description of the tree.
+    /// </summary>
+    [JsonPropertyName("treeDescription")]
+    public string? TreeDescription { get; set; }
+
+    [JsonIgnore]
+    public ReadOnlyAdditionalProperties AdditionalProperties { get; private set; } = new();
+
+    void IJsonOnDeserialized.OnDeserialized() =>
+        AdditionalProperties.CopyFromExtensionData(_extensionData);
+
+    /// <inheritdoc />
+    public override string ToString()
+    {
+        return JsonUtils.Serialize(this);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/seed/csharp-sdk/allof/src/SeedApi/Types/TreeDescribable.cs b/seed/csharp-sdk/allof/src/SeedApi/Types/TreeDescribable.cs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..4c6bd360a758
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/csharp-sdk/allof/src/SeedApi/Types/TreeDescribable.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+using global::System.Text.Json;
+using global::System.Text.Json.Serialization;
+using SeedApi.Core;
+
+namespace SeedApi;
+
+[Serializable]
+public record TreeDescribable : IJsonOnDeserialized
+{
+    [JsonExtensionData]
+    private readonly IDictionary<string, JsonElement> _extensionData =
+        new Dictionary<string, JsonElement>();
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Display name of the tree.
+    /// </summary>
+    [JsonPropertyName("treeName")]
+    public string? TreeName { get; set; }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// A description of the tree.
+    /// </summary>
+    [JsonPropertyName("treeDescription")]
+    public string? TreeDescription { get; set; }
+
+    [JsonIgnore]
+    public ReadOnlyAdditionalProperties AdditionalProperties { get; private set; } = new();
+
+    void IJsonOnDeserialized.OnDeserialized() =>
+        AdditionalProperties.CopyFromExtensionData(_extensionData);
+
+    /// <inheritdoc />
+    public override string ToString()
+    {
+        return JsonUtils.Serialize(this);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/seed/csharp-sdk/allof/src/SeedApi/Types/TreeIdentifiable.cs b/seed/csharp-sdk/allof/src/SeedApi/Types/TreeIdentifiable.cs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..c8e6ef3e1299
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/csharp-sdk/allof/src/SeedApi/Types/TreeIdentifiable.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+using global::System.Text.Json;
+using global::System.Text.Json.Serialization;
+using SeedApi.Core;
+
+namespace SeedApi;
+
+[Serializable]
+public record TreeIdentifiable : IJsonOnDeserialized
+{
+    [JsonExtensionData]
+    private readonly IDictionary<string, JsonElement> _extensionData =
+        new Dictionary<string, JsonElement>();
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Unique tree identifier.
+    /// </summary>
+    [JsonPropertyName("id")]
+    public required string Id { get; set; }
+
+    [JsonIgnore]
+    public ReadOnlyAdditionalProperties AdditionalProperties { get; private set; } = new();
+
+    void IJsonOnDeserialized.OnDeserialized() =>
+        AdditionalProperties.CopyFromExtensionData(_extensionData);
+
+    /// <inheritdoc />
+    public override string ToString()
+    {
+        return JsonUtils.Serialize(this);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/seed/csharp-sdk/allof/src/SeedApi/Types/TreeRecord.cs b/seed/csharp-sdk/allof/src/SeedApi/Types/TreeRecord.cs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..2eab67c96303
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/csharp-sdk/allof/src/SeedApi/Types/TreeRecord.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+using global::System.Text.Json;
+using global::System.Text.Json.Serialization;
+using SeedApi.Core;
+
+namespace SeedApi;
+
+[Serializable]
+public record TreeRecord : IJsonOnDeserialized
+{
+    [JsonExtensionData]
+    private readonly IDictionary<string, JsonElement> _extensionData =
+        new Dictionary<string, JsonElement>();
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Date the tree was planted.
+    /// </summary>
+    [JsonPropertyName("plantedDate")]
+    public DateOnly? PlantedDate { get; set; }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// The species of tree.
+    /// </summary>
+    [JsonPropertyName("treeSpecies")]
+    public string? TreeSpecies { get; set; }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Height of the tree in feet.
+    /// </summary>
+    [JsonPropertyName("heightInFeet")]
+    public double? HeightInFeet { get; set; }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Unique tree identifier.
+    /// </summary>
+    [JsonPropertyName("id")]
+    public required string Id { get; set; }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Display name of the tree.
+    /// </summary>
+    [JsonPropertyName("treeName")]
+    public string? TreeName { get; set; }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// A description of the tree.
+    /// </summary>
+    [JsonPropertyName("treeDescription")]
+    public string? TreeDescription { get; set; }
+
+    [JsonIgnore]
+    public ReadOnlyAdditionalProperties AdditionalProperties { get; private set; } = new();
+
+    void IJsonOnDeserialized.OnDeserialized() =>
+        AdditionalProperties.CopyFromExtensionData(_extensionData);
+
+    /// <inheritdoc />
+    public override string ToString()
+    {
+        return JsonUtils.Serialize(this);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/seed/go-sdk/allof-inline/client/client.go b/seed/go-sdk/allof-inline/client/client.go
index aa5339e4d271..2e3d78b48e9d 100644
--- a/seed/go-sdk/allof-inline/client/client.go
+++ b/seed/go-sdk/allof-inline/client/client.go
@@ -108,3 +108,37 @@ func (c *Client) GetOrganization(
 	}
 	return response.Body, nil
 }
+
+// Tests three-level allOf chain where a parent schema itself uses allOf with $ref elements. The grandparent's properties must be resolved through the nested $ref.
+func (c *Client) CreatePlant(
+	ctx context.Context,
+	request *fern.PlantPost,
+	opts ...option.RequestOption,
+) (*fern.PlantStrict, error) {
+	response, err := c.WithRawResponse.CreatePlant(
+		ctx,
+		request,
+		opts...,
+	)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return response.Body, nil
+}
+
+// Tests that when a parent's allOf contains multiple $ref entries, all of them are resolved and their properties merged.
+func (c *Client) CreateTree(
+	ctx context.Context,
+	request *fern.TreeRecord,
+	opts ...option.RequestOption,
+) (*fern.TreeRecord, error) {
+	response, err := c.WithRawResponse.CreateTree(
+		ctx,
+		request,
+		opts...,
+	)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return response.Body, nil
+}
diff --git a/seed/go-sdk/allof-inline/client/raw_client.go b/seed/go-sdk/allof-inline/client/raw_client.go
index 0993be2c3928..c461cf4c85d8 100644
--- a/seed/go-sdk/allof-inline/client/raw_client.go
+++ b/seed/go-sdk/allof-inline/client/raw_client.go
@@ -242,3 +242,88 @@ func (r *RawClient) GetOrganization(
 		Body:       response,
 	}, nil
 }
+
+func (r *RawClient) CreatePlant(
+	ctx context.Context,
+	request *fern.PlantPost,
+	opts ...option.RequestOption,
+) (*core.Response[*fern.PlantStrict], error) {
+	options := core.NewRequestOptions(opts...)
+	baseURL := internal.ResolveBaseURL(
+		options.BaseURL,
+		r.baseURL,
+		"https://api.example.com",
+	)
+	endpointURL := baseURL + "/plants"
+	headers := internal.MergeHeaders(
+		r.options.ToHeader(),
+		options.ToHeader(),
+	)
+	headers.Add("Content-Type", "application/json")
+	var response *fern.PlantStrict
+	raw, err := r.caller.Call(
+		ctx,
+		&internal.CallParams{
+			URL:             endpointURL,
+			Method:          http.MethodPost,
+			Headers:         headers,
+			MaxAttempts:     options.MaxAttempts,
+			DisableRetries:  options.DisableRetries,
+			BodyProperties:  options.BodyProperties,
+			QueryParameters: options.QueryParameters,
+			Client:          options.HTTPClient,
+			Request:         request,
+			Response:        &response,
+		},
+	)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return &core.Response[*fern.PlantStrict]{
+		StatusCode: raw.StatusCode,
+		Header:     raw.Header,
+		Body:       response,
+	}, nil
+}
+
+func (r *RawClient) CreateTree(
+	ctx context.Context,
+	request *fern.TreeRecord,
+	opts ...option.RequestOption,
+) (*core.Response[*fern.TreeRecord], error) {
+	options := core.NewRequestOptions(opts...)
+	baseURL := internal.ResolveBaseURL(
+		options.BaseURL,
+		r.baseURL,
+		"https://api.example.com",
+	)
+	endpointURL := baseURL + "/trees"
+	headers := internal.MergeHeaders(
+		r.options.ToHeader(),
+		options.ToHeader(),
+	)
+	var response *fern.TreeRecord
+	raw, err := r.caller.Call(
+		ctx,
+		&internal.CallParams{
+			URL:             endpointURL,
+			Method:          http.MethodPost,
+			Headers:         headers,
+			MaxAttempts:     options.MaxAttempts,
+			DisableRetries:  options.DisableRetries,
+			BodyProperties:  options.BodyProperties,
+			QueryParameters: options.QueryParameters,
+			Client:          options.HTTPClient,
+			Request:         request,
+			Response:        &response,
+		},
+	)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return &core.Response[*fern.TreeRecord]{
+		StatusCode: raw.StatusCode,
+		Header:     raw.Header,
+		Body:       response,
+	}, nil
+}
diff --git a/seed/go-sdk/allof-inline/dynamic-snippets/example10/snippet.go b/seed/go-sdk/allof-inline/dynamic-snippets/example10/snippet.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..bac0653a047d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/go-sdk/allof-inline/dynamic-snippets/example10/snippet.go
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+package example
+
+import (
+    context "context"
+
+    fern "github.com/allof-inline/fern"
+    client "github.com/allof-inline/fern/client"
+    option "github.com/allof-inline/fern/option"
+)
+
+func do() {
+    client := client.NewClient(
+        option.WithBaseURL(
+            "https://api.fern.com",
+        ),
+    )
+    request := &fern.PlantPost{
+        Species: "species",
+        Family: "family",
+        Genus: "genus",
+        CommonName: "commonName",
+        WateringFrequency: fern.PlantPostWateringFrequencyDaily,
+        SunExposure: fern.PlantPostSunExposureFull,
+    }
+    client.CreatePlant(
+        context.TODO(),
+        request,
+    )
+}
diff --git a/seed/go-sdk/allof-inline/dynamic-snippets/example11/snippet.go b/seed/go-sdk/allof-inline/dynamic-snippets/example11/snippet.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..ef6921931bca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/go-sdk/allof-inline/dynamic-snippets/example11/snippet.go
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+package example
+
+import (
+    context "context"
+
+    fern "github.com/allof-inline/fern"
+    client "github.com/allof-inline/fern/client"
+    option "github.com/allof-inline/fern/option"
+)
+
+func do() {
+    client := client.NewClient(
+        option.WithBaseURL(
+            "https://api.fern.com",
+        ),
+    )
+    request := &fern.PlantPost{
+        Species: "species",
+        Family: "family",
+        Genus: "genus",
+        CommonName: "commonName",
+        WateringFrequency: fern.PlantPostWateringFrequencyDaily,
+        SunExposure: fern.PlantPostSunExposureFull,
+        PlantedAt: fern.Time(
+            fern.MustParseDate(
+                "2023-01-15",
+            ),
+        ),
+        SoilType: fern.String(
+            "soilType",
+        ),
+    }
+    client.CreatePlant(
+        context.TODO(),
+        request,
+    )
+}
diff --git a/seed/go-sdk/allof-inline/dynamic-snippets/example12/snippet.go b/seed/go-sdk/allof-inline/dynamic-snippets/example12/snippet.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..fad861701a72
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/go-sdk/allof-inline/dynamic-snippets/example12/snippet.go
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+package example
+
+import (
+    context "context"
+
+    fern "github.com/allof-inline/fern"
+    client "github.com/allof-inline/fern/client"
+    option "github.com/allof-inline/fern/option"
+)
+
+func do() {
+    client := client.NewClient(
+        option.WithBaseURL(
+            "https://api.fern.com",
+        ),
+    )
+    request := &fern.TreeRecord{
+        ID: "id",
+        TreeName: "treeName",
+        TreeSpecies: "treeSpecies",
+    }
+    client.CreateTree(
+        context.TODO(),
+        request,
+    )
+}
diff --git a/seed/go-sdk/allof-inline/dynamic-snippets/example13/snippet.go b/seed/go-sdk/allof-inline/dynamic-snippets/example13/snippet.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..4ac4abda382f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/go-sdk/allof-inline/dynamic-snippets/example13/snippet.go
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+package example
+
+import (
+    context "context"
+
+    fern "github.com/allof-inline/fern"
+    client "github.com/allof-inline/fern/client"
+    option "github.com/allof-inline/fern/option"
+)
+
+func do() {
+    client := client.NewClient(
+        option.WithBaseURL(
+            "https://api.fern.com",
+        ),
+    )
+    request := &fern.TreeRecord{
+        ID: "id",
+        TreeName: "treeName",
+        TreeDescription: fern.String(
+            "treeDescription",
+        ),
+        TreeSpecies: "treeSpecies",
+        HeightInFeet: fern.Float64(
+            1.1,
+        ),
+        PlantedDate: fern.Time(
+            fern.MustParseDate(
+                "2023-01-15",
+            ),
+        ),
+    }
+    client.CreateTree(
+        context.TODO(),
+        request,
+    )
+}
diff --git a/seed/go-sdk/allof-inline/reference.md b/seed/go-sdk/allof-inline/reference.md
index ef635f89f996..4fbfdfce680d 100644
--- a/seed/go-sdk/allof-inline/reference.md
+++ b/seed/go-sdk/allof-inline/reference.md
@@ -184,3 +184,188 @@ client.GetOrganization(
 </dl>
 </details>
 
+<details><summary><code>client.CreatePlant(request) -> *fern.PlantStrict</code></summary>
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+#### 📝 Description
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+Tests three-level allOf chain where a parent schema itself uses allOf with $ref elements. The grandparent's properties must be resolved through the nested $ref.
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+#### 🔌 Usage
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+```go
+request := &fern.PlantPost{
+        Species: "species",
+        Family: "family",
+        Genus: "genus",
+        CommonName: "commonName",
+        WateringFrequency: fern.PlantPostWateringFrequencyDaily,
+        SunExposure: fern.PlantPostSunExposureFull,
+    }
+client.CreatePlant(
+        context.TODO(),
+        request,
+    )
+}
+```
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+#### ⚙️ Parameters
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+**species:** `string` — The botanical species name.
+    
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+**family:** `string` — The botanical family.
+    
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+**genus:** `string` — The botanical genus.
+    
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+**commonName:** `string` — The common name of the plant.
+    
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+**wateringFrequency:** `*fern.PlantPostWateringFrequency` 
+    
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+**sunExposure:** `*fern.PlantPostSunExposure` — Required sun exposure level.
+    
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+**plantedAt:** `*time.Time` — Date the plant was planted.
+    
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+**soilType:** `*string` — Preferred soil type.
+    
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</details>
+
+<details><summary><code>client.CreateTree(request) -> *fern.TreeRecord</code></summary>
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+#### 📝 Description
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+Tests that when a parent's allOf contains multiple $ref entries, all of them are resolved and their properties merged.
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+#### 🔌 Usage
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+```go
+request := &fern.TreeRecord{
+        ID: "id",
+        TreeName: "treeName",
+        TreeSpecies: "treeSpecies",
+    }
+client.CreateTree(
+        context.TODO(),
+        request,
+    )
+}
+```
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+#### ⚙️ Parameters
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+**request:** `*fern.TreeRecord` 
+    
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</details>
+
diff --git a/seed/go-sdk/allof-inline/snippet.json b/seed/go-sdk/allof-inline/snippet.json
index ddd804a6390e..d461686dda39 100644
--- a/seed/go-sdk/allof-inline/snippet.json
+++ b/seed/go-sdk/allof-inline/snippet.json
@@ -22,6 +22,17 @@
                 "client": "import (\n\tcontext \"context\"\n\tfernclient \"github.com/allof-inline/fern/client\"\n)\n\nclient := fernclient.NewClient()\nresponse, err := client.GetOrganization(\n\tcontext.TODO(),\n)\n"
             }
         },
+        {
+            "id": {
+                "path": "/plants",
+                "method": "POST",
+                "identifier_override": "endpoint_.createPlant"
+            },
+            "snippet": {
+                "type": "go",
+                "client": "import (\n\tcontext \"context\"\n\tfern \"github.com/allof-inline/fern\"\n\tfernclient \"github.com/allof-inline/fern/client\"\n)\n\nclient := fernclient.NewClient()\nresponse, err := client.CreatePlant(\n\tcontext.TODO(),\n\t\u0026fern.PlantPost{\n\t\tSpecies:           \"species\",\n\t\tFamily:            \"family\",\n\t\tGenus:             \"genus\",\n\t\tCommonName:        \"commonName\",\n\t\tWateringFrequency: fern.PlantPostWateringFrequencyDaily,\n\t\tSunExposure:       fern.PlantPostSunExposureFull,\n\t},\n)\n"
+            }
+        },
         {
             "id": {
                 "path": "/rule-types",
@@ -44,6 +55,17 @@
                 "client": "import (\n\tcontext \"context\"\n\tfern \"github.com/allof-inline/fern\"\n\tfernclient \"github.com/allof-inline/fern/client\"\n)\n\nclient := fernclient.NewClient()\nresponse, err := client.CreateRule(\n\tcontext.TODO(),\n\t\u0026fern.RuleCreateRequest{\n\t\tName:             \"name\",\n\t\tExecutionContext: fern.RuleCreateRequestExecutionContextProd,\n\t},\n)\n"
             }
         },
+        {
+            "id": {
+                "path": "/trees",
+                "method": "POST",
+                "identifier_override": "endpoint_.createTree"
+            },
+            "snippet": {
+                "type": "go",
+                "client": "import (\n\tcontext \"context\"\n\tfern \"github.com/allof-inline/fern\"\n\tfernclient \"github.com/allof-inline/fern/client\"\n)\n\nclient := fernclient.NewClient()\nresponse, err := client.CreateTree(\n\tcontext.TODO(),\n\t\u0026fern.TreeRecord{\n\t\tID:          \"id\",\n\t\tTreeName:    \"treeName\",\n\t\tTreeSpecies: \"treeSpecies\",\n\t},\n)\n"
+            }
+        },
         {
             "id": {
                 "path": "/users",
diff --git a/seed/go-sdk/allof-inline/types.go b/seed/go-sdk/allof-inline/types.go
index 6dac282191a7..5923668312c5 100644
--- a/seed/go-sdk/allof-inline/types.go
+++ b/seed/go-sdk/allof-inline/types.go
@@ -10,6 +10,124 @@ import (
 	time "time"
 )
 
+var (
+	plantPostFieldSpecies           = big.NewInt(1 << 0)
+	plantPostFieldFamily            = big.NewInt(1 << 1)
+	plantPostFieldGenus             = big.NewInt(1 << 2)
+	plantPostFieldCommonName        = big.NewInt(1 << 3)
+	plantPostFieldWateringFrequency = big.NewInt(1 << 4)
+	plantPostFieldSunExposure       = big.NewInt(1 << 5)
+	plantPostFieldPlantedAt         = big.NewInt(1 << 6)
+	plantPostFieldSoilType          = big.NewInt(1 << 7)
+)
+
+type PlantPost struct {
+	// The botanical species name.
+	Species string `json:"species" url:"-"`
+	// The botanical family.
+	Family string `json:"family" url:"-"`
+	// The botanical genus.
+	Genus string `json:"genus" url:"-"`
+	// The common name of the plant.
+	CommonName        string                     `json:"commonName" url:"-"`
+	WateringFrequency PlantPostWateringFrequency `json:"wateringFrequency" url:"-"`
+	// Required sun exposure level.
+	SunExposure PlantPostSunExposure `json:"sunExposure" url:"-"`
+	// Date the plant was planted.
+	PlantedAt *time.Time `json:"plantedAt,omitempty" url:"-" format:"date"`
+	// Preferred soil type.
+	SoilType *string `json:"soilType,omitempty" url:"-"`
+
+	// Private bitmask of fields set to an explicit value and therefore not to be omitted
+	explicitFields *big.Int `json:"-" url:"-"`
+}
+
+func (p *PlantPost) require(field *big.Int) {
+	if p.explicitFields == nil {
+		p.explicitFields = big.NewInt(0)
+	}
+	p.explicitFields.Or(p.explicitFields, field)
+}
+
+// SetSpecies sets the Species field and marks it as non-optional;
+// this prevents an empty or null value for this field from being omitted during serialization.
+func (p *PlantPost) SetSpecies(species string) {
+	p.Species = species
+	p.require(plantPostFieldSpecies)
+}
+
+// SetFamily sets the Family field and marks it as non-optional;
+// this prevents an empty or null value for this field from being omitted during serialization.
+func (p *PlantPost) SetFamily(family string) {
+	p.Family = family
+	p.require(plantPostFieldFamily)
+}
+
+// SetGenus sets the Genus field and marks it as non-optional;
+// this prevents an empty or null value for this field from being omitted during serialization.
+func (p *PlantPost) SetGenus(genus string) {
+	p.Genus = genus
+	p.require(plantPostFieldGenus)
+}
+
+// SetCommonName sets the CommonName field and marks it as non-optional;
+// this prevents an empty or null value for this field from being omitted during serialization.
+func (p *PlantPost) SetCommonName(commonName string) {
+	p.CommonName = commonName
+	p.require(plantPostFieldCommonName)
+}
+
+// SetWateringFrequency sets the WateringFrequency field and marks it as non-optional;
+// this prevents an empty or null value for this field from being omitted during serialization.
+func (p *PlantPost) SetWateringFrequency(wateringFrequency PlantPostWateringFrequency) {
+	p.WateringFrequency = wateringFrequency
+	p.require(plantPostFieldWateringFrequency)
+}
+
+// SetSunExposure sets the SunExposure field and marks it as non-optional;
+// this prevents an empty or null value for this field from being omitted during serialization.
+func (p *PlantPost) SetSunExposure(sunExposure PlantPostSunExposure) {
+	p.SunExposure = sunExposure
+	p.require(plantPostFieldSunExposure)
+}
+
+// SetPlantedAt sets the PlantedAt field and marks it as non-optional;
+// this prevents an empty or null value for this field from being omitted during serialization.
+func (p *PlantPost) SetPlantedAt(plantedAt *time.Time) {
+	p.PlantedAt = plantedAt
+	p.require(plantPostFieldPlantedAt)
+}
+
+// SetSoilType sets the SoilType field and marks it as non-optional;
+// this prevents an empty or null value for this field from being omitted during serialization.
+func (p *PlantPost) SetSoilType(soilType *string) {
+	p.SoilType = soilType
+	p.require(plantPostFieldSoilType)
+}
+
+func (p *PlantPost) UnmarshalJSON(data []byte) error {
+	type unmarshaler PlantPost
+	var body unmarshaler
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(data, &body); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	*p = PlantPost(body)
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (p *PlantPost) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
+	type embed PlantPost
+	var marshaler = struct {
+		embed
+		PlantedAt *internal.Date `json:"plantedAt,omitempty"`
+	}{
+		embed:     embed(*p),
+		PlantedAt: internal.NewOptionalDate(p.PlantedAt),
+	}
+	explicitMarshaler := internal.HandleExplicitFields(marshaler, p.explicitFields)
+	return json.Marshal(explicitMarshaler)
+}
+
 var (
 	ruleCreateRequestFieldName             = big.NewInt(1 << 0)
 	ruleCreateRequestFieldExecutionContext = big.NewInt(1 << 1)
@@ -1410,82 +1528,24 @@ func (p *PagingCursors) String() string {
 	return fmt.Sprintf("%#v", p)
 }
 
-// Execution context for the rule, excluding the prod environment.
-type RuleCreateRequestExecutionContext string
-
-const (
-	RuleCreateRequestExecutionContextProd    RuleCreateRequestExecutionContext = "prod"
-	RuleCreateRequestExecutionContextStaging RuleCreateRequestExecutionContext = "staging"
-	RuleCreateRequestExecutionContextDev     RuleCreateRequestExecutionContext = "dev"
-)
-
-func NewRuleCreateRequestExecutionContextFromString(s string) (RuleCreateRequestExecutionContext, error) {
-	switch s {
-	case "prod":
-		return RuleCreateRequestExecutionContextProd, nil
-	case "staging":
-		return RuleCreateRequestExecutionContextStaging, nil
-	case "dev":
-		return RuleCreateRequestExecutionContextDev, nil
-	}
-	var t RuleCreateRequestExecutionContext
-	return "", fmt.Errorf("%s is not a valid %T", s, t)
-}
-
-func (r RuleCreateRequestExecutionContext) Ptr() *RuleCreateRequestExecutionContext {
-	return &r
-}
-
-// Execution environment for a rule.
-type RuleExecutionContext string
-
-const (
-	RuleExecutionContextProd    RuleExecutionContext = "prod"
-	RuleExecutionContextStaging RuleExecutionContext = "staging"
-	RuleExecutionContextDev     RuleExecutionContext = "dev"
-)
-
-func NewRuleExecutionContextFromString(s string) (RuleExecutionContext, error) {
-	switch s {
-	case "prod":
-		return RuleExecutionContextProd, nil
-	case "staging":
-		return RuleExecutionContextStaging, nil
-	case "dev":
-		return RuleExecutionContextDev, nil
-	}
-	var t RuleExecutionContext
-	return "", fmt.Errorf("%s is not a valid %T", s, t)
-}
-
-func (r RuleExecutionContext) Ptr() *RuleExecutionContext {
-	return &r
-}
-
 var (
-	ruleResponseFieldCreatedBy        = big.NewInt(1 << 0)
-	ruleResponseFieldCreatedDateTime  = big.NewInt(1 << 1)
-	ruleResponseFieldModifiedBy       = big.NewInt(1 << 2)
-	ruleResponseFieldModifiedDateTime = big.NewInt(1 << 3)
-	ruleResponseFieldID               = big.NewInt(1 << 4)
-	ruleResponseFieldName             = big.NewInt(1 << 5)
-	ruleResponseFieldStatus           = big.NewInt(1 << 6)
-	ruleResponseFieldExecutionContext = big.NewInt(1 << 7)
+	plantBaseFieldSpecies           = big.NewInt(1 << 0)
+	plantBaseFieldFamily            = big.NewInt(1 << 1)
+	plantBaseFieldGenus             = big.NewInt(1 << 2)
+	plantBaseFieldCommonName        = big.NewInt(1 << 3)
+	plantBaseFieldWateringFrequency = big.NewInt(1 << 4)
 )
 
-type RuleResponse struct {
-	// The user who created this resource.
-	CreatedBy *string `json:"createdBy,omitempty" url:"createdBy,omitempty"`
-	// When this resource was created.
-	CreatedDateTime *time.Time `json:"createdDateTime,omitempty" url:"createdDateTime,omitempty"`
-	// The user who last modified this resource.
-	ModifiedBy *string `json:"modifiedBy,omitempty" url:"modifiedBy,omitempty"`
-	// When this resource was last modified.
-	ModifiedDateTime *time.Time            `json:"modifiedDateTime,omitempty" url:"modifiedDateTime,omitempty"`
-	ID               string                `json:"id" url:"id"`
-	Name             string                `json:"name" url:"name"`
-	Status           RuleResponseStatus    `json:"status" url:"status"`
-	ExecutionContext *RuleExecutionContext `json:"executionContext,omitempty" url:"executionContext,omitempty"`
+type PlantBase struct {
+	// The botanical species name.
+	Species string `json:"species" url:"species"`
+	// The botanical family.
+	Family string `json:"family" url:"family"`
+	// The botanical genus.
+	Genus string `json:"genus" url:"genus"`
+	// The common name of the plant.
+	CommonName        *string                     `json:"commonName,omitempty" url:"commonName,omitempty"`
+	WateringFrequency *PlantBaseWateringFrequency `json:"wateringFrequency,omitempty" url:"wateringFrequency,omitempty"`
 
 	// Private bitmask of fields set to an explicit value and therefore not to be omitted
 	explicitFields *big.Int `json:"-" url:"-"`
@@ -1494,221 +1554,1002 @@ type RuleResponse struct {
 	rawJSON         json.RawMessage
 }
 
-func (r *RuleResponse) GetCreatedBy() *string {
-	if r == nil {
-		return nil
-	}
-	return r.CreatedBy
-}
-
-func (r *RuleResponse) GetCreatedDateTime() *time.Time {
-	if r == nil {
-		return nil
-	}
-	return r.CreatedDateTime
-}
-
-func (r *RuleResponse) GetModifiedBy() *string {
-	if r == nil {
-		return nil
-	}
-	return r.ModifiedBy
-}
-
-func (r *RuleResponse) GetModifiedDateTime() *time.Time {
-	if r == nil {
-		return nil
-	}
-	return r.ModifiedDateTime
-}
-
-func (r *RuleResponse) GetID() string {
-	if r == nil {
+func (p *PlantBase) GetSpecies() string {
+	if p == nil {
 		return ""
 	}
-	return r.ID
+	return p.Species
 }
 
-func (r *RuleResponse) GetName() string {
-	if r == nil {
+func (p *PlantBase) GetFamily() string {
+	if p == nil {
 		return ""
 	}
-	return r.Name
+	return p.Family
 }
 
-func (r *RuleResponse) GetStatus() RuleResponseStatus {
-	if r == nil {
+func (p *PlantBase) GetGenus() string {
+	if p == nil {
 		return ""
 	}
-	return r.Status
+	return p.Genus
 }
 
-func (r *RuleResponse) GetExecutionContext() *RuleExecutionContext {
-	if r == nil {
+func (p *PlantBase) GetCommonName() *string {
+	if p == nil {
 		return nil
 	}
-	return r.ExecutionContext
+	return p.CommonName
 }
 
-func (r *RuleResponse) GetExtraProperties() map[string]interface{} {
-	if r == nil {
+func (p *PlantBase) GetWateringFrequency() *PlantBaseWateringFrequency {
+	if p == nil {
 		return nil
 	}
-	return r.extraProperties
+	return p.WateringFrequency
 }
 
-func (r *RuleResponse) require(field *big.Int) {
-	if r.explicitFields == nil {
-		r.explicitFields = big.NewInt(0)
+func (p *PlantBase) GetExtraProperties() map[string]interface{} {
+	if p == nil {
+		return nil
 	}
-	r.explicitFields.Or(r.explicitFields, field)
-}
-
-// SetCreatedBy sets the CreatedBy field and marks it as non-optional;
-// this prevents an empty or null value for this field from being omitted during serialization.
-func (r *RuleResponse) SetCreatedBy(createdBy *string) {
-	r.CreatedBy = createdBy
-	r.require(ruleResponseFieldCreatedBy)
-}
-
-// SetCreatedDateTime sets the CreatedDateTime field and marks it as non-optional;
-// this prevents an empty or null value for this field from being omitted during serialization.
-func (r *RuleResponse) SetCreatedDateTime(createdDateTime *time.Time) {
-	r.CreatedDateTime = createdDateTime
-	r.require(ruleResponseFieldCreatedDateTime)
+	return p.extraProperties
 }
 
-// SetModifiedBy sets the ModifiedBy field and marks it as non-optional;
-// this prevents an empty or null value for this field from being omitted during serialization.
-func (r *RuleResponse) SetModifiedBy(modifiedBy *string) {
-	r.ModifiedBy = modifiedBy
-	r.require(ruleResponseFieldModifiedBy)
+func (p *PlantBase) require(field *big.Int) {
+	if p.explicitFields == nil {
+		p.explicitFields = big.NewInt(0)
+	}
+	p.explicitFields.Or(p.explicitFields, field)
 }
 
-// SetModifiedDateTime sets the ModifiedDateTime field and marks it as non-optional;
+// SetSpecies sets the Species field and marks it as non-optional;
 // this prevents an empty or null value for this field from being omitted during serialization.
-func (r *RuleResponse) SetModifiedDateTime(modifiedDateTime *time.Time) {
-	r.ModifiedDateTime = modifiedDateTime
-	r.require(ruleResponseFieldModifiedDateTime)
+func (p *PlantBase) SetSpecies(species string) {
+	p.Species = species
+	p.require(plantBaseFieldSpecies)
 }
 
-// SetID sets the ID field and marks it as non-optional;
+// SetFamily sets the Family field and marks it as non-optional;
 // this prevents an empty or null value for this field from being omitted during serialization.
-func (r *RuleResponse) SetID(id string) {
-	r.ID = id
-	r.require(ruleResponseFieldID)
+func (p *PlantBase) SetFamily(family string) {
+	p.Family = family
+	p.require(plantBaseFieldFamily)
 }
 
-// SetName sets the Name field and marks it as non-optional;
+// SetGenus sets the Genus field and marks it as non-optional;
 // this prevents an empty or null value for this field from being omitted during serialization.
-func (r *RuleResponse) SetName(name string) {
-	r.Name = name
-	r.require(ruleResponseFieldName)
+func (p *PlantBase) SetGenus(genus string) {
+	p.Genus = genus
+	p.require(plantBaseFieldGenus)
 }
 
-// SetStatus sets the Status field and marks it as non-optional;
+// SetCommonName sets the CommonName field and marks it as non-optional;
 // this prevents an empty or null value for this field from being omitted during serialization.
-func (r *RuleResponse) SetStatus(status RuleResponseStatus) {
-	r.Status = status
-	r.require(ruleResponseFieldStatus)
+func (p *PlantBase) SetCommonName(commonName *string) {
+	p.CommonName = commonName
+	p.require(plantBaseFieldCommonName)
 }
 
-// SetExecutionContext sets the ExecutionContext field and marks it as non-optional;
+// SetWateringFrequency sets the WateringFrequency field and marks it as non-optional;
 // this prevents an empty or null value for this field from being omitted during serialization.
-func (r *RuleResponse) SetExecutionContext(executionContext *RuleExecutionContext) {
-	r.ExecutionContext = executionContext
-	r.require(ruleResponseFieldExecutionContext)
+func (p *PlantBase) SetWateringFrequency(wateringFrequency *PlantBaseWateringFrequency) {
+	p.WateringFrequency = wateringFrequency
+	p.require(plantBaseFieldWateringFrequency)
 }
 
-func (r *RuleResponse) UnmarshalJSON(data []byte) error {
-	type embed RuleResponse
-	var unmarshaler = struct {
-		embed
-		CreatedDateTime  *internal.DateTime `json:"createdDateTime,omitempty"`
-		ModifiedDateTime *internal.DateTime `json:"modifiedDateTime,omitempty"`
-	}{
-		embed: embed(*r),
-	}
-	if err := json.Unmarshal(data, &unmarshaler); err != nil {
+func (p *PlantBase) UnmarshalJSON(data []byte) error {
+	type unmarshaler PlantBase
+	var value unmarshaler
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(data, &value); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	*r = RuleResponse(unmarshaler.embed)
-	r.CreatedDateTime = unmarshaler.CreatedDateTime.TimePtr()
-	r.ModifiedDateTime = unmarshaler.ModifiedDateTime.TimePtr()
-	extraProperties, err := internal.ExtractExtraProperties(data, *r)
+	*p = PlantBase(value)
+	extraProperties, err := internal.ExtractExtraProperties(data, *p)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	r.extraProperties = extraProperties
-	r.rawJSON = json.RawMessage(data)
+	p.extraProperties = extraProperties
+	p.rawJSON = json.RawMessage(data)
 	return nil
 }
 
-func (r *RuleResponse) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
-	type embed RuleResponse
+func (p *PlantBase) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
+	type embed PlantBase
 	var marshaler = struct {
 		embed
-		CreatedDateTime  *internal.DateTime `json:"createdDateTime,omitempty"`
-		ModifiedDateTime *internal.DateTime `json:"modifiedDateTime,omitempty"`
 	}{
-		embed:            embed(*r),
-		CreatedDateTime:  internal.NewOptionalDateTime(r.CreatedDateTime),
-		ModifiedDateTime: internal.NewOptionalDateTime(r.ModifiedDateTime),
+		embed: embed(*p),
 	}
-	explicitMarshaler := internal.HandleExplicitFields(marshaler, r.explicitFields)
+	explicitMarshaler := internal.HandleExplicitFields(marshaler, p.explicitFields)
 	return json.Marshal(explicitMarshaler)
 }
 
-func (r *RuleResponse) String() string {
+func (p *PlantBase) String() string {
+	if p == nil {
+		return "<nil>"
+	}
+	if len(p.rawJSON) > 0 {
+		if value, err := internal.StringifyJSON(p.rawJSON); err == nil {
+			return value
+		}
+	}
+	if value, err := internal.StringifyJSON(p); err == nil {
+		return value
+	}
+	return fmt.Sprintf("%#v", p)
+}
+
+type PlantBaseWateringFrequency string
+
+const (
+	PlantBaseWateringFrequencyDaily    PlantBaseWateringFrequency = "daily"
+	PlantBaseWateringFrequencyWeekly   PlantBaseWateringFrequency = "weekly"
+	PlantBaseWateringFrequencyBiweekly PlantBaseWateringFrequency = "biweekly"
+	PlantBaseWateringFrequencyMonthly  PlantBaseWateringFrequency = "monthly"
+)
+
+func NewPlantBaseWateringFrequencyFromString(s string) (PlantBaseWateringFrequency, error) {
+	switch s {
+	case "daily":
+		return PlantBaseWateringFrequencyDaily, nil
+	case "weekly":
+		return PlantBaseWateringFrequencyWeekly, nil
+	case "biweekly":
+		return PlantBaseWateringFrequencyBiweekly, nil
+	case "monthly":
+		return PlantBaseWateringFrequencyMonthly, nil
+	}
+	var t PlantBaseWateringFrequency
+	return "", fmt.Errorf("%s is not a valid %T", s, t)
+}
+
+func (p PlantBaseWateringFrequency) Ptr() *PlantBaseWateringFrequency {
+	return &p
+}
+
+// Required sun exposure level.
+type PlantPostSunExposure string
+
+const (
+	PlantPostSunExposureFull    PlantPostSunExposure = "full"
+	PlantPostSunExposurePartial PlantPostSunExposure = "partial"
+	PlantPostSunExposureShade   PlantPostSunExposure = "shade"
+)
+
+func NewPlantPostSunExposureFromString(s string) (PlantPostSunExposure, error) {
+	switch s {
+	case "full":
+		return PlantPostSunExposureFull, nil
+	case "partial":
+		return PlantPostSunExposurePartial, nil
+	case "shade":
+		return PlantPostSunExposureShade, nil
+	}
+	var t PlantPostSunExposure
+	return "", fmt.Errorf("%s is not a valid %T", s, t)
+}
+
+func (p PlantPostSunExposure) Ptr() *PlantPostSunExposure {
+	return &p
+}
+
+type PlantPostWateringFrequency string
+
+const (
+	PlantPostWateringFrequencyDaily    PlantPostWateringFrequency = "daily"
+	PlantPostWateringFrequencyWeekly   PlantPostWateringFrequency = "weekly"
+	PlantPostWateringFrequencyBiweekly PlantPostWateringFrequency = "biweekly"
+	PlantPostWateringFrequencyMonthly  PlantPostWateringFrequency = "monthly"
+)
+
+func NewPlantPostWateringFrequencyFromString(s string) (PlantPostWateringFrequency, error) {
+	switch s {
+	case "daily":
+		return PlantPostWateringFrequencyDaily, nil
+	case "weekly":
+		return PlantPostWateringFrequencyWeekly, nil
+	case "biweekly":
+		return PlantPostWateringFrequencyBiweekly, nil
+	case "monthly":
+		return PlantPostWateringFrequencyMonthly, nil
+	}
+	var t PlantPostWateringFrequency
+	return "", fmt.Errorf("%s is not a valid %T", s, t)
+}
+
+func (p PlantPostWateringFrequency) Ptr() *PlantPostWateringFrequency {
+	return &p
+}
+
+var (
+	plantStrictFieldSpecies = big.NewInt(1 << 0)
+	plantStrictFieldFamily  = big.NewInt(1 << 1)
+	plantStrictFieldGenus   = big.NewInt(1 << 2)
+)
+
+type PlantStrict struct {
+	// The botanical species name.
+	Species string `json:"species" url:"species"`
+	// The botanical family.
+	Family string `json:"family" url:"family"`
+	// The botanical genus.
+	Genus string `json:"genus" url:"genus"`
+
+	// Private bitmask of fields set to an explicit value and therefore not to be omitted
+	explicitFields *big.Int `json:"-" url:"-"`
+
+	extraProperties map[string]interface{}
+	rawJSON         json.RawMessage
+}
+
+func (p *PlantStrict) GetSpecies() string {
+	if p == nil {
+		return ""
+	}
+	return p.Species
+}
+
+func (p *PlantStrict) GetFamily() string {
+	if p == nil {
+		return ""
+	}
+	return p.Family
+}
+
+func (p *PlantStrict) GetGenus() string {
+	if p == nil {
+		return ""
+	}
+	return p.Genus
+}
+
+func (p *PlantStrict) GetExtraProperties() map[string]interface{} {
+	if p == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return p.extraProperties
+}
+
+func (p *PlantStrict) require(field *big.Int) {
+	if p.explicitFields == nil {
+		p.explicitFields = big.NewInt(0)
+	}
+	p.explicitFields.Or(p.explicitFields, field)
+}
+
+// SetSpecies sets the Species field and marks it as non-optional;
+// this prevents an empty or null value for this field from being omitted during serialization.
+func (p *PlantStrict) SetSpecies(species string) {
+	p.Species = species
+	p.require(plantStrictFieldSpecies)
+}
+
+// SetFamily sets the Family field and marks it as non-optional;
+// this prevents an empty or null value for this field from being omitted during serialization.
+func (p *PlantStrict) SetFamily(family string) {
+	p.Family = family
+	p.require(plantStrictFieldFamily)
+}
+
+// SetGenus sets the Genus field and marks it as non-optional;
+// this prevents an empty or null value for this field from being omitted during serialization.
+func (p *PlantStrict) SetGenus(genus string) {
+	p.Genus = genus
+	p.require(plantStrictFieldGenus)
+}
+
+func (p *PlantStrict) UnmarshalJSON(data []byte) error {
+	type unmarshaler PlantStrict
+	var value unmarshaler
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(data, &value); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	*p = PlantStrict(value)
+	extraProperties, err := internal.ExtractExtraProperties(data, *p)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	p.extraProperties = extraProperties
+	p.rawJSON = json.RawMessage(data)
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (p *PlantStrict) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
+	type embed PlantStrict
+	var marshaler = struct {
+		embed
+	}{
+		embed: embed(*p),
+	}
+	explicitMarshaler := internal.HandleExplicitFields(marshaler, p.explicitFields)
+	return json.Marshal(explicitMarshaler)
+}
+
+func (p *PlantStrict) String() string {
+	if p == nil {
+		return "<nil>"
+	}
+	if len(p.rawJSON) > 0 {
+		if value, err := internal.StringifyJSON(p.rawJSON); err == nil {
+			return value
+		}
+	}
+	if value, err := internal.StringifyJSON(p); err == nil {
+		return value
+	}
+	return fmt.Sprintf("%#v", p)
+}
+
+// Execution context for the rule, excluding the prod environment.
+type RuleCreateRequestExecutionContext string
+
+const (
+	RuleCreateRequestExecutionContextProd    RuleCreateRequestExecutionContext = "prod"
+	RuleCreateRequestExecutionContextStaging RuleCreateRequestExecutionContext = "staging"
+	RuleCreateRequestExecutionContextDev     RuleCreateRequestExecutionContext = "dev"
+)
+
+func NewRuleCreateRequestExecutionContextFromString(s string) (RuleCreateRequestExecutionContext, error) {
+	switch s {
+	case "prod":
+		return RuleCreateRequestExecutionContextProd, nil
+	case "staging":
+		return RuleCreateRequestExecutionContextStaging, nil
+	case "dev":
+		return RuleCreateRequestExecutionContextDev, nil
+	}
+	var t RuleCreateRequestExecutionContext
+	return "", fmt.Errorf("%s is not a valid %T", s, t)
+}
+
+func (r RuleCreateRequestExecutionContext) Ptr() *RuleCreateRequestExecutionContext {
+	return &r
+}
+
+// Execution environment for a rule.
+type RuleExecutionContext string
+
+const (
+	RuleExecutionContextProd    RuleExecutionContext = "prod"
+	RuleExecutionContextStaging RuleExecutionContext = "staging"
+	RuleExecutionContextDev     RuleExecutionContext = "dev"
+)
+
+func NewRuleExecutionContextFromString(s string) (RuleExecutionContext, error) {
+	switch s {
+	case "prod":
+		return RuleExecutionContextProd, nil
+	case "staging":
+		return RuleExecutionContextStaging, nil
+	case "dev":
+		return RuleExecutionContextDev, nil
+	}
+	var t RuleExecutionContext
+	return "", fmt.Errorf("%s is not a valid %T", s, t)
+}
+
+func (r RuleExecutionContext) Ptr() *RuleExecutionContext {
+	return &r
+}
+
+var (
+	ruleResponseFieldCreatedBy        = big.NewInt(1 << 0)
+	ruleResponseFieldCreatedDateTime  = big.NewInt(1 << 1)
+	ruleResponseFieldModifiedBy       = big.NewInt(1 << 2)
+	ruleResponseFieldModifiedDateTime = big.NewInt(1 << 3)
+	ruleResponseFieldID               = big.NewInt(1 << 4)
+	ruleResponseFieldName             = big.NewInt(1 << 5)
+	ruleResponseFieldStatus           = big.NewInt(1 << 6)
+	ruleResponseFieldExecutionContext = big.NewInt(1 << 7)
+)
+
+type RuleResponse struct {
+	// The user who created this resource.
+	CreatedBy *string `json:"createdBy,omitempty" url:"createdBy,omitempty"`
+	// When this resource was created.
+	CreatedDateTime *time.Time `json:"createdDateTime,omitempty" url:"createdDateTime,omitempty"`
+	// The user who last modified this resource.
+	ModifiedBy *string `json:"modifiedBy,omitempty" url:"modifiedBy,omitempty"`
+	// When this resource was last modified.
+	ModifiedDateTime *time.Time            `json:"modifiedDateTime,omitempty" url:"modifiedDateTime,omitempty"`
+	ID               string                `json:"id" url:"id"`
+	Name             string                `json:"name" url:"name"`
+	Status           RuleResponseStatus    `json:"status" url:"status"`
+	ExecutionContext *RuleExecutionContext `json:"executionContext,omitempty" url:"executionContext,omitempty"`
+
+	// Private bitmask of fields set to an explicit value and therefore not to be omitted
+	explicitFields *big.Int `json:"-" url:"-"`
+
+	extraProperties map[string]interface{}
+	rawJSON         json.RawMessage
+}
+
+func (r *RuleResponse) GetCreatedBy() *string {
+	if r == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return r.CreatedBy
+}
+
+func (r *RuleResponse) GetCreatedDateTime() *time.Time {
+	if r == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return r.CreatedDateTime
+}
+
+func (r *RuleResponse) GetModifiedBy() *string {
+	if r == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return r.ModifiedBy
+}
+
+func (r *RuleResponse) GetModifiedDateTime() *time.Time {
+	if r == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return r.ModifiedDateTime
+}
+
+func (r *RuleResponse) GetID() string {
+	if r == nil {
+		return ""
+	}
+	return r.ID
+}
+
+func (r *RuleResponse) GetName() string {
+	if r == nil {
+		return ""
+	}
+	return r.Name
+}
+
+func (r *RuleResponse) GetStatus() RuleResponseStatus {
+	if r == nil {
+		return ""
+	}
+	return r.Status
+}
+
+func (r *RuleResponse) GetExecutionContext() *RuleExecutionContext {
+	if r == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return r.ExecutionContext
+}
+
+func (r *RuleResponse) GetExtraProperties() map[string]interface{} {
+	if r == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return r.extraProperties
+}
+
+func (r *RuleResponse) require(field *big.Int) {
+	if r.explicitFields == nil {
+		r.explicitFields = big.NewInt(0)
+	}
+	r.explicitFields.Or(r.explicitFields, field)
+}
+
+// SetCreatedBy sets the CreatedBy field and marks it as non-optional;
+// this prevents an empty or null value for this field from being omitted during serialization.
+func (r *RuleResponse) SetCreatedBy(createdBy *string) {
+	r.CreatedBy = createdBy
+	r.require(ruleResponseFieldCreatedBy)
+}
+
+// SetCreatedDateTime sets the CreatedDateTime field and marks it as non-optional;
+// this prevents an empty or null value for this field from being omitted during serialization.
+func (r *RuleResponse) SetCreatedDateTime(createdDateTime *time.Time) {
+	r.CreatedDateTime = createdDateTime
+	r.require(ruleResponseFieldCreatedDateTime)
+}
+
+// SetModifiedBy sets the ModifiedBy field and marks it as non-optional;
+// this prevents an empty or null value for this field from being omitted during serialization.
+func (r *RuleResponse) SetModifiedBy(modifiedBy *string) {
+	r.ModifiedBy = modifiedBy
+	r.require(ruleResponseFieldModifiedBy)
+}
+
+// SetModifiedDateTime sets the ModifiedDateTime field and marks it as non-optional;
+// this prevents an empty or null value for this field from being omitted during serialization.
+func (r *RuleResponse) SetModifiedDateTime(modifiedDateTime *time.Time) {
+	r.ModifiedDateTime = modifiedDateTime
+	r.require(ruleResponseFieldModifiedDateTime)
+}
+
+// SetID sets the ID field and marks it as non-optional;
+// this prevents an empty or null value for this field from being omitted during serialization.
+func (r *RuleResponse) SetID(id string) {
+	r.ID = id
+	r.require(ruleResponseFieldID)
+}
+
+// SetName sets the Name field and marks it as non-optional;
+// this prevents an empty or null value for this field from being omitted during serialization.
+func (r *RuleResponse) SetName(name string) {
+	r.Name = name
+	r.require(ruleResponseFieldName)
+}
+
+// SetStatus sets the Status field and marks it as non-optional;
+// this prevents an empty or null value for this field from being omitted during serialization.
+func (r *RuleResponse) SetStatus(status RuleResponseStatus) {
+	r.Status = status
+	r.require(ruleResponseFieldStatus)
+}
+
+// SetExecutionContext sets the ExecutionContext field and marks it as non-optional;
+// this prevents an empty or null value for this field from being omitted during serialization.
+func (r *RuleResponse) SetExecutionContext(executionContext *RuleExecutionContext) {
+	r.ExecutionContext = executionContext
+	r.require(ruleResponseFieldExecutionContext)
+}
+
+func (r *RuleResponse) UnmarshalJSON(data []byte) error {
+	type embed RuleResponse
+	var unmarshaler = struct {
+		embed
+		CreatedDateTime  *internal.DateTime `json:"createdDateTime,omitempty"`
+		ModifiedDateTime *internal.DateTime `json:"modifiedDateTime,omitempty"`
+	}{
+		embed: embed(*r),
+	}
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(data, &unmarshaler); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	*r = RuleResponse(unmarshaler.embed)
+	r.CreatedDateTime = unmarshaler.CreatedDateTime.TimePtr()
+	r.ModifiedDateTime = unmarshaler.ModifiedDateTime.TimePtr()
+	extraProperties, err := internal.ExtractExtraProperties(data, *r)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	r.extraProperties = extraProperties
+	r.rawJSON = json.RawMessage(data)
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (r *RuleResponse) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
+	type embed RuleResponse
+	var marshaler = struct {
+		embed
+		CreatedDateTime  *internal.DateTime `json:"createdDateTime,omitempty"`
+		ModifiedDateTime *internal.DateTime `json:"modifiedDateTime,omitempty"`
+	}{
+		embed:            embed(*r),
+		CreatedDateTime:  internal.NewOptionalDateTime(r.CreatedDateTime),
+		ModifiedDateTime: internal.NewOptionalDateTime(r.ModifiedDateTime),
+	}
+	explicitMarshaler := internal.HandleExplicitFields(marshaler, r.explicitFields)
+	return json.Marshal(explicitMarshaler)
+}
+
+func (r *RuleResponse) String() string {
+	if r == nil {
+		return "<nil>"
+	}
+	if len(r.rawJSON) > 0 {
+		if value, err := internal.StringifyJSON(r.rawJSON); err == nil {
+			return value
+		}
+	}
+	if value, err := internal.StringifyJSON(r); err == nil {
+		return value
+	}
+	return fmt.Sprintf("%#v", r)
+}
+
+type RuleResponseStatus string
+
+const (
+	RuleResponseStatusActive   RuleResponseStatus = "active"
+	RuleResponseStatusInactive RuleResponseStatus = "inactive"
+	RuleResponseStatusDraft    RuleResponseStatus = "draft"
+)
+
+func NewRuleResponseStatusFromString(s string) (RuleResponseStatus, error) {
+	switch s {
+	case "active":
+		return RuleResponseStatusActive, nil
+	case "inactive":
+		return RuleResponseStatusInactive, nil
+	case "draft":
+		return RuleResponseStatusDraft, nil
+	}
+	var t RuleResponseStatus
+	return "", fmt.Errorf("%s is not a valid %T", s, t)
+}
+
+func (r RuleResponseStatus) Ptr() *RuleResponseStatus {
+	return &r
+}
+
+var (
+	ruleTypeFieldID          = big.NewInt(1 << 0)
+	ruleTypeFieldName        = big.NewInt(1 << 1)
+	ruleTypeFieldDescription = big.NewInt(1 << 2)
+)
+
+type RuleType struct {
+	ID          string  `json:"id" url:"id"`
+	Name        string  `json:"name" url:"name"`
+	Description *string `json:"description,omitempty" url:"description,omitempty"`
+
+	// Private bitmask of fields set to an explicit value and therefore not to be omitted
+	explicitFields *big.Int `json:"-" url:"-"`
+
+	extraProperties map[string]interface{}
+	rawJSON         json.RawMessage
+}
+
+func (r *RuleType) GetID() string {
+	if r == nil {
+		return ""
+	}
+	return r.ID
+}
+
+func (r *RuleType) GetName() string {
+	if r == nil {
+		return ""
+	}
+	return r.Name
+}
+
+func (r *RuleType) GetDescription() *string {
+	if r == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return r.Description
+}
+
+func (r *RuleType) GetExtraProperties() map[string]interface{} {
+	if r == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return r.extraProperties
+}
+
+func (r *RuleType) require(field *big.Int) {
+	if r.explicitFields == nil {
+		r.explicitFields = big.NewInt(0)
+	}
+	r.explicitFields.Or(r.explicitFields, field)
+}
+
+// SetID sets the ID field and marks it as non-optional;
+// this prevents an empty or null value for this field from being omitted during serialization.
+func (r *RuleType) SetID(id string) {
+	r.ID = id
+	r.require(ruleTypeFieldID)
+}
+
+// SetName sets the Name field and marks it as non-optional;
+// this prevents an empty or null value for this field from being omitted during serialization.
+func (r *RuleType) SetName(name string) {
+	r.Name = name
+	r.require(ruleTypeFieldName)
+}
+
+// SetDescription sets the Description field and marks it as non-optional;
+// this prevents an empty or null value for this field from being omitted during serialization.
+func (r *RuleType) SetDescription(description *string) {
+	r.Description = description
+	r.require(ruleTypeFieldDescription)
+}
+
+func (r *RuleType) UnmarshalJSON(data []byte) error {
+	type unmarshaler RuleType
+	var value unmarshaler
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(data, &value); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	*r = RuleType(value)
+	extraProperties, err := internal.ExtractExtraProperties(data, *r)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	r.extraProperties = extraProperties
+	r.rawJSON = json.RawMessage(data)
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (r *RuleType) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
+	type embed RuleType
+	var marshaler = struct {
+		embed
+	}{
+		embed: embed(*r),
+	}
+	explicitMarshaler := internal.HandleExplicitFields(marshaler, r.explicitFields)
+	return json.Marshal(explicitMarshaler)
+}
+
+func (r *RuleType) String() string {
+	if r == nil {
+		return "<nil>"
+	}
+	if len(r.rawJSON) > 0 {
+		if value, err := internal.StringifyJSON(r.rawJSON); err == nil {
+			return value
+		}
+	}
+	if value, err := internal.StringifyJSON(r); err == nil {
+		return value
+	}
+	return fmt.Sprintf("%#v", r)
+}
+
+var (
+	ruleTypeSearchResponseFieldPaging  = big.NewInt(1 << 0)
+	ruleTypeSearchResponseFieldResults = big.NewInt(1 << 1)
+)
+
+type RuleTypeSearchResponse struct {
+	Paging *PagingCursors `json:"paging" url:"paging"`
+	// Current page of results from the requested resource.
+	Results []*RuleType `json:"results,omitempty" url:"results,omitempty"`
+
+	// Private bitmask of fields set to an explicit value and therefore not to be omitted
+	explicitFields *big.Int `json:"-" url:"-"`
+
+	extraProperties map[string]interface{}
+	rawJSON         json.RawMessage
+}
+
+func (r *RuleTypeSearchResponse) GetPaging() *PagingCursors {
+	if r == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return r.Paging
+}
+
+func (r *RuleTypeSearchResponse) GetResults() []*RuleType {
+	if r == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return r.Results
+}
+
+func (r *RuleTypeSearchResponse) GetExtraProperties() map[string]interface{} {
+	if r == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return r.extraProperties
+}
+
+func (r *RuleTypeSearchResponse) require(field *big.Int) {
+	if r.explicitFields == nil {
+		r.explicitFields = big.NewInt(0)
+	}
+	r.explicitFields.Or(r.explicitFields, field)
+}
+
+// SetPaging sets the Paging field and marks it as non-optional;
+// this prevents an empty or null value for this field from being omitted during serialization.
+func (r *RuleTypeSearchResponse) SetPaging(paging *PagingCursors) {
+	r.Paging = paging
+	r.require(ruleTypeSearchResponseFieldPaging)
+}
+
+// SetResults sets the Results field and marks it as non-optional;
+// this prevents an empty or null value for this field from being omitted during serialization.
+func (r *RuleTypeSearchResponse) SetResults(results []*RuleType) {
+	r.Results = results
+	r.require(ruleTypeSearchResponseFieldResults)
+}
+
+func (r *RuleTypeSearchResponse) UnmarshalJSON(data []byte) error {
+	type unmarshaler RuleTypeSearchResponse
+	var value unmarshaler
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(data, &value); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	*r = RuleTypeSearchResponse(value)
+	extraProperties, err := internal.ExtractExtraProperties(data, *r)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	r.extraProperties = extraProperties
+	r.rawJSON = json.RawMessage(data)
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (r *RuleTypeSearchResponse) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
+	type embed RuleTypeSearchResponse
+	var marshaler = struct {
+		embed
+	}{
+		embed: embed(*r),
+	}
+	explicitMarshaler := internal.HandleExplicitFields(marshaler, r.explicitFields)
+	return json.Marshal(explicitMarshaler)
+}
+
+func (r *RuleTypeSearchResponse) String() string {
 	if r == nil {
 		return "<nil>"
 	}
-	if len(r.rawJSON) > 0 {
-		if value, err := internal.StringifyJSON(r.rawJSON); err == nil {
-			return value
-		}
+	if len(r.rawJSON) > 0 {
+		if value, err := internal.StringifyJSON(r.rawJSON); err == nil {
+			return value
+		}
+	}
+	if value, err := internal.StringifyJSON(r); err == nil {
+		return value
+	}
+	return fmt.Sprintf("%#v", r)
+}
+
+var (
+	treeBaseFieldID              = big.NewInt(1 << 0)
+	treeBaseFieldTreeName        = big.NewInt(1 << 1)
+	treeBaseFieldTreeDescription = big.NewInt(1 << 2)
+	treeBaseFieldTreeSpecies     = big.NewInt(1 << 3)
+	treeBaseFieldHeightInFeet    = big.NewInt(1 << 4)
+)
+
+type TreeBase struct {
+	// Unique tree identifier.
+	ID string `json:"id" url:"id"`
+	// Display name of the tree.
+	TreeName *string `json:"treeName,omitempty" url:"treeName,omitempty"`
+	// A description of the tree.
+	TreeDescription *string `json:"treeDescription,omitempty" url:"treeDescription,omitempty"`
+	// The species of tree.
+	TreeSpecies *string `json:"treeSpecies,omitempty" url:"treeSpecies,omitempty"`
+	// Height of the tree in feet.
+	HeightInFeet *float64 `json:"heightInFeet,omitempty" url:"heightInFeet,omitempty"`
+
+	// Private bitmask of fields set to an explicit value and therefore not to be omitted
+	explicitFields *big.Int `json:"-" url:"-"`
+
+	extraProperties map[string]interface{}
+	rawJSON         json.RawMessage
+}
+
+func (t *TreeBase) GetID() string {
+	if t == nil {
+		return ""
+	}
+	return t.ID
+}
+
+func (t *TreeBase) GetTreeName() *string {
+	if t == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return t.TreeName
+}
+
+func (t *TreeBase) GetTreeDescription() *string {
+	if t == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return t.TreeDescription
+}
+
+func (t *TreeBase) GetTreeSpecies() *string {
+	if t == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return t.TreeSpecies
+}
+
+func (t *TreeBase) GetHeightInFeet() *float64 {
+	if t == nil {
+		return nil
 	}
-	if value, err := internal.StringifyJSON(r); err == nil {
-		return value
+	return t.HeightInFeet
+}
+
+func (t *TreeBase) GetExtraProperties() map[string]interface{} {
+	if t == nil {
+		return nil
 	}
-	return fmt.Sprintf("%#v", r)
+	return t.extraProperties
 }
 
-type RuleResponseStatus string
+func (t *TreeBase) require(field *big.Int) {
+	if t.explicitFields == nil {
+		t.explicitFields = big.NewInt(0)
+	}
+	t.explicitFields.Or(t.explicitFields, field)
+}
 
-const (
-	RuleResponseStatusActive   RuleResponseStatus = "active"
-	RuleResponseStatusInactive RuleResponseStatus = "inactive"
-	RuleResponseStatusDraft    RuleResponseStatus = "draft"
-)
+// SetID sets the ID field and marks it as non-optional;
+// this prevents an empty or null value for this field from being omitted during serialization.
+func (t *TreeBase) SetID(id string) {
+	t.ID = id
+	t.require(treeBaseFieldID)
+}
 
-func NewRuleResponseStatusFromString(s string) (RuleResponseStatus, error) {
-	switch s {
-	case "active":
-		return RuleResponseStatusActive, nil
-	case "inactive":
-		return RuleResponseStatusInactive, nil
-	case "draft":
-		return RuleResponseStatusDraft, nil
+// SetTreeName sets the TreeName field and marks it as non-optional;
+// this prevents an empty or null value for this field from being omitted during serialization.
+func (t *TreeBase) SetTreeName(treeName *string) {
+	t.TreeName = treeName
+	t.require(treeBaseFieldTreeName)
+}
+
+// SetTreeDescription sets the TreeDescription field and marks it as non-optional;
+// this prevents an empty or null value for this field from being omitted during serialization.
+func (t *TreeBase) SetTreeDescription(treeDescription *string) {
+	t.TreeDescription = treeDescription
+	t.require(treeBaseFieldTreeDescription)
+}
+
+// SetTreeSpecies sets the TreeSpecies field and marks it as non-optional;
+// this prevents an empty or null value for this field from being omitted during serialization.
+func (t *TreeBase) SetTreeSpecies(treeSpecies *string) {
+	t.TreeSpecies = treeSpecies
+	t.require(treeBaseFieldTreeSpecies)
+}
+
+// SetHeightInFeet sets the HeightInFeet field and marks it as non-optional;
+// this prevents an empty or null value for this field from being omitted during serialization.
+func (t *TreeBase) SetHeightInFeet(heightInFeet *float64) {
+	t.HeightInFeet = heightInFeet
+	t.require(treeBaseFieldHeightInFeet)
+}
+
+func (t *TreeBase) UnmarshalJSON(data []byte) error {
+	type unmarshaler TreeBase
+	var value unmarshaler
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(data, &value); err != nil {
+		return err
 	}
-	var t RuleResponseStatus
-	return "", fmt.Errorf("%s is not a valid %T", s, t)
+	*t = TreeBase(value)
+	extraProperties, err := internal.ExtractExtraProperties(data, *t)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	t.extraProperties = extraProperties
+	t.rawJSON = json.RawMessage(data)
+	return nil
 }
 
-func (r RuleResponseStatus) Ptr() *RuleResponseStatus {
-	return &r
+func (t *TreeBase) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
+	type embed TreeBase
+	var marshaler = struct {
+		embed
+	}{
+		embed: embed(*t),
+	}
+	explicitMarshaler := internal.HandleExplicitFields(marshaler, t.explicitFields)
+	return json.Marshal(explicitMarshaler)
+}
+
+func (t *TreeBase) String() string {
+	if t == nil {
+		return "<nil>"
+	}
+	if len(t.rawJSON) > 0 {
+		if value, err := internal.StringifyJSON(t.rawJSON); err == nil {
+			return value
+		}
+	}
+	if value, err := internal.StringifyJSON(t); err == nil {
+		return value
+	}
+	return fmt.Sprintf("%#v", t)
 }
 
 var (
-	ruleTypeFieldID          = big.NewInt(1 << 0)
-	ruleTypeFieldName        = big.NewInt(1 << 1)
-	ruleTypeFieldDescription = big.NewInt(1 << 2)
+	treeDescribableFieldTreeName        = big.NewInt(1 << 0)
+	treeDescribableFieldTreeDescription = big.NewInt(1 << 1)
 )
 
-type RuleType struct {
-	ID          string  `json:"id" url:"id"`
-	Name        string  `json:"name" url:"name"`
-	Description *string `json:"description,omitempty" url:"description,omitempty"`
+type TreeDescribable struct {
+	// Display name of the tree.
+	TreeName *string `json:"treeName,omitempty" url:"treeName,omitempty"`
+	// A description of the tree.
+	TreeDescription *string `json:"treeDescription,omitempty" url:"treeDescription,omitempty"`
 
 	// Private bitmask of fields set to an explicit value and therefore not to be omitted
 	explicitFields *big.Int `json:"-" url:"-"`
@@ -1717,113 +2558,197 @@ type RuleType struct {
 	rawJSON         json.RawMessage
 }
 
-func (r *RuleType) GetID() string {
-	if r == nil {
-		return ""
-	}
-	return r.ID
-}
-
-func (r *RuleType) GetName() string {
-	if r == nil {
-		return ""
+func (t *TreeDescribable) GetTreeName() *string {
+	if t == nil {
+		return nil
 	}
-	return r.Name
+	return t.TreeName
 }
 
-func (r *RuleType) GetDescription() *string {
-	if r == nil {
+func (t *TreeDescribable) GetTreeDescription() *string {
+	if t == nil {
 		return nil
 	}
-	return r.Description
+	return t.TreeDescription
 }
 
-func (r *RuleType) GetExtraProperties() map[string]interface{} {
-	if r == nil {
+func (t *TreeDescribable) GetExtraProperties() map[string]interface{} {
+	if t == nil {
 		return nil
 	}
-	return r.extraProperties
+	return t.extraProperties
 }
 
-func (r *RuleType) require(field *big.Int) {
-	if r.explicitFields == nil {
-		r.explicitFields = big.NewInt(0)
+func (t *TreeDescribable) require(field *big.Int) {
+	if t.explicitFields == nil {
+		t.explicitFields = big.NewInt(0)
 	}
-	r.explicitFields.Or(r.explicitFields, field)
+	t.explicitFields.Or(t.explicitFields, field)
 }
 
-// SetID sets the ID field and marks it as non-optional;
+// SetTreeName sets the TreeName field and marks it as non-optional;
 // this prevents an empty or null value for this field from being omitted during serialization.
-func (r *RuleType) SetID(id string) {
-	r.ID = id
-	r.require(ruleTypeFieldID)
+func (t *TreeDescribable) SetTreeName(treeName *string) {
+	t.TreeName = treeName
+	t.require(treeDescribableFieldTreeName)
 }
 
-// SetName sets the Name field and marks it as non-optional;
+// SetTreeDescription sets the TreeDescription field and marks it as non-optional;
 // this prevents an empty or null value for this field from being omitted during serialization.
-func (r *RuleType) SetName(name string) {
-	r.Name = name
-	r.require(ruleTypeFieldName)
+func (t *TreeDescribable) SetTreeDescription(treeDescription *string) {
+	t.TreeDescription = treeDescription
+	t.require(treeDescribableFieldTreeDescription)
 }
 
-// SetDescription sets the Description field and marks it as non-optional;
+func (t *TreeDescribable) UnmarshalJSON(data []byte) error {
+	type unmarshaler TreeDescribable
+	var value unmarshaler
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(data, &value); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	*t = TreeDescribable(value)
+	extraProperties, err := internal.ExtractExtraProperties(data, *t)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	t.extraProperties = extraProperties
+	t.rawJSON = json.RawMessage(data)
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (t *TreeDescribable) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
+	type embed TreeDescribable
+	var marshaler = struct {
+		embed
+	}{
+		embed: embed(*t),
+	}
+	explicitMarshaler := internal.HandleExplicitFields(marshaler, t.explicitFields)
+	return json.Marshal(explicitMarshaler)
+}
+
+func (t *TreeDescribable) String() string {
+	if t == nil {
+		return "<nil>"
+	}
+	if len(t.rawJSON) > 0 {
+		if value, err := internal.StringifyJSON(t.rawJSON); err == nil {
+			return value
+		}
+	}
+	if value, err := internal.StringifyJSON(t); err == nil {
+		return value
+	}
+	return fmt.Sprintf("%#v", t)
+}
+
+var (
+	treeIdentifiableFieldID = big.NewInt(1 << 0)
+)
+
+type TreeIdentifiable struct {
+	// Unique tree identifier.
+	ID string `json:"id" url:"id"`
+
+	// Private bitmask of fields set to an explicit value and therefore not to be omitted
+	explicitFields *big.Int `json:"-" url:"-"`
+
+	extraProperties map[string]interface{}
+	rawJSON         json.RawMessage
+}
+
+func (t *TreeIdentifiable) GetID() string {
+	if t == nil {
+		return ""
+	}
+	return t.ID
+}
+
+func (t *TreeIdentifiable) GetExtraProperties() map[string]interface{} {
+	if t == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return t.extraProperties
+}
+
+func (t *TreeIdentifiable) require(field *big.Int) {
+	if t.explicitFields == nil {
+		t.explicitFields = big.NewInt(0)
+	}
+	t.explicitFields.Or(t.explicitFields, field)
+}
+
+// SetID sets the ID field and marks it as non-optional;
 // this prevents an empty or null value for this field from being omitted during serialization.
-func (r *RuleType) SetDescription(description *string) {
-	r.Description = description
-	r.require(ruleTypeFieldDescription)
+func (t *TreeIdentifiable) SetID(id string) {
+	t.ID = id
+	t.require(treeIdentifiableFieldID)
 }
 
-func (r *RuleType) UnmarshalJSON(data []byte) error {
-	type unmarshaler RuleType
+func (t *TreeIdentifiable) UnmarshalJSON(data []byte) error {
+	type unmarshaler TreeIdentifiable
 	var value unmarshaler
 	if err := json.Unmarshal(data, &value); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	*r = RuleType(value)
-	extraProperties, err := internal.ExtractExtraProperties(data, *r)
+	*t = TreeIdentifiable(value)
+	extraProperties, err := internal.ExtractExtraProperties(data, *t)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	r.extraProperties = extraProperties
-	r.rawJSON = json.RawMessage(data)
+	t.extraProperties = extraProperties
+	t.rawJSON = json.RawMessage(data)
 	return nil
 }
 
-func (r *RuleType) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
-	type embed RuleType
+func (t *TreeIdentifiable) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
+	type embed TreeIdentifiable
 	var marshaler = struct {
 		embed
 	}{
-		embed: embed(*r),
+		embed: embed(*t),
 	}
-	explicitMarshaler := internal.HandleExplicitFields(marshaler, r.explicitFields)
+	explicitMarshaler := internal.HandleExplicitFields(marshaler, t.explicitFields)
 	return json.Marshal(explicitMarshaler)
 }
 
-func (r *RuleType) String() string {
-	if r == nil {
+func (t *TreeIdentifiable) String() string {
+	if t == nil {
 		return "<nil>"
 	}
-	if len(r.rawJSON) > 0 {
-		if value, err := internal.StringifyJSON(r.rawJSON); err == nil {
+	if len(t.rawJSON) > 0 {
+		if value, err := internal.StringifyJSON(t.rawJSON); err == nil {
 			return value
 		}
 	}
-	if value, err := internal.StringifyJSON(r); err == nil {
+	if value, err := internal.StringifyJSON(t); err == nil {
 		return value
 	}
-	return fmt.Sprintf("%#v", r)
+	return fmt.Sprintf("%#v", t)
 }
 
 var (
-	ruleTypeSearchResponseFieldPaging  = big.NewInt(1 << 0)
-	ruleTypeSearchResponseFieldResults = big.NewInt(1 << 1)
+	treeRecordFieldID              = big.NewInt(1 << 0)
+	treeRecordFieldTreeName        = big.NewInt(1 << 1)
+	treeRecordFieldTreeDescription = big.NewInt(1 << 2)
+	treeRecordFieldTreeSpecies     = big.NewInt(1 << 3)
+	treeRecordFieldHeightInFeet    = big.NewInt(1 << 4)
+	treeRecordFieldPlantedDate     = big.NewInt(1 << 5)
 )
 
-type RuleTypeSearchResponse struct {
-	Paging *PagingCursors `json:"paging" url:"paging"`
-	// Current page of results from the requested resource.
-	Results []*RuleType `json:"results,omitempty" url:"results,omitempty"`
+type TreeRecord struct {
+	// Unique tree identifier.
+	ID string `json:"id" url:"id"`
+	// Display name of the tree.
+	TreeName string `json:"treeName" url:"treeName"`
+	// A description of the tree.
+	TreeDescription *string `json:"treeDescription,omitempty" url:"treeDescription,omitempty"`
+	// The species of tree.
+	TreeSpecies string `json:"treeSpecies" url:"treeSpecies"`
+	// Height of the tree in feet.
+	HeightInFeet *float64 `json:"heightInFeet,omitempty" url:"heightInFeet,omitempty"`
+	// Date the tree was planted.
+	PlantedDate *time.Time `json:"plantedDate,omitempty" url:"plantedDate,omitempty" format:"date"`
 
 	// Private bitmask of fields set to an explicit value and therefore not to be omitted
 	explicitFields *big.Int `json:"-" url:"-"`
@@ -1832,88 +2757,152 @@ type RuleTypeSearchResponse struct {
 	rawJSON         json.RawMessage
 }
 
-func (r *RuleTypeSearchResponse) GetPaging() *PagingCursors {
-	if r == nil {
+func (t *TreeRecord) GetID() string {
+	if t == nil {
+		return ""
+	}
+	return t.ID
+}
+
+func (t *TreeRecord) GetTreeName() string {
+	if t == nil {
+		return ""
+	}
+	return t.TreeName
+}
+
+func (t *TreeRecord) GetTreeDescription() *string {
+	if t == nil {
 		return nil
 	}
-	return r.Paging
+	return t.TreeDescription
 }
 
-func (r *RuleTypeSearchResponse) GetResults() []*RuleType {
-	if r == nil {
+func (t *TreeRecord) GetTreeSpecies() string {
+	if t == nil {
+		return ""
+	}
+	return t.TreeSpecies
+}
+
+func (t *TreeRecord) GetHeightInFeet() *float64 {
+	if t == nil {
 		return nil
 	}
-	return r.Results
+	return t.HeightInFeet
 }
 
-func (r *RuleTypeSearchResponse) GetExtraProperties() map[string]interface{} {
-	if r == nil {
+func (t *TreeRecord) GetPlantedDate() *time.Time {
+	if t == nil {
 		return nil
 	}
-	return r.extraProperties
+	return t.PlantedDate
 }
 
-func (r *RuleTypeSearchResponse) require(field *big.Int) {
-	if r.explicitFields == nil {
-		r.explicitFields = big.NewInt(0)
+func (t *TreeRecord) GetExtraProperties() map[string]interface{} {
+	if t == nil {
+		return nil
 	}
-	r.explicitFields.Or(r.explicitFields, field)
+	return t.extraProperties
 }
 
-// SetPaging sets the Paging field and marks it as non-optional;
+func (t *TreeRecord) require(field *big.Int) {
+	if t.explicitFields == nil {
+		t.explicitFields = big.NewInt(0)
+	}
+	t.explicitFields.Or(t.explicitFields, field)
+}
+
+// SetID sets the ID field and marks it as non-optional;
 // this prevents an empty or null value for this field from being omitted during serialization.
-func (r *RuleTypeSearchResponse) SetPaging(paging *PagingCursors) {
-	r.Paging = paging
-	r.require(ruleTypeSearchResponseFieldPaging)
+func (t *TreeRecord) SetID(id string) {
+	t.ID = id
+	t.require(treeRecordFieldID)
 }
 
-// SetResults sets the Results field and marks it as non-optional;
+// SetTreeName sets the TreeName field and marks it as non-optional;
 // this prevents an empty or null value for this field from being omitted during serialization.
-func (r *RuleTypeSearchResponse) SetResults(results []*RuleType) {
-	r.Results = results
-	r.require(ruleTypeSearchResponseFieldResults)
+func (t *TreeRecord) SetTreeName(treeName string) {
+	t.TreeName = treeName
+	t.require(treeRecordFieldTreeName)
 }
 
-func (r *RuleTypeSearchResponse) UnmarshalJSON(data []byte) error {
-	type unmarshaler RuleTypeSearchResponse
-	var value unmarshaler
-	if err := json.Unmarshal(data, &value); err != nil {
+// SetTreeDescription sets the TreeDescription field and marks it as non-optional;
+// this prevents an empty or null value for this field from being omitted during serialization.
+func (t *TreeRecord) SetTreeDescription(treeDescription *string) {
+	t.TreeDescription = treeDescription
+	t.require(treeRecordFieldTreeDescription)
+}
+
+// SetTreeSpecies sets the TreeSpecies field and marks it as non-optional;
+// this prevents an empty or null value for this field from being omitted during serialization.
+func (t *TreeRecord) SetTreeSpecies(treeSpecies string) {
+	t.TreeSpecies = treeSpecies
+	t.require(treeRecordFieldTreeSpecies)
+}
+
+// SetHeightInFeet sets the HeightInFeet field and marks it as non-optional;
+// this prevents an empty or null value for this field from being omitted during serialization.
+func (t *TreeRecord) SetHeightInFeet(heightInFeet *float64) {
+	t.HeightInFeet = heightInFeet
+	t.require(treeRecordFieldHeightInFeet)
+}
+
+// SetPlantedDate sets the PlantedDate field and marks it as non-optional;
+// this prevents an empty or null value for this field from being omitted during serialization.
+func (t *TreeRecord) SetPlantedDate(plantedDate *time.Time) {
+	t.PlantedDate = plantedDate
+	t.require(treeRecordFieldPlantedDate)
+}
+
+func (t *TreeRecord) UnmarshalJSON(data []byte) error {
+	type embed TreeRecord
+	var unmarshaler = struct {
+		embed
+		PlantedDate *internal.Date `json:"plantedDate,omitempty"`
+	}{
+		embed: embed(*t),
+	}
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(data, &unmarshaler); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	*r = RuleTypeSearchResponse(value)
-	extraProperties, err := internal.ExtractExtraProperties(data, *r)
+	*t = TreeRecord(unmarshaler.embed)
+	t.PlantedDate = unmarshaler.PlantedDate.TimePtr()
+	extraProperties, err := internal.ExtractExtraProperties(data, *t)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	r.extraProperties = extraProperties
-	r.rawJSON = json.RawMessage(data)
+	t.extraProperties = extraProperties
+	t.rawJSON = json.RawMessage(data)
 	return nil
 }
 
-func (r *RuleTypeSearchResponse) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
-	type embed RuleTypeSearchResponse
+func (t *TreeRecord) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
+	type embed TreeRecord
 	var marshaler = struct {
 		embed
+		PlantedDate *internal.Date `json:"plantedDate,omitempty"`
 	}{
-		embed: embed(*r),
+		embed:       embed(*t),
+		PlantedDate: internal.NewOptionalDate(t.PlantedDate),
 	}
-	explicitMarshaler := internal.HandleExplicitFields(marshaler, r.explicitFields)
+	explicitMarshaler := internal.HandleExplicitFields(marshaler, t.explicitFields)
 	return json.Marshal(explicitMarshaler)
 }
 
-func (r *RuleTypeSearchResponse) String() string {
-	if r == nil {
+func (t *TreeRecord) String() string {
+	if t == nil {
 		return "<nil>"
 	}
-	if len(r.rawJSON) > 0 {
-		if value, err := internal.StringifyJSON(r.rawJSON); err == nil {
+	if len(t.rawJSON) > 0 {
+		if value, err := internal.StringifyJSON(t.rawJSON); err == nil {
 			return value
 		}
 	}
-	if value, err := internal.StringifyJSON(r); err == nil {
+	if value, err := internal.StringifyJSON(t); err == nil {
 		return value
 	}
-	return fmt.Sprintf("%#v", r)
+	return fmt.Sprintf("%#v", t)
 }
 
 var (
diff --git a/seed/go-sdk/allof-inline/types_test.go b/seed/go-sdk/allof-inline/types_test.go
index cd9038d8d56d..d211abf499b0 100644
--- a/seed/go-sdk/allof-inline/types_test.go
+++ b/seed/go-sdk/allof-inline/types_test.go
@@ -10,6 +10,324 @@ import (
 	time "time"
 )
 
+func TestSettersPlantPost(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("SetSpecies", func(t *testing.T) {
+		obj := &PlantPost{}
+		var fernTestValueSpecies string
+		obj.SetSpecies(fernTestValueSpecies)
+		assert.Equal(t, fernTestValueSpecies, obj.Species)
+		assert.NotNil(t, obj.explicitFields)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("SetFamily", func(t *testing.T) {
+		obj := &PlantPost{}
+		var fernTestValueFamily string
+		obj.SetFamily(fernTestValueFamily)
+		assert.Equal(t, fernTestValueFamily, obj.Family)
+		assert.NotNil(t, obj.explicitFields)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("SetGenus", func(t *testing.T) {
+		obj := &PlantPost{}
+		var fernTestValueGenus string
+		obj.SetGenus(fernTestValueGenus)
+		assert.Equal(t, fernTestValueGenus, obj.Genus)
+		assert.NotNil(t, obj.explicitFields)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("SetCommonName", func(t *testing.T) {
+		obj := &PlantPost{}
+		var fernTestValueCommonName string
+		obj.SetCommonName(fernTestValueCommonName)
+		assert.Equal(t, fernTestValueCommonName, obj.CommonName)
+		assert.NotNil(t, obj.explicitFields)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("SetWateringFrequency", func(t *testing.T) {
+		obj := &PlantPost{}
+		var fernTestValueWateringFrequency PlantPostWateringFrequency
+		obj.SetWateringFrequency(fernTestValueWateringFrequency)
+		assert.Equal(t, fernTestValueWateringFrequency, obj.WateringFrequency)
+		assert.NotNil(t, obj.explicitFields)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("SetSunExposure", func(t *testing.T) {
+		obj := &PlantPost{}
+		var fernTestValueSunExposure PlantPostSunExposure
+		obj.SetSunExposure(fernTestValueSunExposure)
+		assert.Equal(t, fernTestValueSunExposure, obj.SunExposure)
+		assert.NotNil(t, obj.explicitFields)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("SetPlantedAt", func(t *testing.T) {
+		obj := &PlantPost{}
+		var fernTestValuePlantedAt *time.Time
+		obj.SetPlantedAt(fernTestValuePlantedAt)
+		assert.Equal(t, fernTestValuePlantedAt, obj.PlantedAt)
+		assert.NotNil(t, obj.explicitFields)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("SetSoilType", func(t *testing.T) {
+		obj := &PlantPost{}
+		var fernTestValueSoilType *string
+		obj.SetSoilType(fernTestValueSoilType)
+		assert.Equal(t, fernTestValueSoilType, obj.SoilType)
+		assert.NotNil(t, obj.explicitFields)
+	})
+
+}
+
+func TestSettersMarkExplicitPlantPost(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("SetSpecies_MarksExplicit", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &PlantPost{}
+		var fernTestValueSpecies string
+
+		// Act
+		obj.SetSpecies(fernTestValueSpecies)
+
+		// Assert - object with explicitly set field can be marshaled/unmarshaled
+		bytes, err := json.Marshal(obj)
+		require.NoError(t, err, "marshaling should succeed for test setup")
+
+		// This test ensures JSON marshaling and unmarshaling succeed when the field has a zero/nil value
+		// Detect if marshaled JSON is an object or primitive to use correct unmarshal target
+		if len(bytes) > 0 && bytes[0] == '{' {
+			// JSON object - unmarshal into map
+			var unmarshaled map[string]interface{}
+			err = json.Unmarshal(bytes, &unmarshaled)
+			require.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling should succeed for test verification")
+		} else {
+			// JSON primitive (string, number, boolean, null) - unmarshal into interface{}
+			var unmarshaled interface{}
+			err = json.Unmarshal(bytes, &unmarshaled)
+			require.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling should succeed for test verification")
+		}
+
+		// Note: This does not explicitly assert the presence of a specific JSON field
+		// It verifies that setting a field via setter allows successful JSON round-trip
+	})
+
+	t.Run("SetFamily_MarksExplicit", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &PlantPost{}
+		var fernTestValueFamily string
+
+		// Act
+		obj.SetFamily(fernTestValueFamily)
+
+		// Assert - object with explicitly set field can be marshaled/unmarshaled
+		bytes, err := json.Marshal(obj)
+		require.NoError(t, err, "marshaling should succeed for test setup")
+
+		// This test ensures JSON marshaling and unmarshaling succeed when the field has a zero/nil value
+		// Detect if marshaled JSON is an object or primitive to use correct unmarshal target
+		if len(bytes) > 0 && bytes[0] == '{' {
+			// JSON object - unmarshal into map
+			var unmarshaled map[string]interface{}
+			err = json.Unmarshal(bytes, &unmarshaled)
+			require.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling should succeed for test verification")
+		} else {
+			// JSON primitive (string, number, boolean, null) - unmarshal into interface{}
+			var unmarshaled interface{}
+			err = json.Unmarshal(bytes, &unmarshaled)
+			require.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling should succeed for test verification")
+		}
+
+		// Note: This does not explicitly assert the presence of a specific JSON field
+		// It verifies that setting a field via setter allows successful JSON round-trip
+	})
+
+	t.Run("SetGenus_MarksExplicit", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &PlantPost{}
+		var fernTestValueGenus string
+
+		// Act
+		obj.SetGenus(fernTestValueGenus)
+
+		// Assert - object with explicitly set field can be marshaled/unmarshaled
+		bytes, err := json.Marshal(obj)
+		require.NoError(t, err, "marshaling should succeed for test setup")
+
+		// This test ensures JSON marshaling and unmarshaling succeed when the field has a zero/nil value
+		// Detect if marshaled JSON is an object or primitive to use correct unmarshal target
+		if len(bytes) > 0 && bytes[0] == '{' {
+			// JSON object - unmarshal into map
+			var unmarshaled map[string]interface{}
+			err = json.Unmarshal(bytes, &unmarshaled)
+			require.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling should succeed for test verification")
+		} else {
+			// JSON primitive (string, number, boolean, null) - unmarshal into interface{}
+			var unmarshaled interface{}
+			err = json.Unmarshal(bytes, &unmarshaled)
+			require.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling should succeed for test verification")
+		}
+
+		// Note: This does not explicitly assert the presence of a specific JSON field
+		// It verifies that setting a field via setter allows successful JSON round-trip
+	})
+
+	t.Run("SetCommonName_MarksExplicit", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &PlantPost{}
+		var fernTestValueCommonName string
+
+		// Act
+		obj.SetCommonName(fernTestValueCommonName)
+
+		// Assert - object with explicitly set field can be marshaled/unmarshaled
+		bytes, err := json.Marshal(obj)
+		require.NoError(t, err, "marshaling should succeed for test setup")
+
+		// This test ensures JSON marshaling and unmarshaling succeed when the field has a zero/nil value
+		// Detect if marshaled JSON is an object or primitive to use correct unmarshal target
+		if len(bytes) > 0 && bytes[0] == '{' {
+			// JSON object - unmarshal into map
+			var unmarshaled map[string]interface{}
+			err = json.Unmarshal(bytes, &unmarshaled)
+			require.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling should succeed for test verification")
+		} else {
+			// JSON primitive (string, number, boolean, null) - unmarshal into interface{}
+			var unmarshaled interface{}
+			err = json.Unmarshal(bytes, &unmarshaled)
+			require.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling should succeed for test verification")
+		}
+
+		// Note: This does not explicitly assert the presence of a specific JSON field
+		// It verifies that setting a field via setter allows successful JSON round-trip
+	})
+
+	t.Run("SetWateringFrequency_MarksExplicit", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &PlantPost{}
+		var fernTestValueWateringFrequency PlantPostWateringFrequency
+
+		// Act
+		obj.SetWateringFrequency(fernTestValueWateringFrequency)
+
+		// Assert - object with explicitly set field can be marshaled/unmarshaled
+		bytes, err := json.Marshal(obj)
+		require.NoError(t, err, "marshaling should succeed for test setup")
+
+		// This test ensures JSON marshaling and unmarshaling succeed when the field has a zero/nil value
+		// Detect if marshaled JSON is an object or primitive to use correct unmarshal target
+		if len(bytes) > 0 && bytes[0] == '{' {
+			// JSON object - unmarshal into map
+			var unmarshaled map[string]interface{}
+			err = json.Unmarshal(bytes, &unmarshaled)
+			require.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling should succeed for test verification")
+		} else {
+			// JSON primitive (string, number, boolean, null) - unmarshal into interface{}
+			var unmarshaled interface{}
+			err = json.Unmarshal(bytes, &unmarshaled)
+			require.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling should succeed for test verification")
+		}
+
+		// Note: This does not explicitly assert the presence of a specific JSON field
+		// It verifies that setting a field via setter allows successful JSON round-trip
+	})
+
+	t.Run("SetSunExposure_MarksExplicit", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &PlantPost{}
+		var fernTestValueSunExposure PlantPostSunExposure
+
+		// Act
+		obj.SetSunExposure(fernTestValueSunExposure)
+
+		// Assert - object with explicitly set field can be marshaled/unmarshaled
+		bytes, err := json.Marshal(obj)
+		require.NoError(t, err, "marshaling should succeed for test setup")
+
+		// This test ensures JSON marshaling and unmarshaling succeed when the field has a zero/nil value
+		// Detect if marshaled JSON is an object or primitive to use correct unmarshal target
+		if len(bytes) > 0 && bytes[0] == '{' {
+			// JSON object - unmarshal into map
+			var unmarshaled map[string]interface{}
+			err = json.Unmarshal(bytes, &unmarshaled)
+			require.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling should succeed for test verification")
+		} else {
+			// JSON primitive (string, number, boolean, null) - unmarshal into interface{}
+			var unmarshaled interface{}
+			err = json.Unmarshal(bytes, &unmarshaled)
+			require.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling should succeed for test verification")
+		}
+
+		// Note: This does not explicitly assert the presence of a specific JSON field
+		// It verifies that setting a field via setter allows successful JSON round-trip
+	})
+
+	t.Run("SetPlantedAt_MarksExplicit", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &PlantPost{}
+		var fernTestValuePlantedAt *time.Time
+
+		// Act
+		obj.SetPlantedAt(fernTestValuePlantedAt)
+
+		// Assert - object with explicitly set field can be marshaled/unmarshaled
+		bytes, err := json.Marshal(obj)
+		require.NoError(t, err, "marshaling should succeed for test setup")
+
+		// This test ensures JSON marshaling and unmarshaling succeed when the field has a zero/nil value
+		// Detect if marshaled JSON is an object or primitive to use correct unmarshal target
+		if len(bytes) > 0 && bytes[0] == '{' {
+			// JSON object - unmarshal into map
+			var unmarshaled map[string]interface{}
+			err = json.Unmarshal(bytes, &unmarshaled)
+			require.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling should succeed for test verification")
+		} else {
+			// JSON primitive (string, number, boolean, null) - unmarshal into interface{}
+			var unmarshaled interface{}
+			err = json.Unmarshal(bytes, &unmarshaled)
+			require.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling should succeed for test verification")
+		}
+
+		// Note: This does not explicitly assert the presence of a specific JSON field
+		// It verifies that setting a field via setter allows successful JSON round-trip
+	})
+
+	t.Run("SetSoilType_MarksExplicit", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &PlantPost{}
+		var fernTestValueSoilType *string
+
+		// Act
+		obj.SetSoilType(fernTestValueSoilType)
+
+		// Assert - object with explicitly set field can be marshaled/unmarshaled
+		bytes, err := json.Marshal(obj)
+		require.NoError(t, err, "marshaling should succeed for test setup")
+
+		// This test ensures JSON marshaling and unmarshaling succeed when the field has a zero/nil value
+		// Detect if marshaled JSON is an object or primitive to use correct unmarshal target
+		if len(bytes) > 0 && bytes[0] == '{' {
+			// JSON object - unmarshal into map
+			var unmarshaled map[string]interface{}
+			err = json.Unmarshal(bytes, &unmarshaled)
+			require.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling should succeed for test verification")
+		} else {
+			// JSON primitive (string, number, boolean, null) - unmarshal into interface{}
+			var unmarshaled interface{}
+			err = json.Unmarshal(bytes, &unmarshaled)
+			require.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling should succeed for test verification")
+		}
+
+		// Note: This does not explicitly assert the presence of a specific JSON field
+		// It verifies that setting a field via setter allows successful JSON round-trip
+	})
+
+}
+
 func TestSettersRuleCreateRequest(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Run("SetName", func(t *testing.T) {
 		obj := &RuleCreateRequest{}
@@ -2163,319 +2481,196 @@ func TestSettersMarkExplicitPagingCursors(t *testing.T) {
 
 }
 
-func TestSettersRuleResponse(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Run("SetCreatedBy", func(t *testing.T) {
-		obj := &RuleResponse{}
-		var fernTestValueCreatedBy *string
-		obj.SetCreatedBy(fernTestValueCreatedBy)
-		assert.Equal(t, fernTestValueCreatedBy, obj.CreatedBy)
+func TestSettersPlantBase(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("SetSpecies", func(t *testing.T) {
+		obj := &PlantBase{}
+		var fernTestValueSpecies string
+		obj.SetSpecies(fernTestValueSpecies)
+		assert.Equal(t, fernTestValueSpecies, obj.Species)
 		assert.NotNil(t, obj.explicitFields)
 	})
 
-	t.Run("SetCreatedDateTime", func(t *testing.T) {
-		obj := &RuleResponse{}
-		var fernTestValueCreatedDateTime *time.Time
-		obj.SetCreatedDateTime(fernTestValueCreatedDateTime)
-		assert.Equal(t, fernTestValueCreatedDateTime, obj.CreatedDateTime)
+	t.Run("SetFamily", func(t *testing.T) {
+		obj := &PlantBase{}
+		var fernTestValueFamily string
+		obj.SetFamily(fernTestValueFamily)
+		assert.Equal(t, fernTestValueFamily, obj.Family)
 		assert.NotNil(t, obj.explicitFields)
 	})
 
-	t.Run("SetModifiedBy", func(t *testing.T) {
-		obj := &RuleResponse{}
-		var fernTestValueModifiedBy *string
-		obj.SetModifiedBy(fernTestValueModifiedBy)
-		assert.Equal(t, fernTestValueModifiedBy, obj.ModifiedBy)
-		assert.NotNil(t, obj.explicitFields)
-	})
-
-	t.Run("SetModifiedDateTime", func(t *testing.T) {
-		obj := &RuleResponse{}
-		var fernTestValueModifiedDateTime *time.Time
-		obj.SetModifiedDateTime(fernTestValueModifiedDateTime)
-		assert.Equal(t, fernTestValueModifiedDateTime, obj.ModifiedDateTime)
-		assert.NotNil(t, obj.explicitFields)
-	})
-
-	t.Run("SetID", func(t *testing.T) {
-		obj := &RuleResponse{}
-		var fernTestValueID string
-		obj.SetID(fernTestValueID)
-		assert.Equal(t, fernTestValueID, obj.ID)
-		assert.NotNil(t, obj.explicitFields)
-	})
-
-	t.Run("SetName", func(t *testing.T) {
-		obj := &RuleResponse{}
-		var fernTestValueName string
-		obj.SetName(fernTestValueName)
-		assert.Equal(t, fernTestValueName, obj.Name)
+	t.Run("SetGenus", func(t *testing.T) {
+		obj := &PlantBase{}
+		var fernTestValueGenus string
+		obj.SetGenus(fernTestValueGenus)
+		assert.Equal(t, fernTestValueGenus, obj.Genus)
 		assert.NotNil(t, obj.explicitFields)
 	})
 
-	t.Run("SetStatus", func(t *testing.T) {
-		obj := &RuleResponse{}
-		var fernTestValueStatus RuleResponseStatus
-		obj.SetStatus(fernTestValueStatus)
-		assert.Equal(t, fernTestValueStatus, obj.Status)
+	t.Run("SetCommonName", func(t *testing.T) {
+		obj := &PlantBase{}
+		var fernTestValueCommonName *string
+		obj.SetCommonName(fernTestValueCommonName)
+		assert.Equal(t, fernTestValueCommonName, obj.CommonName)
 		assert.NotNil(t, obj.explicitFields)
 	})
 
-	t.Run("SetExecutionContext", func(t *testing.T) {
-		obj := &RuleResponse{}
-		var fernTestValueExecutionContext *RuleExecutionContext
-		obj.SetExecutionContext(fernTestValueExecutionContext)
-		assert.Equal(t, fernTestValueExecutionContext, obj.ExecutionContext)
+	t.Run("SetWateringFrequency", func(t *testing.T) {
+		obj := &PlantBase{}
+		var fernTestValueWateringFrequency *PlantBaseWateringFrequency
+		obj.SetWateringFrequency(fernTestValueWateringFrequency)
+		assert.Equal(t, fernTestValueWateringFrequency, obj.WateringFrequency)
 		assert.NotNil(t, obj.explicitFields)
 	})
 
 }
 
-func TestGettersRuleResponse(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Run("GetCreatedBy", func(t *testing.T) {
-		t.Parallel()
-		// Arrange
-		obj := &RuleResponse{}
-		var expected *string
-		obj.CreatedBy = expected
-
-		// Act & Assert
-		assert.Equal(t, expected, obj.GetCreatedBy(), "getter should return the property value")
-	})
-
-	t.Run("GetCreatedBy_NilValue", func(t *testing.T) {
-		t.Parallel()
-		// Arrange
-		obj := &RuleResponse{}
-		obj.CreatedBy = nil
-
-		// Act & Assert
-		assert.Nil(t, obj.GetCreatedBy(), "getter should return nil when property is nil")
-	})
-
-	t.Run("GetCreatedBy_NilReceiver", func(t *testing.T) {
-		t.Parallel()
-		var obj *RuleResponse
-		// Should not panic - getters should handle nil receiver gracefully
-		defer func() {
-			if r := recover(); r != nil {
-				t.Errorf("Getter panicked on nil receiver: %v", r)
-			}
-		}()
-		_ = obj.GetCreatedBy() // Should return zero value
-	})
-
-	t.Run("GetCreatedDateTime", func(t *testing.T) {
-		t.Parallel()
-		// Arrange
-		obj := &RuleResponse{}
-		var expected *time.Time
-		obj.CreatedDateTime = expected
-
-		// Act & Assert
-		assert.Equal(t, expected, obj.GetCreatedDateTime(), "getter should return the property value")
-	})
-
-	t.Run("GetCreatedDateTime_NilValue", func(t *testing.T) {
-		t.Parallel()
-		// Arrange
-		obj := &RuleResponse{}
-		obj.CreatedDateTime = nil
-
-		// Act & Assert
-		assert.Nil(t, obj.GetCreatedDateTime(), "getter should return nil when property is nil")
-	})
-
-	t.Run("GetCreatedDateTime_NilReceiver", func(t *testing.T) {
-		t.Parallel()
-		var obj *RuleResponse
-		// Should not panic - getters should handle nil receiver gracefully
-		defer func() {
-			if r := recover(); r != nil {
-				t.Errorf("Getter panicked on nil receiver: %v", r)
-			}
-		}()
-		_ = obj.GetCreatedDateTime() // Should return zero value
-	})
-
-	t.Run("GetModifiedBy", func(t *testing.T) {
-		t.Parallel()
-		// Arrange
-		obj := &RuleResponse{}
-		var expected *string
-		obj.ModifiedBy = expected
-
-		// Act & Assert
-		assert.Equal(t, expected, obj.GetModifiedBy(), "getter should return the property value")
-	})
-
-	t.Run("GetModifiedBy_NilValue", func(t *testing.T) {
+func TestGettersPlantBase(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("GetSpecies", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
 		// Arrange
-		obj := &RuleResponse{}
-		obj.ModifiedBy = nil
+		obj := &PlantBase{}
+		var expected string
+		obj.Species = expected
 
 		// Act & Assert
-		assert.Nil(t, obj.GetModifiedBy(), "getter should return nil when property is nil")
+		assert.Equal(t, expected, obj.GetSpecies(), "getter should return the property value")
 	})
 
-	t.Run("GetModifiedBy_NilReceiver", func(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("GetSpecies_NilReceiver", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
-		var obj *RuleResponse
+		var obj *PlantBase
 		// Should not panic - getters should handle nil receiver gracefully
 		defer func() {
 			if r := recover(); r != nil {
 				t.Errorf("Getter panicked on nil receiver: %v", r)
 			}
 		}()
-		_ = obj.GetModifiedBy() // Should return zero value
-	})
-
-	t.Run("GetModifiedDateTime", func(t *testing.T) {
-		t.Parallel()
-		// Arrange
-		obj := &RuleResponse{}
-		var expected *time.Time
-		obj.ModifiedDateTime = expected
-
-		// Act & Assert
-		assert.Equal(t, expected, obj.GetModifiedDateTime(), "getter should return the property value")
+		_ = obj.GetSpecies() // Should return zero value
 	})
 
-	t.Run("GetModifiedDateTime_NilValue", func(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("GetFamily", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
 		// Arrange
-		obj := &RuleResponse{}
-		obj.ModifiedDateTime = nil
+		obj := &PlantBase{}
+		var expected string
+		obj.Family = expected
 
 		// Act & Assert
-		assert.Nil(t, obj.GetModifiedDateTime(), "getter should return nil when property is nil")
+		assert.Equal(t, expected, obj.GetFamily(), "getter should return the property value")
 	})
 
-	t.Run("GetModifiedDateTime_NilReceiver", func(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("GetFamily_NilReceiver", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
-		var obj *RuleResponse
+		var obj *PlantBase
 		// Should not panic - getters should handle nil receiver gracefully
 		defer func() {
 			if r := recover(); r != nil {
 				t.Errorf("Getter panicked on nil receiver: %v", r)
 			}
 		}()
-		_ = obj.GetModifiedDateTime() // Should return zero value
+		_ = obj.GetFamily() // Should return zero value
 	})
 
-	t.Run("GetID", func(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("GetGenus", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
 		// Arrange
-		obj := &RuleResponse{}
+		obj := &PlantBase{}
 		var expected string
-		obj.ID = expected
+		obj.Genus = expected
 
 		// Act & Assert
-		assert.Equal(t, expected, obj.GetID(), "getter should return the property value")
+		assert.Equal(t, expected, obj.GetGenus(), "getter should return the property value")
 	})
 
-	t.Run("GetID_NilReceiver", func(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("GetGenus_NilReceiver", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
-		var obj *RuleResponse
+		var obj *PlantBase
 		// Should not panic - getters should handle nil receiver gracefully
 		defer func() {
 			if r := recover(); r != nil {
 				t.Errorf("Getter panicked on nil receiver: %v", r)
 			}
 		}()
-		_ = obj.GetID() // Should return zero value
+		_ = obj.GetGenus() // Should return zero value
 	})
 
-	t.Run("GetName", func(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("GetCommonName", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
 		// Arrange
-		obj := &RuleResponse{}
-		var expected string
-		obj.Name = expected
+		obj := &PlantBase{}
+		var expected *string
+		obj.CommonName = expected
 
 		// Act & Assert
-		assert.Equal(t, expected, obj.GetName(), "getter should return the property value")
-	})
-
-	t.Run("GetName_NilReceiver", func(t *testing.T) {
-		t.Parallel()
-		var obj *RuleResponse
-		// Should not panic - getters should handle nil receiver gracefully
-		defer func() {
-			if r := recover(); r != nil {
-				t.Errorf("Getter panicked on nil receiver: %v", r)
-			}
-		}()
-		_ = obj.GetName() // Should return zero value
+		assert.Equal(t, expected, obj.GetCommonName(), "getter should return the property value")
 	})
 
-	t.Run("GetStatus", func(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("GetCommonName_NilValue", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
 		// Arrange
-		obj := &RuleResponse{}
-		var expected RuleResponseStatus
-		obj.Status = expected
+		obj := &PlantBase{}
+		obj.CommonName = nil
 
 		// Act & Assert
-		assert.Equal(t, expected, obj.GetStatus(), "getter should return the property value")
+		assert.Nil(t, obj.GetCommonName(), "getter should return nil when property is nil")
 	})
 
-	t.Run("GetStatus_NilReceiver", func(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("GetCommonName_NilReceiver", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
-		var obj *RuleResponse
+		var obj *PlantBase
 		// Should not panic - getters should handle nil receiver gracefully
 		defer func() {
 			if r := recover(); r != nil {
 				t.Errorf("Getter panicked on nil receiver: %v", r)
 			}
 		}()
-		_ = obj.GetStatus() // Should return zero value
+		_ = obj.GetCommonName() // Should return zero value
 	})
 
-	t.Run("GetExecutionContext", func(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("GetWateringFrequency", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
 		// Arrange
-		obj := &RuleResponse{}
-		var expected *RuleExecutionContext
-		obj.ExecutionContext = expected
+		obj := &PlantBase{}
+		var expected *PlantBaseWateringFrequency
+		obj.WateringFrequency = expected
 
 		// Act & Assert
-		assert.Equal(t, expected, obj.GetExecutionContext(), "getter should return the property value")
+		assert.Equal(t, expected, obj.GetWateringFrequency(), "getter should return the property value")
 	})
 
-	t.Run("GetExecutionContext_NilValue", func(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("GetWateringFrequency_NilValue", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
 		// Arrange
-		obj := &RuleResponse{}
-		obj.ExecutionContext = nil
+		obj := &PlantBase{}
+		obj.WateringFrequency = nil
 
 		// Act & Assert
-		assert.Nil(t, obj.GetExecutionContext(), "getter should return nil when property is nil")
+		assert.Nil(t, obj.GetWateringFrequency(), "getter should return nil when property is nil")
 	})
 
-	t.Run("GetExecutionContext_NilReceiver", func(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("GetWateringFrequency_NilReceiver", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
-		var obj *RuleResponse
+		var obj *PlantBase
 		// Should not panic - getters should handle nil receiver gracefully
 		defer func() {
 			if r := recover(); r != nil {
 				t.Errorf("Getter panicked on nil receiver: %v", r)
 			}
 		}()
-		_ = obj.GetExecutionContext() // Should return zero value
+		_ = obj.GetWateringFrequency() // Should return zero value
 	})
 
 }
 
-func TestSettersMarkExplicitRuleResponse(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Run("SetCreatedBy_MarksExplicit", func(t *testing.T) {
+func TestSettersMarkExplicitPlantBase(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("SetSpecies_MarksExplicit", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
 		// Arrange
-		obj := &RuleResponse{}
-		var fernTestValueCreatedBy *string
+		obj := &PlantBase{}
+		var fernTestValueSpecies string
 
 		// Act
-		obj.SetCreatedBy(fernTestValueCreatedBy)
+		obj.SetSpecies(fernTestValueSpecies)
 
 		// Assert - object with explicitly set field can be marshaled/unmarshaled
 		bytes, err := json.Marshal(obj)
@@ -2499,14 +2694,14 @@ func TestSettersMarkExplicitRuleResponse(t *testing.T) {
 		// It verifies that setting a field via setter allows successful JSON round-trip
 	})
 
-	t.Run("SetCreatedDateTime_MarksExplicit", func(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("SetFamily_MarksExplicit", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
 		// Arrange
-		obj := &RuleResponse{}
-		var fernTestValueCreatedDateTime *time.Time
+		obj := &PlantBase{}
+		var fernTestValueFamily string
 
 		// Act
-		obj.SetCreatedDateTime(fernTestValueCreatedDateTime)
+		obj.SetFamily(fernTestValueFamily)
 
 		// Assert - object with explicitly set field can be marshaled/unmarshaled
 		bytes, err := json.Marshal(obj)
@@ -2530,14 +2725,14 @@ func TestSettersMarkExplicitRuleResponse(t *testing.T) {
 		// It verifies that setting a field via setter allows successful JSON round-trip
 	})
 
-	t.Run("SetModifiedBy_MarksExplicit", func(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("SetGenus_MarksExplicit", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
 		// Arrange
-		obj := &RuleResponse{}
-		var fernTestValueModifiedBy *string
+		obj := &PlantBase{}
+		var fernTestValueGenus string
 
 		// Act
-		obj.SetModifiedBy(fernTestValueModifiedBy)
+		obj.SetGenus(fernTestValueGenus)
 
 		// Assert - object with explicitly set field can be marshaled/unmarshaled
 		bytes, err := json.Marshal(obj)
@@ -2561,14 +2756,14 @@ func TestSettersMarkExplicitRuleResponse(t *testing.T) {
 		// It verifies that setting a field via setter allows successful JSON round-trip
 	})
 
-	t.Run("SetModifiedDateTime_MarksExplicit", func(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("SetCommonName_MarksExplicit", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
 		// Arrange
-		obj := &RuleResponse{}
-		var fernTestValueModifiedDateTime *time.Time
+		obj := &PlantBase{}
+		var fernTestValueCommonName *string
 
 		// Act
-		obj.SetModifiedDateTime(fernTestValueModifiedDateTime)
+		obj.SetCommonName(fernTestValueCommonName)
 
 		// Assert - object with explicitly set field can be marshaled/unmarshaled
 		bytes, err := json.Marshal(obj)
@@ -2592,14 +2787,14 @@ func TestSettersMarkExplicitRuleResponse(t *testing.T) {
 		// It verifies that setting a field via setter allows successful JSON round-trip
 	})
 
-	t.Run("SetID_MarksExplicit", func(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("SetWateringFrequency_MarksExplicit", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
 		// Arrange
-		obj := &RuleResponse{}
-		var fernTestValueID string
+		obj := &PlantBase{}
+		var fernTestValueWateringFrequency *PlantBaseWateringFrequency
 
 		// Act
-		obj.SetID(fernTestValueID)
+		obj.SetWateringFrequency(fernTestValueWateringFrequency)
 
 		// Assert - object with explicitly set field can be marshaled/unmarshaled
 		bytes, err := json.Marshal(obj)
@@ -2623,51 +2818,1578 @@ func TestSettersMarkExplicitRuleResponse(t *testing.T) {
 		// It verifies that setting a field via setter allows successful JSON round-trip
 	})
 
-	t.Run("SetName_MarksExplicit", func(t *testing.T) {
-		t.Parallel()
-		// Arrange
-		obj := &RuleResponse{}
-		var fernTestValueName string
-
-		// Act
-		obj.SetName(fernTestValueName)
+}
 
-		// Assert - object with explicitly set field can be marshaled/unmarshaled
-		bytes, err := json.Marshal(obj)
-		require.NoError(t, err, "marshaling should succeed for test setup")
+func TestSettersPlantStrict(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("SetSpecies", func(t *testing.T) {
+		obj := &PlantStrict{}
+		var fernTestValueSpecies string
+		obj.SetSpecies(fernTestValueSpecies)
+		assert.Equal(t, fernTestValueSpecies, obj.Species)
+		assert.NotNil(t, obj.explicitFields)
+	})
 
-		// This test ensures JSON marshaling and unmarshaling succeed when the field has a zero/nil value
-		// Detect if marshaled JSON is an object or primitive to use correct unmarshal target
-		if len(bytes) > 0 && bytes[0] == '{' {
-			// JSON object - unmarshal into map
-			var unmarshaled map[string]interface{}
-			err = json.Unmarshal(bytes, &unmarshaled)
-			require.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling should succeed for test verification")
-		} else {
-			// JSON primitive (string, number, boolean, null) - unmarshal into interface{}
-			var unmarshaled interface{}
-			err = json.Unmarshal(bytes, &unmarshaled)
-			require.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling should succeed for test verification")
-		}
+	t.Run("SetFamily", func(t *testing.T) {
+		obj := &PlantStrict{}
+		var fernTestValueFamily string
+		obj.SetFamily(fernTestValueFamily)
+		assert.Equal(t, fernTestValueFamily, obj.Family)
+		assert.NotNil(t, obj.explicitFields)
+	})
 
-		// Note: This does not explicitly assert the presence of a specific JSON field
-		// It verifies that setting a field via setter allows successful JSON round-trip
+	t.Run("SetGenus", func(t *testing.T) {
+		obj := &PlantStrict{}
+		var fernTestValueGenus string
+		obj.SetGenus(fernTestValueGenus)
+		assert.Equal(t, fernTestValueGenus, obj.Genus)
+		assert.NotNil(t, obj.explicitFields)
 	})
 
-	t.Run("SetStatus_MarksExplicit", func(t *testing.T) {
+}
+
+func TestGettersPlantStrict(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("GetSpecies", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
 		// Arrange
-		obj := &RuleResponse{}
-		var fernTestValueStatus RuleResponseStatus
-
-		// Act
-		obj.SetStatus(fernTestValueStatus)
+		obj := &PlantStrict{}
+		var expected string
+		obj.Species = expected
 
-		// Assert - object with explicitly set field can be marshaled/unmarshaled
-		bytes, err := json.Marshal(obj)
-		require.NoError(t, err, "marshaling should succeed for test setup")
+		// Act & Assert
+		assert.Equal(t, expected, obj.GetSpecies(), "getter should return the property value")
+	})
 
-		// This test ensures JSON marshaling and unmarshaling succeed when the field has a zero/nil value
+	t.Run("GetSpecies_NilReceiver", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		var obj *PlantStrict
+		// Should not panic - getters should handle nil receiver gracefully
+		defer func() {
+			if r := recover(); r != nil {
+				t.Errorf("Getter panicked on nil receiver: %v", r)
+			}
+		}()
+		_ = obj.GetSpecies() // Should return zero value
+	})
+
+	t.Run("GetFamily", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &PlantStrict{}
+		var expected string
+		obj.Family = expected
+
+		// Act & Assert
+		assert.Equal(t, expected, obj.GetFamily(), "getter should return the property value")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("GetFamily_NilReceiver", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		var obj *PlantStrict
+		// Should not panic - getters should handle nil receiver gracefully
+		defer func() {
+			if r := recover(); r != nil {
+				t.Errorf("Getter panicked on nil receiver: %v", r)
+			}
+		}()
+		_ = obj.GetFamily() // Should return zero value
+	})
+
+	t.Run("GetGenus", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &PlantStrict{}
+		var expected string
+		obj.Genus = expected
+
+		// Act & Assert
+		assert.Equal(t, expected, obj.GetGenus(), "getter should return the property value")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("GetGenus_NilReceiver", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		var obj *PlantStrict
+		// Should not panic - getters should handle nil receiver gracefully
+		defer func() {
+			if r := recover(); r != nil {
+				t.Errorf("Getter panicked on nil receiver: %v", r)
+			}
+		}()
+		_ = obj.GetGenus() // Should return zero value
+	})
+
+}
+
+func TestSettersMarkExplicitPlantStrict(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("SetSpecies_MarksExplicit", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &PlantStrict{}
+		var fernTestValueSpecies string
+
+		// Act
+		obj.SetSpecies(fernTestValueSpecies)
+
+		// Assert - object with explicitly set field can be marshaled/unmarshaled
+		bytes, err := json.Marshal(obj)
+		require.NoError(t, err, "marshaling should succeed for test setup")
+
+		// This test ensures JSON marshaling and unmarshaling succeed when the field has a zero/nil value
+		// Detect if marshaled JSON is an object or primitive to use correct unmarshal target
+		if len(bytes) > 0 && bytes[0] == '{' {
+			// JSON object - unmarshal into map
+			var unmarshaled map[string]interface{}
+			err = json.Unmarshal(bytes, &unmarshaled)
+			require.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling should succeed for test verification")
+		} else {
+			// JSON primitive (string, number, boolean, null) - unmarshal into interface{}
+			var unmarshaled interface{}
+			err = json.Unmarshal(bytes, &unmarshaled)
+			require.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling should succeed for test verification")
+		}
+
+		// Note: This does not explicitly assert the presence of a specific JSON field
+		// It verifies that setting a field via setter allows successful JSON round-trip
+	})
+
+	t.Run("SetFamily_MarksExplicit", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &PlantStrict{}
+		var fernTestValueFamily string
+
+		// Act
+		obj.SetFamily(fernTestValueFamily)
+
+		// Assert - object with explicitly set field can be marshaled/unmarshaled
+		bytes, err := json.Marshal(obj)
+		require.NoError(t, err, "marshaling should succeed for test setup")
+
+		// This test ensures JSON marshaling and unmarshaling succeed when the field has a zero/nil value
+		// Detect if marshaled JSON is an object or primitive to use correct unmarshal target
+		if len(bytes) > 0 && bytes[0] == '{' {
+			// JSON object - unmarshal into map
+			var unmarshaled map[string]interface{}
+			err = json.Unmarshal(bytes, &unmarshaled)
+			require.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling should succeed for test verification")
+		} else {
+			// JSON primitive (string, number, boolean, null) - unmarshal into interface{}
+			var unmarshaled interface{}
+			err = json.Unmarshal(bytes, &unmarshaled)
+			require.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling should succeed for test verification")
+		}
+
+		// Note: This does not explicitly assert the presence of a specific JSON field
+		// It verifies that setting a field via setter allows successful JSON round-trip
+	})
+
+	t.Run("SetGenus_MarksExplicit", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &PlantStrict{}
+		var fernTestValueGenus string
+
+		// Act
+		obj.SetGenus(fernTestValueGenus)
+
+		// Assert - object with explicitly set field can be marshaled/unmarshaled
+		bytes, err := json.Marshal(obj)
+		require.NoError(t, err, "marshaling should succeed for test setup")
+
+		// This test ensures JSON marshaling and unmarshaling succeed when the field has a zero/nil value
+		// Detect if marshaled JSON is an object or primitive to use correct unmarshal target
+		if len(bytes) > 0 && bytes[0] == '{' {
+			// JSON object - unmarshal into map
+			var unmarshaled map[string]interface{}
+			err = json.Unmarshal(bytes, &unmarshaled)
+			require.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling should succeed for test verification")
+		} else {
+			// JSON primitive (string, number, boolean, null) - unmarshal into interface{}
+			var unmarshaled interface{}
+			err = json.Unmarshal(bytes, &unmarshaled)
+			require.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling should succeed for test verification")
+		}
+
+		// Note: This does not explicitly assert the presence of a specific JSON field
+		// It verifies that setting a field via setter allows successful JSON round-trip
+	})
+
+}
+
+func TestSettersRuleResponse(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("SetCreatedBy", func(t *testing.T) {
+		obj := &RuleResponse{}
+		var fernTestValueCreatedBy *string
+		obj.SetCreatedBy(fernTestValueCreatedBy)
+		assert.Equal(t, fernTestValueCreatedBy, obj.CreatedBy)
+		assert.NotNil(t, obj.explicitFields)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("SetCreatedDateTime", func(t *testing.T) {
+		obj := &RuleResponse{}
+		var fernTestValueCreatedDateTime *time.Time
+		obj.SetCreatedDateTime(fernTestValueCreatedDateTime)
+		assert.Equal(t, fernTestValueCreatedDateTime, obj.CreatedDateTime)
+		assert.NotNil(t, obj.explicitFields)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("SetModifiedBy", func(t *testing.T) {
+		obj := &RuleResponse{}
+		var fernTestValueModifiedBy *string
+		obj.SetModifiedBy(fernTestValueModifiedBy)
+		assert.Equal(t, fernTestValueModifiedBy, obj.ModifiedBy)
+		assert.NotNil(t, obj.explicitFields)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("SetModifiedDateTime", func(t *testing.T) {
+		obj := &RuleResponse{}
+		var fernTestValueModifiedDateTime *time.Time
+		obj.SetModifiedDateTime(fernTestValueModifiedDateTime)
+		assert.Equal(t, fernTestValueModifiedDateTime, obj.ModifiedDateTime)
+		assert.NotNil(t, obj.explicitFields)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("SetID", func(t *testing.T) {
+		obj := &RuleResponse{}
+		var fernTestValueID string
+		obj.SetID(fernTestValueID)
+		assert.Equal(t, fernTestValueID, obj.ID)
+		assert.NotNil(t, obj.explicitFields)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("SetName", func(t *testing.T) {
+		obj := &RuleResponse{}
+		var fernTestValueName string
+		obj.SetName(fernTestValueName)
+		assert.Equal(t, fernTestValueName, obj.Name)
+		assert.NotNil(t, obj.explicitFields)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("SetStatus", func(t *testing.T) {
+		obj := &RuleResponse{}
+		var fernTestValueStatus RuleResponseStatus
+		obj.SetStatus(fernTestValueStatus)
+		assert.Equal(t, fernTestValueStatus, obj.Status)
+		assert.NotNil(t, obj.explicitFields)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("SetExecutionContext", func(t *testing.T) {
+		obj := &RuleResponse{}
+		var fernTestValueExecutionContext *RuleExecutionContext
+		obj.SetExecutionContext(fernTestValueExecutionContext)
+		assert.Equal(t, fernTestValueExecutionContext, obj.ExecutionContext)
+		assert.NotNil(t, obj.explicitFields)
+	})
+
+}
+
+func TestGettersRuleResponse(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("GetCreatedBy", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &RuleResponse{}
+		var expected *string
+		obj.CreatedBy = expected
+
+		// Act & Assert
+		assert.Equal(t, expected, obj.GetCreatedBy(), "getter should return the property value")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("GetCreatedBy_NilValue", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &RuleResponse{}
+		obj.CreatedBy = nil
+
+		// Act & Assert
+		assert.Nil(t, obj.GetCreatedBy(), "getter should return nil when property is nil")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("GetCreatedBy_NilReceiver", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		var obj *RuleResponse
+		// Should not panic - getters should handle nil receiver gracefully
+		defer func() {
+			if r := recover(); r != nil {
+				t.Errorf("Getter panicked on nil receiver: %v", r)
+			}
+		}()
+		_ = obj.GetCreatedBy() // Should return zero value
+	})
+
+	t.Run("GetCreatedDateTime", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &RuleResponse{}
+		var expected *time.Time
+		obj.CreatedDateTime = expected
+
+		// Act & Assert
+		assert.Equal(t, expected, obj.GetCreatedDateTime(), "getter should return the property value")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("GetCreatedDateTime_NilValue", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &RuleResponse{}
+		obj.CreatedDateTime = nil
+
+		// Act & Assert
+		assert.Nil(t, obj.GetCreatedDateTime(), "getter should return nil when property is nil")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("GetCreatedDateTime_NilReceiver", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		var obj *RuleResponse
+		// Should not panic - getters should handle nil receiver gracefully
+		defer func() {
+			if r := recover(); r != nil {
+				t.Errorf("Getter panicked on nil receiver: %v", r)
+			}
+		}()
+		_ = obj.GetCreatedDateTime() // Should return zero value
+	})
+
+	t.Run("GetModifiedBy", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &RuleResponse{}
+		var expected *string
+		obj.ModifiedBy = expected
+
+		// Act & Assert
+		assert.Equal(t, expected, obj.GetModifiedBy(), "getter should return the property value")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("GetModifiedBy_NilValue", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &RuleResponse{}
+		obj.ModifiedBy = nil
+
+		// Act & Assert
+		assert.Nil(t, obj.GetModifiedBy(), "getter should return nil when property is nil")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("GetModifiedBy_NilReceiver", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		var obj *RuleResponse
+		// Should not panic - getters should handle nil receiver gracefully
+		defer func() {
+			if r := recover(); r != nil {
+				t.Errorf("Getter panicked on nil receiver: %v", r)
+			}
+		}()
+		_ = obj.GetModifiedBy() // Should return zero value
+	})
+
+	t.Run("GetModifiedDateTime", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &RuleResponse{}
+		var expected *time.Time
+		obj.ModifiedDateTime = expected
+
+		// Act & Assert
+		assert.Equal(t, expected, obj.GetModifiedDateTime(), "getter should return the property value")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("GetModifiedDateTime_NilValue", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &RuleResponse{}
+		obj.ModifiedDateTime = nil
+
+		// Act & Assert
+		assert.Nil(t, obj.GetModifiedDateTime(), "getter should return nil when property is nil")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("GetModifiedDateTime_NilReceiver", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		var obj *RuleResponse
+		// Should not panic - getters should handle nil receiver gracefully
+		defer func() {
+			if r := recover(); r != nil {
+				t.Errorf("Getter panicked on nil receiver: %v", r)
+			}
+		}()
+		_ = obj.GetModifiedDateTime() // Should return zero value
+	})
+
+	t.Run("GetID", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &RuleResponse{}
+		var expected string
+		obj.ID = expected
+
+		// Act & Assert
+		assert.Equal(t, expected, obj.GetID(), "getter should return the property value")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("GetID_NilReceiver", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		var obj *RuleResponse
+		// Should not panic - getters should handle nil receiver gracefully
+		defer func() {
+			if r := recover(); r != nil {
+				t.Errorf("Getter panicked on nil receiver: %v", r)
+			}
+		}()
+		_ = obj.GetID() // Should return zero value
+	})
+
+	t.Run("GetName", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &RuleResponse{}
+		var expected string
+		obj.Name = expected
+
+		// Act & Assert
+		assert.Equal(t, expected, obj.GetName(), "getter should return the property value")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("GetName_NilReceiver", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		var obj *RuleResponse
+		// Should not panic - getters should handle nil receiver gracefully
+		defer func() {
+			if r := recover(); r != nil {
+				t.Errorf("Getter panicked on nil receiver: %v", r)
+			}
+		}()
+		_ = obj.GetName() // Should return zero value
+	})
+
+	t.Run("GetStatus", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &RuleResponse{}
+		var expected RuleResponseStatus
+		obj.Status = expected
+
+		// Act & Assert
+		assert.Equal(t, expected, obj.GetStatus(), "getter should return the property value")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("GetStatus_NilReceiver", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		var obj *RuleResponse
+		// Should not panic - getters should handle nil receiver gracefully
+		defer func() {
+			if r := recover(); r != nil {
+				t.Errorf("Getter panicked on nil receiver: %v", r)
+			}
+		}()
+		_ = obj.GetStatus() // Should return zero value
+	})
+
+	t.Run("GetExecutionContext", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &RuleResponse{}
+		var expected *RuleExecutionContext
+		obj.ExecutionContext = expected
+
+		// Act & Assert
+		assert.Equal(t, expected, obj.GetExecutionContext(), "getter should return the property value")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("GetExecutionContext_NilValue", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &RuleResponse{}
+		obj.ExecutionContext = nil
+
+		// Act & Assert
+		assert.Nil(t, obj.GetExecutionContext(), "getter should return nil when property is nil")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("GetExecutionContext_NilReceiver", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		var obj *RuleResponse
+		// Should not panic - getters should handle nil receiver gracefully
+		defer func() {
+			if r := recover(); r != nil {
+				t.Errorf("Getter panicked on nil receiver: %v", r)
+			}
+		}()
+		_ = obj.GetExecutionContext() // Should return zero value
+	})
+
+}
+
+func TestSettersMarkExplicitRuleResponse(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("SetCreatedBy_MarksExplicit", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &RuleResponse{}
+		var fernTestValueCreatedBy *string
+
+		// Act
+		obj.SetCreatedBy(fernTestValueCreatedBy)
+
+		// Assert - object with explicitly set field can be marshaled/unmarshaled
+		bytes, err := json.Marshal(obj)
+		require.NoError(t, err, "marshaling should succeed for test setup")
+
+		// This test ensures JSON marshaling and unmarshaling succeed when the field has a zero/nil value
+		// Detect if marshaled JSON is an object or primitive to use correct unmarshal target
+		if len(bytes) > 0 && bytes[0] == '{' {
+			// JSON object - unmarshal into map
+			var unmarshaled map[string]interface{}
+			err = json.Unmarshal(bytes, &unmarshaled)
+			require.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling should succeed for test verification")
+		} else {
+			// JSON primitive (string, number, boolean, null) - unmarshal into interface{}
+			var unmarshaled interface{}
+			err = json.Unmarshal(bytes, &unmarshaled)
+			require.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling should succeed for test verification")
+		}
+
+		// Note: This does not explicitly assert the presence of a specific JSON field
+		// It verifies that setting a field via setter allows successful JSON round-trip
+	})
+
+	t.Run("SetCreatedDateTime_MarksExplicit", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &RuleResponse{}
+		var fernTestValueCreatedDateTime *time.Time
+
+		// Act
+		obj.SetCreatedDateTime(fernTestValueCreatedDateTime)
+
+		// Assert - object with explicitly set field can be marshaled/unmarshaled
+		bytes, err := json.Marshal(obj)
+		require.NoError(t, err, "marshaling should succeed for test setup")
+
+		// This test ensures JSON marshaling and unmarshaling succeed when the field has a zero/nil value
+		// Detect if marshaled JSON is an object or primitive to use correct unmarshal target
+		if len(bytes) > 0 && bytes[0] == '{' {
+			// JSON object - unmarshal into map
+			var unmarshaled map[string]interface{}
+			err = json.Unmarshal(bytes, &unmarshaled)
+			require.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling should succeed for test verification")
+		} else {
+			// JSON primitive (string, number, boolean, null) - unmarshal into interface{}
+			var unmarshaled interface{}
+			err = json.Unmarshal(bytes, &unmarshaled)
+			require.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling should succeed for test verification")
+		}
+
+		// Note: This does not explicitly assert the presence of a specific JSON field
+		// It verifies that setting a field via setter allows successful JSON round-trip
+	})
+
+	t.Run("SetModifiedBy_MarksExplicit", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &RuleResponse{}
+		var fernTestValueModifiedBy *string
+
+		// Act
+		obj.SetModifiedBy(fernTestValueModifiedBy)
+
+		// Assert - object with explicitly set field can be marshaled/unmarshaled
+		bytes, err := json.Marshal(obj)
+		require.NoError(t, err, "marshaling should succeed for test setup")
+
+		// This test ensures JSON marshaling and unmarshaling succeed when the field has a zero/nil value
+		// Detect if marshaled JSON is an object or primitive to use correct unmarshal target
+		if len(bytes) > 0 && bytes[0] == '{' {
+			// JSON object - unmarshal into map
+			var unmarshaled map[string]interface{}
+			err = json.Unmarshal(bytes, &unmarshaled)
+			require.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling should succeed for test verification")
+		} else {
+			// JSON primitive (string, number, boolean, null) - unmarshal into interface{}
+			var unmarshaled interface{}
+			err = json.Unmarshal(bytes, &unmarshaled)
+			require.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling should succeed for test verification")
+		}
+
+		// Note: This does not explicitly assert the presence of a specific JSON field
+		// It verifies that setting a field via setter allows successful JSON round-trip
+	})
+
+	t.Run("SetModifiedDateTime_MarksExplicit", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &RuleResponse{}
+		var fernTestValueModifiedDateTime *time.Time
+
+		// Act
+		obj.SetModifiedDateTime(fernTestValueModifiedDateTime)
+
+		// Assert - object with explicitly set field can be marshaled/unmarshaled
+		bytes, err := json.Marshal(obj)
+		require.NoError(t, err, "marshaling should succeed for test setup")
+
+		// This test ensures JSON marshaling and unmarshaling succeed when the field has a zero/nil value
+		// Detect if marshaled JSON is an object or primitive to use correct unmarshal target
+		if len(bytes) > 0 && bytes[0] == '{' {
+			// JSON object - unmarshal into map
+			var unmarshaled map[string]interface{}
+			err = json.Unmarshal(bytes, &unmarshaled)
+			require.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling should succeed for test verification")
+		} else {
+			// JSON primitive (string, number, boolean, null) - unmarshal into interface{}
+			var unmarshaled interface{}
+			err = json.Unmarshal(bytes, &unmarshaled)
+			require.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling should succeed for test verification")
+		}
+
+		// Note: This does not explicitly assert the presence of a specific JSON field
+		// It verifies that setting a field via setter allows successful JSON round-trip
+	})
+
+	t.Run("SetID_MarksExplicit", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &RuleResponse{}
+		var fernTestValueID string
+
+		// Act
+		obj.SetID(fernTestValueID)
+
+		// Assert - object with explicitly set field can be marshaled/unmarshaled
+		bytes, err := json.Marshal(obj)
+		require.NoError(t, err, "marshaling should succeed for test setup")
+
+		// This test ensures JSON marshaling and unmarshaling succeed when the field has a zero/nil value
+		// Detect if marshaled JSON is an object or primitive to use correct unmarshal target
+		if len(bytes) > 0 && bytes[0] == '{' {
+			// JSON object - unmarshal into map
+			var unmarshaled map[string]interface{}
+			err = json.Unmarshal(bytes, &unmarshaled)
+			require.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling should succeed for test verification")
+		} else {
+			// JSON primitive (string, number, boolean, null) - unmarshal into interface{}
+			var unmarshaled interface{}
+			err = json.Unmarshal(bytes, &unmarshaled)
+			require.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling should succeed for test verification")
+		}
+
+		// Note: This does not explicitly assert the presence of a specific JSON field
+		// It verifies that setting a field via setter allows successful JSON round-trip
+	})
+
+	t.Run("SetName_MarksExplicit", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &RuleResponse{}
+		var fernTestValueName string
+
+		// Act
+		obj.SetName(fernTestValueName)
+
+		// Assert - object with explicitly set field can be marshaled/unmarshaled
+		bytes, err := json.Marshal(obj)
+		require.NoError(t, err, "marshaling should succeed for test setup")
+
+		// This test ensures JSON marshaling and unmarshaling succeed when the field has a zero/nil value
+		// Detect if marshaled JSON is an object or primitive to use correct unmarshal target
+		if len(bytes) > 0 && bytes[0] == '{' {
+			// JSON object - unmarshal into map
+			var unmarshaled map[string]interface{}
+			err = json.Unmarshal(bytes, &unmarshaled)
+			require.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling should succeed for test verification")
+		} else {
+			// JSON primitive (string, number, boolean, null) - unmarshal into interface{}
+			var unmarshaled interface{}
+			err = json.Unmarshal(bytes, &unmarshaled)
+			require.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling should succeed for test verification")
+		}
+
+		// Note: This does not explicitly assert the presence of a specific JSON field
+		// It verifies that setting a field via setter allows successful JSON round-trip
+	})
+
+	t.Run("SetStatus_MarksExplicit", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &RuleResponse{}
+		var fernTestValueStatus RuleResponseStatus
+
+		// Act
+		obj.SetStatus(fernTestValueStatus)
+
+		// Assert - object with explicitly set field can be marshaled/unmarshaled
+		bytes, err := json.Marshal(obj)
+		require.NoError(t, err, "marshaling should succeed for test setup")
+
+		// This test ensures JSON marshaling and unmarshaling succeed when the field has a zero/nil value
+		// Detect if marshaled JSON is an object or primitive to use correct unmarshal target
+		if len(bytes) > 0 && bytes[0] == '{' {
+			// JSON object - unmarshal into map
+			var unmarshaled map[string]interface{}
+			err = json.Unmarshal(bytes, &unmarshaled)
+			require.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling should succeed for test verification")
+		} else {
+			// JSON primitive (string, number, boolean, null) - unmarshal into interface{}
+			var unmarshaled interface{}
+			err = json.Unmarshal(bytes, &unmarshaled)
+			require.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling should succeed for test verification")
+		}
+
+		// Note: This does not explicitly assert the presence of a specific JSON field
+		// It verifies that setting a field via setter allows successful JSON round-trip
+	})
+
+	t.Run("SetExecutionContext_MarksExplicit", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &RuleResponse{}
+		var fernTestValueExecutionContext *RuleExecutionContext
+
+		// Act
+		obj.SetExecutionContext(fernTestValueExecutionContext)
+
+		// Assert - object with explicitly set field can be marshaled/unmarshaled
+		bytes, err := json.Marshal(obj)
+		require.NoError(t, err, "marshaling should succeed for test setup")
+
+		// This test ensures JSON marshaling and unmarshaling succeed when the field has a zero/nil value
+		// Detect if marshaled JSON is an object or primitive to use correct unmarshal target
+		if len(bytes) > 0 && bytes[0] == '{' {
+			// JSON object - unmarshal into map
+			var unmarshaled map[string]interface{}
+			err = json.Unmarshal(bytes, &unmarshaled)
+			require.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling should succeed for test verification")
+		} else {
+			// JSON primitive (string, number, boolean, null) - unmarshal into interface{}
+			var unmarshaled interface{}
+			err = json.Unmarshal(bytes, &unmarshaled)
+			require.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling should succeed for test verification")
+		}
+
+		// Note: This does not explicitly assert the presence of a specific JSON field
+		// It verifies that setting a field via setter allows successful JSON round-trip
+	})
+
+}
+
+func TestSettersRuleType(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("SetID", func(t *testing.T) {
+		obj := &RuleType{}
+		var fernTestValueID string
+		obj.SetID(fernTestValueID)
+		assert.Equal(t, fernTestValueID, obj.ID)
+		assert.NotNil(t, obj.explicitFields)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("SetName", func(t *testing.T) {
+		obj := &RuleType{}
+		var fernTestValueName string
+		obj.SetName(fernTestValueName)
+		assert.Equal(t, fernTestValueName, obj.Name)
+		assert.NotNil(t, obj.explicitFields)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("SetDescription", func(t *testing.T) {
+		obj := &RuleType{}
+		var fernTestValueDescription *string
+		obj.SetDescription(fernTestValueDescription)
+		assert.Equal(t, fernTestValueDescription, obj.Description)
+		assert.NotNil(t, obj.explicitFields)
+	})
+
+}
+
+func TestGettersRuleType(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("GetID", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &RuleType{}
+		var expected string
+		obj.ID = expected
+
+		// Act & Assert
+		assert.Equal(t, expected, obj.GetID(), "getter should return the property value")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("GetID_NilReceiver", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		var obj *RuleType
+		// Should not panic - getters should handle nil receiver gracefully
+		defer func() {
+			if r := recover(); r != nil {
+				t.Errorf("Getter panicked on nil receiver: %v", r)
+			}
+		}()
+		_ = obj.GetID() // Should return zero value
+	})
+
+	t.Run("GetName", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &RuleType{}
+		var expected string
+		obj.Name = expected
+
+		// Act & Assert
+		assert.Equal(t, expected, obj.GetName(), "getter should return the property value")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("GetName_NilReceiver", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		var obj *RuleType
+		// Should not panic - getters should handle nil receiver gracefully
+		defer func() {
+			if r := recover(); r != nil {
+				t.Errorf("Getter panicked on nil receiver: %v", r)
+			}
+		}()
+		_ = obj.GetName() // Should return zero value
+	})
+
+	t.Run("GetDescription", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &RuleType{}
+		var expected *string
+		obj.Description = expected
+
+		// Act & Assert
+		assert.Equal(t, expected, obj.GetDescription(), "getter should return the property value")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("GetDescription_NilValue", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &RuleType{}
+		obj.Description = nil
+
+		// Act & Assert
+		assert.Nil(t, obj.GetDescription(), "getter should return nil when property is nil")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("GetDescription_NilReceiver", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		var obj *RuleType
+		// Should not panic - getters should handle nil receiver gracefully
+		defer func() {
+			if r := recover(); r != nil {
+				t.Errorf("Getter panicked on nil receiver: %v", r)
+			}
+		}()
+		_ = obj.GetDescription() // Should return zero value
+	})
+
+}
+
+func TestSettersMarkExplicitRuleType(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("SetID_MarksExplicit", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &RuleType{}
+		var fernTestValueID string
+
+		// Act
+		obj.SetID(fernTestValueID)
+
+		// Assert - object with explicitly set field can be marshaled/unmarshaled
+		bytes, err := json.Marshal(obj)
+		require.NoError(t, err, "marshaling should succeed for test setup")
+
+		// This test ensures JSON marshaling and unmarshaling succeed when the field has a zero/nil value
+		// Detect if marshaled JSON is an object or primitive to use correct unmarshal target
+		if len(bytes) > 0 && bytes[0] == '{' {
+			// JSON object - unmarshal into map
+			var unmarshaled map[string]interface{}
+			err = json.Unmarshal(bytes, &unmarshaled)
+			require.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling should succeed for test verification")
+		} else {
+			// JSON primitive (string, number, boolean, null) - unmarshal into interface{}
+			var unmarshaled interface{}
+			err = json.Unmarshal(bytes, &unmarshaled)
+			require.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling should succeed for test verification")
+		}
+
+		// Note: This does not explicitly assert the presence of a specific JSON field
+		// It verifies that setting a field via setter allows successful JSON round-trip
+	})
+
+	t.Run("SetName_MarksExplicit", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &RuleType{}
+		var fernTestValueName string
+
+		// Act
+		obj.SetName(fernTestValueName)
+
+		// Assert - object with explicitly set field can be marshaled/unmarshaled
+		bytes, err := json.Marshal(obj)
+		require.NoError(t, err, "marshaling should succeed for test setup")
+
+		// This test ensures JSON marshaling and unmarshaling succeed when the field has a zero/nil value
+		// Detect if marshaled JSON is an object or primitive to use correct unmarshal target
+		if len(bytes) > 0 && bytes[0] == '{' {
+			// JSON object - unmarshal into map
+			var unmarshaled map[string]interface{}
+			err = json.Unmarshal(bytes, &unmarshaled)
+			require.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling should succeed for test verification")
+		} else {
+			// JSON primitive (string, number, boolean, null) - unmarshal into interface{}
+			var unmarshaled interface{}
+			err = json.Unmarshal(bytes, &unmarshaled)
+			require.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling should succeed for test verification")
+		}
+
+		// Note: This does not explicitly assert the presence of a specific JSON field
+		// It verifies that setting a field via setter allows successful JSON round-trip
+	})
+
+	t.Run("SetDescription_MarksExplicit", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &RuleType{}
+		var fernTestValueDescription *string
+
+		// Act
+		obj.SetDescription(fernTestValueDescription)
+
+		// Assert - object with explicitly set field can be marshaled/unmarshaled
+		bytes, err := json.Marshal(obj)
+		require.NoError(t, err, "marshaling should succeed for test setup")
+
+		// This test ensures JSON marshaling and unmarshaling succeed when the field has a zero/nil value
+		// Detect if marshaled JSON is an object or primitive to use correct unmarshal target
+		if len(bytes) > 0 && bytes[0] == '{' {
+			// JSON object - unmarshal into map
+			var unmarshaled map[string]interface{}
+			err = json.Unmarshal(bytes, &unmarshaled)
+			require.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling should succeed for test verification")
+		} else {
+			// JSON primitive (string, number, boolean, null) - unmarshal into interface{}
+			var unmarshaled interface{}
+			err = json.Unmarshal(bytes, &unmarshaled)
+			require.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling should succeed for test verification")
+		}
+
+		// Note: This does not explicitly assert the presence of a specific JSON field
+		// It verifies that setting a field via setter allows successful JSON round-trip
+	})
+
+}
+
+func TestSettersRuleTypeSearchResponse(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("SetPaging", func(t *testing.T) {
+		obj := &RuleTypeSearchResponse{}
+		var fernTestValuePaging *PagingCursors
+		obj.SetPaging(fernTestValuePaging)
+		assert.Equal(t, fernTestValuePaging, obj.Paging)
+		assert.NotNil(t, obj.explicitFields)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("SetResults", func(t *testing.T) {
+		obj := &RuleTypeSearchResponse{}
+		var fernTestValueResults []*RuleType
+		obj.SetResults(fernTestValueResults)
+		assert.Equal(t, fernTestValueResults, obj.Results)
+		assert.NotNil(t, obj.explicitFields)
+	})
+
+}
+
+func TestGettersRuleTypeSearchResponse(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("GetPaging", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &RuleTypeSearchResponse{}
+		var expected *PagingCursors
+		obj.Paging = expected
+
+		// Act & Assert
+		assert.Equal(t, expected, obj.GetPaging(), "getter should return the property value")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("GetPaging_NilValue", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &RuleTypeSearchResponse{}
+		obj.Paging = nil
+
+		// Act & Assert
+		assert.Nil(t, obj.GetPaging(), "getter should return nil when property is nil")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("GetPaging_NilReceiver", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		var obj *RuleTypeSearchResponse
+		// Should not panic - getters should handle nil receiver gracefully
+		defer func() {
+			if r := recover(); r != nil {
+				t.Errorf("Getter panicked on nil receiver: %v", r)
+			}
+		}()
+		_ = obj.GetPaging() // Should return zero value
+	})
+
+	t.Run("GetResults", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &RuleTypeSearchResponse{}
+		var expected []*RuleType
+		obj.Results = expected
+
+		// Act & Assert
+		assert.Equal(t, expected, obj.GetResults(), "getter should return the property value")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("GetResults_NilValue", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &RuleTypeSearchResponse{}
+		obj.Results = nil
+
+		// Act & Assert
+		assert.Nil(t, obj.GetResults(), "getter should return nil when property is nil")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("GetResults_NilReceiver", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		var obj *RuleTypeSearchResponse
+		// Should not panic - getters should handle nil receiver gracefully
+		defer func() {
+			if r := recover(); r != nil {
+				t.Errorf("Getter panicked on nil receiver: %v", r)
+			}
+		}()
+		_ = obj.GetResults() // Should return zero value
+	})
+
+}
+
+func TestSettersMarkExplicitRuleTypeSearchResponse(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("SetPaging_MarksExplicit", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &RuleTypeSearchResponse{}
+		var fernTestValuePaging *PagingCursors
+
+		// Act
+		obj.SetPaging(fernTestValuePaging)
+
+		// Assert - object with explicitly set field can be marshaled/unmarshaled
+		bytes, err := json.Marshal(obj)
+		require.NoError(t, err, "marshaling should succeed for test setup")
+
+		// This test ensures JSON marshaling and unmarshaling succeed when the field has a zero/nil value
+		// Detect if marshaled JSON is an object or primitive to use correct unmarshal target
+		if len(bytes) > 0 && bytes[0] == '{' {
+			// JSON object - unmarshal into map
+			var unmarshaled map[string]interface{}
+			err = json.Unmarshal(bytes, &unmarshaled)
+			require.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling should succeed for test verification")
+		} else {
+			// JSON primitive (string, number, boolean, null) - unmarshal into interface{}
+			var unmarshaled interface{}
+			err = json.Unmarshal(bytes, &unmarshaled)
+			require.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling should succeed for test verification")
+		}
+
+		// Note: This does not explicitly assert the presence of a specific JSON field
+		// It verifies that setting a field via setter allows successful JSON round-trip
+	})
+
+	t.Run("SetResults_MarksExplicit", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &RuleTypeSearchResponse{}
+		var fernTestValueResults []*RuleType
+
+		// Act
+		obj.SetResults(fernTestValueResults)
+
+		// Assert - object with explicitly set field can be marshaled/unmarshaled
+		bytes, err := json.Marshal(obj)
+		require.NoError(t, err, "marshaling should succeed for test setup")
+
+		// This test ensures JSON marshaling and unmarshaling succeed when the field has a zero/nil value
+		// Detect if marshaled JSON is an object or primitive to use correct unmarshal target
+		if len(bytes) > 0 && bytes[0] == '{' {
+			// JSON object - unmarshal into map
+			var unmarshaled map[string]interface{}
+			err = json.Unmarshal(bytes, &unmarshaled)
+			require.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling should succeed for test verification")
+		} else {
+			// JSON primitive (string, number, boolean, null) - unmarshal into interface{}
+			var unmarshaled interface{}
+			err = json.Unmarshal(bytes, &unmarshaled)
+			require.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling should succeed for test verification")
+		}
+
+		// Note: This does not explicitly assert the presence of a specific JSON field
+		// It verifies that setting a field via setter allows successful JSON round-trip
+	})
+
+}
+
+func TestSettersTreeBase(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("SetID", func(t *testing.T) {
+		obj := &TreeBase{}
+		var fernTestValueID string
+		obj.SetID(fernTestValueID)
+		assert.Equal(t, fernTestValueID, obj.ID)
+		assert.NotNil(t, obj.explicitFields)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("SetTreeName", func(t *testing.T) {
+		obj := &TreeBase{}
+		var fernTestValueTreeName *string
+		obj.SetTreeName(fernTestValueTreeName)
+		assert.Equal(t, fernTestValueTreeName, obj.TreeName)
+		assert.NotNil(t, obj.explicitFields)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("SetTreeDescription", func(t *testing.T) {
+		obj := &TreeBase{}
+		var fernTestValueTreeDescription *string
+		obj.SetTreeDescription(fernTestValueTreeDescription)
+		assert.Equal(t, fernTestValueTreeDescription, obj.TreeDescription)
+		assert.NotNil(t, obj.explicitFields)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("SetTreeSpecies", func(t *testing.T) {
+		obj := &TreeBase{}
+		var fernTestValueTreeSpecies *string
+		obj.SetTreeSpecies(fernTestValueTreeSpecies)
+		assert.Equal(t, fernTestValueTreeSpecies, obj.TreeSpecies)
+		assert.NotNil(t, obj.explicitFields)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("SetHeightInFeet", func(t *testing.T) {
+		obj := &TreeBase{}
+		var fernTestValueHeightInFeet *float64
+		obj.SetHeightInFeet(fernTestValueHeightInFeet)
+		assert.Equal(t, fernTestValueHeightInFeet, obj.HeightInFeet)
+		assert.NotNil(t, obj.explicitFields)
+	})
+
+}
+
+func TestGettersTreeBase(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("GetID", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &TreeBase{}
+		var expected string
+		obj.ID = expected
+
+		// Act & Assert
+		assert.Equal(t, expected, obj.GetID(), "getter should return the property value")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("GetID_NilReceiver", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		var obj *TreeBase
+		// Should not panic - getters should handle nil receiver gracefully
+		defer func() {
+			if r := recover(); r != nil {
+				t.Errorf("Getter panicked on nil receiver: %v", r)
+			}
+		}()
+		_ = obj.GetID() // Should return zero value
+	})
+
+	t.Run("GetTreeName", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &TreeBase{}
+		var expected *string
+		obj.TreeName = expected
+
+		// Act & Assert
+		assert.Equal(t, expected, obj.GetTreeName(), "getter should return the property value")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("GetTreeName_NilValue", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &TreeBase{}
+		obj.TreeName = nil
+
+		// Act & Assert
+		assert.Nil(t, obj.GetTreeName(), "getter should return nil when property is nil")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("GetTreeName_NilReceiver", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		var obj *TreeBase
+		// Should not panic - getters should handle nil receiver gracefully
+		defer func() {
+			if r := recover(); r != nil {
+				t.Errorf("Getter panicked on nil receiver: %v", r)
+			}
+		}()
+		_ = obj.GetTreeName() // Should return zero value
+	})
+
+	t.Run("GetTreeDescription", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &TreeBase{}
+		var expected *string
+		obj.TreeDescription = expected
+
+		// Act & Assert
+		assert.Equal(t, expected, obj.GetTreeDescription(), "getter should return the property value")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("GetTreeDescription_NilValue", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &TreeBase{}
+		obj.TreeDescription = nil
+
+		// Act & Assert
+		assert.Nil(t, obj.GetTreeDescription(), "getter should return nil when property is nil")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("GetTreeDescription_NilReceiver", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		var obj *TreeBase
+		// Should not panic - getters should handle nil receiver gracefully
+		defer func() {
+			if r := recover(); r != nil {
+				t.Errorf("Getter panicked on nil receiver: %v", r)
+			}
+		}()
+		_ = obj.GetTreeDescription() // Should return zero value
+	})
+
+	t.Run("GetTreeSpecies", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &TreeBase{}
+		var expected *string
+		obj.TreeSpecies = expected
+
+		// Act & Assert
+		assert.Equal(t, expected, obj.GetTreeSpecies(), "getter should return the property value")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("GetTreeSpecies_NilValue", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &TreeBase{}
+		obj.TreeSpecies = nil
+
+		// Act & Assert
+		assert.Nil(t, obj.GetTreeSpecies(), "getter should return nil when property is nil")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("GetTreeSpecies_NilReceiver", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		var obj *TreeBase
+		// Should not panic - getters should handle nil receiver gracefully
+		defer func() {
+			if r := recover(); r != nil {
+				t.Errorf("Getter panicked on nil receiver: %v", r)
+			}
+		}()
+		_ = obj.GetTreeSpecies() // Should return zero value
+	})
+
+	t.Run("GetHeightInFeet", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &TreeBase{}
+		var expected *float64
+		obj.HeightInFeet = expected
+
+		// Act & Assert
+		assert.Equal(t, expected, obj.GetHeightInFeet(), "getter should return the property value")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("GetHeightInFeet_NilValue", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &TreeBase{}
+		obj.HeightInFeet = nil
+
+		// Act & Assert
+		assert.Nil(t, obj.GetHeightInFeet(), "getter should return nil when property is nil")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("GetHeightInFeet_NilReceiver", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		var obj *TreeBase
+		// Should not panic - getters should handle nil receiver gracefully
+		defer func() {
+			if r := recover(); r != nil {
+				t.Errorf("Getter panicked on nil receiver: %v", r)
+			}
+		}()
+		_ = obj.GetHeightInFeet() // Should return zero value
+	})
+
+}
+
+func TestSettersMarkExplicitTreeBase(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("SetID_MarksExplicit", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &TreeBase{}
+		var fernTestValueID string
+
+		// Act
+		obj.SetID(fernTestValueID)
+
+		// Assert - object with explicitly set field can be marshaled/unmarshaled
+		bytes, err := json.Marshal(obj)
+		require.NoError(t, err, "marshaling should succeed for test setup")
+
+		// This test ensures JSON marshaling and unmarshaling succeed when the field has a zero/nil value
+		// Detect if marshaled JSON is an object or primitive to use correct unmarshal target
+		if len(bytes) > 0 && bytes[0] == '{' {
+			// JSON object - unmarshal into map
+			var unmarshaled map[string]interface{}
+			err = json.Unmarshal(bytes, &unmarshaled)
+			require.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling should succeed for test verification")
+		} else {
+			// JSON primitive (string, number, boolean, null) - unmarshal into interface{}
+			var unmarshaled interface{}
+			err = json.Unmarshal(bytes, &unmarshaled)
+			require.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling should succeed for test verification")
+		}
+
+		// Note: This does not explicitly assert the presence of a specific JSON field
+		// It verifies that setting a field via setter allows successful JSON round-trip
+	})
+
+	t.Run("SetTreeName_MarksExplicit", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &TreeBase{}
+		var fernTestValueTreeName *string
+
+		// Act
+		obj.SetTreeName(fernTestValueTreeName)
+
+		// Assert - object with explicitly set field can be marshaled/unmarshaled
+		bytes, err := json.Marshal(obj)
+		require.NoError(t, err, "marshaling should succeed for test setup")
+
+		// This test ensures JSON marshaling and unmarshaling succeed when the field has a zero/nil value
+		// Detect if marshaled JSON is an object or primitive to use correct unmarshal target
+		if len(bytes) > 0 && bytes[0] == '{' {
+			// JSON object - unmarshal into map
+			var unmarshaled map[string]interface{}
+			err = json.Unmarshal(bytes, &unmarshaled)
+			require.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling should succeed for test verification")
+		} else {
+			// JSON primitive (string, number, boolean, null) - unmarshal into interface{}
+			var unmarshaled interface{}
+			err = json.Unmarshal(bytes, &unmarshaled)
+			require.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling should succeed for test verification")
+		}
+
+		// Note: This does not explicitly assert the presence of a specific JSON field
+		// It verifies that setting a field via setter allows successful JSON round-trip
+	})
+
+	t.Run("SetTreeDescription_MarksExplicit", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &TreeBase{}
+		var fernTestValueTreeDescription *string
+
+		// Act
+		obj.SetTreeDescription(fernTestValueTreeDescription)
+
+		// Assert - object with explicitly set field can be marshaled/unmarshaled
+		bytes, err := json.Marshal(obj)
+		require.NoError(t, err, "marshaling should succeed for test setup")
+
+		// This test ensures JSON marshaling and unmarshaling succeed when the field has a zero/nil value
+		// Detect if marshaled JSON is an object or primitive to use correct unmarshal target
+		if len(bytes) > 0 && bytes[0] == '{' {
+			// JSON object - unmarshal into map
+			var unmarshaled map[string]interface{}
+			err = json.Unmarshal(bytes, &unmarshaled)
+			require.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling should succeed for test verification")
+		} else {
+			// JSON primitive (string, number, boolean, null) - unmarshal into interface{}
+			var unmarshaled interface{}
+			err = json.Unmarshal(bytes, &unmarshaled)
+			require.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling should succeed for test verification")
+		}
+
+		// Note: This does not explicitly assert the presence of a specific JSON field
+		// It verifies that setting a field via setter allows successful JSON round-trip
+	})
+
+	t.Run("SetTreeSpecies_MarksExplicit", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &TreeBase{}
+		var fernTestValueTreeSpecies *string
+
+		// Act
+		obj.SetTreeSpecies(fernTestValueTreeSpecies)
+
+		// Assert - object with explicitly set field can be marshaled/unmarshaled
+		bytes, err := json.Marshal(obj)
+		require.NoError(t, err, "marshaling should succeed for test setup")
+
+		// This test ensures JSON marshaling and unmarshaling succeed when the field has a zero/nil value
+		// Detect if marshaled JSON is an object or primitive to use correct unmarshal target
+		if len(bytes) > 0 && bytes[0] == '{' {
+			// JSON object - unmarshal into map
+			var unmarshaled map[string]interface{}
+			err = json.Unmarshal(bytes, &unmarshaled)
+			require.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling should succeed for test verification")
+		} else {
+			// JSON primitive (string, number, boolean, null) - unmarshal into interface{}
+			var unmarshaled interface{}
+			err = json.Unmarshal(bytes, &unmarshaled)
+			require.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling should succeed for test verification")
+		}
+
+		// Note: This does not explicitly assert the presence of a specific JSON field
+		// It verifies that setting a field via setter allows successful JSON round-trip
+	})
+
+	t.Run("SetHeightInFeet_MarksExplicit", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &TreeBase{}
+		var fernTestValueHeightInFeet *float64
+
+		// Act
+		obj.SetHeightInFeet(fernTestValueHeightInFeet)
+
+		// Assert - object with explicitly set field can be marshaled/unmarshaled
+		bytes, err := json.Marshal(obj)
+		require.NoError(t, err, "marshaling should succeed for test setup")
+
+		// This test ensures JSON marshaling and unmarshaling succeed when the field has a zero/nil value
+		// Detect if marshaled JSON is an object or primitive to use correct unmarshal target
+		if len(bytes) > 0 && bytes[0] == '{' {
+			// JSON object - unmarshal into map
+			var unmarshaled map[string]interface{}
+			err = json.Unmarshal(bytes, &unmarshaled)
+			require.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling should succeed for test verification")
+		} else {
+			// JSON primitive (string, number, boolean, null) - unmarshal into interface{}
+			var unmarshaled interface{}
+			err = json.Unmarshal(bytes, &unmarshaled)
+			require.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling should succeed for test verification")
+		}
+
+		// Note: This does not explicitly assert the presence of a specific JSON field
+		// It verifies that setting a field via setter allows successful JSON round-trip
+	})
+
+}
+
+func TestSettersTreeDescribable(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("SetTreeName", func(t *testing.T) {
+		obj := &TreeDescribable{}
+		var fernTestValueTreeName *string
+		obj.SetTreeName(fernTestValueTreeName)
+		assert.Equal(t, fernTestValueTreeName, obj.TreeName)
+		assert.NotNil(t, obj.explicitFields)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("SetTreeDescription", func(t *testing.T) {
+		obj := &TreeDescribable{}
+		var fernTestValueTreeDescription *string
+		obj.SetTreeDescription(fernTestValueTreeDescription)
+		assert.Equal(t, fernTestValueTreeDescription, obj.TreeDescription)
+		assert.NotNil(t, obj.explicitFields)
+	})
+
+}
+
+func TestGettersTreeDescribable(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("GetTreeName", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &TreeDescribable{}
+		var expected *string
+		obj.TreeName = expected
+
+		// Act & Assert
+		assert.Equal(t, expected, obj.GetTreeName(), "getter should return the property value")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("GetTreeName_NilValue", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &TreeDescribable{}
+		obj.TreeName = nil
+
+		// Act & Assert
+		assert.Nil(t, obj.GetTreeName(), "getter should return nil when property is nil")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("GetTreeName_NilReceiver", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		var obj *TreeDescribable
+		// Should not panic - getters should handle nil receiver gracefully
+		defer func() {
+			if r := recover(); r != nil {
+				t.Errorf("Getter panicked on nil receiver: %v", r)
+			}
+		}()
+		_ = obj.GetTreeName() // Should return zero value
+	})
+
+	t.Run("GetTreeDescription", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &TreeDescribable{}
+		var expected *string
+		obj.TreeDescription = expected
+
+		// Act & Assert
+		assert.Equal(t, expected, obj.GetTreeDescription(), "getter should return the property value")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("GetTreeDescription_NilValue", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &TreeDescribable{}
+		obj.TreeDescription = nil
+
+		// Act & Assert
+		assert.Nil(t, obj.GetTreeDescription(), "getter should return nil when property is nil")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("GetTreeDescription_NilReceiver", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		var obj *TreeDescribable
+		// Should not panic - getters should handle nil receiver gracefully
+		defer func() {
+			if r := recover(); r != nil {
+				t.Errorf("Getter panicked on nil receiver: %v", r)
+			}
+		}()
+		_ = obj.GetTreeDescription() // Should return zero value
+	})
+
+}
+
+func TestSettersMarkExplicitTreeDescribable(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("SetTreeName_MarksExplicit", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &TreeDescribable{}
+		var fernTestValueTreeName *string
+
+		// Act
+		obj.SetTreeName(fernTestValueTreeName)
+
+		// Assert - object with explicitly set field can be marshaled/unmarshaled
+		bytes, err := json.Marshal(obj)
+		require.NoError(t, err, "marshaling should succeed for test setup")
+
+		// This test ensures JSON marshaling and unmarshaling succeed when the field has a zero/nil value
 		// Detect if marshaled JSON is an object or primitive to use correct unmarshal target
 		if len(bytes) > 0 && bytes[0] == '{' {
 			// JSON object - unmarshal into map
@@ -2685,14 +4407,14 @@ func TestSettersMarkExplicitRuleResponse(t *testing.T) {
 		// It verifies that setting a field via setter allows successful JSON round-trip
 	})
 
-	t.Run("SetExecutionContext_MarksExplicit", func(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("SetTreeDescription_MarksExplicit", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
 		// Arrange
-		obj := &RuleResponse{}
-		var fernTestValueExecutionContext *RuleExecutionContext
+		obj := &TreeDescribable{}
+		var fernTestValueTreeDescription *string
 
 		// Act
-		obj.SetExecutionContext(fernTestValueExecutionContext)
+		obj.SetTreeDescription(fernTestValueTreeDescription)
 
 		// Assert - object with explicitly set field can be marshaled/unmarshaled
 		bytes, err := json.Marshal(obj)
@@ -2718,38 +4440,133 @@ func TestSettersMarkExplicitRuleResponse(t *testing.T) {
 
 }
 
-func TestSettersRuleType(t *testing.T) {
+func TestSettersTreeIdentifiable(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Run("SetID", func(t *testing.T) {
-		obj := &RuleType{}
+		obj := &TreeIdentifiable{}
 		var fernTestValueID string
 		obj.SetID(fernTestValueID)
 		assert.Equal(t, fernTestValueID, obj.ID)
 		assert.NotNil(t, obj.explicitFields)
 	})
 
-	t.Run("SetName", func(t *testing.T) {
-		obj := &RuleType{}
-		var fernTestValueName string
-		obj.SetName(fernTestValueName)
-		assert.Equal(t, fernTestValueName, obj.Name)
+}
+
+func TestGettersTreeIdentifiable(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("GetID", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &TreeIdentifiable{}
+		var expected string
+		obj.ID = expected
+
+		// Act & Assert
+		assert.Equal(t, expected, obj.GetID(), "getter should return the property value")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("GetID_NilReceiver", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		var obj *TreeIdentifiable
+		// Should not panic - getters should handle nil receiver gracefully
+		defer func() {
+			if r := recover(); r != nil {
+				t.Errorf("Getter panicked on nil receiver: %v", r)
+			}
+		}()
+		_ = obj.GetID() // Should return zero value
+	})
+
+}
+
+func TestSettersMarkExplicitTreeIdentifiable(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("SetID_MarksExplicit", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &TreeIdentifiable{}
+		var fernTestValueID string
+
+		// Act
+		obj.SetID(fernTestValueID)
+
+		// Assert - object with explicitly set field can be marshaled/unmarshaled
+		bytes, err := json.Marshal(obj)
+		require.NoError(t, err, "marshaling should succeed for test setup")
+
+		// This test ensures JSON marshaling and unmarshaling succeed when the field has a zero/nil value
+		// Detect if marshaled JSON is an object or primitive to use correct unmarshal target
+		if len(bytes) > 0 && bytes[0] == '{' {
+			// JSON object - unmarshal into map
+			var unmarshaled map[string]interface{}
+			err = json.Unmarshal(bytes, &unmarshaled)
+			require.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling should succeed for test verification")
+		} else {
+			// JSON primitive (string, number, boolean, null) - unmarshal into interface{}
+			var unmarshaled interface{}
+			err = json.Unmarshal(bytes, &unmarshaled)
+			require.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling should succeed for test verification")
+		}
+
+		// Note: This does not explicitly assert the presence of a specific JSON field
+		// It verifies that setting a field via setter allows successful JSON round-trip
+	})
+
+}
+
+func TestSettersTreeRecord(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("SetID", func(t *testing.T) {
+		obj := &TreeRecord{}
+		var fernTestValueID string
+		obj.SetID(fernTestValueID)
+		assert.Equal(t, fernTestValueID, obj.ID)
 		assert.NotNil(t, obj.explicitFields)
 	})
 
-	t.Run("SetDescription", func(t *testing.T) {
-		obj := &RuleType{}
-		var fernTestValueDescription *string
-		obj.SetDescription(fernTestValueDescription)
-		assert.Equal(t, fernTestValueDescription, obj.Description)
+	t.Run("SetTreeName", func(t *testing.T) {
+		obj := &TreeRecord{}
+		var fernTestValueTreeName string
+		obj.SetTreeName(fernTestValueTreeName)
+		assert.Equal(t, fernTestValueTreeName, obj.TreeName)
+		assert.NotNil(t, obj.explicitFields)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("SetTreeDescription", func(t *testing.T) {
+		obj := &TreeRecord{}
+		var fernTestValueTreeDescription *string
+		obj.SetTreeDescription(fernTestValueTreeDescription)
+		assert.Equal(t, fernTestValueTreeDescription, obj.TreeDescription)
+		assert.NotNil(t, obj.explicitFields)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("SetTreeSpecies", func(t *testing.T) {
+		obj := &TreeRecord{}
+		var fernTestValueTreeSpecies string
+		obj.SetTreeSpecies(fernTestValueTreeSpecies)
+		assert.Equal(t, fernTestValueTreeSpecies, obj.TreeSpecies)
+		assert.NotNil(t, obj.explicitFields)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("SetHeightInFeet", func(t *testing.T) {
+		obj := &TreeRecord{}
+		var fernTestValueHeightInFeet *float64
+		obj.SetHeightInFeet(fernTestValueHeightInFeet)
+		assert.Equal(t, fernTestValueHeightInFeet, obj.HeightInFeet)
+		assert.NotNil(t, obj.explicitFields)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("SetPlantedDate", func(t *testing.T) {
+		obj := &TreeRecord{}
+		var fernTestValuePlantedDate *time.Time
+		obj.SetPlantedDate(fernTestValuePlantedDate)
+		assert.Equal(t, fernTestValuePlantedDate, obj.PlantedDate)
 		assert.NotNil(t, obj.explicitFields)
 	})
 
 }
 
-func TestGettersRuleType(t *testing.T) {
+func TestGettersTreeRecord(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Run("GetID", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
 		// Arrange
-		obj := &RuleType{}
+		obj := &TreeRecord{}
 		var expected string
 		obj.ID = expected
 
@@ -2759,7 +4576,7 @@ func TestGettersRuleType(t *testing.T) {
 
 	t.Run("GetID_NilReceiver", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
-		var obj *RuleType
+		var obj *TreeRecord
 		// Should not panic - getters should handle nil receiver gracefully
 		defer func() {
 			if r := recover(); r != nil {
@@ -2769,69 +4586,158 @@ func TestGettersRuleType(t *testing.T) {
 		_ = obj.GetID() // Should return zero value
 	})
 
-	t.Run("GetName", func(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("GetTreeName", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
 		// Arrange
-		obj := &RuleType{}
+		obj := &TreeRecord{}
 		var expected string
-		obj.Name = expected
+		obj.TreeName = expected
 
 		// Act & Assert
-		assert.Equal(t, expected, obj.GetName(), "getter should return the property value")
+		assert.Equal(t, expected, obj.GetTreeName(), "getter should return the property value")
 	})
 
-	t.Run("GetName_NilReceiver", func(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("GetTreeName_NilReceiver", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
-		var obj *RuleType
+		var obj *TreeRecord
 		// Should not panic - getters should handle nil receiver gracefully
 		defer func() {
 			if r := recover(); r != nil {
 				t.Errorf("Getter panicked on nil receiver: %v", r)
 			}
 		}()
-		_ = obj.GetName() // Should return zero value
+		_ = obj.GetTreeName() // Should return zero value
 	})
 
-	t.Run("GetDescription", func(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("GetTreeDescription", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
 		// Arrange
-		obj := &RuleType{}
+		obj := &TreeRecord{}
 		var expected *string
-		obj.Description = expected
+		obj.TreeDescription = expected
 
 		// Act & Assert
-		assert.Equal(t, expected, obj.GetDescription(), "getter should return the property value")
+		assert.Equal(t, expected, obj.GetTreeDescription(), "getter should return the property value")
 	})
 
-	t.Run("GetDescription_NilValue", func(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("GetTreeDescription_NilValue", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
 		// Arrange
-		obj := &RuleType{}
-		obj.Description = nil
+		obj := &TreeRecord{}
+		obj.TreeDescription = nil
 
 		// Act & Assert
-		assert.Nil(t, obj.GetDescription(), "getter should return nil when property is nil")
+		assert.Nil(t, obj.GetTreeDescription(), "getter should return nil when property is nil")
 	})
 
-	t.Run("GetDescription_NilReceiver", func(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("GetTreeDescription_NilReceiver", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
-		var obj *RuleType
+		var obj *TreeRecord
 		// Should not panic - getters should handle nil receiver gracefully
 		defer func() {
 			if r := recover(); r != nil {
 				t.Errorf("Getter panicked on nil receiver: %v", r)
 			}
 		}()
-		_ = obj.GetDescription() // Should return zero value
+		_ = obj.GetTreeDescription() // Should return zero value
+	})
+
+	t.Run("GetTreeSpecies", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &TreeRecord{}
+		var expected string
+		obj.TreeSpecies = expected
+
+		// Act & Assert
+		assert.Equal(t, expected, obj.GetTreeSpecies(), "getter should return the property value")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("GetTreeSpecies_NilReceiver", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		var obj *TreeRecord
+		// Should not panic - getters should handle nil receiver gracefully
+		defer func() {
+			if r := recover(); r != nil {
+				t.Errorf("Getter panicked on nil receiver: %v", r)
+			}
+		}()
+		_ = obj.GetTreeSpecies() // Should return zero value
+	})
+
+	t.Run("GetHeightInFeet", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &TreeRecord{}
+		var expected *float64
+		obj.HeightInFeet = expected
+
+		// Act & Assert
+		assert.Equal(t, expected, obj.GetHeightInFeet(), "getter should return the property value")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("GetHeightInFeet_NilValue", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &TreeRecord{}
+		obj.HeightInFeet = nil
+
+		// Act & Assert
+		assert.Nil(t, obj.GetHeightInFeet(), "getter should return nil when property is nil")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("GetHeightInFeet_NilReceiver", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		var obj *TreeRecord
+		// Should not panic - getters should handle nil receiver gracefully
+		defer func() {
+			if r := recover(); r != nil {
+				t.Errorf("Getter panicked on nil receiver: %v", r)
+			}
+		}()
+		_ = obj.GetHeightInFeet() // Should return zero value
+	})
+
+	t.Run("GetPlantedDate", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &TreeRecord{}
+		var expected *time.Time
+		obj.PlantedDate = expected
+
+		// Act & Assert
+		assert.Equal(t, expected, obj.GetPlantedDate(), "getter should return the property value")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("GetPlantedDate_NilValue", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &TreeRecord{}
+		obj.PlantedDate = nil
+
+		// Act & Assert
+		assert.Nil(t, obj.GetPlantedDate(), "getter should return nil when property is nil")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("GetPlantedDate_NilReceiver", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		var obj *TreeRecord
+		// Should not panic - getters should handle nil receiver gracefully
+		defer func() {
+			if r := recover(); r != nil {
+				t.Errorf("Getter panicked on nil receiver: %v", r)
+			}
+		}()
+		_ = obj.GetPlantedDate() // Should return zero value
 	})
 
 }
 
-func TestSettersMarkExplicitRuleType(t *testing.T) {
+func TestSettersMarkExplicitTreeRecord(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Run("SetID_MarksExplicit", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
 		// Arrange
-		obj := &RuleType{}
+		obj := &TreeRecord{}
 		var fernTestValueID string
 
 		// Act
@@ -2859,14 +4765,14 @@ func TestSettersMarkExplicitRuleType(t *testing.T) {
 		// It verifies that setting a field via setter allows successful JSON round-trip
 	})
 
-	t.Run("SetName_MarksExplicit", func(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("SetTreeName_MarksExplicit", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
 		// Arrange
-		obj := &RuleType{}
-		var fernTestValueName string
+		obj := &TreeRecord{}
+		var fernTestValueTreeName string
 
 		// Act
-		obj.SetName(fernTestValueName)
+		obj.SetTreeName(fernTestValueTreeName)
 
 		// Assert - object with explicitly set field can be marshaled/unmarshaled
 		bytes, err := json.Marshal(obj)
@@ -2890,14 +4796,14 @@ func TestSettersMarkExplicitRuleType(t *testing.T) {
 		// It verifies that setting a field via setter allows successful JSON round-trip
 	})
 
-	t.Run("SetDescription_MarksExplicit", func(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("SetTreeDescription_MarksExplicit", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
 		// Arrange
-		obj := &RuleType{}
-		var fernTestValueDescription *string
+		obj := &TreeRecord{}
+		var fernTestValueTreeDescription *string
 
 		// Act
-		obj.SetDescription(fernTestValueDescription)
+		obj.SetTreeDescription(fernTestValueTreeDescription)
 
 		// Assert - object with explicitly set field can be marshaled/unmarshaled
 		bytes, err := json.Marshal(obj)
@@ -2912,114 +4818,54 @@ func TestSettersMarkExplicitRuleType(t *testing.T) {
 			require.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling should succeed for test verification")
 		} else {
 			// JSON primitive (string, number, boolean, null) - unmarshal into interface{}
-			var unmarshaled interface{}
-			err = json.Unmarshal(bytes, &unmarshaled)
-			require.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling should succeed for test verification")
-		}
-
-		// Note: This does not explicitly assert the presence of a specific JSON field
-		// It verifies that setting a field via setter allows successful JSON round-trip
-	})
-
-}
-
-func TestSettersRuleTypeSearchResponse(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Run("SetPaging", func(t *testing.T) {
-		obj := &RuleTypeSearchResponse{}
-		var fernTestValuePaging *PagingCursors
-		obj.SetPaging(fernTestValuePaging)
-		assert.Equal(t, fernTestValuePaging, obj.Paging)
-		assert.NotNil(t, obj.explicitFields)
-	})
-
-	t.Run("SetResults", func(t *testing.T) {
-		obj := &RuleTypeSearchResponse{}
-		var fernTestValueResults []*RuleType
-		obj.SetResults(fernTestValueResults)
-		assert.Equal(t, fernTestValueResults, obj.Results)
-		assert.NotNil(t, obj.explicitFields)
-	})
-
-}
-
-func TestGettersRuleTypeSearchResponse(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Run("GetPaging", func(t *testing.T) {
-		t.Parallel()
-		// Arrange
-		obj := &RuleTypeSearchResponse{}
-		var expected *PagingCursors
-		obj.Paging = expected
-
-		// Act & Assert
-		assert.Equal(t, expected, obj.GetPaging(), "getter should return the property value")
-	})
-
-	t.Run("GetPaging_NilValue", func(t *testing.T) {
-		t.Parallel()
-		// Arrange
-		obj := &RuleTypeSearchResponse{}
-		obj.Paging = nil
-
-		// Act & Assert
-		assert.Nil(t, obj.GetPaging(), "getter should return nil when property is nil")
-	})
-
-	t.Run("GetPaging_NilReceiver", func(t *testing.T) {
-		t.Parallel()
-		var obj *RuleTypeSearchResponse
-		// Should not panic - getters should handle nil receiver gracefully
-		defer func() {
-			if r := recover(); r != nil {
-				t.Errorf("Getter panicked on nil receiver: %v", r)
-			}
-		}()
-		_ = obj.GetPaging() // Should return zero value
+			var unmarshaled interface{}
+			err = json.Unmarshal(bytes, &unmarshaled)
+			require.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling should succeed for test verification")
+		}
+
+		// Note: This does not explicitly assert the presence of a specific JSON field
+		// It verifies that setting a field via setter allows successful JSON round-trip
 	})
 
-	t.Run("GetResults", func(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("SetTreeSpecies_MarksExplicit", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
 		// Arrange
-		obj := &RuleTypeSearchResponse{}
-		var expected []*RuleType
-		obj.Results = expected
+		obj := &TreeRecord{}
+		var fernTestValueTreeSpecies string
 
-		// Act & Assert
-		assert.Equal(t, expected, obj.GetResults(), "getter should return the property value")
-	})
+		// Act
+		obj.SetTreeSpecies(fernTestValueTreeSpecies)
 
-	t.Run("GetResults_NilValue", func(t *testing.T) {
-		t.Parallel()
-		// Arrange
-		obj := &RuleTypeSearchResponse{}
-		obj.Results = nil
+		// Assert - object with explicitly set field can be marshaled/unmarshaled
+		bytes, err := json.Marshal(obj)
+		require.NoError(t, err, "marshaling should succeed for test setup")
 
-		// Act & Assert
-		assert.Nil(t, obj.GetResults(), "getter should return nil when property is nil")
-	})
+		// This test ensures JSON marshaling and unmarshaling succeed when the field has a zero/nil value
+		// Detect if marshaled JSON is an object or primitive to use correct unmarshal target
+		if len(bytes) > 0 && bytes[0] == '{' {
+			// JSON object - unmarshal into map
+			var unmarshaled map[string]interface{}
+			err = json.Unmarshal(bytes, &unmarshaled)
+			require.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling should succeed for test verification")
+		} else {
+			// JSON primitive (string, number, boolean, null) - unmarshal into interface{}
+			var unmarshaled interface{}
+			err = json.Unmarshal(bytes, &unmarshaled)
+			require.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling should succeed for test verification")
+		}
 
-	t.Run("GetResults_NilReceiver", func(t *testing.T) {
-		t.Parallel()
-		var obj *RuleTypeSearchResponse
-		// Should not panic - getters should handle nil receiver gracefully
-		defer func() {
-			if r := recover(); r != nil {
-				t.Errorf("Getter panicked on nil receiver: %v", r)
-			}
-		}()
-		_ = obj.GetResults() // Should return zero value
+		// Note: This does not explicitly assert the presence of a specific JSON field
+		// It verifies that setting a field via setter allows successful JSON round-trip
 	})
 
-}
-
-func TestSettersMarkExplicitRuleTypeSearchResponse(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Run("SetPaging_MarksExplicit", func(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("SetHeightInFeet_MarksExplicit", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
 		// Arrange
-		obj := &RuleTypeSearchResponse{}
-		var fernTestValuePaging *PagingCursors
+		obj := &TreeRecord{}
+		var fernTestValueHeightInFeet *float64
 
 		// Act
-		obj.SetPaging(fernTestValuePaging)
+		obj.SetHeightInFeet(fernTestValueHeightInFeet)
 
 		// Assert - object with explicitly set field can be marshaled/unmarshaled
 		bytes, err := json.Marshal(obj)
@@ -3043,14 +4889,14 @@ func TestSettersMarkExplicitRuleTypeSearchResponse(t *testing.T) {
 		// It verifies that setting a field via setter allows successful JSON round-trip
 	})
 
-	t.Run("SetResults_MarksExplicit", func(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("SetPlantedDate_MarksExplicit", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
 		// Arrange
-		obj := &RuleTypeSearchResponse{}
-		var fernTestValueResults []*RuleType
+		obj := &TreeRecord{}
+		var fernTestValuePlantedDate *time.Time
 
 		// Act
-		obj.SetResults(fernTestValueResults)
+		obj.SetPlantedDate(fernTestValuePlantedDate)
 
 		// Assert - object with explicitly set field can be marshaled/unmarshaled
 		bytes, err := json.Marshal(obj)
@@ -3338,35 +5184,233 @@ func TestSettersMarkExplicitUserSearchResponse(t *testing.T) {
 		// Act
 		obj.SetResults(fernTestValueResults)
 
-		// Assert - object with explicitly set field can be marshaled/unmarshaled
-		bytes, err := json.Marshal(obj)
-		require.NoError(t, err, "marshaling should succeed for test setup")
+		// Assert - object with explicitly set field can be marshaled/unmarshaled
+		bytes, err := json.Marshal(obj)
+		require.NoError(t, err, "marshaling should succeed for test setup")
+
+		// This test ensures JSON marshaling and unmarshaling succeed when the field has a zero/nil value
+		// Detect if marshaled JSON is an object or primitive to use correct unmarshal target
+		if len(bytes) > 0 && bytes[0] == '{' {
+			// JSON object - unmarshal into map
+			var unmarshaled map[string]interface{}
+			err = json.Unmarshal(bytes, &unmarshaled)
+			require.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling should succeed for test verification")
+		} else {
+			// JSON primitive (string, number, boolean, null) - unmarshal into interface{}
+			var unmarshaled interface{}
+			err = json.Unmarshal(bytes, &unmarshaled)
+			require.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling should succeed for test verification")
+		}
+
+		// Note: This does not explicitly assert the presence of a specific JSON field
+		// It verifies that setting a field via setter allows successful JSON round-trip
+	})
+
+}
+
+func TestJSONMarshalingAuditInfo(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("MarshalUnmarshal", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &AuditInfo{}
+
+		// Act - Marshal to JSON
+		data, err := json.Marshal(obj)
+		require.NoError(t, err, "marshaling should succeed")
+		assert.NotNil(t, data, "marshaled data should not be nil")
+		assert.NotEmpty(t, data, "marshaled data should not be empty")
+
+		// Unmarshal back and verify round-trip
+		var unmarshaled AuditInfo
+		err = json.Unmarshal(data, &unmarshaled)
+		assert.NoError(t, err, "round-trip unmarshal should succeed")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("UnmarshalInvalidJSON", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		var obj AuditInfo
+		err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(`{invalid json}`), &obj)
+		assert.Error(t, err, "unmarshaling invalid JSON should return an error")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("UnmarshalEmptyObject", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		var obj AuditInfo
+		err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(`{}`), &obj)
+		assert.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling empty object should succeed")
+	})
+}
+
+func TestJSONMarshalingBaseOrg(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("MarshalUnmarshal", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &BaseOrg{}
+
+		// Act - Marshal to JSON
+		data, err := json.Marshal(obj)
+		require.NoError(t, err, "marshaling should succeed")
+		assert.NotNil(t, data, "marshaled data should not be nil")
+		assert.NotEmpty(t, data, "marshaled data should not be empty")
+
+		// Unmarshal back and verify round-trip
+		var unmarshaled BaseOrg
+		err = json.Unmarshal(data, &unmarshaled)
+		assert.NoError(t, err, "round-trip unmarshal should succeed")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("UnmarshalInvalidJSON", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		var obj BaseOrg
+		err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(`{invalid json}`), &obj)
+		assert.Error(t, err, "unmarshaling invalid JSON should return an error")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("UnmarshalEmptyObject", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		var obj BaseOrg
+		err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(`{}`), &obj)
+		assert.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling empty object should succeed")
+	})
+}
+
+func TestJSONMarshalingBaseOrgMetadata(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("MarshalUnmarshal", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &BaseOrgMetadata{}
+
+		// Act - Marshal to JSON
+		data, err := json.Marshal(obj)
+		require.NoError(t, err, "marshaling should succeed")
+		assert.NotNil(t, data, "marshaled data should not be nil")
+		assert.NotEmpty(t, data, "marshaled data should not be empty")
+
+		// Unmarshal back and verify round-trip
+		var unmarshaled BaseOrgMetadata
+		err = json.Unmarshal(data, &unmarshaled)
+		assert.NoError(t, err, "round-trip unmarshal should succeed")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("UnmarshalInvalidJSON", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		var obj BaseOrgMetadata
+		err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(`{invalid json}`), &obj)
+		assert.Error(t, err, "unmarshaling invalid JSON should return an error")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("UnmarshalEmptyObject", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		var obj BaseOrgMetadata
+		err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(`{}`), &obj)
+		assert.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling empty object should succeed")
+	})
+}
+
+func TestJSONMarshalingCombinedEntity(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("MarshalUnmarshal", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &CombinedEntity{}
+
+		// Act - Marshal to JSON
+		data, err := json.Marshal(obj)
+		require.NoError(t, err, "marshaling should succeed")
+		assert.NotNil(t, data, "marshaled data should not be nil")
+		assert.NotEmpty(t, data, "marshaled data should not be empty")
+
+		// Unmarshal back and verify round-trip
+		var unmarshaled CombinedEntity
+		err = json.Unmarshal(data, &unmarshaled)
+		assert.NoError(t, err, "round-trip unmarshal should succeed")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("UnmarshalInvalidJSON", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		var obj CombinedEntity
+		err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(`{invalid json}`), &obj)
+		assert.Error(t, err, "unmarshaling invalid JSON should return an error")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("UnmarshalEmptyObject", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		var obj CombinedEntity
+		err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(`{}`), &obj)
+		assert.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling empty object should succeed")
+	})
+}
+
+func TestJSONMarshalingDescribable(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("MarshalUnmarshal", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &Describable{}
+
+		// Act - Marshal to JSON
+		data, err := json.Marshal(obj)
+		require.NoError(t, err, "marshaling should succeed")
+		assert.NotNil(t, data, "marshaled data should not be nil")
+		assert.NotEmpty(t, data, "marshaled data should not be empty")
+
+		// Unmarshal back and verify round-trip
+		var unmarshaled Describable
+		err = json.Unmarshal(data, &unmarshaled)
+		assert.NoError(t, err, "round-trip unmarshal should succeed")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("UnmarshalInvalidJSON", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		var obj Describable
+		err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(`{invalid json}`), &obj)
+		assert.Error(t, err, "unmarshaling invalid JSON should return an error")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("UnmarshalEmptyObject", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		var obj Describable
+		err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(`{}`), &obj)
+		assert.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling empty object should succeed")
+	})
+}
+
+func TestJSONMarshalingDetailedOrg(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("MarshalUnmarshal", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// Arrange
+		obj := &DetailedOrg{}
+
+		// Act - Marshal to JSON
+		data, err := json.Marshal(obj)
+		require.NoError(t, err, "marshaling should succeed")
+		assert.NotNil(t, data, "marshaled data should not be nil")
+		assert.NotEmpty(t, data, "marshaled data should not be empty")
 
-		// This test ensures JSON marshaling and unmarshaling succeed when the field has a zero/nil value
-		// Detect if marshaled JSON is an object or primitive to use correct unmarshal target
-		if len(bytes) > 0 && bytes[0] == '{' {
-			// JSON object - unmarshal into map
-			var unmarshaled map[string]interface{}
-			err = json.Unmarshal(bytes, &unmarshaled)
-			require.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling should succeed for test verification")
-		} else {
-			// JSON primitive (string, number, boolean, null) - unmarshal into interface{}
-			var unmarshaled interface{}
-			err = json.Unmarshal(bytes, &unmarshaled)
-			require.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling should succeed for test verification")
-		}
+		// Unmarshal back and verify round-trip
+		var unmarshaled DetailedOrg
+		err = json.Unmarshal(data, &unmarshaled)
+		assert.NoError(t, err, "round-trip unmarshal should succeed")
+	})
 
-		// Note: This does not explicitly assert the presence of a specific JSON field
-		// It verifies that setting a field via setter allows successful JSON round-trip
+	t.Run("UnmarshalInvalidJSON", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		var obj DetailedOrg
+		err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(`{invalid json}`), &obj)
+		assert.Error(t, err, "unmarshaling invalid JSON should return an error")
 	})
 
+	t.Run("UnmarshalEmptyObject", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		var obj DetailedOrg
+		err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(`{}`), &obj)
+		assert.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling empty object should succeed")
+	})
 }
 
-func TestJSONMarshalingAuditInfo(t *testing.T) {
+func TestJSONMarshalingDetailedOrgMetadata(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Run("MarshalUnmarshal", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
 		// Arrange
-		obj := &AuditInfo{}
+		obj := &DetailedOrgMetadata{}
 
 		// Act - Marshal to JSON
 		data, err := json.Marshal(obj)
@@ -3375,31 +5419,31 @@ func TestJSONMarshalingAuditInfo(t *testing.T) {
 		assert.NotEmpty(t, data, "marshaled data should not be empty")
 
 		// Unmarshal back and verify round-trip
-		var unmarshaled AuditInfo
+		var unmarshaled DetailedOrgMetadata
 		err = json.Unmarshal(data, &unmarshaled)
 		assert.NoError(t, err, "round-trip unmarshal should succeed")
 	})
 
 	t.Run("UnmarshalInvalidJSON", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
-		var obj AuditInfo
+		var obj DetailedOrgMetadata
 		err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(`{invalid json}`), &obj)
 		assert.Error(t, err, "unmarshaling invalid JSON should return an error")
 	})
 
 	t.Run("UnmarshalEmptyObject", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
-		var obj AuditInfo
+		var obj DetailedOrgMetadata
 		err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(`{}`), &obj)
 		assert.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling empty object should succeed")
 	})
 }
 
-func TestJSONMarshalingBaseOrg(t *testing.T) {
+func TestJSONMarshalingIdentifiable(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Run("MarshalUnmarshal", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
 		// Arrange
-		obj := &BaseOrg{}
+		obj := &Identifiable{}
 
 		// Act - Marshal to JSON
 		data, err := json.Marshal(obj)
@@ -3408,31 +5452,31 @@ func TestJSONMarshalingBaseOrg(t *testing.T) {
 		assert.NotEmpty(t, data, "marshaled data should not be empty")
 
 		// Unmarshal back and verify round-trip
-		var unmarshaled BaseOrg
+		var unmarshaled Identifiable
 		err = json.Unmarshal(data, &unmarshaled)
 		assert.NoError(t, err, "round-trip unmarshal should succeed")
 	})
 
 	t.Run("UnmarshalInvalidJSON", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
-		var obj BaseOrg
+		var obj Identifiable
 		err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(`{invalid json}`), &obj)
 		assert.Error(t, err, "unmarshaling invalid JSON should return an error")
 	})
 
 	t.Run("UnmarshalEmptyObject", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
-		var obj BaseOrg
+		var obj Identifiable
 		err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(`{}`), &obj)
 		assert.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling empty object should succeed")
 	})
 }
 
-func TestJSONMarshalingBaseOrgMetadata(t *testing.T) {
+func TestJSONMarshalingOrganization(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Run("MarshalUnmarshal", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
 		// Arrange
-		obj := &BaseOrgMetadata{}
+		obj := &Organization{}
 
 		// Act - Marshal to JSON
 		data, err := json.Marshal(obj)
@@ -3441,31 +5485,31 @@ func TestJSONMarshalingBaseOrgMetadata(t *testing.T) {
 		assert.NotEmpty(t, data, "marshaled data should not be empty")
 
 		// Unmarshal back and verify round-trip
-		var unmarshaled BaseOrgMetadata
+		var unmarshaled Organization
 		err = json.Unmarshal(data, &unmarshaled)
 		assert.NoError(t, err, "round-trip unmarshal should succeed")
 	})
 
 	t.Run("UnmarshalInvalidJSON", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
-		var obj BaseOrgMetadata
+		var obj Organization
 		err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(`{invalid json}`), &obj)
 		assert.Error(t, err, "unmarshaling invalid JSON should return an error")
 	})
 
 	t.Run("UnmarshalEmptyObject", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
-		var obj BaseOrgMetadata
+		var obj Organization
 		err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(`{}`), &obj)
 		assert.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling empty object should succeed")
 	})
 }
 
-func TestJSONMarshalingCombinedEntity(t *testing.T) {
+func TestJSONMarshalingOrganizationMetadata(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Run("MarshalUnmarshal", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
 		// Arrange
-		obj := &CombinedEntity{}
+		obj := &OrganizationMetadata{}
 
 		// Act - Marshal to JSON
 		data, err := json.Marshal(obj)
@@ -3474,31 +5518,31 @@ func TestJSONMarshalingCombinedEntity(t *testing.T) {
 		assert.NotEmpty(t, data, "marshaled data should not be empty")
 
 		// Unmarshal back and verify round-trip
-		var unmarshaled CombinedEntity
+		var unmarshaled OrganizationMetadata
 		err = json.Unmarshal(data, &unmarshaled)
 		assert.NoError(t, err, "round-trip unmarshal should succeed")
 	})
 
 	t.Run("UnmarshalInvalidJSON", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
-		var obj CombinedEntity
+		var obj OrganizationMetadata
 		err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(`{invalid json}`), &obj)
 		assert.Error(t, err, "unmarshaling invalid JSON should return an error")
 	})
 
 	t.Run("UnmarshalEmptyObject", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
-		var obj CombinedEntity
+		var obj OrganizationMetadata
 		err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(`{}`), &obj)
 		assert.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling empty object should succeed")
 	})
 }
 
-func TestJSONMarshalingDescribable(t *testing.T) {
+func TestJSONMarshalingPaginatedResult(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Run("MarshalUnmarshal", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
 		// Arrange
-		obj := &Describable{}
+		obj := &PaginatedResult{}
 
 		// Act - Marshal to JSON
 		data, err := json.Marshal(obj)
@@ -3507,31 +5551,31 @@ func TestJSONMarshalingDescribable(t *testing.T) {
 		assert.NotEmpty(t, data, "marshaled data should not be empty")
 
 		// Unmarshal back and verify round-trip
-		var unmarshaled Describable
+		var unmarshaled PaginatedResult
 		err = json.Unmarshal(data, &unmarshaled)
 		assert.NoError(t, err, "round-trip unmarshal should succeed")
 	})
 
 	t.Run("UnmarshalInvalidJSON", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
-		var obj Describable
+		var obj PaginatedResult
 		err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(`{invalid json}`), &obj)
 		assert.Error(t, err, "unmarshaling invalid JSON should return an error")
 	})
 
 	t.Run("UnmarshalEmptyObject", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
-		var obj Describable
+		var obj PaginatedResult
 		err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(`{}`), &obj)
 		assert.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling empty object should succeed")
 	})
 }
 
-func TestJSONMarshalingDetailedOrg(t *testing.T) {
+func TestJSONMarshalingPagingCursors(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Run("MarshalUnmarshal", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
 		// Arrange
-		obj := &DetailedOrg{}
+		obj := &PagingCursors{}
 
 		// Act - Marshal to JSON
 		data, err := json.Marshal(obj)
@@ -3540,31 +5584,31 @@ func TestJSONMarshalingDetailedOrg(t *testing.T) {
 		assert.NotEmpty(t, data, "marshaled data should not be empty")
 
 		// Unmarshal back and verify round-trip
-		var unmarshaled DetailedOrg
+		var unmarshaled PagingCursors
 		err = json.Unmarshal(data, &unmarshaled)
 		assert.NoError(t, err, "round-trip unmarshal should succeed")
 	})
 
 	t.Run("UnmarshalInvalidJSON", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
-		var obj DetailedOrg
+		var obj PagingCursors
 		err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(`{invalid json}`), &obj)
 		assert.Error(t, err, "unmarshaling invalid JSON should return an error")
 	})
 
 	t.Run("UnmarshalEmptyObject", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
-		var obj DetailedOrg
+		var obj PagingCursors
 		err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(`{}`), &obj)
 		assert.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling empty object should succeed")
 	})
 }
 
-func TestJSONMarshalingDetailedOrgMetadata(t *testing.T) {
+func TestJSONMarshalingPlantBase(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Run("MarshalUnmarshal", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
 		// Arrange
-		obj := &DetailedOrgMetadata{}
+		obj := &PlantBase{}
 
 		// Act - Marshal to JSON
 		data, err := json.Marshal(obj)
@@ -3573,31 +5617,31 @@ func TestJSONMarshalingDetailedOrgMetadata(t *testing.T) {
 		assert.NotEmpty(t, data, "marshaled data should not be empty")
 
 		// Unmarshal back and verify round-trip
-		var unmarshaled DetailedOrgMetadata
+		var unmarshaled PlantBase
 		err = json.Unmarshal(data, &unmarshaled)
 		assert.NoError(t, err, "round-trip unmarshal should succeed")
 	})
 
 	t.Run("UnmarshalInvalidJSON", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
-		var obj DetailedOrgMetadata
+		var obj PlantBase
 		err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(`{invalid json}`), &obj)
 		assert.Error(t, err, "unmarshaling invalid JSON should return an error")
 	})
 
 	t.Run("UnmarshalEmptyObject", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
-		var obj DetailedOrgMetadata
+		var obj PlantBase
 		err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(`{}`), &obj)
 		assert.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling empty object should succeed")
 	})
 }
 
-func TestJSONMarshalingIdentifiable(t *testing.T) {
+func TestJSONMarshalingPlantStrict(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Run("MarshalUnmarshal", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
 		// Arrange
-		obj := &Identifiable{}
+		obj := &PlantStrict{}
 
 		// Act - Marshal to JSON
 		data, err := json.Marshal(obj)
@@ -3606,31 +5650,31 @@ func TestJSONMarshalingIdentifiable(t *testing.T) {
 		assert.NotEmpty(t, data, "marshaled data should not be empty")
 
 		// Unmarshal back and verify round-trip
-		var unmarshaled Identifiable
+		var unmarshaled PlantStrict
 		err = json.Unmarshal(data, &unmarshaled)
 		assert.NoError(t, err, "round-trip unmarshal should succeed")
 	})
 
 	t.Run("UnmarshalInvalidJSON", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
-		var obj Identifiable
+		var obj PlantStrict
 		err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(`{invalid json}`), &obj)
 		assert.Error(t, err, "unmarshaling invalid JSON should return an error")
 	})
 
 	t.Run("UnmarshalEmptyObject", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
-		var obj Identifiable
+		var obj PlantStrict
 		err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(`{}`), &obj)
 		assert.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling empty object should succeed")
 	})
 }
 
-func TestJSONMarshalingOrganization(t *testing.T) {
+func TestJSONMarshalingRuleResponse(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Run("MarshalUnmarshal", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
 		// Arrange
-		obj := &Organization{}
+		obj := &RuleResponse{}
 
 		// Act - Marshal to JSON
 		data, err := json.Marshal(obj)
@@ -3639,31 +5683,31 @@ func TestJSONMarshalingOrganization(t *testing.T) {
 		assert.NotEmpty(t, data, "marshaled data should not be empty")
 
 		// Unmarshal back and verify round-trip
-		var unmarshaled Organization
+		var unmarshaled RuleResponse
 		err = json.Unmarshal(data, &unmarshaled)
 		assert.NoError(t, err, "round-trip unmarshal should succeed")
 	})
 
 	t.Run("UnmarshalInvalidJSON", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
-		var obj Organization
+		var obj RuleResponse
 		err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(`{invalid json}`), &obj)
 		assert.Error(t, err, "unmarshaling invalid JSON should return an error")
 	})
 
 	t.Run("UnmarshalEmptyObject", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
-		var obj Organization
+		var obj RuleResponse
 		err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(`{}`), &obj)
 		assert.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling empty object should succeed")
 	})
 }
 
-func TestJSONMarshalingOrganizationMetadata(t *testing.T) {
+func TestJSONMarshalingRuleType(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Run("MarshalUnmarshal", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
 		// Arrange
-		obj := &OrganizationMetadata{}
+		obj := &RuleType{}
 
 		// Act - Marshal to JSON
 		data, err := json.Marshal(obj)
@@ -3672,31 +5716,31 @@ func TestJSONMarshalingOrganizationMetadata(t *testing.T) {
 		assert.NotEmpty(t, data, "marshaled data should not be empty")
 
 		// Unmarshal back and verify round-trip
-		var unmarshaled OrganizationMetadata
+		var unmarshaled RuleType
 		err = json.Unmarshal(data, &unmarshaled)
 		assert.NoError(t, err, "round-trip unmarshal should succeed")
 	})
 
 	t.Run("UnmarshalInvalidJSON", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
-		var obj OrganizationMetadata
+		var obj RuleType
 		err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(`{invalid json}`), &obj)
 		assert.Error(t, err, "unmarshaling invalid JSON should return an error")
 	})
 
 	t.Run("UnmarshalEmptyObject", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
-		var obj OrganizationMetadata
+		var obj RuleType
 		err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(`{}`), &obj)
 		assert.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling empty object should succeed")
 	})
 }
 
-func TestJSONMarshalingPaginatedResult(t *testing.T) {
+func TestJSONMarshalingRuleTypeSearchResponse(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Run("MarshalUnmarshal", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
 		// Arrange
-		obj := &PaginatedResult{}
+		obj := &RuleTypeSearchResponse{}
 
 		// Act - Marshal to JSON
 		data, err := json.Marshal(obj)
@@ -3705,31 +5749,31 @@ func TestJSONMarshalingPaginatedResult(t *testing.T) {
 		assert.NotEmpty(t, data, "marshaled data should not be empty")
 
 		// Unmarshal back and verify round-trip
-		var unmarshaled PaginatedResult
+		var unmarshaled RuleTypeSearchResponse
 		err = json.Unmarshal(data, &unmarshaled)
 		assert.NoError(t, err, "round-trip unmarshal should succeed")
 	})
 
 	t.Run("UnmarshalInvalidJSON", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
-		var obj PaginatedResult
+		var obj RuleTypeSearchResponse
 		err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(`{invalid json}`), &obj)
 		assert.Error(t, err, "unmarshaling invalid JSON should return an error")
 	})
 
 	t.Run("UnmarshalEmptyObject", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
-		var obj PaginatedResult
+		var obj RuleTypeSearchResponse
 		err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(`{}`), &obj)
 		assert.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling empty object should succeed")
 	})
 }
 
-func TestJSONMarshalingPagingCursors(t *testing.T) {
+func TestJSONMarshalingTreeBase(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Run("MarshalUnmarshal", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
 		// Arrange
-		obj := &PagingCursors{}
+		obj := &TreeBase{}
 
 		// Act - Marshal to JSON
 		data, err := json.Marshal(obj)
@@ -3738,31 +5782,31 @@ func TestJSONMarshalingPagingCursors(t *testing.T) {
 		assert.NotEmpty(t, data, "marshaled data should not be empty")
 
 		// Unmarshal back and verify round-trip
-		var unmarshaled PagingCursors
+		var unmarshaled TreeBase
 		err = json.Unmarshal(data, &unmarshaled)
 		assert.NoError(t, err, "round-trip unmarshal should succeed")
 	})
 
 	t.Run("UnmarshalInvalidJSON", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
-		var obj PagingCursors
+		var obj TreeBase
 		err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(`{invalid json}`), &obj)
 		assert.Error(t, err, "unmarshaling invalid JSON should return an error")
 	})
 
 	t.Run("UnmarshalEmptyObject", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
-		var obj PagingCursors
+		var obj TreeBase
 		err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(`{}`), &obj)
 		assert.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling empty object should succeed")
 	})
 }
 
-func TestJSONMarshalingRuleResponse(t *testing.T) {
+func TestJSONMarshalingTreeDescribable(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Run("MarshalUnmarshal", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
 		// Arrange
-		obj := &RuleResponse{}
+		obj := &TreeDescribable{}
 
 		// Act - Marshal to JSON
 		data, err := json.Marshal(obj)
@@ -3771,31 +5815,31 @@ func TestJSONMarshalingRuleResponse(t *testing.T) {
 		assert.NotEmpty(t, data, "marshaled data should not be empty")
 
 		// Unmarshal back and verify round-trip
-		var unmarshaled RuleResponse
+		var unmarshaled TreeDescribable
 		err = json.Unmarshal(data, &unmarshaled)
 		assert.NoError(t, err, "round-trip unmarshal should succeed")
 	})
 
 	t.Run("UnmarshalInvalidJSON", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
-		var obj RuleResponse
+		var obj TreeDescribable
 		err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(`{invalid json}`), &obj)
 		assert.Error(t, err, "unmarshaling invalid JSON should return an error")
 	})
 
 	t.Run("UnmarshalEmptyObject", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
-		var obj RuleResponse
+		var obj TreeDescribable
 		err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(`{}`), &obj)
 		assert.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling empty object should succeed")
 	})
 }
 
-func TestJSONMarshalingRuleType(t *testing.T) {
+func TestJSONMarshalingTreeIdentifiable(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Run("MarshalUnmarshal", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
 		// Arrange
-		obj := &RuleType{}
+		obj := &TreeIdentifiable{}
 
 		// Act - Marshal to JSON
 		data, err := json.Marshal(obj)
@@ -3804,31 +5848,31 @@ func TestJSONMarshalingRuleType(t *testing.T) {
 		assert.NotEmpty(t, data, "marshaled data should not be empty")
 
 		// Unmarshal back and verify round-trip
-		var unmarshaled RuleType
+		var unmarshaled TreeIdentifiable
 		err = json.Unmarshal(data, &unmarshaled)
 		assert.NoError(t, err, "round-trip unmarshal should succeed")
 	})
 
 	t.Run("UnmarshalInvalidJSON", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
-		var obj RuleType
+		var obj TreeIdentifiable
 		err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(`{invalid json}`), &obj)
 		assert.Error(t, err, "unmarshaling invalid JSON should return an error")
 	})
 
 	t.Run("UnmarshalEmptyObject", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
-		var obj RuleType
+		var obj TreeIdentifiable
 		err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(`{}`), &obj)
 		assert.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling empty object should succeed")
 	})
 }
 
-func TestJSONMarshalingRuleTypeSearchResponse(t *testing.T) {
+func TestJSONMarshalingTreeRecord(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Run("MarshalUnmarshal", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
 		// Arrange
-		obj := &RuleTypeSearchResponse{}
+		obj := &TreeRecord{}
 
 		// Act - Marshal to JSON
 		data, err := json.Marshal(obj)
@@ -3837,21 +5881,21 @@ func TestJSONMarshalingRuleTypeSearchResponse(t *testing.T) {
 		assert.NotEmpty(t, data, "marshaled data should not be empty")
 
 		// Unmarshal back and verify round-trip
-		var unmarshaled RuleTypeSearchResponse
+		var unmarshaled TreeRecord
 		err = json.Unmarshal(data, &unmarshaled)
 		assert.NoError(t, err, "round-trip unmarshal should succeed")
 	})
 
 	t.Run("UnmarshalInvalidJSON", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
-		var obj RuleTypeSearchResponse
+		var obj TreeRecord
 		err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(`{invalid json}`), &obj)
 		assert.Error(t, err, "unmarshaling invalid JSON should return an error")
 	})
 
 	t.Run("UnmarshalEmptyObject", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
-		var obj RuleTypeSearchResponse
+		var obj TreeRecord
 		err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(`{}`), &obj)
 		assert.NoError(t, err, "unmarshaling empty object should succeed")
 	})
@@ -3965,199 +6009,295 @@ func TestStringBaseOrgMetadata(t *testing.T) {
 
 	t.Run("StringMethod_NilReceiver", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
-		var obj *BaseOrgMetadata
+		var obj *BaseOrgMetadata
+		result := obj.String()
+		assert.Equal(t, "<nil>", result, "String() should return <nil> for nil receiver")
+	})
+}
+
+func TestStringCombinedEntity(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("StringMethod", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		obj := &CombinedEntity{}
+		result := obj.String()
+		assert.NotEmpty(t, result, "String() should return a non-empty representation")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("StringMethod_NilReceiver", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		var obj *CombinedEntity
+		result := obj.String()
+		assert.Equal(t, "<nil>", result, "String() should return <nil> for nil receiver")
+	})
+}
+
+func TestStringDescribable(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("StringMethod", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		obj := &Describable{}
+		result := obj.String()
+		assert.NotEmpty(t, result, "String() should return a non-empty representation")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("StringMethod_NilReceiver", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		var obj *Describable
+		result := obj.String()
+		assert.Equal(t, "<nil>", result, "String() should return <nil> for nil receiver")
+	})
+}
+
+func TestStringDetailedOrg(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("StringMethod", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		obj := &DetailedOrg{}
+		result := obj.String()
+		assert.NotEmpty(t, result, "String() should return a non-empty representation")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("StringMethod_NilReceiver", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		var obj *DetailedOrg
+		result := obj.String()
+		assert.Equal(t, "<nil>", result, "String() should return <nil> for nil receiver")
+	})
+}
+
+func TestStringDetailedOrgMetadata(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("StringMethod", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		obj := &DetailedOrgMetadata{}
+		result := obj.String()
+		assert.NotEmpty(t, result, "String() should return a non-empty representation")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("StringMethod_NilReceiver", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		var obj *DetailedOrgMetadata
+		result := obj.String()
+		assert.Equal(t, "<nil>", result, "String() should return <nil> for nil receiver")
+	})
+}
+
+func TestStringIdentifiable(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("StringMethod", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		obj := &Identifiable{}
+		result := obj.String()
+		assert.NotEmpty(t, result, "String() should return a non-empty representation")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("StringMethod_NilReceiver", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		var obj *Identifiable
+		result := obj.String()
+		assert.Equal(t, "<nil>", result, "String() should return <nil> for nil receiver")
+	})
+}
+
+func TestStringOrganization(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("StringMethod", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		obj := &Organization{}
+		result := obj.String()
+		assert.NotEmpty(t, result, "String() should return a non-empty representation")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("StringMethod_NilReceiver", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		var obj *Organization
 		result := obj.String()
 		assert.Equal(t, "<nil>", result, "String() should return <nil> for nil receiver")
 	})
 }
 
-func TestStringCombinedEntity(t *testing.T) {
+func TestStringOrganizationMetadata(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Run("StringMethod", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
-		obj := &CombinedEntity{}
+		obj := &OrganizationMetadata{}
 		result := obj.String()
 		assert.NotEmpty(t, result, "String() should return a non-empty representation")
 	})
 
 	t.Run("StringMethod_NilReceiver", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
-		var obj *CombinedEntity
+		var obj *OrganizationMetadata
 		result := obj.String()
 		assert.Equal(t, "<nil>", result, "String() should return <nil> for nil receiver")
 	})
 }
 
-func TestStringDescribable(t *testing.T) {
+func TestStringPaginatedResult(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Run("StringMethod", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
-		obj := &Describable{}
+		obj := &PaginatedResult{}
 		result := obj.String()
 		assert.NotEmpty(t, result, "String() should return a non-empty representation")
 	})
 
 	t.Run("StringMethod_NilReceiver", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
-		var obj *Describable
+		var obj *PaginatedResult
 		result := obj.String()
 		assert.Equal(t, "<nil>", result, "String() should return <nil> for nil receiver")
 	})
 }
 
-func TestStringDetailedOrg(t *testing.T) {
+func TestStringPagingCursors(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Run("StringMethod", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
-		obj := &DetailedOrg{}
+		obj := &PagingCursors{}
 		result := obj.String()
 		assert.NotEmpty(t, result, "String() should return a non-empty representation")
 	})
 
 	t.Run("StringMethod_NilReceiver", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
-		var obj *DetailedOrg
+		var obj *PagingCursors
 		result := obj.String()
 		assert.Equal(t, "<nil>", result, "String() should return <nil> for nil receiver")
 	})
 }
 
-func TestStringDetailedOrgMetadata(t *testing.T) {
+func TestStringPlantBase(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Run("StringMethod", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
-		obj := &DetailedOrgMetadata{}
+		obj := &PlantBase{}
 		result := obj.String()
 		assert.NotEmpty(t, result, "String() should return a non-empty representation")
 	})
 
 	t.Run("StringMethod_NilReceiver", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
-		var obj *DetailedOrgMetadata
+		var obj *PlantBase
 		result := obj.String()
 		assert.Equal(t, "<nil>", result, "String() should return <nil> for nil receiver")
 	})
 }
 
-func TestStringIdentifiable(t *testing.T) {
+func TestStringPlantStrict(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Run("StringMethod", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
-		obj := &Identifiable{}
+		obj := &PlantStrict{}
 		result := obj.String()
 		assert.NotEmpty(t, result, "String() should return a non-empty representation")
 	})
 
 	t.Run("StringMethod_NilReceiver", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
-		var obj *Identifiable
+		var obj *PlantStrict
 		result := obj.String()
 		assert.Equal(t, "<nil>", result, "String() should return <nil> for nil receiver")
 	})
 }
 
-func TestStringOrganization(t *testing.T) {
+func TestStringRuleResponse(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Run("StringMethod", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
-		obj := &Organization{}
+		obj := &RuleResponse{}
 		result := obj.String()
 		assert.NotEmpty(t, result, "String() should return a non-empty representation")
 	})
 
 	t.Run("StringMethod_NilReceiver", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
-		var obj *Organization
+		var obj *RuleResponse
 		result := obj.String()
 		assert.Equal(t, "<nil>", result, "String() should return <nil> for nil receiver")
 	})
 }
 
-func TestStringOrganizationMetadata(t *testing.T) {
+func TestStringRuleType(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Run("StringMethod", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
-		obj := &OrganizationMetadata{}
+		obj := &RuleType{}
 		result := obj.String()
 		assert.NotEmpty(t, result, "String() should return a non-empty representation")
 	})
 
 	t.Run("StringMethod_NilReceiver", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
-		var obj *OrganizationMetadata
+		var obj *RuleType
 		result := obj.String()
 		assert.Equal(t, "<nil>", result, "String() should return <nil> for nil receiver")
 	})
 }
 
-func TestStringPaginatedResult(t *testing.T) {
+func TestStringRuleTypeSearchResponse(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Run("StringMethod", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
-		obj := &PaginatedResult{}
+		obj := &RuleTypeSearchResponse{}
 		result := obj.String()
 		assert.NotEmpty(t, result, "String() should return a non-empty representation")
 	})
 
 	t.Run("StringMethod_NilReceiver", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
-		var obj *PaginatedResult
+		var obj *RuleTypeSearchResponse
 		result := obj.String()
 		assert.Equal(t, "<nil>", result, "String() should return <nil> for nil receiver")
 	})
 }
 
-func TestStringPagingCursors(t *testing.T) {
+func TestStringTreeBase(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Run("StringMethod", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
-		obj := &PagingCursors{}
+		obj := &TreeBase{}
 		result := obj.String()
 		assert.NotEmpty(t, result, "String() should return a non-empty representation")
 	})
 
 	t.Run("StringMethod_NilReceiver", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
-		var obj *PagingCursors
+		var obj *TreeBase
 		result := obj.String()
 		assert.Equal(t, "<nil>", result, "String() should return <nil> for nil receiver")
 	})
 }
 
-func TestStringRuleResponse(t *testing.T) {
+func TestStringTreeDescribable(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Run("StringMethod", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
-		obj := &RuleResponse{}
+		obj := &TreeDescribable{}
 		result := obj.String()
 		assert.NotEmpty(t, result, "String() should return a non-empty representation")
 	})
 
 	t.Run("StringMethod_NilReceiver", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
-		var obj *RuleResponse
+		var obj *TreeDescribable
 		result := obj.String()
 		assert.Equal(t, "<nil>", result, "String() should return <nil> for nil receiver")
 	})
 }
 
-func TestStringRuleType(t *testing.T) {
+func TestStringTreeIdentifiable(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Run("StringMethod", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
-		obj := &RuleType{}
+		obj := &TreeIdentifiable{}
 		result := obj.String()
 		assert.NotEmpty(t, result, "String() should return a non-empty representation")
 	})
 
 	t.Run("StringMethod_NilReceiver", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
-		var obj *RuleType
+		var obj *TreeIdentifiable
 		result := obj.String()
 		assert.Equal(t, "<nil>", result, "String() should return <nil> for nil receiver")
 	})
 }
 
-func TestStringRuleTypeSearchResponse(t *testing.T) {
+func TestStringTreeRecord(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Run("StringMethod", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
-		obj := &RuleTypeSearchResponse{}
+		obj := &TreeRecord{}
 		result := obj.String()
 		assert.NotEmpty(t, result, "String() should return a non-empty representation")
 	})
 
 	t.Run("StringMethod_NilReceiver", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
-		var obj *RuleTypeSearchResponse
+		var obj *TreeRecord
 		result := obj.String()
 		assert.Equal(t, "<nil>", result, "String() should return <nil> for nil receiver")
 	})
@@ -4224,6 +6364,128 @@ func TestEnumCombinedEntityStatus(t *testing.T) {
 	})
 }
 
+func TestEnumPlantBaseWateringFrequency(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("NewFromString_daily", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		val, err := NewPlantBaseWateringFrequencyFromString("daily")
+		assert.NoError(t, err, "valid enum value should not return error")
+		assert.Equal(t, PlantBaseWateringFrequency("daily"), val, "enum value should match expected wire value")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("NewFromString_weekly", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		val, err := NewPlantBaseWateringFrequencyFromString("weekly")
+		assert.NoError(t, err, "valid enum value should not return error")
+		assert.Equal(t, PlantBaseWateringFrequency("weekly"), val, "enum value should match expected wire value")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("NewFromString_biweekly", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		val, err := NewPlantBaseWateringFrequencyFromString("biweekly")
+		assert.NoError(t, err, "valid enum value should not return error")
+		assert.Equal(t, PlantBaseWateringFrequency("biweekly"), val, "enum value should match expected wire value")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("NewFromString_monthly", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		val, err := NewPlantBaseWateringFrequencyFromString("monthly")
+		assert.NoError(t, err, "valid enum value should not return error")
+		assert.Equal(t, PlantBaseWateringFrequency("monthly"), val, "enum value should match expected wire value")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("NewFromString_Invalid", func(t *testing.T) {
+		_, err := NewPlantBaseWateringFrequencyFromString("invalid_value_that_does_not_exist")
+		assert.Error(t, err)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("Ptr", func(t *testing.T) {
+		val, err := NewPlantBaseWateringFrequencyFromString("daily")
+		assert.NoError(t, err)
+		ptr := val.Ptr()
+		assert.NotNil(t, ptr)
+		assert.Equal(t, val, *ptr)
+	})
+}
+
+func TestEnumPlantPostSunExposure(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("NewFromString_full", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		val, err := NewPlantPostSunExposureFromString("full")
+		assert.NoError(t, err, "valid enum value should not return error")
+		assert.Equal(t, PlantPostSunExposure("full"), val, "enum value should match expected wire value")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("NewFromString_partial", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		val, err := NewPlantPostSunExposureFromString("partial")
+		assert.NoError(t, err, "valid enum value should not return error")
+		assert.Equal(t, PlantPostSunExposure("partial"), val, "enum value should match expected wire value")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("NewFromString_shade", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		val, err := NewPlantPostSunExposureFromString("shade")
+		assert.NoError(t, err, "valid enum value should not return error")
+		assert.Equal(t, PlantPostSunExposure("shade"), val, "enum value should match expected wire value")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("NewFromString_Invalid", func(t *testing.T) {
+		_, err := NewPlantPostSunExposureFromString("invalid_value_that_does_not_exist")
+		assert.Error(t, err)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("Ptr", func(t *testing.T) {
+		val, err := NewPlantPostSunExposureFromString("full")
+		assert.NoError(t, err)
+		ptr := val.Ptr()
+		assert.NotNil(t, ptr)
+		assert.Equal(t, val, *ptr)
+	})
+}
+
+func TestEnumPlantPostWateringFrequency(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("NewFromString_daily", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		val, err := NewPlantPostWateringFrequencyFromString("daily")
+		assert.NoError(t, err, "valid enum value should not return error")
+		assert.Equal(t, PlantPostWateringFrequency("daily"), val, "enum value should match expected wire value")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("NewFromString_weekly", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		val, err := NewPlantPostWateringFrequencyFromString("weekly")
+		assert.NoError(t, err, "valid enum value should not return error")
+		assert.Equal(t, PlantPostWateringFrequency("weekly"), val, "enum value should match expected wire value")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("NewFromString_biweekly", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		val, err := NewPlantPostWateringFrequencyFromString("biweekly")
+		assert.NoError(t, err, "valid enum value should not return error")
+		assert.Equal(t, PlantPostWateringFrequency("biweekly"), val, "enum value should match expected wire value")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("NewFromString_monthly", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		val, err := NewPlantPostWateringFrequencyFromString("monthly")
+		assert.NoError(t, err, "valid enum value should not return error")
+		assert.Equal(t, PlantPostWateringFrequency("monthly"), val, "enum value should match expected wire value")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("NewFromString_Invalid", func(t *testing.T) {
+		_, err := NewPlantPostWateringFrequencyFromString("invalid_value_that_does_not_exist")
+		assert.Error(t, err)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("Ptr", func(t *testing.T) {
+		val, err := NewPlantPostWateringFrequencyFromString("daily")
+		assert.NoError(t, err)
+		ptr := val.Ptr()
+		assert.NotNil(t, ptr)
+		assert.Equal(t, val, *ptr)
+	})
+}
+
 func TestEnumRuleCreateRequestExecutionContext(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Run("NewFromString_prod", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
@@ -4608,6 +6870,52 @@ func TestExtraPropertiesPagingCursors(t *testing.T) {
 	})
 }
 
+func TestExtraPropertiesPlantBase(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("GetExtraProperties", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		obj := &PlantBase{}
+		// Should not panic when calling GetExtraProperties()
+		defer func() {
+			if r := recover(); r != nil {
+				t.Errorf("GetExtraProperties() panicked: %v", r)
+			}
+		}()
+		extraProps := obj.GetExtraProperties()
+		// Result can be nil or an empty/non-empty map
+		_ = extraProps
+	})
+
+	t.Run("GetExtraProperties_NilReceiver", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		var obj *PlantBase
+		extraProps := obj.GetExtraProperties()
+		assert.Nil(t, extraProps, "nil receiver should return nil without panicking")
+	})
+}
+
+func TestExtraPropertiesPlantStrict(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("GetExtraProperties", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		obj := &PlantStrict{}
+		// Should not panic when calling GetExtraProperties()
+		defer func() {
+			if r := recover(); r != nil {
+				t.Errorf("GetExtraProperties() panicked: %v", r)
+			}
+		}()
+		extraProps := obj.GetExtraProperties()
+		// Result can be nil or an empty/non-empty map
+		_ = extraProps
+	})
+
+	t.Run("GetExtraProperties_NilReceiver", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		var obj *PlantStrict
+		extraProps := obj.GetExtraProperties()
+		assert.Nil(t, extraProps, "nil receiver should return nil without panicking")
+	})
+}
+
 func TestExtraPropertiesRuleResponse(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Run("GetExtraProperties", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
@@ -4677,6 +6985,98 @@ func TestExtraPropertiesRuleTypeSearchResponse(t *testing.T) {
 	})
 }
 
+func TestExtraPropertiesTreeBase(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("GetExtraProperties", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		obj := &TreeBase{}
+		// Should not panic when calling GetExtraProperties()
+		defer func() {
+			if r := recover(); r != nil {
+				t.Errorf("GetExtraProperties() panicked: %v", r)
+			}
+		}()
+		extraProps := obj.GetExtraProperties()
+		// Result can be nil or an empty/non-empty map
+		_ = extraProps
+	})
+
+	t.Run("GetExtraProperties_NilReceiver", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		var obj *TreeBase
+		extraProps := obj.GetExtraProperties()
+		assert.Nil(t, extraProps, "nil receiver should return nil without panicking")
+	})
+}
+
+func TestExtraPropertiesTreeDescribable(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("GetExtraProperties", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		obj := &TreeDescribable{}
+		// Should not panic when calling GetExtraProperties()
+		defer func() {
+			if r := recover(); r != nil {
+				t.Errorf("GetExtraProperties() panicked: %v", r)
+			}
+		}()
+		extraProps := obj.GetExtraProperties()
+		// Result can be nil or an empty/non-empty map
+		_ = extraProps
+	})
+
+	t.Run("GetExtraProperties_NilReceiver", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		var obj *TreeDescribable
+		extraProps := obj.GetExtraProperties()
+		assert.Nil(t, extraProps, "nil receiver should return nil without panicking")
+	})
+}
+
+func TestExtraPropertiesTreeIdentifiable(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("GetExtraProperties", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		obj := &TreeIdentifiable{}
+		// Should not panic when calling GetExtraProperties()
+		defer func() {
+			if r := recover(); r != nil {
+				t.Errorf("GetExtraProperties() panicked: %v", r)
+			}
+		}()
+		extraProps := obj.GetExtraProperties()
+		// Result can be nil or an empty/non-empty map
+		_ = extraProps
+	})
+
+	t.Run("GetExtraProperties_NilReceiver", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		var obj *TreeIdentifiable
+		extraProps := obj.GetExtraProperties()
+		assert.Nil(t, extraProps, "nil receiver should return nil without panicking")
+	})
+}
+
+func TestExtraPropertiesTreeRecord(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("GetExtraProperties", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		obj := &TreeRecord{}
+		// Should not panic when calling GetExtraProperties()
+		defer func() {
+			if r := recover(); r != nil {
+				t.Errorf("GetExtraProperties() panicked: %v", r)
+			}
+		}()
+		extraProps := obj.GetExtraProperties()
+		// Result can be nil or an empty/non-empty map
+		_ = extraProps
+	})
+
+	t.Run("GetExtraProperties_NilReceiver", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		var obj *TreeRecord
+		extraProps := obj.GetExtraProperties()
+		assert.Nil(t, extraProps, "nil receiver should return nil without panicking")
+	})
+}
+
 func TestExtraPropertiesUser(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Run("GetExtraProperties", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
diff --git a/seed/go-sdk/allof/.fern/metadata.json b/seed/go-sdk/allof/.fern/metadata.json
index 5b82336b7636..4325dc2a3860 100644
--- a/seed/go-sdk/allof/.fern/metadata.json
+++ b/seed/go-sdk/allof/.fern/metadata.json
@@ -6,7 +6,8 @@
     "enableWireTests": false
   },
   "originGitCommit": "DUMMY",
-  "invokedBy": "manual",
+  "invokedBy": "ci",
   "requestedVersion": "0.0.1",
+  "ciProvider": "github",
   "sdkVersion": "v0.0.1"
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/seed/java-sdk/allof-inline/reference.md b/seed/java-sdk/allof-inline/reference.md
index 3ffb31766886..63ce6f94ff87 100644
--- a/seed/java-sdk/allof-inline/reference.md
+++ b/seed/java-sdk/allof-inline/reference.md
@@ -172,3 +172,184 @@ client.getOrganization();
 </dl>
 </details>
 
+<details><summary><code>client.createPlant(request) -> PlantStrict</code></summary>
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+#### 📝 Description
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+Tests three-level allOf chain where a parent schema itself uses allOf with $ref elements. The grandparent's properties must be resolved through the nested $ref.
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+#### 🔌 Usage
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+```java
+client.createPlant(
+    PlantPost
+        .builder()
+        .species("species")
+        .family("family")
+        .genus("genus")
+        .commonName("commonName")
+        .wateringFrequency(PlantPostWateringFrequency.DAILY)
+        .sunExposure(PlantPostSunExposure.FULL)
+        .build()
+);
+```
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+#### ⚙️ Parameters
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+**species:** `String` — The botanical species name.
+    
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+**family:** `String` — The botanical family.
+    
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+**genus:** `String` — The botanical genus.
+    
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+**commonName:** `String` — The common name of the plant.
+    
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+**wateringFrequency:** `PlantPostWateringFrequency` 
+    
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+**sunExposure:** `PlantPostSunExposure` — Required sun exposure level.
+    
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+**plantedAt:** `Optional<String>` — Date the plant was planted.
+    
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+**soilType:** `Optional<String>` — Preferred soil type.
+    
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</details>
+
+<details><summary><code>client.createTree(request) -> TreeRecord</code></summary>
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+#### 📝 Description
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+Tests that when a parent's allOf contains multiple $ref entries, all of them are resolved and their properties merged.
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+#### 🔌 Usage
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+```java
+client.createTree(
+    TreeRecord
+        .builder()
+        .id("id")
+        .treeName("treeName")
+        .treeSpecies("treeSpecies")
+        .build()
+);
+```
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+#### ⚙️ Parameters
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+**request:** `TreeRecord` 
+    
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</details>
+
diff --git a/seed/java-sdk/allof-inline/snippet.json b/seed/java-sdk/allof-inline/snippet.json
index affeed349f90..7256bbbc6c57 100644
--- a/seed/java-sdk/allof-inline/snippet.json
+++ b/seed/java-sdk/allof-inline/snippet.json
@@ -64,6 +64,32 @@
                 "sync_client": "package com.example.usage;\n\nimport com.seed.api.SeedApiClient;\n\npublic class Example {\n    public static void main(String[] args) {\n        SeedApiClient client = SeedApiClient\n            .builder()\n            .build();\n\n        client.getOrganization();\n    }\n}\n",
                 "async_client": "package com.example.usage;\n\nimport com.seed.api.SeedApiClient;\n\npublic class Example {\n    public static void main(String[] args) {\n        SeedApiClient client = SeedApiClient\n            .builder()\n            .build();\n\n        client.getOrganization();\n    }\n}\n"
             }
+        },
+        {
+            "example_identifier": "2138ee95",
+            "id": {
+                "method": "POST",
+                "path": "/plants",
+                "identifier_override": "endpoint_.createPlant"
+            },
+            "snippet": {
+                "type": "java",
+                "sync_client": "package com.example.usage;\n\nimport com.seed.api.SeedApiClient;\nimport com.seed.api.requests.PlantPost;\nimport com.seed.api.types.PlantPostSunExposure;\nimport com.seed.api.types.PlantPostWateringFrequency;\n\npublic class Example {\n    public static void main(String[] args) {\n        SeedApiClient client = SeedApiClient\n            .builder()\n            .build();\n\n        client.createPlant(\n            PlantPost\n                .builder()\n                .species(\"species\")\n                .family(\"family\")\n                .genus(\"genus\")\n                .commonName(\"commonName\")\n                .wateringFrequency(PlantPostWateringFrequency.DAILY)\n                .sunExposure(PlantPostSunExposure.FULL)\n                .build()\n        );\n    }\n}\n",
+                "async_client": "package com.example.usage;\n\nimport com.seed.api.SeedApiClient;\nimport com.seed.api.requests.PlantPost;\nimport com.seed.api.types.PlantPostSunExposure;\nimport com.seed.api.types.PlantPostWateringFrequency;\n\npublic class Example {\n    public static void main(String[] args) {\n        SeedApiClient client = SeedApiClient\n            .builder()\n            .build();\n\n        client.createPlant(\n            PlantPost\n                .builder()\n                .species(\"species\")\n                .family(\"family\")\n                .genus(\"genus\")\n                .commonName(\"commonName\")\n                .wateringFrequency(PlantPostWateringFrequency.DAILY)\n                .sunExposure(PlantPostSunExposure.FULL)\n                .build()\n        );\n    }\n}\n"
+            }
+        },
+        {
+            "example_identifier": "553352f7",
+            "id": {
+                "method": "POST",
+                "path": "/trees",
+                "identifier_override": "endpoint_.createTree"
+            },
+            "snippet": {
+                "type": "java",
+                "sync_client": "package com.example.usage;\n\nimport com.seed.api.SeedApiClient;\nimport com.seed.api.types.TreeRecord;\n\npublic class Example {\n    public static void main(String[] args) {\n        SeedApiClient client = SeedApiClient\n            .builder()\n            .build();\n\n        client.createTree(\n            TreeRecord\n                .builder()\n                .id(\"id\")\n                .treeName(\"treeName\")\n                .treeSpecies(\"treeSpecies\")\n                .build()\n        );\n    }\n}\n",
+                "async_client": "package com.example.usage;\n\nimport com.seed.api.SeedApiClient;\nimport com.seed.api.types.TreeRecord;\n\npublic class Example {\n    public static void main(String[] args) {\n        SeedApiClient client = SeedApiClient\n            .builder()\n            .build();\n\n        client.createTree(\n            TreeRecord\n                .builder()\n                .id(\"id\")\n                .treeName(\"treeName\")\n                .treeSpecies(\"treeSpecies\")\n                .build()\n        );\n    }\n}\n"
+            }
         }
     ],
     "types": {}
diff --git a/seed/java-sdk/allof-inline/src/main/java/com/seed/api/AsyncRawSeedApiClient.java b/seed/java-sdk/allof-inline/src/main/java/com/seed/api/AsyncRawSeedApiClient.java
index 046deb483a7f..c18818939fc1 100644
--- a/seed/java-sdk/allof-inline/src/main/java/com/seed/api/AsyncRawSeedApiClient.java
+++ b/seed/java-sdk/allof-inline/src/main/java/com/seed/api/AsyncRawSeedApiClient.java
@@ -12,12 +12,15 @@
 import com.seed.api.core.SeedApiApiException;
 import com.seed.api.core.SeedApiException;
 import com.seed.api.core.SeedApiHttpResponse;
+import com.seed.api.requests.PlantPost;
 import com.seed.api.requests.RuleCreateRequest;
 import com.seed.api.requests.SearchRuleTypesRequest;
 import com.seed.api.types.CombinedEntity;
 import com.seed.api.types.Organization;
+import com.seed.api.types.PlantStrict;
 import com.seed.api.types.RuleResponse;
 import com.seed.api.types.RuleTypeSearchResponse;
+import com.seed.api.types.TreeRecord;
 import com.seed.api.types.UserSearchResponse;
 import java.io.IOException;
 import java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture;
@@ -320,4 +323,136 @@ public void onFailure(@NotNull Call call, @NotNull IOException e) {
         });
         return future;
     }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests three-level allOf chain where a parent schema itself uses allOf with $ref elements. The grandparent's properties must be resolved through the nested $ref.
+     */
+    public CompletableFuture<SeedApiHttpResponse<PlantStrict>> createPlant(PlantPost request) {
+        return createPlant(request, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests three-level allOf chain where a parent schema itself uses allOf with $ref elements. The grandparent's properties must be resolved through the nested $ref.
+     */
+    public CompletableFuture<SeedApiHttpResponse<PlantStrict>> createPlant(
+            PlantPost request, RequestOptions requestOptions) {
+        HttpUrl.Builder httpUrl = HttpUrl.parse(this.clientOptions.environment().getUrl())
+                .newBuilder()
+                .addPathSegments("plants");
+        if (requestOptions != null) {
+            requestOptions.getQueryParameters().forEach((_key, _value) -> {
+                httpUrl.addQueryParameter(_key, _value);
+            });
+        }
+        RequestBody body;
+        try {
+            body = RequestBody.create(
+                    ObjectMappers.JSON_MAPPER.writeValueAsBytes(request), MediaTypes.APPLICATION_JSON);
+        } catch (JsonProcessingException e) {
+            throw new SeedApiException("Failed to serialize request", e);
+        }
+        Request okhttpRequest = new Request.Builder()
+                .url(httpUrl.build())
+                .method("POST", body)
+                .headers(Headers.of(clientOptions.headers(requestOptions)))
+                .addHeader("Content-Type", "application/json")
+                .addHeader("Accept", "application/json")
+                .build();
+        OkHttpClient client = clientOptions.httpClient();
+        if (requestOptions != null && requestOptions.getTimeout().isPresent()) {
+            client = clientOptions.httpClientWithTimeout(requestOptions);
+        }
+        CompletableFuture<SeedApiHttpResponse<PlantStrict>> future = new CompletableFuture<>();
+        client.newCall(okhttpRequest).enqueue(new Callback() {
+            @Override
+            public void onResponse(@NotNull Call call, @NotNull Response response) throws IOException {
+                try (ResponseBody responseBody = response.body()) {
+                    String responseBodyString = responseBody != null ? responseBody.string() : "{}";
+                    if (response.isSuccessful()) {
+                        future.complete(new SeedApiHttpResponse<>(
+                                ObjectMappers.JSON_MAPPER.readValue(responseBodyString, PlantStrict.class), response));
+                        return;
+                    }
+                    Object errorBody = ObjectMappers.parseErrorBody(responseBodyString);
+                    future.completeExceptionally(new SeedApiApiException(
+                            "Error with status code " + response.code(), response.code(), errorBody, response));
+                    return;
+                } catch (IOException e) {
+                    future.completeExceptionally(new SeedApiException("Network error executing HTTP request", e));
+                }
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public void onFailure(@NotNull Call call, @NotNull IOException e) {
+                future.completeExceptionally(new SeedApiException("Network error executing HTTP request", e));
+            }
+        });
+        return future;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests that when a parent's allOf contains multiple $ref entries, all of them are resolved and their properties merged.
+     */
+    public CompletableFuture<SeedApiHttpResponse<TreeRecord>> createTree(TreeRecord request) {
+        return createTree(request, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests that when a parent's allOf contains multiple $ref entries, all of them are resolved and their properties merged.
+     */
+    public CompletableFuture<SeedApiHttpResponse<TreeRecord>> createTree(
+            TreeRecord request, RequestOptions requestOptions) {
+        HttpUrl.Builder httpUrl = HttpUrl.parse(this.clientOptions.environment().getUrl())
+                .newBuilder()
+                .addPathSegments("trees");
+        if (requestOptions != null) {
+            requestOptions.getQueryParameters().forEach((_key, _value) -> {
+                httpUrl.addQueryParameter(_key, _value);
+            });
+        }
+        RequestBody body;
+        try {
+            body = RequestBody.create(
+                    ObjectMappers.JSON_MAPPER.writeValueAsBytes(request), MediaTypes.APPLICATION_JSON);
+        } catch (JsonProcessingException e) {
+            throw new SeedApiException("Failed to serialize request", e);
+        }
+        Request okhttpRequest = new Request.Builder()
+                .url(httpUrl.build())
+                .method("POST", body)
+                .headers(Headers.of(clientOptions.headers(requestOptions)))
+                .addHeader("Content-Type", "application/json")
+                .addHeader("Accept", "application/json")
+                .build();
+        OkHttpClient client = clientOptions.httpClient();
+        if (requestOptions != null && requestOptions.getTimeout().isPresent()) {
+            client = clientOptions.httpClientWithTimeout(requestOptions);
+        }
+        CompletableFuture<SeedApiHttpResponse<TreeRecord>> future = new CompletableFuture<>();
+        client.newCall(okhttpRequest).enqueue(new Callback() {
+            @Override
+            public void onResponse(@NotNull Call call, @NotNull Response response) throws IOException {
+                try (ResponseBody responseBody = response.body()) {
+                    String responseBodyString = responseBody != null ? responseBody.string() : "{}";
+                    if (response.isSuccessful()) {
+                        future.complete(new SeedApiHttpResponse<>(
+                                ObjectMappers.JSON_MAPPER.readValue(responseBodyString, TreeRecord.class), response));
+                        return;
+                    }
+                    Object errorBody = ObjectMappers.parseErrorBody(responseBodyString);
+                    future.completeExceptionally(new SeedApiApiException(
+                            "Error with status code " + response.code(), response.code(), errorBody, response));
+                    return;
+                } catch (IOException e) {
+                    future.completeExceptionally(new SeedApiException("Network error executing HTTP request", e));
+                }
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public void onFailure(@NotNull Call call, @NotNull IOException e) {
+                future.completeExceptionally(new SeedApiException("Network error executing HTTP request", e));
+            }
+        });
+        return future;
+    }
 }
diff --git a/seed/java-sdk/allof-inline/src/main/java/com/seed/api/AsyncSeedApiClient.java b/seed/java-sdk/allof-inline/src/main/java/com/seed/api/AsyncSeedApiClient.java
index 45b759db04ed..20e5132175ef 100644
--- a/seed/java-sdk/allof-inline/src/main/java/com/seed/api/AsyncSeedApiClient.java
+++ b/seed/java-sdk/allof-inline/src/main/java/com/seed/api/AsyncSeedApiClient.java
@@ -5,12 +5,15 @@
 
 import com.seed.api.core.ClientOptions;
 import com.seed.api.core.RequestOptions;
+import com.seed.api.requests.PlantPost;
 import com.seed.api.requests.RuleCreateRequest;
 import com.seed.api.requests.SearchRuleTypesRequest;
 import com.seed.api.types.CombinedEntity;
 import com.seed.api.types.Organization;
+import com.seed.api.types.PlantStrict;
 import com.seed.api.types.RuleResponse;
 import com.seed.api.types.RuleTypeSearchResponse;
+import com.seed.api.types.TreeRecord;
 import com.seed.api.types.UserSearchResponse;
 import java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture;
 
@@ -80,6 +83,34 @@ public CompletableFuture<Organization> getOrganization(RequestOptions requestOpt
         return this.rawClient.getOrganization(requestOptions).thenApply(response -> response.body());
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Tests three-level allOf chain where a parent schema itself uses allOf with $ref elements. The grandparent's properties must be resolved through the nested $ref.
+     */
+    public CompletableFuture<PlantStrict> createPlant(PlantPost request) {
+        return this.rawClient.createPlant(request).thenApply(response -> response.body());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests three-level allOf chain where a parent schema itself uses allOf with $ref elements. The grandparent's properties must be resolved through the nested $ref.
+     */
+    public CompletableFuture<PlantStrict> createPlant(PlantPost request, RequestOptions requestOptions) {
+        return this.rawClient.createPlant(request, requestOptions).thenApply(response -> response.body());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests that when a parent's allOf contains multiple $ref entries, all of them are resolved and their properties merged.
+     */
+    public CompletableFuture<TreeRecord> createTree(TreeRecord request) {
+        return this.rawClient.createTree(request).thenApply(response -> response.body());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests that when a parent's allOf contains multiple $ref entries, all of them are resolved and their properties merged.
+     */
+    public CompletableFuture<TreeRecord> createTree(TreeRecord request, RequestOptions requestOptions) {
+        return this.rawClient.createTree(request, requestOptions).thenApply(response -> response.body());
+    }
+
     public static AsyncSeedApiClientBuilder builder() {
         return new AsyncSeedApiClientBuilder();
     }
diff --git a/seed/java-sdk/allof-inline/src/main/java/com/seed/api/RawSeedApiClient.java b/seed/java-sdk/allof-inline/src/main/java/com/seed/api/RawSeedApiClient.java
index f9a763a744c4..c98320c38ccf 100644
--- a/seed/java-sdk/allof-inline/src/main/java/com/seed/api/RawSeedApiClient.java
+++ b/seed/java-sdk/allof-inline/src/main/java/com/seed/api/RawSeedApiClient.java
@@ -12,12 +12,15 @@
 import com.seed.api.core.SeedApiApiException;
 import com.seed.api.core.SeedApiException;
 import com.seed.api.core.SeedApiHttpResponse;
+import com.seed.api.requests.PlantPost;
 import com.seed.api.requests.RuleCreateRequest;
 import com.seed.api.requests.SearchRuleTypesRequest;
 import com.seed.api.types.CombinedEntity;
 import com.seed.api.types.Organization;
+import com.seed.api.types.PlantStrict;
 import com.seed.api.types.RuleResponse;
 import com.seed.api.types.RuleTypeSearchResponse;
+import com.seed.api.types.TreeRecord;
 import com.seed.api.types.UserSearchResponse;
 import java.io.IOException;
 import okhttp3.Headers;
@@ -246,4 +249,108 @@ public SeedApiHttpResponse<Organization> getOrganization(RequestOptions requestO
             throw new SeedApiException("Network error executing HTTP request", e);
         }
     }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests three-level allOf chain where a parent schema itself uses allOf with $ref elements. The grandparent's properties must be resolved through the nested $ref.
+     */
+    public SeedApiHttpResponse<PlantStrict> createPlant(PlantPost request) {
+        return createPlant(request, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests three-level allOf chain where a parent schema itself uses allOf with $ref elements. The grandparent's properties must be resolved through the nested $ref.
+     */
+    public SeedApiHttpResponse<PlantStrict> createPlant(PlantPost request, RequestOptions requestOptions) {
+        HttpUrl.Builder httpUrl = HttpUrl.parse(this.clientOptions.environment().getUrl())
+                .newBuilder()
+                .addPathSegments("plants");
+        if (requestOptions != null) {
+            requestOptions.getQueryParameters().forEach((_key, _value) -> {
+                httpUrl.addQueryParameter(_key, _value);
+            });
+        }
+        RequestBody body;
+        try {
+            body = RequestBody.create(
+                    ObjectMappers.JSON_MAPPER.writeValueAsBytes(request), MediaTypes.APPLICATION_JSON);
+        } catch (JsonProcessingException e) {
+            throw new SeedApiException("Failed to serialize request", e);
+        }
+        Request okhttpRequest = new Request.Builder()
+                .url(httpUrl.build())
+                .method("POST", body)
+                .headers(Headers.of(clientOptions.headers(requestOptions)))
+                .addHeader("Content-Type", "application/json")
+                .addHeader("Accept", "application/json")
+                .build();
+        OkHttpClient client = clientOptions.httpClient();
+        if (requestOptions != null && requestOptions.getTimeout().isPresent()) {
+            client = clientOptions.httpClientWithTimeout(requestOptions);
+        }
+        try (Response response = client.newCall(okhttpRequest).execute()) {
+            ResponseBody responseBody = response.body();
+            String responseBodyString = responseBody != null ? responseBody.string() : "{}";
+            if (response.isSuccessful()) {
+                return new SeedApiHttpResponse<>(
+                        ObjectMappers.JSON_MAPPER.readValue(responseBodyString, PlantStrict.class), response);
+            }
+            Object errorBody = ObjectMappers.parseErrorBody(responseBodyString);
+            throw new SeedApiApiException(
+                    "Error with status code " + response.code(), response.code(), errorBody, response);
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            throw new SeedApiException("Network error executing HTTP request", e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests that when a parent's allOf contains multiple $ref entries, all of them are resolved and their properties merged.
+     */
+    public SeedApiHttpResponse<TreeRecord> createTree(TreeRecord request) {
+        return createTree(request, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests that when a parent's allOf contains multiple $ref entries, all of them are resolved and their properties merged.
+     */
+    public SeedApiHttpResponse<TreeRecord> createTree(TreeRecord request, RequestOptions requestOptions) {
+        HttpUrl.Builder httpUrl = HttpUrl.parse(this.clientOptions.environment().getUrl())
+                .newBuilder()
+                .addPathSegments("trees");
+        if (requestOptions != null) {
+            requestOptions.getQueryParameters().forEach((_key, _value) -> {
+                httpUrl.addQueryParameter(_key, _value);
+            });
+        }
+        RequestBody body;
+        try {
+            body = RequestBody.create(
+                    ObjectMappers.JSON_MAPPER.writeValueAsBytes(request), MediaTypes.APPLICATION_JSON);
+        } catch (JsonProcessingException e) {
+            throw new SeedApiException("Failed to serialize request", e);
+        }
+        Request okhttpRequest = new Request.Builder()
+                .url(httpUrl.build())
+                .method("POST", body)
+                .headers(Headers.of(clientOptions.headers(requestOptions)))
+                .addHeader("Content-Type", "application/json")
+                .addHeader("Accept", "application/json")
+                .build();
+        OkHttpClient client = clientOptions.httpClient();
+        if (requestOptions != null && requestOptions.getTimeout().isPresent()) {
+            client = clientOptions.httpClientWithTimeout(requestOptions);
+        }
+        try (Response response = client.newCall(okhttpRequest).execute()) {
+            ResponseBody responseBody = response.body();
+            String responseBodyString = responseBody != null ? responseBody.string() : "{}";
+            if (response.isSuccessful()) {
+                return new SeedApiHttpResponse<>(
+                        ObjectMappers.JSON_MAPPER.readValue(responseBodyString, TreeRecord.class), response);
+            }
+            Object errorBody = ObjectMappers.parseErrorBody(responseBodyString);
+            throw new SeedApiApiException(
+                    "Error with status code " + response.code(), response.code(), errorBody, response);
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            throw new SeedApiException("Network error executing HTTP request", e);
+        }
+    }
 }
diff --git a/seed/java-sdk/allof-inline/src/main/java/com/seed/api/SeedApiClient.java b/seed/java-sdk/allof-inline/src/main/java/com/seed/api/SeedApiClient.java
index 73a73c0a87a2..cb5ec6826828 100644
--- a/seed/java-sdk/allof-inline/src/main/java/com/seed/api/SeedApiClient.java
+++ b/seed/java-sdk/allof-inline/src/main/java/com/seed/api/SeedApiClient.java
@@ -5,12 +5,15 @@
 
 import com.seed.api.core.ClientOptions;
 import com.seed.api.core.RequestOptions;
+import com.seed.api.requests.PlantPost;
 import com.seed.api.requests.RuleCreateRequest;
 import com.seed.api.requests.SearchRuleTypesRequest;
 import com.seed.api.types.CombinedEntity;
 import com.seed.api.types.Organization;
+import com.seed.api.types.PlantStrict;
 import com.seed.api.types.RuleResponse;
 import com.seed.api.types.RuleTypeSearchResponse;
+import com.seed.api.types.TreeRecord;
 import com.seed.api.types.UserSearchResponse;
 
 public class SeedApiClient {
@@ -78,6 +81,34 @@ public Organization getOrganization(RequestOptions requestOptions) {
         return this.rawClient.getOrganization(requestOptions).body();
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Tests three-level allOf chain where a parent schema itself uses allOf with $ref elements. The grandparent's properties must be resolved through the nested $ref.
+     */
+    public PlantStrict createPlant(PlantPost request) {
+        return this.rawClient.createPlant(request).body();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests three-level allOf chain where a parent schema itself uses allOf with $ref elements. The grandparent's properties must be resolved through the nested $ref.
+     */
+    public PlantStrict createPlant(PlantPost request, RequestOptions requestOptions) {
+        return this.rawClient.createPlant(request, requestOptions).body();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests that when a parent's allOf contains multiple $ref entries, all of them are resolved and their properties merged.
+     */
+    public TreeRecord createTree(TreeRecord request) {
+        return this.rawClient.createTree(request).body();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests that when a parent's allOf contains multiple $ref entries, all of them are resolved and their properties merged.
+     */
+    public TreeRecord createTree(TreeRecord request, RequestOptions requestOptions) {
+        return this.rawClient.createTree(request, requestOptions).body();
+    }
+
     public static SeedApiClientBuilder builder() {
         return new SeedApiClientBuilder();
     }
diff --git a/seed/java-sdk/allof-inline/src/main/java/com/seed/api/requests/PlantPost.java b/seed/java-sdk/allof-inline/src/main/java/com/seed/api/requests/PlantPost.java
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..08a68242d71f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/java-sdk/allof-inline/src/main/java/com/seed/api/requests/PlantPost.java
@@ -0,0 +1,409 @@
+/**
+ * This file was auto-generated by Fern from our API Definition.
+ */
+package com.seed.api.requests;
+
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonAnyGetter;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonAnySetter;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonIgnoreProperties;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonInclude;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonProperty;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonSetter;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.Nulls;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.annotation.JsonDeserialize;
+import com.seed.api.core.ObjectMappers;
+import com.seed.api.types.PlantPostSunExposure;
+import com.seed.api.types.PlantPostWateringFrequency;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Objects;
+import java.util.Optional;
+import org.jetbrains.annotations.NotNull;
+
+@JsonInclude(JsonInclude.Include.NON_ABSENT)
+@JsonDeserialize(builder = PlantPost.Builder.class)
+public final class PlantPost {
+    private final String species;
+
+    private final String family;
+
+    private final String genus;
+
+    private final String commonName;
+
+    private final PlantPostWateringFrequency wateringFrequency;
+
+    private final PlantPostSunExposure sunExposure;
+
+    private final Optional<String> plantedAt;
+
+    private final Optional<String> soilType;
+
+    private final Map<String, Object> additionalProperties;
+
+    private PlantPost(
+            String species,
+            String family,
+            String genus,
+            String commonName,
+            PlantPostWateringFrequency wateringFrequency,
+            PlantPostSunExposure sunExposure,
+            Optional<String> plantedAt,
+            Optional<String> soilType,
+            Map<String, Object> additionalProperties) {
+        this.species = species;
+        this.family = family;
+        this.genus = genus;
+        this.commonName = commonName;
+        this.wateringFrequency = wateringFrequency;
+        this.sunExposure = sunExposure;
+        this.plantedAt = plantedAt;
+        this.soilType = soilType;
+        this.additionalProperties = additionalProperties;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return The botanical species name.
+     */
+    @JsonProperty("species")
+    public String getSpecies() {
+        return species;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return The botanical family.
+     */
+    @JsonProperty("family")
+    public String getFamily() {
+        return family;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return The botanical genus.
+     */
+    @JsonProperty("genus")
+    public String getGenus() {
+        return genus;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return The common name of the plant.
+     */
+    @JsonProperty("commonName")
+    public String getCommonName() {
+        return commonName;
+    }
+
+    @JsonProperty("wateringFrequency")
+    public PlantPostWateringFrequency getWateringFrequency() {
+        return wateringFrequency;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return Required sun exposure level.
+     */
+    @JsonProperty("sunExposure")
+    public PlantPostSunExposure getSunExposure() {
+        return sunExposure;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return Date the plant was planted.
+     */
+    @JsonProperty("plantedAt")
+    public Optional<String> getPlantedAt() {
+        return plantedAt;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return Preferred soil type.
+     */
+    @JsonProperty("soilType")
+    public Optional<String> getSoilType() {
+        return soilType;
+    }
+
+    @java.lang.Override
+    public boolean equals(Object other) {
+        if (this == other) return true;
+        return other instanceof PlantPost && equalTo((PlantPost) other);
+    }
+
+    @JsonAnyGetter
+    public Map<String, Object> getAdditionalProperties() {
+        return this.additionalProperties;
+    }
+
+    private boolean equalTo(PlantPost other) {
+        return species.equals(other.species)
+                && family.equals(other.family)
+                && genus.equals(other.genus)
+                && commonName.equals(other.commonName)
+                && wateringFrequency.equals(other.wateringFrequency)
+                && sunExposure.equals(other.sunExposure)
+                && plantedAt.equals(other.plantedAt)
+                && soilType.equals(other.soilType);
+    }
+
+    @java.lang.Override
+    public int hashCode() {
+        return Objects.hash(
+                this.species,
+                this.family,
+                this.genus,
+                this.commonName,
+                this.wateringFrequency,
+                this.sunExposure,
+                this.plantedAt,
+                this.soilType);
+    }
+
+    @java.lang.Override
+    public String toString() {
+        return ObjectMappers.stringify(this);
+    }
+
+    public static SpeciesStage builder() {
+        return new Builder();
+    }
+
+    public interface SpeciesStage {
+        /**
+         * <p>The botanical species name.</p>
+         */
+        FamilyStage species(@NotNull String species);
+
+        Builder from(PlantPost other);
+    }
+
+    public interface FamilyStage {
+        /**
+         * <p>The botanical family.</p>
+         */
+        GenusStage family(@NotNull String family);
+    }
+
+    public interface GenusStage {
+        /**
+         * <p>The botanical genus.</p>
+         */
+        CommonNameStage genus(@NotNull String genus);
+    }
+
+    public interface CommonNameStage {
+        /**
+         * <p>The common name of the plant.</p>
+         */
+        WateringFrequencyStage commonName(@NotNull String commonName);
+    }
+
+    public interface WateringFrequencyStage {
+        SunExposureStage wateringFrequency(@NotNull PlantPostWateringFrequency wateringFrequency);
+    }
+
+    public interface SunExposureStage {
+        /**
+         * <p>Required sun exposure level.</p>
+         */
+        _FinalStage sunExposure(@NotNull PlantPostSunExposure sunExposure);
+    }
+
+    public interface _FinalStage {
+        PlantPost build();
+
+        _FinalStage additionalProperty(String key, Object value);
+
+        _FinalStage additionalProperties(Map<String, Object> additionalProperties);
+
+        /**
+         * <p>Date the plant was planted.</p>
+         */
+        _FinalStage plantedAt(Optional<String> plantedAt);
+
+        _FinalStage plantedAt(String plantedAt);
+
+        /**
+         * <p>Preferred soil type.</p>
+         */
+        _FinalStage soilType(Optional<String> soilType);
+
+        _FinalStage soilType(String soilType);
+    }
+
+    @JsonIgnoreProperties(ignoreUnknown = true)
+    public static final class Builder
+            implements SpeciesStage,
+                    FamilyStage,
+                    GenusStage,
+                    CommonNameStage,
+                    WateringFrequencyStage,
+                    SunExposureStage,
+                    _FinalStage {
+        private String species;
+
+        private String family;
+
+        private String genus;
+
+        private String commonName;
+
+        private PlantPostWateringFrequency wateringFrequency;
+
+        private PlantPostSunExposure sunExposure;
+
+        private Optional<String> soilType = Optional.empty();
+
+        private Optional<String> plantedAt = Optional.empty();
+
+        @JsonAnySetter
+        private Map<String, Object> additionalProperties = new HashMap<>();
+
+        private Builder() {}
+
+        @java.lang.Override
+        public Builder from(PlantPost other) {
+            species(other.getSpecies());
+            family(other.getFamily());
+            genus(other.getGenus());
+            commonName(other.getCommonName());
+            wateringFrequency(other.getWateringFrequency());
+            sunExposure(other.getSunExposure());
+            plantedAt(other.getPlantedAt());
+            soilType(other.getSoilType());
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * <p>The botanical species name.</p>
+         * <p>The botanical species name.</p>
+         * @return Reference to {@code this} so that method calls can be chained together.
+         */
+        @java.lang.Override
+        @JsonSetter("species")
+        public FamilyStage species(@NotNull String species) {
+            this.species = Objects.requireNonNull(species, "species must not be null");
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * <p>The botanical family.</p>
+         * <p>The botanical family.</p>
+         * @return Reference to {@code this} so that method calls can be chained together.
+         */
+        @java.lang.Override
+        @JsonSetter("family")
+        public GenusStage family(@NotNull String family) {
+            this.family = Objects.requireNonNull(family, "family must not be null");
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * <p>The botanical genus.</p>
+         * <p>The botanical genus.</p>
+         * @return Reference to {@code this} so that method calls can be chained together.
+         */
+        @java.lang.Override
+        @JsonSetter("genus")
+        public CommonNameStage genus(@NotNull String genus) {
+            this.genus = Objects.requireNonNull(genus, "genus must not be null");
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * <p>The common name of the plant.</p>
+         * <p>The common name of the plant.</p>
+         * @return Reference to {@code this} so that method calls can be chained together.
+         */
+        @java.lang.Override
+        @JsonSetter("commonName")
+        public WateringFrequencyStage commonName(@NotNull String commonName) {
+            this.commonName = Objects.requireNonNull(commonName, "commonName must not be null");
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        @java.lang.Override
+        @JsonSetter("wateringFrequency")
+        public SunExposureStage wateringFrequency(@NotNull PlantPostWateringFrequency wateringFrequency) {
+            this.wateringFrequency = Objects.requireNonNull(wateringFrequency, "wateringFrequency must not be null");
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * <p>Required sun exposure level.</p>
+         * <p>Required sun exposure level.</p>
+         * @return Reference to {@code this} so that method calls can be chained together.
+         */
+        @java.lang.Override
+        @JsonSetter("sunExposure")
+        public _FinalStage sunExposure(@NotNull PlantPostSunExposure sunExposure) {
+            this.sunExposure = Objects.requireNonNull(sunExposure, "sunExposure must not be null");
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * <p>Preferred soil type.</p>
+         * @return Reference to {@code this} so that method calls can be chained together.
+         */
+        @java.lang.Override
+        public _FinalStage soilType(String soilType) {
+            this.soilType = Optional.ofNullable(soilType);
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * <p>Preferred soil type.</p>
+         */
+        @java.lang.Override
+        @JsonSetter(value = "soilType", nulls = Nulls.SKIP)
+        public _FinalStage soilType(Optional<String> soilType) {
+            this.soilType = soilType;
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * <p>Date the plant was planted.</p>
+         * @return Reference to {@code this} so that method calls can be chained together.
+         */
+        @java.lang.Override
+        public _FinalStage plantedAt(String plantedAt) {
+            this.plantedAt = Optional.ofNullable(plantedAt);
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * <p>Date the plant was planted.</p>
+         */
+        @java.lang.Override
+        @JsonSetter(value = "plantedAt", nulls = Nulls.SKIP)
+        public _FinalStage plantedAt(Optional<String> plantedAt) {
+            this.plantedAt = plantedAt;
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        @java.lang.Override
+        public PlantPost build() {
+            return new PlantPost(
+                    species,
+                    family,
+                    genus,
+                    commonName,
+                    wateringFrequency,
+                    sunExposure,
+                    plantedAt,
+                    soilType,
+                    additionalProperties);
+        }
+
+        @java.lang.Override
+        public Builder additionalProperty(String key, Object value) {
+            this.additionalProperties.put(key, value);
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        @java.lang.Override
+        public Builder additionalProperties(Map<String, Object> additionalProperties) {
+            this.additionalProperties.putAll(additionalProperties);
+            return this;
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/seed/java-sdk/allof-inline/src/main/java/com/seed/api/types/PlantBase.java b/seed/java-sdk/allof-inline/src/main/java/com/seed/api/types/PlantBase.java
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..362972fde728
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/java-sdk/allof-inline/src/main/java/com/seed/api/types/PlantBase.java
@@ -0,0 +1,276 @@
+/**
+ * This file was auto-generated by Fern from our API Definition.
+ */
+package com.seed.api.types;
+
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonAnyGetter;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonAnySetter;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonIgnoreProperties;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonInclude;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonProperty;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonSetter;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.Nulls;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.annotation.JsonDeserialize;
+import com.seed.api.core.ObjectMappers;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Objects;
+import java.util.Optional;
+import org.jetbrains.annotations.NotNull;
+
+@JsonInclude(JsonInclude.Include.NON_ABSENT)
+@JsonDeserialize(builder = PlantBase.Builder.class)
+public final class PlantBase {
+    private final String species;
+
+    private final String family;
+
+    private final String genus;
+
+    private final Optional<String> commonName;
+
+    private final Optional<PlantBaseWateringFrequency> wateringFrequency;
+
+    private final Map<String, Object> additionalProperties;
+
+    private PlantBase(
+            String species,
+            String family,
+            String genus,
+            Optional<String> commonName,
+            Optional<PlantBaseWateringFrequency> wateringFrequency,
+            Map<String, Object> additionalProperties) {
+        this.species = species;
+        this.family = family;
+        this.genus = genus;
+        this.commonName = commonName;
+        this.wateringFrequency = wateringFrequency;
+        this.additionalProperties = additionalProperties;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return The botanical species name.
+     */
+    @JsonProperty("species")
+    public String getSpecies() {
+        return species;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return The botanical family.
+     */
+    @JsonProperty("family")
+    public String getFamily() {
+        return family;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return The botanical genus.
+     */
+    @JsonProperty("genus")
+    public String getGenus() {
+        return genus;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return The common name of the plant.
+     */
+    @JsonProperty("commonName")
+    public Optional<String> getCommonName() {
+        return commonName;
+    }
+
+    @JsonProperty("wateringFrequency")
+    public Optional<PlantBaseWateringFrequency> getWateringFrequency() {
+        return wateringFrequency;
+    }
+
+    @java.lang.Override
+    public boolean equals(Object other) {
+        if (this == other) return true;
+        return other instanceof PlantBase && equalTo((PlantBase) other);
+    }
+
+    @JsonAnyGetter
+    public Map<String, Object> getAdditionalProperties() {
+        return this.additionalProperties;
+    }
+
+    private boolean equalTo(PlantBase other) {
+        return species.equals(other.species)
+                && family.equals(other.family)
+                && genus.equals(other.genus)
+                && commonName.equals(other.commonName)
+                && wateringFrequency.equals(other.wateringFrequency);
+    }
+
+    @java.lang.Override
+    public int hashCode() {
+        return Objects.hash(this.species, this.family, this.genus, this.commonName, this.wateringFrequency);
+    }
+
+    @java.lang.Override
+    public String toString() {
+        return ObjectMappers.stringify(this);
+    }
+
+    public static SpeciesStage builder() {
+        return new Builder();
+    }
+
+    public interface SpeciesStage {
+        /**
+         * <p>The botanical species name.</p>
+         */
+        FamilyStage species(@NotNull String species);
+
+        Builder from(PlantBase other);
+    }
+
+    public interface FamilyStage {
+        /**
+         * <p>The botanical family.</p>
+         */
+        GenusStage family(@NotNull String family);
+    }
+
+    public interface GenusStage {
+        /**
+         * <p>The botanical genus.</p>
+         */
+        _FinalStage genus(@NotNull String genus);
+    }
+
+    public interface _FinalStage {
+        PlantBase build();
+
+        _FinalStage additionalProperty(String key, Object value);
+
+        _FinalStage additionalProperties(Map<String, Object> additionalProperties);
+
+        /**
+         * <p>The common name of the plant.</p>
+         */
+        _FinalStage commonName(Optional<String> commonName);
+
+        _FinalStage commonName(String commonName);
+
+        _FinalStage wateringFrequency(Optional<PlantBaseWateringFrequency> wateringFrequency);
+
+        _FinalStage wateringFrequency(PlantBaseWateringFrequency wateringFrequency);
+    }
+
+    @JsonIgnoreProperties(ignoreUnknown = true)
+    public static final class Builder implements SpeciesStage, FamilyStage, GenusStage, _FinalStage {
+        private String species;
+
+        private String family;
+
+        private String genus;
+
+        private Optional<PlantBaseWateringFrequency> wateringFrequency = Optional.empty();
+
+        private Optional<String> commonName = Optional.empty();
+
+        @JsonAnySetter
+        private Map<String, Object> additionalProperties = new HashMap<>();
+
+        private Builder() {}
+
+        @java.lang.Override
+        public Builder from(PlantBase other) {
+            species(other.getSpecies());
+            family(other.getFamily());
+            genus(other.getGenus());
+            commonName(other.getCommonName());
+            wateringFrequency(other.getWateringFrequency());
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * <p>The botanical species name.</p>
+         * <p>The botanical species name.</p>
+         * @return Reference to {@code this} so that method calls can be chained together.
+         */
+        @java.lang.Override
+        @JsonSetter("species")
+        public FamilyStage species(@NotNull String species) {
+            this.species = Objects.requireNonNull(species, "species must not be null");
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * <p>The botanical family.</p>
+         * <p>The botanical family.</p>
+         * @return Reference to {@code this} so that method calls can be chained together.
+         */
+        @java.lang.Override
+        @JsonSetter("family")
+        public GenusStage family(@NotNull String family) {
+            this.family = Objects.requireNonNull(family, "family must not be null");
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * <p>The botanical genus.</p>
+         * <p>The botanical genus.</p>
+         * @return Reference to {@code this} so that method calls can be chained together.
+         */
+        @java.lang.Override
+        @JsonSetter("genus")
+        public _FinalStage genus(@NotNull String genus) {
+            this.genus = Objects.requireNonNull(genus, "genus must not be null");
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        @java.lang.Override
+        public _FinalStage wateringFrequency(PlantBaseWateringFrequency wateringFrequency) {
+            this.wateringFrequency = Optional.ofNullable(wateringFrequency);
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        @java.lang.Override
+        @JsonSetter(value = "wateringFrequency", nulls = Nulls.SKIP)
+        public _FinalStage wateringFrequency(Optional<PlantBaseWateringFrequency> wateringFrequency) {
+            this.wateringFrequency = wateringFrequency;
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * <p>The common name of the plant.</p>
+         * @return Reference to {@code this} so that method calls can be chained together.
+         */
+        @java.lang.Override
+        public _FinalStage commonName(String commonName) {
+            this.commonName = Optional.ofNullable(commonName);
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * <p>The common name of the plant.</p>
+         */
+        @java.lang.Override
+        @JsonSetter(value = "commonName", nulls = Nulls.SKIP)
+        public _FinalStage commonName(Optional<String> commonName) {
+            this.commonName = commonName;
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        @java.lang.Override
+        public PlantBase build() {
+            return new PlantBase(species, family, genus, commonName, wateringFrequency, additionalProperties);
+        }
+
+        @java.lang.Override
+        public Builder additionalProperty(String key, Object value) {
+            this.additionalProperties.put(key, value);
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        @java.lang.Override
+        public Builder additionalProperties(Map<String, Object> additionalProperties) {
+            this.additionalProperties.putAll(additionalProperties);
+            return this;
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/seed/java-sdk/allof-inline/src/main/java/com/seed/api/types/PlantBaseWateringFrequency.java b/seed/java-sdk/allof-inline/src/main/java/com/seed/api/types/PlantBaseWateringFrequency.java
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..e6556c10f9a1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/java-sdk/allof-inline/src/main/java/com/seed/api/types/PlantBaseWateringFrequency.java
@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+/**
+ * This file was auto-generated by Fern from our API Definition.
+ */
+package com.seed.api.types;
+
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonCreator;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonValue;
+
+public final class PlantBaseWateringFrequency {
+    public static final PlantBaseWateringFrequency BIWEEKLY =
+            new PlantBaseWateringFrequency(Value.BIWEEKLY, "biweekly");
+
+    public static final PlantBaseWateringFrequency DAILY = new PlantBaseWateringFrequency(Value.DAILY, "daily");
+
+    public static final PlantBaseWateringFrequency WEEKLY = new PlantBaseWateringFrequency(Value.WEEKLY, "weekly");
+
+    public static final PlantBaseWateringFrequency MONTHLY = new PlantBaseWateringFrequency(Value.MONTHLY, "monthly");
+
+    private final Value value;
+
+    private final String string;
+
+    PlantBaseWateringFrequency(Value value, String string) {
+        this.value = value;
+        this.string = string;
+    }
+
+    public Value getEnumValue() {
+        return value;
+    }
+
+    @java.lang.Override
+    @JsonValue
+    public String toString() {
+        return this.string;
+    }
+
+    @java.lang.Override
+    public boolean equals(Object other) {
+        return (this == other)
+                || (other instanceof PlantBaseWateringFrequency
+                        && this.string.equals(((PlantBaseWateringFrequency) other).string));
+    }
+
+    @java.lang.Override
+    public int hashCode() {
+        return this.string.hashCode();
+    }
+
+    public <T> T visit(Visitor<T> visitor) {
+        switch (value) {
+            case BIWEEKLY:
+                return visitor.visitBiweekly();
+            case DAILY:
+                return visitor.visitDaily();
+            case WEEKLY:
+                return visitor.visitWeekly();
+            case MONTHLY:
+                return visitor.visitMonthly();
+            case UNKNOWN:
+            default:
+                return visitor.visitUnknown(string);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @JsonCreator(mode = JsonCreator.Mode.DELEGATING)
+    public static PlantBaseWateringFrequency valueOf(String value) {
+        switch (value) {
+            case "biweekly":
+                return BIWEEKLY;
+            case "daily":
+                return DAILY;
+            case "weekly":
+                return WEEKLY;
+            case "monthly":
+                return MONTHLY;
+            default:
+                return new PlantBaseWateringFrequency(Value.UNKNOWN, value);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public enum Value {
+        DAILY,
+
+        WEEKLY,
+
+        BIWEEKLY,
+
+        MONTHLY,
+
+        UNKNOWN
+    }
+
+    public interface Visitor<T> {
+        T visitDaily();
+
+        T visitWeekly();
+
+        T visitBiweekly();
+
+        T visitMonthly();
+
+        T visitUnknown(String unknownType);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/seed/java-sdk/allof-inline/src/main/java/com/seed/api/types/PlantPostSunExposure.java b/seed/java-sdk/allof-inline/src/main/java/com/seed/api/types/PlantPostSunExposure.java
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..a9648170fa44
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/java-sdk/allof-inline/src/main/java/com/seed/api/types/PlantPostSunExposure.java
@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+/**
+ * This file was auto-generated by Fern from our API Definition.
+ */
+package com.seed.api.types;
+
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonCreator;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonValue;
+
+public final class PlantPostSunExposure {
+    public static final PlantPostSunExposure FULL = new PlantPostSunExposure(Value.FULL, "full");
+
+    public static final PlantPostSunExposure PARTIAL = new PlantPostSunExposure(Value.PARTIAL, "partial");
+
+    public static final PlantPostSunExposure SHADE = new PlantPostSunExposure(Value.SHADE, "shade");
+
+    private final Value value;
+
+    private final String string;
+
+    PlantPostSunExposure(Value value, String string) {
+        this.value = value;
+        this.string = string;
+    }
+
+    public Value getEnumValue() {
+        return value;
+    }
+
+    @java.lang.Override
+    @JsonValue
+    public String toString() {
+        return this.string;
+    }
+
+    @java.lang.Override
+    public boolean equals(Object other) {
+        return (this == other)
+                || (other instanceof PlantPostSunExposure && this.string.equals(((PlantPostSunExposure) other).string));
+    }
+
+    @java.lang.Override
+    public int hashCode() {
+        return this.string.hashCode();
+    }
+
+    public <T> T visit(Visitor<T> visitor) {
+        switch (value) {
+            case FULL:
+                return visitor.visitFull();
+            case PARTIAL:
+                return visitor.visitPartial();
+            case SHADE:
+                return visitor.visitShade();
+            case UNKNOWN:
+            default:
+                return visitor.visitUnknown(string);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @JsonCreator(mode = JsonCreator.Mode.DELEGATING)
+    public static PlantPostSunExposure valueOf(String value) {
+        switch (value) {
+            case "full":
+                return FULL;
+            case "partial":
+                return PARTIAL;
+            case "shade":
+                return SHADE;
+            default:
+                return new PlantPostSunExposure(Value.UNKNOWN, value);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public enum Value {
+        FULL,
+
+        PARTIAL,
+
+        SHADE,
+
+        UNKNOWN
+    }
+
+    public interface Visitor<T> {
+        T visitFull();
+
+        T visitPartial();
+
+        T visitShade();
+
+        T visitUnknown(String unknownType);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/seed/java-sdk/allof-inline/src/main/java/com/seed/api/types/PlantPostWateringFrequency.java b/seed/java-sdk/allof-inline/src/main/java/com/seed/api/types/PlantPostWateringFrequency.java
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..2283fc0c6ac0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/java-sdk/allof-inline/src/main/java/com/seed/api/types/PlantPostWateringFrequency.java
@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+/**
+ * This file was auto-generated by Fern from our API Definition.
+ */
+package com.seed.api.types;
+
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonCreator;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonValue;
+
+public final class PlantPostWateringFrequency {
+    public static final PlantPostWateringFrequency BIWEEKLY =
+            new PlantPostWateringFrequency(Value.BIWEEKLY, "biweekly");
+
+    public static final PlantPostWateringFrequency DAILY = new PlantPostWateringFrequency(Value.DAILY, "daily");
+
+    public static final PlantPostWateringFrequency WEEKLY = new PlantPostWateringFrequency(Value.WEEKLY, "weekly");
+
+    public static final PlantPostWateringFrequency MONTHLY = new PlantPostWateringFrequency(Value.MONTHLY, "monthly");
+
+    private final Value value;
+
+    private final String string;
+
+    PlantPostWateringFrequency(Value value, String string) {
+        this.value = value;
+        this.string = string;
+    }
+
+    public Value getEnumValue() {
+        return value;
+    }
+
+    @java.lang.Override
+    @JsonValue
+    public String toString() {
+        return this.string;
+    }
+
+    @java.lang.Override
+    public boolean equals(Object other) {
+        return (this == other)
+                || (other instanceof PlantPostWateringFrequency
+                        && this.string.equals(((PlantPostWateringFrequency) other).string));
+    }
+
+    @java.lang.Override
+    public int hashCode() {
+        return this.string.hashCode();
+    }
+
+    public <T> T visit(Visitor<T> visitor) {
+        switch (value) {
+            case BIWEEKLY:
+                return visitor.visitBiweekly();
+            case DAILY:
+                return visitor.visitDaily();
+            case WEEKLY:
+                return visitor.visitWeekly();
+            case MONTHLY:
+                return visitor.visitMonthly();
+            case UNKNOWN:
+            default:
+                return visitor.visitUnknown(string);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @JsonCreator(mode = JsonCreator.Mode.DELEGATING)
+    public static PlantPostWateringFrequency valueOf(String value) {
+        switch (value) {
+            case "biweekly":
+                return BIWEEKLY;
+            case "daily":
+                return DAILY;
+            case "weekly":
+                return WEEKLY;
+            case "monthly":
+                return MONTHLY;
+            default:
+                return new PlantPostWateringFrequency(Value.UNKNOWN, value);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public enum Value {
+        DAILY,
+
+        WEEKLY,
+
+        BIWEEKLY,
+
+        MONTHLY,
+
+        UNKNOWN
+    }
+
+    public interface Visitor<T> {
+        T visitDaily();
+
+        T visitWeekly();
+
+        T visitBiweekly();
+
+        T visitMonthly();
+
+        T visitUnknown(String unknownType);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/seed/java-sdk/allof-inline/src/main/java/com/seed/api/types/PlantStrict.java b/seed/java-sdk/allof-inline/src/main/java/com/seed/api/types/PlantStrict.java
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..920e40090ded
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/java-sdk/allof-inline/src/main/java/com/seed/api/types/PlantStrict.java
@@ -0,0 +1,195 @@
+/**
+ * This file was auto-generated by Fern from our API Definition.
+ */
+package com.seed.api.types;
+
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonAnyGetter;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonAnySetter;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonIgnoreProperties;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonInclude;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonProperty;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonSetter;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.annotation.JsonDeserialize;
+import com.seed.api.core.ObjectMappers;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Objects;
+import org.jetbrains.annotations.NotNull;
+
+@JsonInclude(JsonInclude.Include.NON_ABSENT)
+@JsonDeserialize(builder = PlantStrict.Builder.class)
+public final class PlantStrict {
+    private final String species;
+
+    private final String family;
+
+    private final String genus;
+
+    private final Map<String, Object> additionalProperties;
+
+    private PlantStrict(String species, String family, String genus, Map<String, Object> additionalProperties) {
+        this.species = species;
+        this.family = family;
+        this.genus = genus;
+        this.additionalProperties = additionalProperties;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return The botanical species name.
+     */
+    @JsonProperty("species")
+    public String getSpecies() {
+        return species;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return The botanical family.
+     */
+    @JsonProperty("family")
+    public String getFamily() {
+        return family;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return The botanical genus.
+     */
+    @JsonProperty("genus")
+    public String getGenus() {
+        return genus;
+    }
+
+    @java.lang.Override
+    public boolean equals(Object other) {
+        if (this == other) return true;
+        return other instanceof PlantStrict && equalTo((PlantStrict) other);
+    }
+
+    @JsonAnyGetter
+    public Map<String, Object> getAdditionalProperties() {
+        return this.additionalProperties;
+    }
+
+    private boolean equalTo(PlantStrict other) {
+        return species.equals(other.species) && family.equals(other.family) && genus.equals(other.genus);
+    }
+
+    @java.lang.Override
+    public int hashCode() {
+        return Objects.hash(this.species, this.family, this.genus);
+    }
+
+    @java.lang.Override
+    public String toString() {
+        return ObjectMappers.stringify(this);
+    }
+
+    public static SpeciesStage builder() {
+        return new Builder();
+    }
+
+    public interface SpeciesStage {
+        /**
+         * <p>The botanical species name.</p>
+         */
+        FamilyStage species(@NotNull String species);
+
+        Builder from(PlantStrict other);
+    }
+
+    public interface FamilyStage {
+        /**
+         * <p>The botanical family.</p>
+         */
+        GenusStage family(@NotNull String family);
+    }
+
+    public interface GenusStage {
+        /**
+         * <p>The botanical genus.</p>
+         */
+        _FinalStage genus(@NotNull String genus);
+    }
+
+    public interface _FinalStage {
+        PlantStrict build();
+
+        _FinalStage additionalProperty(String key, Object value);
+
+        _FinalStage additionalProperties(Map<String, Object> additionalProperties);
+    }
+
+    @JsonIgnoreProperties(ignoreUnknown = true)
+    public static final class Builder implements SpeciesStage, FamilyStage, GenusStage, _FinalStage {
+        private String species;
+
+        private String family;
+
+        private String genus;
+
+        @JsonAnySetter
+        private Map<String, Object> additionalProperties = new HashMap<>();
+
+        private Builder() {}
+
+        @java.lang.Override
+        public Builder from(PlantStrict other) {
+            species(other.getSpecies());
+            family(other.getFamily());
+            genus(other.getGenus());
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * <p>The botanical species name.</p>
+         * <p>The botanical species name.</p>
+         * @return Reference to {@code this} so that method calls can be chained together.
+         */
+        @java.lang.Override
+        @JsonSetter("species")
+        public FamilyStage species(@NotNull String species) {
+            this.species = Objects.requireNonNull(species, "species must not be null");
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * <p>The botanical family.</p>
+         * <p>The botanical family.</p>
+         * @return Reference to {@code this} so that method calls can be chained together.
+         */
+        @java.lang.Override
+        @JsonSetter("family")
+        public GenusStage family(@NotNull String family) {
+            this.family = Objects.requireNonNull(family, "family must not be null");
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * <p>The botanical genus.</p>
+         * <p>The botanical genus.</p>
+         * @return Reference to {@code this} so that method calls can be chained together.
+         */
+        @java.lang.Override
+        @JsonSetter("genus")
+        public _FinalStage genus(@NotNull String genus) {
+            this.genus = Objects.requireNonNull(genus, "genus must not be null");
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        @java.lang.Override
+        public PlantStrict build() {
+            return new PlantStrict(species, family, genus, additionalProperties);
+        }
+
+        @java.lang.Override
+        public Builder additionalProperty(String key, Object value) {
+            this.additionalProperties.put(key, value);
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        @java.lang.Override
+        public Builder additionalProperties(Map<String, Object> additionalProperties) {
+            this.additionalProperties.putAll(additionalProperties);
+            return this;
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/seed/java-sdk/allof-inline/src/main/java/com/seed/api/types/TreeBase.java b/seed/java-sdk/allof-inline/src/main/java/com/seed/api/types/TreeBase.java
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..0cde6dac1547
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/java-sdk/allof-inline/src/main/java/com/seed/api/types/TreeBase.java
@@ -0,0 +1,305 @@
+/**
+ * This file was auto-generated by Fern from our API Definition.
+ */
+package com.seed.api.types;
+
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonAnyGetter;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonAnySetter;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonIgnoreProperties;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonInclude;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonProperty;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonSetter;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.Nulls;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.annotation.JsonDeserialize;
+import com.seed.api.core.ObjectMappers;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Objects;
+import java.util.Optional;
+import org.jetbrains.annotations.NotNull;
+
+@JsonInclude(JsonInclude.Include.NON_ABSENT)
+@JsonDeserialize(builder = TreeBase.Builder.class)
+public final class TreeBase {
+    private final String id;
+
+    private final Optional<String> treeName;
+
+    private final Optional<String> treeDescription;
+
+    private final Optional<String> treeSpecies;
+
+    private final Optional<Double> heightInFeet;
+
+    private final Map<String, Object> additionalProperties;
+
+    private TreeBase(
+            String id,
+            Optional<String> treeName,
+            Optional<String> treeDescription,
+            Optional<String> treeSpecies,
+            Optional<Double> heightInFeet,
+            Map<String, Object> additionalProperties) {
+        this.id = id;
+        this.treeName = treeName;
+        this.treeDescription = treeDescription;
+        this.treeSpecies = treeSpecies;
+        this.heightInFeet = heightInFeet;
+        this.additionalProperties = additionalProperties;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return Unique tree identifier.
+     */
+    @JsonProperty("id")
+    public String getId() {
+        return id;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return Display name of the tree.
+     */
+    @JsonProperty("treeName")
+    public Optional<String> getTreeName() {
+        return treeName;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return A description of the tree.
+     */
+    @JsonProperty("treeDescription")
+    public Optional<String> getTreeDescription() {
+        return treeDescription;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return The species of tree.
+     */
+    @JsonProperty("treeSpecies")
+    public Optional<String> getTreeSpecies() {
+        return treeSpecies;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return Height of the tree in feet.
+     */
+    @JsonProperty("heightInFeet")
+    public Optional<Double> getHeightInFeet() {
+        return heightInFeet;
+    }
+
+    @java.lang.Override
+    public boolean equals(Object other) {
+        if (this == other) return true;
+        return other instanceof TreeBase && equalTo((TreeBase) other);
+    }
+
+    @JsonAnyGetter
+    public Map<String, Object> getAdditionalProperties() {
+        return this.additionalProperties;
+    }
+
+    private boolean equalTo(TreeBase other) {
+        return id.equals(other.id)
+                && treeName.equals(other.treeName)
+                && treeDescription.equals(other.treeDescription)
+                && treeSpecies.equals(other.treeSpecies)
+                && heightInFeet.equals(other.heightInFeet);
+    }
+
+    @java.lang.Override
+    public int hashCode() {
+        return Objects.hash(this.id, this.treeName, this.treeDescription, this.treeSpecies, this.heightInFeet);
+    }
+
+    @java.lang.Override
+    public String toString() {
+        return ObjectMappers.stringify(this);
+    }
+
+    public static IdStage builder() {
+        return new Builder();
+    }
+
+    public interface IdStage {
+        /**
+         * <p>Unique tree identifier.</p>
+         */
+        _FinalStage id(@NotNull String id);
+
+        Builder from(TreeBase other);
+    }
+
+    public interface _FinalStage {
+        TreeBase build();
+
+        _FinalStage additionalProperty(String key, Object value);
+
+        _FinalStage additionalProperties(Map<String, Object> additionalProperties);
+
+        /**
+         * <p>Display name of the tree.</p>
+         */
+        _FinalStage treeName(Optional<String> treeName);
+
+        _FinalStage treeName(String treeName);
+
+        /**
+         * <p>A description of the tree.</p>
+         */
+        _FinalStage treeDescription(Optional<String> treeDescription);
+
+        _FinalStage treeDescription(String treeDescription);
+
+        /**
+         * <p>The species of tree.</p>
+         */
+        _FinalStage treeSpecies(Optional<String> treeSpecies);
+
+        _FinalStage treeSpecies(String treeSpecies);
+
+        /**
+         * <p>Height of the tree in feet.</p>
+         */
+        _FinalStage heightInFeet(Optional<Double> heightInFeet);
+
+        _FinalStage heightInFeet(Double heightInFeet);
+    }
+
+    @JsonIgnoreProperties(ignoreUnknown = true)
+    public static final class Builder implements IdStage, _FinalStage {
+        private String id;
+
+        private Optional<Double> heightInFeet = Optional.empty();
+
+        private Optional<String> treeSpecies = Optional.empty();
+
+        private Optional<String> treeDescription = Optional.empty();
+
+        private Optional<String> treeName = Optional.empty();
+
+        @JsonAnySetter
+        private Map<String, Object> additionalProperties = new HashMap<>();
+
+        private Builder() {}
+
+        @java.lang.Override
+        public Builder from(TreeBase other) {
+            id(other.getId());
+            treeName(other.getTreeName());
+            treeDescription(other.getTreeDescription());
+            treeSpecies(other.getTreeSpecies());
+            heightInFeet(other.getHeightInFeet());
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * <p>Unique tree identifier.</p>
+         * <p>Unique tree identifier.</p>
+         * @return Reference to {@code this} so that method calls can be chained together.
+         */
+        @java.lang.Override
+        @JsonSetter("id")
+        public _FinalStage id(@NotNull String id) {
+            this.id = Objects.requireNonNull(id, "id must not be null");
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * <p>Height of the tree in feet.</p>
+         * @return Reference to {@code this} so that method calls can be chained together.
+         */
+        @java.lang.Override
+        public _FinalStage heightInFeet(Double heightInFeet) {
+            this.heightInFeet = Optional.ofNullable(heightInFeet);
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * <p>Height of the tree in feet.</p>
+         */
+        @java.lang.Override
+        @JsonSetter(value = "heightInFeet", nulls = Nulls.SKIP)
+        public _FinalStage heightInFeet(Optional<Double> heightInFeet) {
+            this.heightInFeet = heightInFeet;
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * <p>The species of tree.</p>
+         * @return Reference to {@code this} so that method calls can be chained together.
+         */
+        @java.lang.Override
+        public _FinalStage treeSpecies(String treeSpecies) {
+            this.treeSpecies = Optional.ofNullable(treeSpecies);
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * <p>The species of tree.</p>
+         */
+        @java.lang.Override
+        @JsonSetter(value = "treeSpecies", nulls = Nulls.SKIP)
+        public _FinalStage treeSpecies(Optional<String> treeSpecies) {
+            this.treeSpecies = treeSpecies;
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * <p>A description of the tree.</p>
+         * @return Reference to {@code this} so that method calls can be chained together.
+         */
+        @java.lang.Override
+        public _FinalStage treeDescription(String treeDescription) {
+            this.treeDescription = Optional.ofNullable(treeDescription);
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * <p>A description of the tree.</p>
+         */
+        @java.lang.Override
+        @JsonSetter(value = "treeDescription", nulls = Nulls.SKIP)
+        public _FinalStage treeDescription(Optional<String> treeDescription) {
+            this.treeDescription = treeDescription;
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * <p>Display name of the tree.</p>
+         * @return Reference to {@code this} so that method calls can be chained together.
+         */
+        @java.lang.Override
+        public _FinalStage treeName(String treeName) {
+            this.treeName = Optional.ofNullable(treeName);
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * <p>Display name of the tree.</p>
+         */
+        @java.lang.Override
+        @JsonSetter(value = "treeName", nulls = Nulls.SKIP)
+        public _FinalStage treeName(Optional<String> treeName) {
+            this.treeName = treeName;
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        @java.lang.Override
+        public TreeBase build() {
+            return new TreeBase(id, treeName, treeDescription, treeSpecies, heightInFeet, additionalProperties);
+        }
+
+        @java.lang.Override
+        public Builder additionalProperty(String key, Object value) {
+            this.additionalProperties.put(key, value);
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        @java.lang.Override
+        public Builder additionalProperties(Map<String, Object> additionalProperties) {
+            this.additionalProperties.putAll(additionalProperties);
+            return this;
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/seed/java-sdk/allof-inline/src/main/java/com/seed/api/types/TreeDescribable.java b/seed/java-sdk/allof-inline/src/main/java/com/seed/api/types/TreeDescribable.java
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..3ef19e00f295
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/java-sdk/allof-inline/src/main/java/com/seed/api/types/TreeDescribable.java
@@ -0,0 +1,140 @@
+/**
+ * This file was auto-generated by Fern from our API Definition.
+ */
+package com.seed.api.types;
+
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonAnyGetter;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonAnySetter;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonIgnoreProperties;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonInclude;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonProperty;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonSetter;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.Nulls;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.annotation.JsonDeserialize;
+import com.seed.api.core.ObjectMappers;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Objects;
+import java.util.Optional;
+
+@JsonInclude(JsonInclude.Include.NON_ABSENT)
+@JsonDeserialize(builder = TreeDescribable.Builder.class)
+public final class TreeDescribable {
+    private final Optional<String> treeName;
+
+    private final Optional<String> treeDescription;
+
+    private final Map<String, Object> additionalProperties;
+
+    private TreeDescribable(
+            Optional<String> treeName, Optional<String> treeDescription, Map<String, Object> additionalProperties) {
+        this.treeName = treeName;
+        this.treeDescription = treeDescription;
+        this.additionalProperties = additionalProperties;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return Display name of the tree.
+     */
+    @JsonProperty("treeName")
+    public Optional<String> getTreeName() {
+        return treeName;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return A description of the tree.
+     */
+    @JsonProperty("treeDescription")
+    public Optional<String> getTreeDescription() {
+        return treeDescription;
+    }
+
+    @java.lang.Override
+    public boolean equals(Object other) {
+        if (this == other) return true;
+        return other instanceof TreeDescribable && equalTo((TreeDescribable) other);
+    }
+
+    @JsonAnyGetter
+    public Map<String, Object> getAdditionalProperties() {
+        return this.additionalProperties;
+    }
+
+    private boolean equalTo(TreeDescribable other) {
+        return treeName.equals(other.treeName) && treeDescription.equals(other.treeDescription);
+    }
+
+    @java.lang.Override
+    public int hashCode() {
+        return Objects.hash(this.treeName, this.treeDescription);
+    }
+
+    @java.lang.Override
+    public String toString() {
+        return ObjectMappers.stringify(this);
+    }
+
+    public static Builder builder() {
+        return new Builder();
+    }
+
+    @JsonIgnoreProperties(ignoreUnknown = true)
+    public static final class Builder {
+        private Optional<String> treeName = Optional.empty();
+
+        private Optional<String> treeDescription = Optional.empty();
+
+        @JsonAnySetter
+        private Map<String, Object> additionalProperties = new HashMap<>();
+
+        private Builder() {}
+
+        public Builder from(TreeDescribable other) {
+            treeName(other.getTreeName());
+            treeDescription(other.getTreeDescription());
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * <p>Display name of the tree.</p>
+         */
+        @JsonSetter(value = "treeName", nulls = Nulls.SKIP)
+        public Builder treeName(Optional<String> treeName) {
+            this.treeName = treeName;
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        public Builder treeName(String treeName) {
+            this.treeName = Optional.ofNullable(treeName);
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * <p>A description of the tree.</p>
+         */
+        @JsonSetter(value = "treeDescription", nulls = Nulls.SKIP)
+        public Builder treeDescription(Optional<String> treeDescription) {
+            this.treeDescription = treeDescription;
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        public Builder treeDescription(String treeDescription) {
+            this.treeDescription = Optional.ofNullable(treeDescription);
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        public TreeDescribable build() {
+            return new TreeDescribable(treeName, treeDescription, additionalProperties);
+        }
+
+        public Builder additionalProperty(String key, Object value) {
+            this.additionalProperties.put(key, value);
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        public Builder additionalProperties(Map<String, Object> additionalProperties) {
+            this.additionalProperties.putAll(additionalProperties);
+            return this;
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/seed/java-sdk/allof-inline/src/main/java/com/seed/api/types/TreeIdentifiable.java b/seed/java-sdk/allof-inline/src/main/java/com/seed/api/types/TreeIdentifiable.java
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..5d00f1daf18b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/java-sdk/allof-inline/src/main/java/com/seed/api/types/TreeIdentifiable.java
@@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
+/**
+ * This file was auto-generated by Fern from our API Definition.
+ */
+package com.seed.api.types;
+
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonAnyGetter;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonAnySetter;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonIgnoreProperties;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonInclude;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonProperty;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonSetter;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.annotation.JsonDeserialize;
+import com.seed.api.core.ObjectMappers;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Objects;
+import org.jetbrains.annotations.NotNull;
+
+@JsonInclude(JsonInclude.Include.NON_ABSENT)
+@JsonDeserialize(builder = TreeIdentifiable.Builder.class)
+public final class TreeIdentifiable {
+    private final String id;
+
+    private final Map<String, Object> additionalProperties;
+
+    private TreeIdentifiable(String id, Map<String, Object> additionalProperties) {
+        this.id = id;
+        this.additionalProperties = additionalProperties;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return Unique tree identifier.
+     */
+    @JsonProperty("id")
+    public String getId() {
+        return id;
+    }
+
+    @java.lang.Override
+    public boolean equals(Object other) {
+        if (this == other) return true;
+        return other instanceof TreeIdentifiable && equalTo((TreeIdentifiable) other);
+    }
+
+    @JsonAnyGetter
+    public Map<String, Object> getAdditionalProperties() {
+        return this.additionalProperties;
+    }
+
+    private boolean equalTo(TreeIdentifiable other) {
+        return id.equals(other.id);
+    }
+
+    @java.lang.Override
+    public int hashCode() {
+        return Objects.hash(this.id);
+    }
+
+    @java.lang.Override
+    public String toString() {
+        return ObjectMappers.stringify(this);
+    }
+
+    public static IdStage builder() {
+        return new Builder();
+    }
+
+    public interface IdStage {
+        /**
+         * <p>Unique tree identifier.</p>
+         */
+        _FinalStage id(@NotNull String id);
+
+        Builder from(TreeIdentifiable other);
+    }
+
+    public interface _FinalStage {
+        TreeIdentifiable build();
+
+        _FinalStage additionalProperty(String key, Object value);
+
+        _FinalStage additionalProperties(Map<String, Object> additionalProperties);
+    }
+
+    @JsonIgnoreProperties(ignoreUnknown = true)
+    public static final class Builder implements IdStage, _FinalStage {
+        private String id;
+
+        @JsonAnySetter
+        private Map<String, Object> additionalProperties = new HashMap<>();
+
+        private Builder() {}
+
+        @java.lang.Override
+        public Builder from(TreeIdentifiable other) {
+            id(other.getId());
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * <p>Unique tree identifier.</p>
+         * <p>Unique tree identifier.</p>
+         * @return Reference to {@code this} so that method calls can be chained together.
+         */
+        @java.lang.Override
+        @JsonSetter("id")
+        public _FinalStage id(@NotNull String id) {
+            this.id = Objects.requireNonNull(id, "id must not be null");
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        @java.lang.Override
+        public TreeIdentifiable build() {
+            return new TreeIdentifiable(id, additionalProperties);
+        }
+
+        @java.lang.Override
+        public Builder additionalProperty(String key, Object value) {
+            this.additionalProperties.put(key, value);
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        @java.lang.Override
+        public Builder additionalProperties(Map<String, Object> additionalProperties) {
+            this.additionalProperties.putAll(additionalProperties);
+            return this;
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/seed/java-sdk/allof-inline/src/main/java/com/seed/api/types/TreeRecord.java b/seed/java-sdk/allof-inline/src/main/java/com/seed/api/types/TreeRecord.java
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..a20920c69be1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/java-sdk/allof-inline/src/main/java/com/seed/api/types/TreeRecord.java
@@ -0,0 +1,334 @@
+/**
+ * This file was auto-generated by Fern from our API Definition.
+ */
+package com.seed.api.types;
+
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonAnyGetter;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonAnySetter;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonIgnoreProperties;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonInclude;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonProperty;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonSetter;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.Nulls;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.annotation.JsonDeserialize;
+import com.seed.api.core.ObjectMappers;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Objects;
+import java.util.Optional;
+import org.jetbrains.annotations.NotNull;
+
+@JsonInclude(JsonInclude.Include.NON_ABSENT)
+@JsonDeserialize(builder = TreeRecord.Builder.class)
+public final class TreeRecord {
+    private final String id;
+
+    private final String treeName;
+
+    private final Optional<String> treeDescription;
+
+    private final String treeSpecies;
+
+    private final Optional<Double> heightInFeet;
+
+    private final Optional<String> plantedDate;
+
+    private final Map<String, Object> additionalProperties;
+
+    private TreeRecord(
+            String id,
+            String treeName,
+            Optional<String> treeDescription,
+            String treeSpecies,
+            Optional<Double> heightInFeet,
+            Optional<String> plantedDate,
+            Map<String, Object> additionalProperties) {
+        this.id = id;
+        this.treeName = treeName;
+        this.treeDescription = treeDescription;
+        this.treeSpecies = treeSpecies;
+        this.heightInFeet = heightInFeet;
+        this.plantedDate = plantedDate;
+        this.additionalProperties = additionalProperties;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return Unique tree identifier.
+     */
+    @JsonProperty("id")
+    public String getId() {
+        return id;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return Display name of the tree.
+     */
+    @JsonProperty("treeName")
+    public String getTreeName() {
+        return treeName;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return A description of the tree.
+     */
+    @JsonProperty("treeDescription")
+    public Optional<String> getTreeDescription() {
+        return treeDescription;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return The species of tree.
+     */
+    @JsonProperty("treeSpecies")
+    public String getTreeSpecies() {
+        return treeSpecies;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return Height of the tree in feet.
+     */
+    @JsonProperty("heightInFeet")
+    public Optional<Double> getHeightInFeet() {
+        return heightInFeet;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return Date the tree was planted.
+     */
+    @JsonProperty("plantedDate")
+    public Optional<String> getPlantedDate() {
+        return plantedDate;
+    }
+
+    @java.lang.Override
+    public boolean equals(Object other) {
+        if (this == other) return true;
+        return other instanceof TreeRecord && equalTo((TreeRecord) other);
+    }
+
+    @JsonAnyGetter
+    public Map<String, Object> getAdditionalProperties() {
+        return this.additionalProperties;
+    }
+
+    private boolean equalTo(TreeRecord other) {
+        return id.equals(other.id)
+                && treeName.equals(other.treeName)
+                && treeDescription.equals(other.treeDescription)
+                && treeSpecies.equals(other.treeSpecies)
+                && heightInFeet.equals(other.heightInFeet)
+                && plantedDate.equals(other.plantedDate);
+    }
+
+    @java.lang.Override
+    public int hashCode() {
+        return Objects.hash(
+                this.id, this.treeName, this.treeDescription, this.treeSpecies, this.heightInFeet, this.plantedDate);
+    }
+
+    @java.lang.Override
+    public String toString() {
+        return ObjectMappers.stringify(this);
+    }
+
+    public static IdStage builder() {
+        return new Builder();
+    }
+
+    public interface IdStage {
+        /**
+         * <p>Unique tree identifier.</p>
+         */
+        TreeNameStage id(@NotNull String id);
+
+        Builder from(TreeRecord other);
+    }
+
+    public interface TreeNameStage {
+        /**
+         * <p>Display name of the tree.</p>
+         */
+        TreeSpeciesStage treeName(@NotNull String treeName);
+    }
+
+    public interface TreeSpeciesStage {
+        /**
+         * <p>The species of tree.</p>
+         */
+        _FinalStage treeSpecies(@NotNull String treeSpecies);
+    }
+
+    public interface _FinalStage {
+        TreeRecord build();
+
+        _FinalStage additionalProperty(String key, Object value);
+
+        _FinalStage additionalProperties(Map<String, Object> additionalProperties);
+
+        /**
+         * <p>A description of the tree.</p>
+         */
+        _FinalStage treeDescription(Optional<String> treeDescription);
+
+        _FinalStage treeDescription(String treeDescription);
+
+        /**
+         * <p>Height of the tree in feet.</p>
+         */
+        _FinalStage heightInFeet(Optional<Double> heightInFeet);
+
+        _FinalStage heightInFeet(Double heightInFeet);
+
+        /**
+         * <p>Date the tree was planted.</p>
+         */
+        _FinalStage plantedDate(Optional<String> plantedDate);
+
+        _FinalStage plantedDate(String plantedDate);
+    }
+
+    @JsonIgnoreProperties(ignoreUnknown = true)
+    public static final class Builder implements IdStage, TreeNameStage, TreeSpeciesStage, _FinalStage {
+        private String id;
+
+        private String treeName;
+
+        private String treeSpecies;
+
+        private Optional<String> plantedDate = Optional.empty();
+
+        private Optional<Double> heightInFeet = Optional.empty();
+
+        private Optional<String> treeDescription = Optional.empty();
+
+        @JsonAnySetter
+        private Map<String, Object> additionalProperties = new HashMap<>();
+
+        private Builder() {}
+
+        @java.lang.Override
+        public Builder from(TreeRecord other) {
+            id(other.getId());
+            treeName(other.getTreeName());
+            treeDescription(other.getTreeDescription());
+            treeSpecies(other.getTreeSpecies());
+            heightInFeet(other.getHeightInFeet());
+            plantedDate(other.getPlantedDate());
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * <p>Unique tree identifier.</p>
+         * <p>Unique tree identifier.</p>
+         * @return Reference to {@code this} so that method calls can be chained together.
+         */
+        @java.lang.Override
+        @JsonSetter("id")
+        public TreeNameStage id(@NotNull String id) {
+            this.id = Objects.requireNonNull(id, "id must not be null");
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * <p>Display name of the tree.</p>
+         * <p>Display name of the tree.</p>
+         * @return Reference to {@code this} so that method calls can be chained together.
+         */
+        @java.lang.Override
+        @JsonSetter("treeName")
+        public TreeSpeciesStage treeName(@NotNull String treeName) {
+            this.treeName = Objects.requireNonNull(treeName, "treeName must not be null");
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * <p>The species of tree.</p>
+         * <p>The species of tree.</p>
+         * @return Reference to {@code this} so that method calls can be chained together.
+         */
+        @java.lang.Override
+        @JsonSetter("treeSpecies")
+        public _FinalStage treeSpecies(@NotNull String treeSpecies) {
+            this.treeSpecies = Objects.requireNonNull(treeSpecies, "treeSpecies must not be null");
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * <p>Date the tree was planted.</p>
+         * @return Reference to {@code this} so that method calls can be chained together.
+         */
+        @java.lang.Override
+        public _FinalStage plantedDate(String plantedDate) {
+            this.plantedDate = Optional.ofNullable(plantedDate);
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * <p>Date the tree was planted.</p>
+         */
+        @java.lang.Override
+        @JsonSetter(value = "plantedDate", nulls = Nulls.SKIP)
+        public _FinalStage plantedDate(Optional<String> plantedDate) {
+            this.plantedDate = plantedDate;
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * <p>Height of the tree in feet.</p>
+         * @return Reference to {@code this} so that method calls can be chained together.
+         */
+        @java.lang.Override
+        public _FinalStage heightInFeet(Double heightInFeet) {
+            this.heightInFeet = Optional.ofNullable(heightInFeet);
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * <p>Height of the tree in feet.</p>
+         */
+        @java.lang.Override
+        @JsonSetter(value = "heightInFeet", nulls = Nulls.SKIP)
+        public _FinalStage heightInFeet(Optional<Double> heightInFeet) {
+            this.heightInFeet = heightInFeet;
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * <p>A description of the tree.</p>
+         * @return Reference to {@code this} so that method calls can be chained together.
+         */
+        @java.lang.Override
+        public _FinalStage treeDescription(String treeDescription) {
+            this.treeDescription = Optional.ofNullable(treeDescription);
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * <p>A description of the tree.</p>
+         */
+        @java.lang.Override
+        @JsonSetter(value = "treeDescription", nulls = Nulls.SKIP)
+        public _FinalStage treeDescription(Optional<String> treeDescription) {
+            this.treeDescription = treeDescription;
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        @java.lang.Override
+        public TreeRecord build() {
+            return new TreeRecord(
+                    id, treeName, treeDescription, treeSpecies, heightInFeet, plantedDate, additionalProperties);
+        }
+
+        @java.lang.Override
+        public Builder additionalProperty(String key, Object value) {
+            this.additionalProperties.put(key, value);
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        @java.lang.Override
+        public Builder additionalProperties(Map<String, Object> additionalProperties) {
+            this.additionalProperties.putAll(additionalProperties);
+            return this;
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/seed/java-sdk/allof-inline/src/main/java/com/snippets/Example10.java b/seed/java-sdk/allof-inline/src/main/java/com/snippets/Example10.java
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..398d39230ced
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/java-sdk/allof-inline/src/main/java/com/snippets/Example10.java
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+package com.snippets;
+
+import com.seed.api.SeedApiClient;
+import com.seed.api.requests.PlantPost;
+import com.seed.api.types.PlantPostSunExposure;
+import com.seed.api.types.PlantPostWateringFrequency;
+
+public class Example10 {
+    public static void main(String[] args) {
+        SeedApiClient client =
+                SeedApiClient.builder().url("https://api.fern.com").build();
+
+        client.createPlant(PlantPost.builder()
+                .species("species")
+                .family("family")
+                .genus("genus")
+                .commonName("commonName")
+                .wateringFrequency(PlantPostWateringFrequency.DAILY)
+                .sunExposure(PlantPostSunExposure.FULL)
+                .build());
+    }
+}
diff --git a/seed/java-sdk/allof-inline/src/main/java/com/snippets/Example11.java b/seed/java-sdk/allof-inline/src/main/java/com/snippets/Example11.java
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..a8f284c2a50d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/java-sdk/allof-inline/src/main/java/com/snippets/Example11.java
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+package com.snippets;
+
+import com.seed.api.SeedApiClient;
+import com.seed.api.requests.PlantPost;
+import com.seed.api.types.PlantPostSunExposure;
+import com.seed.api.types.PlantPostWateringFrequency;
+
+public class Example11 {
+    public static void main(String[] args) {
+        SeedApiClient client =
+                SeedApiClient.builder().url("https://api.fern.com").build();
+
+        client.createPlant(PlantPost.builder()
+                .species("species")
+                .family("family")
+                .genus("genus")
+                .commonName("commonName")
+                .wateringFrequency(PlantPostWateringFrequency.DAILY)
+                .sunExposure(PlantPostSunExposure.FULL)
+                .plantedAt("2023-01-15")
+                .soilType("soilType")
+                .build());
+    }
+}
diff --git a/seed/java-sdk/allof-inline/src/main/java/com/snippets/Example12.java b/seed/java-sdk/allof-inline/src/main/java/com/snippets/Example12.java
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..c256da83d8ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/java-sdk/allof-inline/src/main/java/com/snippets/Example12.java
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+package com.snippets;
+
+import com.seed.api.SeedApiClient;
+import com.seed.api.types.TreeRecord;
+
+public class Example12 {
+    public static void main(String[] args) {
+        SeedApiClient client =
+                SeedApiClient.builder().url("https://api.fern.com").build();
+
+        client.createTree(TreeRecord.builder()
+                .id("id")
+                .treeName("treeName")
+                .treeSpecies("treeSpecies")
+                .build());
+    }
+}
diff --git a/seed/java-sdk/allof-inline/src/main/java/com/snippets/Example13.java b/seed/java-sdk/allof-inline/src/main/java/com/snippets/Example13.java
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..7be9154642c9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/java-sdk/allof-inline/src/main/java/com/snippets/Example13.java
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+package com.snippets;
+
+import com.seed.api.SeedApiClient;
+import com.seed.api.types.TreeRecord;
+
+public class Example13 {
+    public static void main(String[] args) {
+        SeedApiClient client =
+                SeedApiClient.builder().url("https://api.fern.com").build();
+
+        client.createTree(TreeRecord.builder()
+                .id("id")
+                .treeName("treeName")
+                .treeSpecies("treeSpecies")
+                .treeDescription("treeDescription")
+                .heightInFeet(1.1)
+                .plantedDate("2023-01-15")
+                .build());
+    }
+}
diff --git a/seed/java-sdk/allof/.fern/metadata.json b/seed/java-sdk/allof/.fern/metadata.json
index e52ea4749838..8558dfdb1357 100644
--- a/seed/java-sdk/allof/.fern/metadata.json
+++ b/seed/java-sdk/allof/.fern/metadata.json
@@ -3,7 +3,8 @@
   "generatorName": "fernapi/fern-java-sdk",
   "generatorVersion": "local",
   "originGitCommit": "DUMMY",
-  "invokedBy": "manual",
+  "invokedBy": "ci",
   "requestedVersion": "0.0.1",
+  "ciProvider": "github",
   "sdkVersion": "0.0.1"
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/seed/openapi/allof-inline/openapi.yml b/seed/openapi/allof-inline/openapi.yml
index d4b725927f85..be8901520b49 100644
--- a/seed/openapi/allof-inline/openapi.yml
+++ b/seed/openapi/allof-inline/openapi.yml
@@ -149,6 +149,127 @@ paths:
                       domain: domain
                     name: name
       summary: Get an organization with merged object-typed properties
+  /plants:
+    post:
+      description: >-
+        Tests three-level allOf chain where a parent schema itself uses allOf
+        with $ref elements. The grandparent's properties must be resolved
+        through the nested $ref.
+      operationId: createPlant
+      tags:
+        - ''
+      parameters: []
+      responses:
+        '200':
+          description: Created plant
+          content:
+            application/json:
+              schema:
+                $ref: '#/components/schemas/PlantStrict'
+              examples:
+                Example1:
+                  value:
+                    species: species
+                    family: family
+                    genus: genus
+      summary: Create a plant (nested allOf with $ref chain)
+      requestBody:
+        required: true
+        content:
+          application/json:
+            schema:
+              type: object
+              properties:
+                species:
+                  type: string
+                  description: The botanical species name.
+                  examples:
+                    - species
+                family:
+                  type: string
+                  description: The botanical family.
+                  examples:
+                    - family
+                genus:
+                  type: string
+                  description: The botanical genus.
+                  examples:
+                    - genus
+                commonName:
+                  type: string
+                  description: The common name of the plant.
+                  examples:
+                    - commonName
+                wateringFrequency:
+                  $ref: '#/components/schemas/PlantPostWateringFrequency'
+                sunExposure:
+                  $ref: '#/components/schemas/PlantPostSunExposure'
+                  description: Required sun exposure level.
+                plantedAt:
+                  type:
+                    - string
+                    - 'null'
+                  format: date
+                  description: Date the plant was planted.
+                soilType:
+                  type:
+                    - string
+                    - 'null'
+                  description: Preferred soil type.
+              required:
+                - species
+                - family
+                - genus
+                - commonName
+                - wateringFrequency
+                - sunExposure
+            examples:
+              Example1:
+                value:
+                  species: species
+                  family: family
+                  genus: genus
+                  commonName: commonName
+                  wateringFrequency: daily
+                  sunExposure: full
+  /trees:
+    post:
+      description: >-
+        Tests that when a parent's allOf contains multiple $ref entries, all of
+        them are resolved and their properties merged.
+      operationId: createTree
+      tags:
+        - ''
+      parameters: []
+      responses:
+        '200':
+          description: Created tree
+          content:
+            application/json:
+              schema:
+                $ref: '#/components/schemas/TreeRecord'
+              examples:
+                Example1:
+                  value:
+                    id: id
+                    treeName: treeName
+                    treeDescription: treeDescription
+                    treeSpecies: treeSpecies
+                    heightInFeet: 1.1
+                    plantedDate: '2023-01-15'
+      summary: Create a tree (multiple nested $ref in parent allOf)
+      requestBody:
+        required: true
+        content:
+          application/json:
+            schema:
+              $ref: '#/components/schemas/TreeRecord'
+            examples:
+              Example1:
+                value:
+                  id: id
+                  treeName: treeName
+                  treeSpecies: treeSpecies
 components:
   schemas:
     RuleCreateRequestExecutionContext:
@@ -159,6 +280,22 @@ components:
         - staging
         - dev
       description: Execution context for the rule, excluding the prod environment.
+    PlantPostWateringFrequency:
+      title: PlantPostWateringFrequency
+      type: string
+      enum:
+        - daily
+        - weekly
+        - biweekly
+        - monthly
+    PlantPostSunExposure:
+      title: PlantPostSunExposure
+      type: string
+      enum:
+        - full
+        - partial
+        - shade
+      description: Required sun exposure level.
     PaginatedResult:
       title: PaginatedResult
       type: object
@@ -468,6 +605,159 @@ components:
       required:
         - id
         - name
+    PlantStrict:
+      title: PlantStrict
+      type: object
+      properties:
+        species:
+          type: string
+          description: The botanical species name.
+          examples:
+            - species
+        family:
+          type: string
+          description: The botanical family.
+          examples:
+            - family
+        genus:
+          type: string
+          description: The botanical genus.
+          examples:
+            - genus
+      required:
+        - species
+        - family
+        - genus
+    PlantBaseWateringFrequency:
+      title: PlantBaseWateringFrequency
+      type: string
+      enum:
+        - daily
+        - weekly
+        - biweekly
+        - monthly
+    PlantBase:
+      title: PlantBase
+      type: object
+      properties:
+        species:
+          type: string
+          description: The botanical species name.
+        family:
+          type: string
+          description: The botanical family.
+        genus:
+          type: string
+          description: The botanical genus.
+        commonName:
+          type:
+            - string
+            - 'null'
+          description: The common name of the plant.
+        wateringFrequency:
+          anyOf:
+            - $ref: '#/components/schemas/PlantBaseWateringFrequency'
+            - type: 'null'
+      required:
+        - species
+        - family
+        - genus
+    TreeIdentifiable:
+      title: TreeIdentifiable
+      type: object
+      properties:
+        id:
+          type: string
+          format: uuid
+          description: Unique tree identifier.
+      required:
+        - id
+    TreeDescribable:
+      title: TreeDescribable
+      type: object
+      properties:
+        treeName:
+          type:
+            - string
+            - 'null'
+          description: Display name of the tree.
+        treeDescription:
+          type:
+            - string
+            - 'null'
+          description: A description of the tree.
+    TreeBase:
+      title: TreeBase
+      type: object
+      properties:
+        id:
+          type: string
+          format: uuid
+          description: Unique tree identifier.
+        treeName:
+          type:
+            - string
+            - 'null'
+          description: Display name of the tree.
+        treeDescription:
+          type:
+            - string
+            - 'null'
+          description: A description of the tree.
+        treeSpecies:
+          type:
+            - string
+            - 'null'
+          description: The species of tree.
+        heightInFeet:
+          type:
+            - number
+            - 'null'
+          format: double
+          description: Height of the tree in feet.
+      required:
+        - id
+    TreeRecord:
+      title: TreeRecord
+      type: object
+      properties:
+        id:
+          type: string
+          format: uuid
+          description: Unique tree identifier.
+          examples:
+            - id
+        treeName:
+          type: string
+          description: Display name of the tree.
+          examples:
+            - treeName
+        treeDescription:
+          type:
+            - string
+            - 'null'
+          description: A description of the tree.
+        treeSpecies:
+          type: string
+          description: The species of tree.
+          examples:
+            - treeSpecies
+        heightInFeet:
+          type:
+            - number
+            - 'null'
+          format: double
+          description: Height of the tree in feet.
+        plantedDate:
+          type:
+            - string
+            - 'null'
+          format: date
+          description: Date the tree was planted.
+      required:
+        - id
+        - treeName
+        - treeSpecies
   securitySchemes: {}
 servers:
   - url: https://api.example.com
diff --git a/seed/openapi/allof/openapi.yml b/seed/openapi/allof/openapi.yml
index 971c82c6b12f..4b34c49d8fe9 100644
--- a/seed/openapi/allof/openapi.yml
+++ b/seed/openapi/allof/openapi.yml
@@ -149,6 +149,98 @@ paths:
                     id: id
                     name: name
       summary: Get an organization with merged object-typed properties
+  /plants:
+    post:
+      description: >-
+        Tests three-level allOf chain where a parent schema itself uses allOf
+        with $ref elements. The grandparent's properties must be resolved
+        through the nested $ref.
+      operationId: createPlant
+      tags:
+        - ''
+      parameters: []
+      responses:
+        '200':
+          description: Created plant
+          content:
+            application/json:
+              schema:
+                $ref: '#/components/schemas/PlantStrict'
+              examples:
+                Example1:
+                  value:
+                    species: species
+                    family: family
+                    genus: genus
+      summary: Create a plant (nested allOf with $ref chain)
+      requestBody:
+        required: true
+        content:
+          application/json:
+            schema:
+              type: object
+              properties:
+                sunExposure:
+                  $ref: '#/components/schemas/PlantPostSunExposure'
+                  description: Required sun exposure level.
+                plantedAt:
+                  type:
+                    - string
+                    - 'null'
+                  format: date
+                  description: Date the plant was planted.
+                soilType:
+                  type:
+                    - string
+                    - 'null'
+                  description: Preferred soil type.
+              required:
+                - sunExposure
+              allOf:
+                - $ref: '#/components/schemas/PlantBase'
+            examples:
+              Example1:
+                value:
+                  species: species
+                  family: family
+                  genus: genus
+                  sunExposure: full
+  /trees:
+    post:
+      description: >-
+        Tests that when a parent's allOf contains multiple $ref entries, all of
+        them are resolved and their properties merged.
+      operationId: createTree
+      tags:
+        - ''
+      parameters: []
+      responses:
+        '200':
+          description: Created tree
+          content:
+            application/json:
+              schema:
+                $ref: '#/components/schemas/TreeRecord'
+              examples:
+                Example1:
+                  value:
+                    treeName: treeName
+                    treeDescription: treeDescription
+                    id: id
+                    treeSpecies: treeSpecies
+                    heightInFeet: 1.1
+                    plantedDate: '2023-01-15'
+      summary: Create a tree (multiple nested $ref in parent allOf)
+      requestBody:
+        required: true
+        content:
+          application/json:
+            schema:
+              $ref: '#/components/schemas/TreeRecord'
+            examples:
+              Example1:
+                value:
+                  id: id
 components:
   schemas:
     RuleCreateRequestExecutionContext:
@@ -159,6 +251,14 @@ components:
         - staging
         - dev
       description: Execution context for the rule, excluding the prod environment.
+    PlantPostSunExposure:
+      title: PlantPostSunExposure
+      type: string
+      enum:
+        - full
+        - partial
+        - shade
+      description: Required sun exposure level.
     PaginatedResult:
       title: PaginatedResult
       type: object
@@ -434,6 +534,106 @@ components:
       required:
         - name
         - id
+    PlantStrict:
+      title: PlantStrict
+      type: object
+      properties:
+        species:
+          type: string
+          description: The botanical species name.
+          examples:
+            - species
+        family:
+          type: string
+          description: The botanical family.
+          examples:
+            - family
+        genus:
+          type: string
+          description: The botanical genus.
+          examples:
+            - genus
+      required:
+        - species
+        - family
+        - genus
+    PlantBaseWateringFrequency:
+      title: PlantBaseWateringFrequency
+      type: string
+      enum:
+        - daily
+        - weekly
+        - biweekly
+        - monthly
+    PlantBase:
+      title: PlantBase
+      type: object
+      properties:
+        commonName:
+          type:
+            - string
+            - 'null'
+          description: The common name of the plant.
+        wateringFrequency:
+          anyOf:
+            - $ref: '#/components/schemas/PlantBaseWateringFrequency'
+            - type: 'null'
+      allOf:
+        - $ref: '#/components/schemas/PlantStrict'
+    TreeIdentifiable:
+      title: TreeIdentifiable
+      type: object
+      properties:
+        id:
+          type: string
+          format: uuid
+          description: Unique tree identifier.
+      required:
+        - id
+    TreeDescribable:
+      title: TreeDescribable
+      type: object
+      properties:
+        treeName:
+          type:
+            - string
+            - 'null'
+          description: Display name of the tree.
+        treeDescription:
+          type:
+            - string
+            - 'null'
+          description: A description of the tree.
+    TreeBase:
+      title: TreeBase
+      type: object
+      properties:
+        treeSpecies:
+          type:
+            - string
+            - 'null'
+          description: The species of tree.
+        heightInFeet:
+          type:
+            - number
+            - 'null'
+          format: double
+          description: Height of the tree in feet.
+      allOf:
+        - $ref: '#/components/schemas/TreeIdentifiable'
+        - $ref: '#/components/schemas/TreeDescribable'
+    TreeRecord:
+      title: TreeRecord
+      type: object
+      properties:
+        plantedDate:
+          type:
+            - string
+            - 'null'
+          format: date
+          description: Date the tree was planted.
+      allOf:
+        - $ref: '#/components/schemas/TreeBase'
   securitySchemes: {}
 servers:
   - url: https://api.example.com
diff --git a/seed/php-sdk/allof-inline/reference.md b/seed/php-sdk/allof-inline/reference.md
index 73efd592aa6b..a8e3b1d52067 100644
--- a/seed/php-sdk/allof-inline/reference.md
+++ b/seed/php-sdk/allof-inline/reference.md
@@ -169,3 +169,182 @@ $client->getOrganization();
 </dl>
 </details>
 
+<details><summary><code>$client-&gt;createPlant($request) -> ?PlantStrict</code></summary>
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+#### 📝 Description
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+Tests three-level allOf chain where a parent schema itself uses allOf with $ref elements. The grandparent's properties must be resolved through the nested $ref.
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+#### 🔌 Usage
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+```php
+$client->createPlant(
+    new PlantPost([
+        'species' => 'species',
+        'family' => 'family',
+        'genus' => 'genus',
+        'commonName' => 'commonName',
+        'wateringFrequency' => PlantPostWateringFrequency::Daily->value,
+        'sunExposure' => PlantPostSunExposure::Full->value,
+    ]),
+);
+```
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+#### ⚙️ Parameters
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+**$species:** `string` — The botanical species name.
+    
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+**$family:** `string` — The botanical family.
+    
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+**$genus:** `string` — The botanical genus.
+    
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+**$commonName:** `string` — The common name of the plant.
+    
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+**$wateringFrequency:** `string` 
+    
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+**$sunExposure:** `string` — Required sun exposure level.
+    
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+**$plantedAt:** `?DateTime` — Date the plant was planted.
+    
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+**$soilType:** `?string` — Preferred soil type.
+    
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</details>
+
+<details><summary><code>$client-&gt;createTree($request) -> ?TreeRecord</code></summary>
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+#### 📝 Description
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+Tests that when a parent's allOf contains multiple $ref entries, all of them are resolved and their properties merged.
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+#### 🔌 Usage
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+```php
+$client->createTree(
+    new TreeRecord([
+        'id' => 'id',
+        'treeName' => 'treeName',
+        'treeSpecies' => 'treeSpecies',
+    ]),
+);
+```
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+#### ⚙️ Parameters
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+**$request:** `TreeRecord` 
+    
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</details>
+
diff --git a/seed/php-sdk/allof-inline/src/Requests/PlantPost.php b/seed/php-sdk/allof-inline/src/Requests/PlantPost.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..51e6a6b4266c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/php-sdk/allof-inline/src/Requests/PlantPost.php
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace Seed\Requests;
+
+use Seed\Core\Json\JsonSerializableType;
+use Seed\Core\Json\JsonProperty;
+use Seed\Types\PlantPostWateringFrequency;
+use Seed\Types\PlantPostSunExposure;
+use DateTime;
+use Seed\Core\Types\Date;
+
+class PlantPost extends JsonSerializableType
+{
+    /**
+     * @var string $species The botanical species name.
+     */
+    #[JsonProperty('species')]
+    public string $species;
+
+    /**
+     * @var string $family The botanical family.
+     */
+    #[JsonProperty('family')]
+    public string $family;
+
+    /**
+     * @var string $genus The botanical genus.
+     */
+    #[JsonProperty('genus')]
+    public string $genus;
+
+    /**
+     * @var string $commonName The common name of the plant.
+     */
+    #[JsonProperty('commonName')]
+    public string $commonName;
+
+    /**
+     * @var value-of<PlantPostWateringFrequency> $wateringFrequency
+     */
+    #[JsonProperty('wateringFrequency')]
+    public string $wateringFrequency;
+
+    /**
+     * @var value-of<PlantPostSunExposure> $sunExposure Required sun exposure level.
+     */
+    #[JsonProperty('sunExposure')]
+    public string $sunExposure;
+
+    /**
+     * @var ?DateTime $plantedAt Date the plant was planted.
+     */
+    #[JsonProperty('plantedAt'), Date(Date::TYPE_DATE)]
+    public ?DateTime $plantedAt;
+
+    /**
+     * @var ?string $soilType Preferred soil type.
+     */
+    #[JsonProperty('soilType')]
+    public ?string $soilType;
+
+    /**
+     * @param array{
+     *   species: string,
+     *   family: string,
+     *   genus: string,
+     *   commonName: string,
+     *   wateringFrequency: value-of<PlantPostWateringFrequency>,
+     *   sunExposure: value-of<PlantPostSunExposure>,
+     *   plantedAt?: ?DateTime,
+     *   soilType?: ?string,
+     * } $values
+     */
+    public function __construct(
+        array $values,
+    ) {
+        $this->species = $values['species'];
+        $this->family = $values['family'];
+        $this->genus = $values['genus'];
+        $this->commonName = $values['commonName'];
+        $this->wateringFrequency = $values['wateringFrequency'];
+        $this->sunExposure = $values['sunExposure'];
+        $this->plantedAt = $values['plantedAt'] ?? null;
+        $this->soilType = $values['soilType'] ?? null;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/seed/php-sdk/allof-inline/src/SeedClient.php b/seed/php-sdk/allof-inline/src/SeedClient.php
index 63b560f9b6c7..24bb0e54facb 100644
--- a/seed/php-sdk/allof-inline/src/SeedClient.php
+++ b/seed/php-sdk/allof-inline/src/SeedClient.php
@@ -17,6 +17,9 @@
 use Seed\Types\UserSearchResponse;
 use Seed\Types\CombinedEntity;
 use Seed\Types\Organization;
+use Seed\Requests\PlantPost;
+use Seed\Types\PlantStrict;
+use Seed\Types\TreeRecord;
 
 class SeedClient
 {
@@ -299,4 +302,102 @@ public function getOrganization(?array $options = null): ?Organization
             body: $response->getBody()->getContents(),
         );
     }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests three-level allOf chain where a parent schema itself uses allOf with $ref elements. The grandparent's properties must be resolved through the nested $ref.
+     *
+     * @param PlantPost $request
+     * @param ?array{
+     *   baseUrl?: string,
+     *   maxRetries?: int,
+     *   timeout?: float,
+     *   headers?: array<string, string>,
+     *   queryParameters?: array<string, mixed>,
+     *   bodyProperties?: array<string, mixed>,
+     * } $options
+     * @return ?PlantStrict
+     * @throws SeedException
+     * @throws SeedApiException
+     */
+    public function createPlant(PlantPost $request, ?array $options = null): ?PlantStrict
+    {
+        $options = array_merge($this->options, $options ?? []);
+        try {
+            $response = $this->client->sendRequest(
+                new JsonApiRequest(
+                    baseUrl: $options['baseUrl'] ?? $this->client->options['baseUrl'] ?? Environments::Default_->value,
+                    path: "plants",
+                    method: HttpMethod::POST,
+                    body: $request,
+                ),
+                $options,
+            );
+            $statusCode = $response->getStatusCode();
+            if ($statusCode >= 200 && $statusCode < 400) {
+                $json = $response->getBody()->getContents();
+                if (empty($json)) {
+                    return null;
+                }
+                return PlantStrict::fromJson($json);
+            }
+        } catch (JsonException $e) {
+            throw new SeedException(message: "Failed to deserialize response: {$e->getMessage()}", previous: $e);
+        } catch (ClientExceptionInterface $e) {
+            throw new SeedException(message: $e->getMessage(), previous: $e);
+        }
+        throw new SeedApiException(
+            message: 'API request failed',
+            statusCode: $statusCode,
+            body: $response->getBody()->getContents(),
+        );
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests that when a parent's allOf contains multiple $ref entries, all of them are resolved and their properties merged.
+     *
+     * @param TreeRecord $request
+     * @param ?array{
+     *   baseUrl?: string,
+     *   maxRetries?: int,
+     *   timeout?: float,
+     *   headers?: array<string, string>,
+     *   queryParameters?: array<string, mixed>,
+     *   bodyProperties?: array<string, mixed>,
+     * } $options
+     * @return ?TreeRecord
+     * @throws SeedException
+     * @throws SeedApiException
+     */
+    public function createTree(TreeRecord $request, ?array $options = null): ?TreeRecord
+    {
+        $options = array_merge($this->options, $options ?? []);
+        try {
+            $response = $this->client->sendRequest(
+                new JsonApiRequest(
+                    baseUrl: $options['baseUrl'] ?? $this->client->options['baseUrl'] ?? Environments::Default_->value,
+                    path: "trees",
+                    method: HttpMethod::POST,
+                    body: $request,
+                ),
+                $options,
+            );
+            $statusCode = $response->getStatusCode();
+            if ($statusCode >= 200 && $statusCode < 400) {
+                $json = $response->getBody()->getContents();
+                if (empty($json)) {
+                    return null;
+                }
+                return TreeRecord::fromJson($json);
+            }
+        } catch (JsonException $e) {
+            throw new SeedException(message: "Failed to deserialize response: {$e->getMessage()}", previous: $e);
+        } catch (ClientExceptionInterface $e) {
+            throw new SeedException(message: $e->getMessage(), previous: $e);
+        }
+        throw new SeedApiException(
+            message: 'API request failed',
+            statusCode: $statusCode,
+            body: $response->getBody()->getContents(),
+        );
+    }
 }
diff --git a/seed/php-sdk/allof-inline/src/Types/PlantBase.php b/seed/php-sdk/allof-inline/src/Types/PlantBase.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..d052f9212d35
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/php-sdk/allof-inline/src/Types/PlantBase.php
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace Seed\Types;
+
+use Seed\Core\Json\JsonSerializableType;
+use Seed\Core\Json\JsonProperty;
+
+class PlantBase extends JsonSerializableType
+{
+    /**
+     * @var string $species The botanical species name.
+     */
+    #[JsonProperty('species')]
+    public string $species;
+
+    /**
+     * @var string $family The botanical family.
+     */
+    #[JsonProperty('family')]
+    public string $family;
+
+    /**
+     * @var string $genus The botanical genus.
+     */
+    #[JsonProperty('genus')]
+    public string $genus;
+
+    /**
+     * @var ?string $commonName The common name of the plant.
+     */
+    #[JsonProperty('commonName')]
+    public ?string $commonName;
+
+    /**
+     * @var ?value-of<PlantBaseWateringFrequency> $wateringFrequency
+     */
+    #[JsonProperty('wateringFrequency')]
+    public ?string $wateringFrequency;
+
+    /**
+     * @param array{
+     *   species: string,
+     *   family: string,
+     *   genus: string,
+     *   commonName?: ?string,
+     *   wateringFrequency?: ?value-of<PlantBaseWateringFrequency>,
+     * } $values
+     */
+    public function __construct(
+        array $values,
+    ) {
+        $this->species = $values['species'];
+        $this->family = $values['family'];
+        $this->genus = $values['genus'];
+        $this->commonName = $values['commonName'] ?? null;
+        $this->wateringFrequency = $values['wateringFrequency'] ?? null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return string
+     */
+    public function __toString(): string
+    {
+        return $this->toJson();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/seed/php-sdk/allof-inline/src/Types/PlantBaseWateringFrequency.php b/seed/php-sdk/allof-inline/src/Types/PlantBaseWateringFrequency.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..9039da9d1d03
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/php-sdk/allof-inline/src/Types/PlantBaseWateringFrequency.php
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace Seed\Types;
+
+enum PlantBaseWateringFrequency: string
+{
+    case Daily = "daily";
+    case Weekly = "weekly";
+    case Biweekly = "biweekly";
+    case Monthly = "monthly";
+}
diff --git a/seed/php-sdk/allof-inline/src/Types/PlantPostSunExposure.php b/seed/php-sdk/allof-inline/src/Types/PlantPostSunExposure.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..96120084b635
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/php-sdk/allof-inline/src/Types/PlantPostSunExposure.php
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace Seed\Types;
+
+enum PlantPostSunExposure: string
+{
+    case Full = "full";
+    case Partial = "partial";
+    case Shade = "shade";
+}
diff --git a/seed/php-sdk/allof-inline/src/Types/PlantPostWateringFrequency.php b/seed/php-sdk/allof-inline/src/Types/PlantPostWateringFrequency.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..764e8de6d5b7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/php-sdk/allof-inline/src/Types/PlantPostWateringFrequency.php
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace Seed\Types;
+
+enum PlantPostWateringFrequency: string
+{
+    case Daily = "daily";
+    case Weekly = "weekly";
+    case Biweekly = "biweekly";
+    case Monthly = "monthly";
+}
diff --git a/seed/php-sdk/allof-inline/src/Types/PlantStrict.php b/seed/php-sdk/allof-inline/src/Types/PlantStrict.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..1e5c0427b96a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/php-sdk/allof-inline/src/Types/PlantStrict.php
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace Seed\Types;
+
+use Seed\Core\Json\JsonSerializableType;
+use Seed\Core\Json\JsonProperty;
+
+class PlantStrict extends JsonSerializableType
+{
+    /**
+     * @var string $species The botanical species name.
+     */
+    #[JsonProperty('species')]
+    public string $species;
+
+    /**
+     * @var string $family The botanical family.
+     */
+    #[JsonProperty('family')]
+    public string $family;
+
+    /**
+     * @var string $genus The botanical genus.
+     */
+    #[JsonProperty('genus')]
+    public string $genus;
+
+    /**
+     * @param array{
+     *   species: string,
+     *   family: string,
+     *   genus: string,
+     * } $values
+     */
+    public function __construct(
+        array $values,
+    ) {
+        $this->species = $values['species'];
+        $this->family = $values['family'];
+        $this->genus = $values['genus'];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return string
+     */
+    public function __toString(): string
+    {
+        return $this->toJson();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/seed/php-sdk/allof-inline/src/Types/TreeBase.php b/seed/php-sdk/allof-inline/src/Types/TreeBase.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..e2552c858c78
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/php-sdk/allof-inline/src/Types/TreeBase.php
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace Seed\Types;
+
+use Seed\Core\Json\JsonSerializableType;
+use Seed\Core\Json\JsonProperty;
+
+class TreeBase extends JsonSerializableType
+{
+    /**
+     * @var string $id Unique tree identifier.
+     */
+    #[JsonProperty('id')]
+    public string $id;
+
+    /**
+     * @var ?string $treeName Display name of the tree.
+     */
+    #[JsonProperty('treeName')]
+    public ?string $treeName;
+
+    /**
+     * @var ?string $treeDescription A description of the tree.
+     */
+    #[JsonProperty('treeDescription')]
+    public ?string $treeDescription;
+
+    /**
+     * @var ?string $treeSpecies The species of tree.
+     */
+    #[JsonProperty('treeSpecies')]
+    public ?string $treeSpecies;
+
+    /**
+     * @var ?float $heightInFeet Height of the tree in feet.
+     */
+    #[JsonProperty('heightInFeet')]
+    public ?float $heightInFeet;
+
+    /**
+     * @param array{
+     *   id: string,
+     *   treeName?: ?string,
+     *   treeDescription?: ?string,
+     *   treeSpecies?: ?string,
+     *   heightInFeet?: ?float,
+     * } $values
+     */
+    public function __construct(
+        array $values,
+    ) {
+        $this->id = $values['id'];
+        $this->treeName = $values['treeName'] ?? null;
+        $this->treeDescription = $values['treeDescription'] ?? null;
+        $this->treeSpecies = $values['treeSpecies'] ?? null;
+        $this->heightInFeet = $values['heightInFeet'] ?? null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return string
+     */
+    public function __toString(): string
+    {
+        return $this->toJson();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/seed/php-sdk/allof-inline/src/Types/TreeDescribable.php b/seed/php-sdk/allof-inline/src/Types/TreeDescribable.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..9d94dd6c037d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/php-sdk/allof-inline/src/Types/TreeDescribable.php
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace Seed\Types;
+
+use Seed\Core\Json\JsonSerializableType;
+use Seed\Core\Json\JsonProperty;
+
+class TreeDescribable extends JsonSerializableType
+{
+    /**
+     * @var ?string $treeName Display name of the tree.
+     */
+    #[JsonProperty('treeName')]
+    public ?string $treeName;
+
+    /**
+     * @var ?string $treeDescription A description of the tree.
+     */
+    #[JsonProperty('treeDescription')]
+    public ?string $treeDescription;
+
+    /**
+     * @param array{
+     *   treeName?: ?string,
+     *   treeDescription?: ?string,
+     * } $values
+     */
+    public function __construct(
+        array $values = [],
+    ) {
+        $this->treeName = $values['treeName'] ?? null;
+        $this->treeDescription = $values['treeDescription'] ?? null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return string
+     */
+    public function __toString(): string
+    {
+        return $this->toJson();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/seed/php-sdk/allof-inline/src/Types/TreeIdentifiable.php b/seed/php-sdk/allof-inline/src/Types/TreeIdentifiable.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..3e1bca3d6f58
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/php-sdk/allof-inline/src/Types/TreeIdentifiable.php
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace Seed\Types;
+
+use Seed\Core\Json\JsonSerializableType;
+use Seed\Core\Json\JsonProperty;
+
+class TreeIdentifiable extends JsonSerializableType
+{
+    /**
+     * @var string $id Unique tree identifier.
+     */
+    #[JsonProperty('id')]
+    public string $id;
+
+    /**
+     * @param array{
+     *   id: string,
+     * } $values
+     */
+    public function __construct(
+        array $values,
+    ) {
+        $this->id = $values['id'];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return string
+     */
+    public function __toString(): string
+    {
+        return $this->toJson();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/seed/php-sdk/allof-inline/src/Types/TreeRecord.php b/seed/php-sdk/allof-inline/src/Types/TreeRecord.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..03cf80f011d8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/php-sdk/allof-inline/src/Types/TreeRecord.php
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace Seed\Types;
+
+use Seed\Core\Json\JsonSerializableType;
+use Seed\Core\Json\JsonProperty;
+use DateTime;
+use Seed\Core\Types\Date;
+
+class TreeRecord extends JsonSerializableType
+{
+    /**
+     * @var string $id Unique tree identifier.
+     */
+    #[JsonProperty('id')]
+    public string $id;
+
+    /**
+     * @var string $treeName Display name of the tree.
+     */
+    #[JsonProperty('treeName')]
+    public string $treeName;
+
+    /**
+     * @var ?string $treeDescription A description of the tree.
+     */
+    #[JsonProperty('treeDescription')]
+    public ?string $treeDescription;
+
+    /**
+     * @var string $treeSpecies The species of tree.
+     */
+    #[JsonProperty('treeSpecies')]
+    public string $treeSpecies;
+
+    /**
+     * @var ?float $heightInFeet Height of the tree in feet.
+     */
+    #[JsonProperty('heightInFeet')]
+    public ?float $heightInFeet;
+
+    /**
+     * @var ?DateTime $plantedDate Date the tree was planted.
+     */
+    #[JsonProperty('plantedDate'), Date(Date::TYPE_DATE)]
+    public ?DateTime $plantedDate;
+
+    /**
+     * @param array{
+     *   id: string,
+     *   treeName: string,
+     *   treeSpecies: string,
+     *   treeDescription?: ?string,
+     *   heightInFeet?: ?float,
+     *   plantedDate?: ?DateTime,
+     * } $values
+     */
+    public function __construct(
+        array $values,
+    ) {
+        $this->id = $values['id'];
+        $this->treeName = $values['treeName'];
+        $this->treeDescription = $values['treeDescription'] ?? null;
+        $this->treeSpecies = $values['treeSpecies'];
+        $this->heightInFeet = $values['heightInFeet'] ?? null;
+        $this->plantedDate = $values['plantedDate'] ?? null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return string
+     */
+    public function __toString(): string
+    {
+        return $this->toJson();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/seed/php-sdk/allof-inline/src/dynamic-snippets/example10/snippet.php b/seed/php-sdk/allof-inline/src/dynamic-snippets/example10/snippet.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..a420c8402f9f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/php-sdk/allof-inline/src/dynamic-snippets/example10/snippet.php
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace Example;
+
+use Seed\SeedClient;
+use Seed\Requests\PlantPost;
+use Seed\Types\PlantPostWateringFrequency;
+use Seed\Types\PlantPostSunExposure;
+
+$client = new SeedClient(
+    options: [
+        'baseUrl' => 'https://api.fern.com',
+    ],
+);
+$client->createPlant(
+    new PlantPost([
+        'species' => 'species',
+        'family' => 'family',
+        'genus' => 'genus',
+        'commonName' => 'commonName',
+        'wateringFrequency' => PlantPostWateringFrequency::Daily->value,
+        'sunExposure' => PlantPostSunExposure::Full->value,
+    ]),
+);
diff --git a/seed/php-sdk/allof-inline/src/dynamic-snippets/example11/snippet.php b/seed/php-sdk/allof-inline/src/dynamic-snippets/example11/snippet.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..a676a088e198
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/php-sdk/allof-inline/src/dynamic-snippets/example11/snippet.php
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace Example;
+
+use Seed\SeedClient;
+use Seed\Requests\PlantPost;
+use Seed\Types\PlantPostWateringFrequency;
+use Seed\Types\PlantPostSunExposure;
+use DateTime;
+
+$client = new SeedClient(
+    options: [
+        'baseUrl' => 'https://api.fern.com',
+    ],
+);
+$client->createPlant(
+    new PlantPost([
+        'species' => 'species',
+        'family' => 'family',
+        'genus' => 'genus',
+        'commonName' => 'commonName',
+        'wateringFrequency' => PlantPostWateringFrequency::Daily->value,
+        'sunExposure' => PlantPostSunExposure::Full->value,
+        'plantedAt' => new DateTime('2023-01-15'),
+        'soilType' => 'soilType',
+    ]),
+);
diff --git a/seed/php-sdk/allof-inline/src/dynamic-snippets/example12/snippet.php b/seed/php-sdk/allof-inline/src/dynamic-snippets/example12/snippet.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..e65959fc08a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/php-sdk/allof-inline/src/dynamic-snippets/example12/snippet.php
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace Example;
+
+use Seed\SeedClient;
+use Seed\Types\TreeRecord;
+
+$client = new SeedClient(
+    options: [
+        'baseUrl' => 'https://api.fern.com',
+    ],
+);
+$client->createTree(
+    new TreeRecord([
+        'id' => 'id',
+        'treeName' => 'treeName',
+        'treeSpecies' => 'treeSpecies',
+    ]),
+);
diff --git a/seed/php-sdk/allof-inline/src/dynamic-snippets/example13/snippet.php b/seed/php-sdk/allof-inline/src/dynamic-snippets/example13/snippet.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..01157fc0e3de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/php-sdk/allof-inline/src/dynamic-snippets/example13/snippet.php
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace Example;
+
+use Seed\SeedClient;
+use Seed\Types\TreeRecord;
+use DateTime;
+
+$client = new SeedClient(
+    options: [
+        'baseUrl' => 'https://api.fern.com',
+    ],
+);
+$client->createTree(
+    new TreeRecord([
+        'id' => 'id',
+        'treeName' => 'treeName',
+        'treeDescription' => 'treeDescription',
+        'treeSpecies' => 'treeSpecies',
+        'heightInFeet' => 1.1,
+        'plantedDate' => new DateTime('2023-01-15'),
+    ]),
+);
diff --git a/seed/php-sdk/allof/reference.md b/seed/php-sdk/allof/reference.md
index 73efd592aa6b..b23d65122a7f 100644
--- a/seed/php-sdk/allof/reference.md
+++ b/seed/php-sdk/allof/reference.md
@@ -169,3 +169,138 @@ $client->getOrganization();
 </dl>
 </details>
 
+<details><summary><code>$client-&gt;createPlant($request) -> ?PlantStrict</code></summary>
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+#### 📝 Description
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+Tests three-level allOf chain where a parent schema itself uses allOf with $ref elements. The grandparent's properties must be resolved through the nested $ref.
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+#### 🔌 Usage
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+```php
+$client->createPlant(
+    new PlantPost([
+        'species' => 'species',
+        'family' => 'family',
+        'genus' => 'genus',
+        'sunExposure' => PlantPostSunExposure::Full->value,
+    ]),
+);
+```
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+#### ⚙️ Parameters
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+**$sunExposure:** `string` — Required sun exposure level.
+    
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+**$plantedAt:** `?DateTime` — Date the plant was planted.
+    
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+**$soilType:** `?string` — Preferred soil type.
+    
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</details>
+
+<details><summary><code>$client-&gt;createTree($request) -> ?TreeRecord</code></summary>
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+#### 📝 Description
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+Tests that when a parent's allOf contains multiple $ref entries, all of them are resolved and their properties merged.
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+#### 🔌 Usage
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+```php
+$client->createTree(
+    new TreeRecord([
+        'id' => 'id',
+    ]),
+);
+```
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+#### ⚙️ Parameters
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+**$request:** `TreeRecord` 
+    
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</details>
+
diff --git a/seed/php-sdk/allof/src/Requests/PlantPost.php b/seed/php-sdk/allof/src/Requests/PlantPost.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..671d5cd0df48
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/php-sdk/allof/src/Requests/PlantPost.php
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace Seed\Requests;
+
+use Seed\Core\Json\JsonSerializableType;
+use Seed\Traits\PlantBase;
+use Seed\Types\PlantPostSunExposure;
+use Seed\Core\Json\JsonProperty;
+use DateTime;
+use Seed\Core\Types\Date;
+use Seed\Types\PlantBaseWateringFrequency;
+
+class PlantPost extends JsonSerializableType
+{
+    use PlantBase;
+
+    /**
+     * @var value-of<PlantPostSunExposure> $sunExposure Required sun exposure level.
+     */
+    #[JsonProperty('sunExposure')]
+    public string $sunExposure;
+
+    /**
+     * @var ?DateTime $plantedAt Date the plant was planted.
+     */
+    #[JsonProperty('plantedAt'), Date(Date::TYPE_DATE)]
+    public ?DateTime $plantedAt;
+
+    /**
+     * @var ?string $soilType Preferred soil type.
+     */
+    #[JsonProperty('soilType')]
+    public ?string $soilType;
+
+    /**
+     * @param array{
+     *   sunExposure: value-of<PlantPostSunExposure>,
+     *   species: string,
+     *   family: string,
+     *   genus: string,
+     *   plantedAt?: ?DateTime,
+     *   soilType?: ?string,
+     *   commonName?: ?string,
+     *   wateringFrequency?: ?value-of<PlantBaseWateringFrequency>,
+     * } $values
+     */
+    public function __construct(
+        array $values,
+    ) {
+        $this->sunExposure = $values['sunExposure'];
+        $this->plantedAt = $values['plantedAt'] ?? null;
+        $this->soilType = $values['soilType'] ?? null;
+        $this->commonName = $values['commonName'] ?? null;
+        $this->wateringFrequency = $values['wateringFrequency'] ?? null;
+        $this->species = $values['species'];
+        $this->family = $values['family'];
+        $this->genus = $values['genus'];
+    }
+}
diff --git a/seed/php-sdk/allof/src/SeedClient.php b/seed/php-sdk/allof/src/SeedClient.php
index 63b560f9b6c7..24bb0e54facb 100644
--- a/seed/php-sdk/allof/src/SeedClient.php
+++ b/seed/php-sdk/allof/src/SeedClient.php
@@ -17,6 +17,9 @@
 use Seed\Types\UserSearchResponse;
 use Seed\Types\CombinedEntity;
 use Seed\Types\Organization;
+use Seed\Requests\PlantPost;
+use Seed\Types\PlantStrict;
+use Seed\Types\TreeRecord;
 
 class SeedClient
 {
@@ -299,4 +302,102 @@ public function getOrganization(?array $options = null): ?Organization
             body: $response->getBody()->getContents(),
         );
     }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests three-level allOf chain where a parent schema itself uses allOf with $ref elements. The grandparent's properties must be resolved through the nested $ref.
+     *
+     * @param PlantPost $request
+     * @param ?array{
+     *   baseUrl?: string,
+     *   maxRetries?: int,
+     *   timeout?: float,
+     *   headers?: array<string, string>,
+     *   queryParameters?: array<string, mixed>,
+     *   bodyProperties?: array<string, mixed>,
+     * } $options
+     * @return ?PlantStrict
+     * @throws SeedException
+     * @throws SeedApiException
+     */
+    public function createPlant(PlantPost $request, ?array $options = null): ?PlantStrict
+    {
+        $options = array_merge($this->options, $options ?? []);
+        try {
+            $response = $this->client->sendRequest(
+                new JsonApiRequest(
+                    baseUrl: $options['baseUrl'] ?? $this->client->options['baseUrl'] ?? Environments::Default_->value,
+                    path: "plants",
+                    method: HttpMethod::POST,
+                    body: $request,
+                ),
+                $options,
+            );
+            $statusCode = $response->getStatusCode();
+            if ($statusCode >= 200 && $statusCode < 400) {
+                $json = $response->getBody()->getContents();
+                if (empty($json)) {
+                    return null;
+                }
+                return PlantStrict::fromJson($json);
+            }
+        } catch (JsonException $e) {
+            throw new SeedException(message: "Failed to deserialize response: {$e->getMessage()}", previous: $e);
+        } catch (ClientExceptionInterface $e) {
+            throw new SeedException(message: $e->getMessage(), previous: $e);
+        }
+        throw new SeedApiException(
+            message: 'API request failed',
+            statusCode: $statusCode,
+            body: $response->getBody()->getContents(),
+        );
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests that when a parent's allOf contains multiple $ref entries, all of them are resolved and their properties merged.
+     *
+     * @param TreeRecord $request
+     * @param ?array{
+     *   baseUrl?: string,
+     *   maxRetries?: int,
+     *   timeout?: float,
+     *   headers?: array<string, string>,
+     *   queryParameters?: array<string, mixed>,
+     *   bodyProperties?: array<string, mixed>,
+     * } $options
+     * @return ?TreeRecord
+     * @throws SeedException
+     * @throws SeedApiException
+     */
+    public function createTree(TreeRecord $request, ?array $options = null): ?TreeRecord
+    {
+        $options = array_merge($this->options, $options ?? []);
+        try {
+            $response = $this->client->sendRequest(
+                new JsonApiRequest(
+                    baseUrl: $options['baseUrl'] ?? $this->client->options['baseUrl'] ?? Environments::Default_->value,
+                    path: "trees",
+                    method: HttpMethod::POST,
+                    body: $request,
+                ),
+                $options,
+            );
+            $statusCode = $response->getStatusCode();
+            if ($statusCode >= 200 && $statusCode < 400) {
+                $json = $response->getBody()->getContents();
+                if (empty($json)) {
+                    return null;
+                }
+                return TreeRecord::fromJson($json);
+            }
+        } catch (JsonException $e) {
+            throw new SeedException(message: "Failed to deserialize response: {$e->getMessage()}", previous: $e);
+        } catch (ClientExceptionInterface $e) {
+            throw new SeedException(message: $e->getMessage(), previous: $e);
+        }
+        throw new SeedApiException(
+            message: 'API request failed',
+            statusCode: $statusCode,
+            body: $response->getBody()->getContents(),
+        );
+    }
 }
diff --git a/seed/php-sdk/allof/src/Traits/PlantBase.php b/seed/php-sdk/allof/src/Traits/PlantBase.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..41ac92a8c5cf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/php-sdk/allof/src/Traits/PlantBase.php
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace Seed\Traits;
+
+use Seed\Types\PlantBaseWateringFrequency;
+use Seed\Core\Json\JsonProperty;
+
+/**
+ * @property ?string $commonName
+ * @property ?value-of<PlantBaseWateringFrequency> $wateringFrequency
+ */
+trait PlantBase
+{
+    use PlantStrict;
+
+    /**
+     * @var ?string $commonName The common name of the plant.
+     */
+    #[JsonProperty('commonName')]
+    public ?string $commonName;
+
+    /**
+     * @var ?value-of<PlantBaseWateringFrequency> $wateringFrequency
+     */
+    #[JsonProperty('wateringFrequency')]
+    public ?string $wateringFrequency;
+}
diff --git a/seed/php-sdk/allof/src/Traits/PlantStrict.php b/seed/php-sdk/allof/src/Traits/PlantStrict.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..58b2d293642d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/php-sdk/allof/src/Traits/PlantStrict.php
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace Seed\Traits;
+
+use Seed\Core\Json\JsonProperty;
+
+/**
+ * @property string $species
+ * @property string $family
+ * @property string $genus
+ */
+trait PlantStrict
+{
+    /**
+     * @var string $species The botanical species name.
+     */
+    #[JsonProperty('species')]
+    public string $species;
+
+    /**
+     * @var string $family The botanical family.
+     */
+    #[JsonProperty('family')]
+    public string $family;
+
+    /**
+     * @var string $genus The botanical genus.
+     */
+    #[JsonProperty('genus')]
+    public string $genus;
+}
diff --git a/seed/php-sdk/allof/src/Traits/TreeBase.php b/seed/php-sdk/allof/src/Traits/TreeBase.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..218938dde52f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/php-sdk/allof/src/Traits/TreeBase.php
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace Seed\Traits;
+
+use Seed\Core\Json\JsonProperty;
+
+/**
+ * @property ?string $treeSpecies
+ * @property ?float $heightInFeet
+ */
+trait TreeBase
+{
+    use TreeIdentifiable;
+    use TreeDescribable;
+
+    /**
+     * @var ?string $treeSpecies The species of tree.
+     */
+    #[JsonProperty('treeSpecies')]
+    public ?string $treeSpecies;
+
+    /**
+     * @var ?float $heightInFeet Height of the tree in feet.
+     */
+    #[JsonProperty('heightInFeet')]
+    public ?float $heightInFeet;
+}
diff --git a/seed/php-sdk/allof/src/Traits/TreeDescribable.php b/seed/php-sdk/allof/src/Traits/TreeDescribable.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..f1e5f3bc12ef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/php-sdk/allof/src/Traits/TreeDescribable.php
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace Seed\Traits;
+
+use Seed\Core\Json\JsonProperty;
+
+/**
+ * @property ?string $treeName
+ * @property ?string $treeDescription
+ */
+trait TreeDescribable
+{
+    /**
+     * @var ?string $treeName Display name of the tree.
+     */
+    #[JsonProperty('treeName')]
+    public ?string $treeName;
+
+    /**
+     * @var ?string $treeDescription A description of the tree.
+     */
+    #[JsonProperty('treeDescription')]
+    public ?string $treeDescription;
+}
diff --git a/seed/php-sdk/allof/src/Traits/TreeIdentifiable.php b/seed/php-sdk/allof/src/Traits/TreeIdentifiable.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..41ac30aada9f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/php-sdk/allof/src/Traits/TreeIdentifiable.php
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace Seed\Traits;
+
+use Seed\Core\Json\JsonProperty;
+
+/**
+ * @property string $id
+ */
+trait TreeIdentifiable
+{
+    /**
+     * @var string $id Unique tree identifier.
+     */
+    #[JsonProperty('id')]
+    public string $id;
+}
diff --git a/seed/php-sdk/allof/src/Types/PlantBase.php b/seed/php-sdk/allof/src/Types/PlantBase.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..2b145d65b20b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/php-sdk/allof/src/Types/PlantBase.php
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace Seed\Types;
+
+use Seed\Core\Json\JsonSerializableType;
+use Seed\Traits\PlantStrict;
+use Seed\Core\Json\JsonProperty;
+
+class PlantBase extends JsonSerializableType
+{
+    use PlantStrict;
+
+    /**
+     * @var ?string $commonName The common name of the plant.
+     */
+    #[JsonProperty('commonName')]
+    public ?string $commonName;
+
+    /**
+     * @var ?value-of<PlantBaseWateringFrequency> $wateringFrequency
+     */
+    #[JsonProperty('wateringFrequency')]
+    public ?string $wateringFrequency;
+
+    /**
+     * @param array{
+     *   species: string,
+     *   family: string,
+     *   genus: string,
+     *   commonName?: ?string,
+     *   wateringFrequency?: ?value-of<PlantBaseWateringFrequency>,
+     * } $values
+     */
+    public function __construct(
+        array $values,
+    ) {
+        $this->species = $values['species'];
+        $this->family = $values['family'];
+        $this->genus = $values['genus'];
+        $this->commonName = $values['commonName'] ?? null;
+        $this->wateringFrequency = $values['wateringFrequency'] ?? null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return string
+     */
+    public function __toString(): string
+    {
+        return $this->toJson();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/seed/php-sdk/allof/src/Types/PlantBaseWateringFrequency.php b/seed/php-sdk/allof/src/Types/PlantBaseWateringFrequency.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..9039da9d1d03
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/php-sdk/allof/src/Types/PlantBaseWateringFrequency.php
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace Seed\Types;
+
+enum PlantBaseWateringFrequency: string
+{
+    case Daily = "daily";
+    case Weekly = "weekly";
+    case Biweekly = "biweekly";
+    case Monthly = "monthly";
+}
diff --git a/seed/php-sdk/allof/src/Types/PlantPostSunExposure.php b/seed/php-sdk/allof/src/Types/PlantPostSunExposure.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..96120084b635
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/php-sdk/allof/src/Types/PlantPostSunExposure.php
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace Seed\Types;
+
+enum PlantPostSunExposure: string
+{
+    case Full = "full";
+    case Partial = "partial";
+    case Shade = "shade";
+}
diff --git a/seed/php-sdk/allof/src/Types/PlantStrict.php b/seed/php-sdk/allof/src/Types/PlantStrict.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..1e5c0427b96a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/php-sdk/allof/src/Types/PlantStrict.php
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace Seed\Types;
+
+use Seed\Core\Json\JsonSerializableType;
+use Seed\Core\Json\JsonProperty;
+
+class PlantStrict extends JsonSerializableType
+{
+    /**
+     * @var string $species The botanical species name.
+     */
+    #[JsonProperty('species')]
+    public string $species;
+
+    /**
+     * @var string $family The botanical family.
+     */
+    #[JsonProperty('family')]
+    public string $family;
+
+    /**
+     * @var string $genus The botanical genus.
+     */
+    #[JsonProperty('genus')]
+    public string $genus;
+
+    /**
+     * @param array{
+     *   species: string,
+     *   family: string,
+     *   genus: string,
+     * } $values
+     */
+    public function __construct(
+        array $values,
+    ) {
+        $this->species = $values['species'];
+        $this->family = $values['family'];
+        $this->genus = $values['genus'];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return string
+     */
+    public function __toString(): string
+    {
+        return $this->toJson();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/seed/php-sdk/allof/src/Types/TreeBase.php b/seed/php-sdk/allof/src/Types/TreeBase.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..b744f36508fa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/php-sdk/allof/src/Types/TreeBase.php
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace Seed\Types;
+
+use Seed\Core\Json\JsonSerializableType;
+use Seed\Traits\TreeIdentifiable;
+use Seed\Traits\TreeDescribable;
+use Seed\Core\Json\JsonProperty;
+
+class TreeBase extends JsonSerializableType
+{
+    use TreeIdentifiable;
+    use TreeDescribable;
+
+    /**
+     * @var ?string $treeSpecies The species of tree.
+     */
+    #[JsonProperty('treeSpecies')]
+    public ?string $treeSpecies;
+
+    /**
+     * @var ?float $heightInFeet Height of the tree in feet.
+     */
+    #[JsonProperty('heightInFeet')]
+    public ?float $heightInFeet;
+
+    /**
+     * @param array{
+     *   id: string,
+     *   treeName?: ?string,
+     *   treeDescription?: ?string,
+     *   treeSpecies?: ?string,
+     *   heightInFeet?: ?float,
+     * } $values
+     */
+    public function __construct(
+        array $values,
+    ) {
+        $this->id = $values['id'];
+        $this->treeName = $values['treeName'] ?? null;
+        $this->treeDescription = $values['treeDescription'] ?? null;
+        $this->treeSpecies = $values['treeSpecies'] ?? null;
+        $this->heightInFeet = $values['heightInFeet'] ?? null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return string
+     */
+    public function __toString(): string
+    {
+        return $this->toJson();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/seed/php-sdk/allof/src/Types/TreeDescribable.php b/seed/php-sdk/allof/src/Types/TreeDescribable.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..9d94dd6c037d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/php-sdk/allof/src/Types/TreeDescribable.php
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace Seed\Types;
+
+use Seed\Core\Json\JsonSerializableType;
+use Seed\Core\Json\JsonProperty;
+
+class TreeDescribable extends JsonSerializableType
+{
+    /**
+     * @var ?string $treeName Display name of the tree.
+     */
+    #[JsonProperty('treeName')]
+    public ?string $treeName;
+
+    /**
+     * @var ?string $treeDescription A description of the tree.
+     */
+    #[JsonProperty('treeDescription')]
+    public ?string $treeDescription;
+
+    /**
+     * @param array{
+     *   treeName?: ?string,
+     *   treeDescription?: ?string,
+     * } $values
+     */
+    public function __construct(
+        array $values = [],
+    ) {
+        $this->treeName = $values['treeName'] ?? null;
+        $this->treeDescription = $values['treeDescription'] ?? null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return string
+     */
+    public function __toString(): string
+    {
+        return $this->toJson();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/seed/php-sdk/allof/src/Types/TreeIdentifiable.php b/seed/php-sdk/allof/src/Types/TreeIdentifiable.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..3e1bca3d6f58
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/php-sdk/allof/src/Types/TreeIdentifiable.php
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace Seed\Types;
+
+use Seed\Core\Json\JsonSerializableType;
+use Seed\Core\Json\JsonProperty;
+
+class TreeIdentifiable extends JsonSerializableType
+{
+    /**
+     * @var string $id Unique tree identifier.
+     */
+    #[JsonProperty('id')]
+    public string $id;
+
+    /**
+     * @param array{
+     *   id: string,
+     * } $values
+     */
+    public function __construct(
+        array $values,
+    ) {
+        $this->id = $values['id'];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return string
+     */
+    public function __toString(): string
+    {
+        return $this->toJson();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/seed/php-sdk/allof/src/Types/TreeRecord.php b/seed/php-sdk/allof/src/Types/TreeRecord.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..77438ad556ef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/php-sdk/allof/src/Types/TreeRecord.php
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace Seed\Types;
+
+use Seed\Core\Json\JsonSerializableType;
+use Seed\Traits\TreeBase;
+use DateTime;
+use Seed\Core\Json\JsonProperty;
+use Seed\Core\Types\Date;
+
+class TreeRecord extends JsonSerializableType
+{
+    use TreeBase;
+
+    /**
+     * @var ?DateTime $plantedDate Date the tree was planted.
+     */
+    #[JsonProperty('plantedDate'), Date(Date::TYPE_DATE)]
+    public ?DateTime $plantedDate;
+
+    /**
+     * @param array{
+     *   id: string,
+     *   treeSpecies?: ?string,
+     *   heightInFeet?: ?float,
+     *   treeName?: ?string,
+     *   treeDescription?: ?string,
+     *   plantedDate?: ?DateTime,
+     * } $values
+     */
+    public function __construct(
+        array $values,
+    ) {
+        $this->treeSpecies = $values['treeSpecies'] ?? null;
+        $this->heightInFeet = $values['heightInFeet'] ?? null;
+        $this->id = $values['id'];
+        $this->treeName = $values['treeName'] ?? null;
+        $this->treeDescription = $values['treeDescription'] ?? null;
+        $this->plantedDate = $values['plantedDate'] ?? null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return string
+     */
+    public function __toString(): string
+    {
+        return $this->toJson();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/seed/php-sdk/allof/src/dynamic-snippets/example10/snippet.php b/seed/php-sdk/allof/src/dynamic-snippets/example10/snippet.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..0dca4acae9b1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/php-sdk/allof/src/dynamic-snippets/example10/snippet.php
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace Example;
+
+use Seed\SeedClient;
+use Seed\Requests\PlantPost;
+use Seed\Types\PlantPostSunExposure;
+
+$client = new SeedClient(
+    options: [
+        'baseUrl' => 'https://api.fern.com',
+    ],
+);
+$client->createPlant(
+    new PlantPost([
+        'species' => 'species',
+        'family' => 'family',
+        'genus' => 'genus',
+        'sunExposure' => PlantPostSunExposure::Full->value,
+    ]),
+);
diff --git a/seed/php-sdk/allof/src/dynamic-snippets/example11/snippet.php b/seed/php-sdk/allof/src/dynamic-snippets/example11/snippet.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..a54946f78297
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/php-sdk/allof/src/dynamic-snippets/example11/snippet.php
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace Example;
+
+use Seed\SeedClient;
+use Seed\Requests\PlantPost;
+use Seed\Types\PlantBaseWateringFrequency;
+use Seed\Types\PlantPostSunExposure;
+use DateTime;
+
+$client = new SeedClient(
+    options: [
+        'baseUrl' => 'https://api.fern.com',
+    ],
+);
+$client->createPlant(
+    new PlantPost([
+        'commonName' => 'commonName',
+        'wateringFrequency' => PlantBaseWateringFrequency::Daily->value,
+        'species' => 'species',
+        'family' => 'family',
+        'genus' => 'genus',
+        'sunExposure' => PlantPostSunExposure::Full->value,
+        'plantedAt' => new DateTime('2023-01-15'),
+        'soilType' => 'soilType',
+    ]),
+);
diff --git a/seed/php-sdk/allof/src/dynamic-snippets/example12/snippet.php b/seed/php-sdk/allof/src/dynamic-snippets/example12/snippet.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..f2cd444a427d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/php-sdk/allof/src/dynamic-snippets/example12/snippet.php
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace Example;
+
+use Seed\SeedClient;
+use Seed\Types\TreeRecord;
+
+$client = new SeedClient(
+    options: [
+        'baseUrl' => 'https://api.fern.com',
+    ],
+);
+$client->createTree(
+    new TreeRecord([
+        'id' => 'id',
+    ]),
+);
diff --git a/seed/php-sdk/allof/src/dynamic-snippets/example13/snippet.php b/seed/php-sdk/allof/src/dynamic-snippets/example13/snippet.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..da04d1aa0af7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/php-sdk/allof/src/dynamic-snippets/example13/snippet.php
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace Example;
+
+use Seed\SeedClient;
+use Seed\Types\TreeRecord;
+use DateTime;
+
+$client = new SeedClient(
+    options: [
+        'baseUrl' => 'https://api.fern.com',
+    ],
+);
+$client->createTree(
+    new TreeRecord([
+        'treeSpecies' => 'treeSpecies',
+        'heightInFeet' => 1.1,
+        'id' => 'id',
+        'treeName' => 'treeName',
+        'treeDescription' => 'treeDescription',
+        'plantedDate' => new DateTime('2023-01-15'),
+    ]),
+);
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/accept-header/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/accept-header/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/accept-header/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/accept-header/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
-    {file = "idna-3.17-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:466e48829084efe2548012b855df21540b96f2e20e51bd124c851536556a592c"},
-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/alias-extends/no-custom-config/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/alias-extends/no-custom-config/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/alias-extends/no-custom-config/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/alias-extends/no-custom-config/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
-    {file = "idna-3.17-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:466e48829084efe2548012b855df21540b96f2e20e51bd124c851536556a592c"},
-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/alias-extends/no-inheritance-for-extended-models/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/alias-extends/no-inheritance-for-extended-models/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/alias-extends/no-inheritance-for-extended-models/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/alias-extends/no-inheritance-for-extended-models/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
-    {file = "idna-3.17-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:466e48829084efe2548012b855df21540b96f2e20e51bd124c851536556a592c"},
-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/alias/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/alias/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/alias/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/alias/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
-    {file = "idna-3.17-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:466e48829084efe2548012b855df21540b96f2e20e51bd124c851536556a592c"},
-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/allof-inline/no-custom-config/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/allof-inline/no-custom-config/poetry.lock
index e2e5802b45ab..67baca5d84d2 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/allof-inline/no-custom-config/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/allof-inline/no-custom-config/poetry.lock
@@ -662,14 +662,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main", "dev"]
 files = [
-    {file = "idna-3.17-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:466e48829084efe2548012b855df21540b96f2e20e51bd124c851536556a592c"},
-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/allof-inline/no-custom-config/reference.md b/seed/python-sdk/allof-inline/no-custom-config/reference.md
index c1e2e6167abc..b91aa95c86af 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/allof-inline/no-custom-config/reference.md
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/allof-inline/no-custom-config/reference.md
@@ -266,3 +266,210 @@ client.get_organization()
 </dl>
 </details>
 
+<details><summary><code>client.<a href="src/seed/client.py">create_plant</a>(...) -> PlantStrict</code></summary>
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+#### 📝 Description
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+Tests three-level allOf chain where a parent schema itself uses allOf with $ref elements. The grandparent's properties must be resolved through the nested $ref.
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+#### 🔌 Usage
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+```python
+from seed import SeedApi
+from seed.environment import SeedApiEnvironment
+
+client = SeedApi(
+    environment=SeedApiEnvironment.DEFAULT,
+)
+
+client.create_plant(
+    species="species",
+    family="family",
+    genus="genus",
+    common_name="commonName",
+    watering_frequency="daily",
+    sun_exposure="full",
+)
+
+```
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+#### ⚙️ Parameters
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+**species:** `str` — The botanical species name.
+    
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+**family:** `str` — The botanical family.
+    
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+**genus:** `str` — The botanical genus.
+    
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+**common_name:** `str` — The common name of the plant.
+    
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+**watering_frequency:** `PlantPostWateringFrequency` 
+    
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+**sun_exposure:** `PlantPostSunExposure` — Required sun exposure level.
+    
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+**planted_at:** `typing.Optional[datetime.date]` — Date the plant was planted.
+    
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+**soil_type:** `typing.Optional[str]` — Preferred soil type.
+    
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+**request_options:** `typing.Optional[RequestOptions]` — Request-specific configuration.
+    
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</details>
+
+<details><summary><code>client.<a href="src/seed/client.py">create_tree</a>(...) -> TreeRecord</code></summary>
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+#### 📝 Description
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+Tests that when a parent's allOf contains multiple $ref entries, all of them are resolved and their properties merged.
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+#### 🔌 Usage
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+```python
+from seed import SeedApi
+from seed.environment import SeedApiEnvironment
+
+client = SeedApi(
+    environment=SeedApiEnvironment.DEFAULT,
+)
+
+client.create_tree(
+    id="id",
+    tree_name="treeName",
+    tree_species="treeSpecies",
+)
+
+```
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+#### ⚙️ Parameters
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+**request:** `TreeRecord` 
+    
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+**request_options:** `typing.Optional[RequestOptions]` — Request-specific configuration.
+    
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</details>
+
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/allof-inline/no-custom-config/snippet.json b/seed/python-sdk/allof-inline/no-custom-config/snippet.json
index f000c2ddf786..252778d04208 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/allof-inline/no-custom-config/snippet.json
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/allof-inline/no-custom-config/snippet.json
@@ -65,6 +65,32 @@
                 "async_client": "import asyncio\n\nfrom seed import AsyncSeedApi\n\nclient = AsyncSeedApi()\n\n\nasync def main() -> None:\n    await client.get_organization()\n\n\nasyncio.run(main())\n",
                 "type": "python"
             }
+        },
+        {
+            "example_identifier": "default",
+            "id": {
+                "path": "/plants",
+                "method": "POST",
+                "identifier_override": "endpoint_.createPlant"
+            },
+            "snippet": {
+                "sync_client": "from seed import SeedApi\n\nclient = SeedApi()\nclient.create_plant(\n    species=\"species\",\n    family=\"family\",\n    genus=\"genus\",\n    common_name=\"commonName\",\n    watering_frequency=\"daily\",\n    sun_exposure=\"full\",\n)\n",
+                "async_client": "import asyncio\n\nfrom seed import AsyncSeedApi\n\nclient = AsyncSeedApi()\n\n\nasync def main() -> None:\n    await client.create_plant(\n        species=\"species\",\n        family=\"family\",\n        genus=\"genus\",\n        common_name=\"commonName\",\n        watering_frequency=\"daily\",\n        sun_exposure=\"full\",\n    )\n\n\nasyncio.run(main())\n",
+                "type": "python"
+            }
+        },
+        {
+            "example_identifier": "default",
+            "id": {
+                "path": "/trees",
+                "method": "POST",
+                "identifier_override": "endpoint_.createTree"
+            },
+            "snippet": {
+                "sync_client": "from seed import SeedApi\n\nclient = SeedApi()\nclient.create_tree(\n    id=\"id\",\n    tree_name=\"treeName\",\n    tree_species=\"treeSpecies\",\n)\n",
+                "async_client": "import asyncio\n\nfrom seed import AsyncSeedApi\n\nclient = AsyncSeedApi()\n\n\nasync def main() -> None:\n    await client.create_tree(\n        id=\"id\",\n        tree_name=\"treeName\",\n        tree_species=\"treeSpecies\",\n    )\n\n\nasyncio.run(main())\n",
+                "type": "python"
+            }
         }
     ]
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/allof-inline/no-custom-config/src/seed/__init__.py b/seed/python-sdk/allof-inline/no-custom-config/src/seed/__init__.py
index 282e67d4f87a..70e199572f9d 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/allof-inline/no-custom-config/src/seed/__init__.py
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/allof-inline/no-custom-config/src/seed/__init__.py
@@ -20,12 +20,21 @@
         OrganizationMetadata,
         PaginatedResult,
         PagingCursors,
+        PlantBase,
+        PlantBaseWateringFrequency,
+        PlantPostSunExposure,
+        PlantPostWateringFrequency,
+        PlantStrict,
         RuleCreateRequestExecutionContext,
         RuleExecutionContext,
         RuleResponse,
         RuleResponseStatus,
         RuleType,
         RuleTypeSearchResponse,
+        TreeBase,
+        TreeDescribable,
+        TreeIdentifiable,
+        TreeRecord,
         User,
         UserSearchResponse,
     )
@@ -50,6 +59,11 @@
     "OrganizationMetadata": ".types",
     "PaginatedResult": ".types",
     "PagingCursors": ".types",
+    "PlantBase": ".types",
+    "PlantBaseWateringFrequency": ".types",
+    "PlantPostSunExposure": ".types",
+    "PlantPostWateringFrequency": ".types",
+    "PlantStrict": ".types",
     "RuleCreateRequestExecutionContext": ".types",
     "RuleExecutionContext": ".types",
     "RuleResponse": ".types",
@@ -58,6 +72,10 @@
     "RuleTypeSearchResponse": ".types",
     "SeedApi": ".client",
     "SeedApiEnvironment": ".environment",
+    "TreeBase": ".types",
+    "TreeDescribable": ".types",
+    "TreeIdentifiable": ".types",
+    "TreeRecord": ".types",
     "User": ".types",
     "UserSearchResponse": ".types",
     "__version__": ".version",
@@ -102,6 +120,11 @@ def __dir__():
     "OrganizationMetadata",
     "PaginatedResult",
     "PagingCursors",
+    "PlantBase",
+    "PlantBaseWateringFrequency",
+    "PlantPostSunExposure",
+    "PlantPostWateringFrequency",
+    "PlantStrict",
     "RuleCreateRequestExecutionContext",
     "RuleExecutionContext",
     "RuleResponse",
@@ -110,6 +133,10 @@ def __dir__():
     "RuleTypeSearchResponse",
     "SeedApi",
     "SeedApiEnvironment",
+    "TreeBase",
+    "TreeDescribable",
+    "TreeIdentifiable",
+    "TreeRecord",
     "User",
     "UserSearchResponse",
     "__version__",
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/allof-inline/no-custom-config/src/seed/client.py b/seed/python-sdk/allof-inline/no-custom-config/src/seed/client.py
index 8335dca12e75..e806ca570263 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/allof-inline/no-custom-config/src/seed/client.py
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/allof-inline/no-custom-config/src/seed/client.py
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 # This file was auto-generated by Fern from our API Definition.
 
+import datetime as dt
 import typing
 
 import httpx
@@ -10,9 +11,13 @@
 from .raw_client import AsyncRawSeedApi, RawSeedApi
 from .types.combined_entity import CombinedEntity
 from .types.organization import Organization
+from .types.plant_post_sun_exposure import PlantPostSunExposure
+from .types.plant_post_watering_frequency import PlantPostWateringFrequency
+from .types.plant_strict import PlantStrict
 from .types.rule_create_request_execution_context import RuleCreateRequestExecutionContext
 from .types.rule_response import RuleResponse
 from .types.rule_type_search_response import RuleTypeSearchResponse
+from .types.tree_record import TreeRecord
 from .types.user_search_response import UserSearchResponse
 
 # this is used as the default value for optional parameters
@@ -233,6 +238,146 @@ def get_organization(self, *, request_options: typing.Optional[RequestOptions] =
         _response = self._raw_client.get_organization(request_options=request_options)
         return _response.data
 
+    def create_plant(
+        self,
+        *,
+        species: str,
+        family: str,
+        genus: str,
+        common_name: str,
+        watering_frequency: PlantPostWateringFrequency,
+        sun_exposure: PlantPostSunExposure,
+        planted_at: typing.Optional[dt.date] = OMIT,
+        soil_type: typing.Optional[str] = OMIT,
+        request_options: typing.Optional[RequestOptions] = None,
+    ) -> PlantStrict:
+        """
+        Tests three-level allOf chain where a parent schema itself uses allOf with $ref elements. The grandparent's properties must be resolved through the nested $ref.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        species : str
+            The botanical species name.
+
+        family : str
+            The botanical family.
+
+        genus : str
+            The botanical genus.
+
+        common_name : str
+            The common name of the plant.
+
+        watering_frequency : PlantPostWateringFrequency
+
+        sun_exposure : PlantPostSunExposure
+            Required sun exposure level.
+
+        planted_at : typing.Optional[dt.date]
+            Date the plant was planted.
+
+        soil_type : typing.Optional[str]
+            Preferred soil type.
+
+        request_options : typing.Optional[RequestOptions]
+            Request-specific configuration.
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        PlantStrict
+            Created plant
+
+        Examples
+        --------
+        from seed import SeedApi
+
+        client = SeedApi()
+        client.create_plant(
+            species="species",
+            family="family",
+            genus="genus",
+            common_name="commonName",
+            watering_frequency="daily",
+            sun_exposure="full",
+        )
+        """
+        _response = self._raw_client.create_plant(
+            species=species,
+            family=family,
+            genus=genus,
+            common_name=common_name,
+            watering_frequency=watering_frequency,
+            sun_exposure=sun_exposure,
+            planted_at=planted_at,
+            soil_type=soil_type,
+            request_options=request_options,
+        )
+        return _response.data
+
+    def create_tree(
+        self,
+        *,
+        id: str,
+        tree_name: str,
+        tree_species: str,
+        tree_description: typing.Optional[str] = OMIT,
+        height_in_feet: typing.Optional[float] = OMIT,
+        planted_date: typing.Optional[dt.date] = OMIT,
+        request_options: typing.Optional[RequestOptions] = None,
+    ) -> TreeRecord:
+        """
+        Tests that when a parent's allOf contains multiple $ref entries, all of them are resolved and their properties merged.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        id : str
+            Unique tree identifier.
+
+        tree_name : str
+            Display name of the tree.
+
+        tree_species : str
+            The species of tree.
+
+        tree_description : typing.Optional[str]
+            A description of the tree.
+
+        height_in_feet : typing.Optional[float]
+            Height of the tree in feet.
+
+        planted_date : typing.Optional[dt.date]
+            Date the tree was planted.
+
+        request_options : typing.Optional[RequestOptions]
+            Request-specific configuration.
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        TreeRecord
+            Created tree
+
+        Examples
+        --------
+        from seed import SeedApi
+
+        client = SeedApi()
+        client.create_tree(
+            id="id",
+            tree_name="treeName",
+            tree_species="treeSpecies",
+        )
+        """
+        _response = self._raw_client.create_tree(
+            id=id,
+            tree_name=tree_name,
+            tree_species=tree_species,
+            tree_description=tree_description,
+            height_in_feet=height_in_feet,
+            planted_date=planted_date,
+            request_options=request_options,
+        )
+        return _response.data
+
 
 def _make_default_async_client(
     timeout: typing.Optional[float],
@@ -504,6 +649,162 @@ async def main() -> None:
         _response = await self._raw_client.get_organization(request_options=request_options)
         return _response.data
 
+    async def create_plant(
+        self,
+        *,
+        species: str,
+        family: str,
+        genus: str,
+        common_name: str,
+        watering_frequency: PlantPostWateringFrequency,
+        sun_exposure: PlantPostSunExposure,
+        planted_at: typing.Optional[dt.date] = OMIT,
+        soil_type: typing.Optional[str] = OMIT,
+        request_options: typing.Optional[RequestOptions] = None,
+    ) -> PlantStrict:
+        """
+        Tests three-level allOf chain where a parent schema itself uses allOf with $ref elements. The grandparent's properties must be resolved through the nested $ref.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        species : str
+            The botanical species name.
+
+        family : str
+            The botanical family.
+
+        genus : str
+            The botanical genus.
+
+        common_name : str
+            The common name of the plant.
+
+        watering_frequency : PlantPostWateringFrequency
+
+        sun_exposure : PlantPostSunExposure
+            Required sun exposure level.
+
+        planted_at : typing.Optional[dt.date]
+            Date the plant was planted.
+
+        soil_type : typing.Optional[str]
+            Preferred soil type.
+
+        request_options : typing.Optional[RequestOptions]
+            Request-specific configuration.
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        PlantStrict
+            Created plant
+
+        Examples
+        --------
+        import asyncio
+
+        from seed import AsyncSeedApi
+
+        client = AsyncSeedApi()
+
+
+        async def main() -> None:
+            await client.create_plant(
+                species="species",
+                family="family",
+                genus="genus",
+                common_name="commonName",
+                watering_frequency="daily",
+                sun_exposure="full",
+            )
+
+
+        asyncio.run(main())
+        """
+        _response = await self._raw_client.create_plant(
+            species=species,
+            family=family,
+            genus=genus,
+            common_name=common_name,
+            watering_frequency=watering_frequency,
+            sun_exposure=sun_exposure,
+            planted_at=planted_at,
+            soil_type=soil_type,
+            request_options=request_options,
+        )
+        return _response.data
+
+    async def create_tree(
+        self,
+        *,
+        id: str,
+        tree_name: str,
+        tree_species: str,
+        tree_description: typing.Optional[str] = OMIT,
+        height_in_feet: typing.Optional[float] = OMIT,
+        planted_date: typing.Optional[dt.date] = OMIT,
+        request_options: typing.Optional[RequestOptions] = None,
+    ) -> TreeRecord:
+        """
+        Tests that when a parent's allOf contains multiple $ref entries, all of them are resolved and their properties merged.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        id : str
+            Unique tree identifier.
+
+        tree_name : str
+            Display name of the tree.
+
+        tree_species : str
+            The species of tree.
+
+        tree_description : typing.Optional[str]
+            A description of the tree.
+
+        height_in_feet : typing.Optional[float]
+            Height of the tree in feet.
+
+        planted_date : typing.Optional[dt.date]
+            Date the tree was planted.
+
+        request_options : typing.Optional[RequestOptions]
+            Request-specific configuration.
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        TreeRecord
+            Created tree
+
+        Examples
+        --------
+        import asyncio
+
+        from seed import AsyncSeedApi
+
+        client = AsyncSeedApi()
+
+
+        async def main() -> None:
+            await client.create_tree(
+                id="id",
+                tree_name="treeName",
+                tree_species="treeSpecies",
+            )
+
+
+        asyncio.run(main())
+        """
+        _response = await self._raw_client.create_tree(
+            id=id,
+            tree_name=tree_name,
+            tree_species=tree_species,
+            tree_description=tree_description,
+            height_in_feet=height_in_feet,
+            planted_date=planted_date,
+            request_options=request_options,
+        )
+        return _response.data
+
 
 def _get_base_url(*, base_url: typing.Optional[str] = None, environment: SeedApiEnvironment) -> str:
     if base_url is not None:
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/allof-inline/no-custom-config/src/seed/raw_client.py b/seed/python-sdk/allof-inline/no-custom-config/src/seed/raw_client.py
index 77122c88976e..d1d169619832 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/allof-inline/no-custom-config/src/seed/raw_client.py
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/allof-inline/no-custom-config/src/seed/raw_client.py
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 # This file was auto-generated by Fern from our API Definition.
 
+import datetime as dt
 import typing
 from json.decoder import JSONDecodeError
 
@@ -11,9 +12,13 @@
 from .core.request_options import RequestOptions
 from .types.combined_entity import CombinedEntity
 from .types.organization import Organization
+from .types.plant_post_sun_exposure import PlantPostSunExposure
+from .types.plant_post_watering_frequency import PlantPostWateringFrequency
+from .types.plant_strict import PlantStrict
 from .types.rule_create_request_execution_context import RuleCreateRequestExecutionContext
 from .types.rule_response import RuleResponse
 from .types.rule_type_search_response import RuleTypeSearchResponse
+from .types.tree_record import TreeRecord
 from .types.user_search_response import UserSearchResponse
 from pydantic import ValidationError
 
@@ -235,6 +240,168 @@ def get_organization(
             )
         raise ApiError(status_code=_response.status_code, headers=dict(_response.headers), body=_response_json)
 
+    def create_plant(
+        self,
+        *,
+        species: str,
+        family: str,
+        genus: str,
+        common_name: str,
+        watering_frequency: PlantPostWateringFrequency,
+        sun_exposure: PlantPostSunExposure,
+        planted_at: typing.Optional[dt.date] = OMIT,
+        soil_type: typing.Optional[str] = OMIT,
+        request_options: typing.Optional[RequestOptions] = None,
+    ) -> HttpResponse[PlantStrict]:
+        """
+        Tests three-level allOf chain where a parent schema itself uses allOf with $ref elements. The grandparent's properties must be resolved through the nested $ref.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        species : str
+            The botanical species name.
+
+        family : str
+            The botanical family.
+
+        genus : str
+            The botanical genus.
+
+        common_name : str
+            The common name of the plant.
+
+        watering_frequency : PlantPostWateringFrequency
+
+        sun_exposure : PlantPostSunExposure
+            Required sun exposure level.
+
+        planted_at : typing.Optional[dt.date]
+            Date the plant was planted.
+
+        soil_type : typing.Optional[str]
+            Preferred soil type.
+
+        request_options : typing.Optional[RequestOptions]
+            Request-specific configuration.
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        HttpResponse[PlantStrict]
+            Created plant
+        """
+        _response = self._client_wrapper.httpx_client.request(
+            "plants",
+            method="POST",
+            json={
+                "species": species,
+                "family": family,
+                "genus": genus,
+                "commonName": common_name,
+                "wateringFrequency": watering_frequency,
+                "sunExposure": sun_exposure,
+                "plantedAt": planted_at,
+                "soilType": soil_type,
+            },
+            headers={
+                "content-type": "application/json",
+            },
+            request_options=request_options,
+            omit=OMIT,
+        )
+        try:
+            if 200 <= _response.status_code < 300:
+                _data = typing.cast(
+                    PlantStrict,
+                    parse_obj_as(
+                        type_=PlantStrict,  # type: ignore
+                        object_=_response.json(),
+                    ),
+                )
+                return HttpResponse(response=_response, data=_data)
+            _response_json = _response.json()
+        except JSONDecodeError:
+            raise ApiError(status_code=_response.status_code, headers=dict(_response.headers), body=_response.text)
+        except ValidationError as e:
+            raise ParsingError(
+                status_code=_response.status_code, headers=dict(_response.headers), body=_response.json(), cause=e
+            )
+        raise ApiError(status_code=_response.status_code, headers=dict(_response.headers), body=_response_json)
+
+    def create_tree(
+        self,
+        *,
+        id: str,
+        tree_name: str,
+        tree_species: str,
+        tree_description: typing.Optional[str] = OMIT,
+        height_in_feet: typing.Optional[float] = OMIT,
+        planted_date: typing.Optional[dt.date] = OMIT,
+        request_options: typing.Optional[RequestOptions] = None,
+    ) -> HttpResponse[TreeRecord]:
+        """
+        Tests that when a parent's allOf contains multiple $ref entries, all of them are resolved and their properties merged.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        id : str
+            Unique tree identifier.
+
+        tree_name : str
+            Display name of the tree.
+
+        tree_species : str
+            The species of tree.
+
+        tree_description : typing.Optional[str]
+            A description of the tree.
+
+        height_in_feet : typing.Optional[float]
+            Height of the tree in feet.
+
+        planted_date : typing.Optional[dt.date]
+            Date the tree was planted.
+
+        request_options : typing.Optional[RequestOptions]
+            Request-specific configuration.
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        HttpResponse[TreeRecord]
+            Created tree
+        """
+        _response = self._client_wrapper.httpx_client.request(
+            "trees",
+            method="POST",
+            json={
+                "id": id,
+                "treeName": tree_name,
+                "treeDescription": tree_description,
+                "treeSpecies": tree_species,
+                "heightInFeet": height_in_feet,
+                "plantedDate": planted_date,
+            },
+            request_options=request_options,
+            omit=OMIT,
+        )
+        try:
+            if 200 <= _response.status_code < 300:
+                _data = typing.cast(
+                    TreeRecord,
+                    parse_obj_as(
+                        type_=TreeRecord,  # type: ignore
+                        object_=_response.json(),
+                    ),
+                )
+                return HttpResponse(response=_response, data=_data)
+            _response_json = _response.json()
+        except JSONDecodeError:
+            raise ApiError(status_code=_response.status_code, headers=dict(_response.headers), body=_response.text)
+        except ValidationError as e:
+            raise ParsingError(
+                status_code=_response.status_code, headers=dict(_response.headers), body=_response.json(), cause=e
+            )
+        raise ApiError(status_code=_response.status_code, headers=dict(_response.headers), body=_response_json)
+
 
 class AsyncRawSeedApi:
     def __init__(self, *, client_wrapper: AsyncClientWrapper):
@@ -451,3 +618,165 @@ async def get_organization(
                 status_code=_response.status_code, headers=dict(_response.headers), body=_response.json(), cause=e
             )
         raise ApiError(status_code=_response.status_code, headers=dict(_response.headers), body=_response_json)
+
+    async def create_plant(
+        self,
+        *,
+        species: str,
+        family: str,
+        genus: str,
+        common_name: str,
+        watering_frequency: PlantPostWateringFrequency,
+        sun_exposure: PlantPostSunExposure,
+        planted_at: typing.Optional[dt.date] = OMIT,
+        soil_type: typing.Optional[str] = OMIT,
+        request_options: typing.Optional[RequestOptions] = None,
+    ) -> AsyncHttpResponse[PlantStrict]:
+        """
+        Tests three-level allOf chain where a parent schema itself uses allOf with $ref elements. The grandparent's properties must be resolved through the nested $ref.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        species : str
+            The botanical species name.
+
+        family : str
+            The botanical family.
+
+        genus : str
+            The botanical genus.
+
+        common_name : str
+            The common name of the plant.
+
+        watering_frequency : PlantPostWateringFrequency
+
+        sun_exposure : PlantPostSunExposure
+            Required sun exposure level.
+
+        planted_at : typing.Optional[dt.date]
+            Date the plant was planted.
+
+        soil_type : typing.Optional[str]
+            Preferred soil type.
+
+        request_options : typing.Optional[RequestOptions]
+            Request-specific configuration.
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        AsyncHttpResponse[PlantStrict]
+            Created plant
+        """
+        _response = await self._client_wrapper.httpx_client.request(
+            "plants",
+            method="POST",
+            json={
+                "species": species,
+                "family": family,
+                "genus": genus,
+                "commonName": common_name,
+                "wateringFrequency": watering_frequency,
+                "sunExposure": sun_exposure,
+                "plantedAt": planted_at,
+                "soilType": soil_type,
+            },
+            headers={
+                "content-type": "application/json",
+            },
+            request_options=request_options,
+            omit=OMIT,
+        )
+        try:
+            if 200 <= _response.status_code < 300:
+                _data = typing.cast(
+                    PlantStrict,
+                    parse_obj_as(
+                        type_=PlantStrict,  # type: ignore
+                        object_=_response.json(),
+                    ),
+                )
+                return AsyncHttpResponse(response=_response, data=_data)
+            _response_json = _response.json()
+        except JSONDecodeError:
+            raise ApiError(status_code=_response.status_code, headers=dict(_response.headers), body=_response.text)
+        except ValidationError as e:
+            raise ParsingError(
+                status_code=_response.status_code, headers=dict(_response.headers), body=_response.json(), cause=e
+            )
+        raise ApiError(status_code=_response.status_code, headers=dict(_response.headers), body=_response_json)
+
+    async def create_tree(
+        self,
+        *,
+        id: str,
+        tree_name: str,
+        tree_species: str,
+        tree_description: typing.Optional[str] = OMIT,
+        height_in_feet: typing.Optional[float] = OMIT,
+        planted_date: typing.Optional[dt.date] = OMIT,
+        request_options: typing.Optional[RequestOptions] = None,
+    ) -> AsyncHttpResponse[TreeRecord]:
+        """
+        Tests that when a parent's allOf contains multiple $ref entries, all of them are resolved and their properties merged.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        id : str
+            Unique tree identifier.
+
+        tree_name : str
+            Display name of the tree.
+
+        tree_species : str
+            The species of tree.
+
+        tree_description : typing.Optional[str]
+            A description of the tree.
+
+        height_in_feet : typing.Optional[float]
+            Height of the tree in feet.
+
+        planted_date : typing.Optional[dt.date]
+            Date the tree was planted.
+
+        request_options : typing.Optional[RequestOptions]
+            Request-specific configuration.
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        AsyncHttpResponse[TreeRecord]
+            Created tree
+        """
+        _response = await self._client_wrapper.httpx_client.request(
+            "trees",
+            method="POST",
+            json={
+                "id": id,
+                "treeName": tree_name,
+                "treeDescription": tree_description,
+                "treeSpecies": tree_species,
+                "heightInFeet": height_in_feet,
+                "plantedDate": planted_date,
+            },
+            request_options=request_options,
+            omit=OMIT,
+        )
+        try:
+            if 200 <= _response.status_code < 300:
+                _data = typing.cast(
+                    TreeRecord,
+                    parse_obj_as(
+                        type_=TreeRecord,  # type: ignore
+                        object_=_response.json(),
+                    ),
+                )
+                return AsyncHttpResponse(response=_response, data=_data)
+            _response_json = _response.json()
+        except JSONDecodeError:
+            raise ApiError(status_code=_response.status_code, headers=dict(_response.headers), body=_response.text)
+        except ValidationError as e:
+            raise ParsingError(
+                status_code=_response.status_code, headers=dict(_response.headers), body=_response.json(), cause=e
+            )
+        raise ApiError(status_code=_response.status_code, headers=dict(_response.headers), body=_response_json)
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/allof-inline/no-custom-config/src/seed/types/__init__.py b/seed/python-sdk/allof-inline/no-custom-config/src/seed/types/__init__.py
index 195eed8bda47..cdc9a76db4cd 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/allof-inline/no-custom-config/src/seed/types/__init__.py
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/allof-inline/no-custom-config/src/seed/types/__init__.py
@@ -19,12 +19,21 @@
     from .organization_metadata import OrganizationMetadata
     from .paginated_result import PaginatedResult
     from .paging_cursors import PagingCursors
+    from .plant_base import PlantBase
+    from .plant_base_watering_frequency import PlantBaseWateringFrequency
+    from .plant_post_sun_exposure import PlantPostSunExposure
+    from .plant_post_watering_frequency import PlantPostWateringFrequency
+    from .plant_strict import PlantStrict
     from .rule_create_request_execution_context import RuleCreateRequestExecutionContext
     from .rule_execution_context import RuleExecutionContext
     from .rule_response import RuleResponse
     from .rule_response_status import RuleResponseStatus
     from .rule_type import RuleType
     from .rule_type_search_response import RuleTypeSearchResponse
+    from .tree_base import TreeBase
+    from .tree_describable import TreeDescribable
+    from .tree_identifiable import TreeIdentifiable
+    from .tree_record import TreeRecord
     from .user import User
     from .user_search_response import UserSearchResponse
 _dynamic_imports: typing.Dict[str, str] = {
@@ -41,12 +50,21 @@
     "OrganizationMetadata": ".organization_metadata",
     "PaginatedResult": ".paginated_result",
     "PagingCursors": ".paging_cursors",
+    "PlantBase": ".plant_base",
+    "PlantBaseWateringFrequency": ".plant_base_watering_frequency",
+    "PlantPostSunExposure": ".plant_post_sun_exposure",
+    "PlantPostWateringFrequency": ".plant_post_watering_frequency",
+    "PlantStrict": ".plant_strict",
     "RuleCreateRequestExecutionContext": ".rule_create_request_execution_context",
     "RuleExecutionContext": ".rule_execution_context",
     "RuleResponse": ".rule_response",
     "RuleResponseStatus": ".rule_response_status",
     "RuleType": ".rule_type",
     "RuleTypeSearchResponse": ".rule_type_search_response",
+    "TreeBase": ".tree_base",
+    "TreeDescribable": ".tree_describable",
+    "TreeIdentifiable": ".tree_identifiable",
+    "TreeRecord": ".tree_record",
     "User": ".user",
     "UserSearchResponse": ".user_search_response",
 }
@@ -87,12 +105,21 @@ def __dir__():
     "OrganizationMetadata",
     "PaginatedResult",
     "PagingCursors",
+    "PlantBase",
+    "PlantBaseWateringFrequency",
+    "PlantPostSunExposure",
+    "PlantPostWateringFrequency",
+    "PlantStrict",
     "RuleCreateRequestExecutionContext",
     "RuleExecutionContext",
     "RuleResponse",
     "RuleResponseStatus",
     "RuleType",
     "RuleTypeSearchResponse",
+    "TreeBase",
+    "TreeDescribable",
+    "TreeIdentifiable",
+    "TreeRecord",
     "User",
     "UserSearchResponse",
 ]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/allof-inline/no-custom-config/src/seed/types/plant_base.py b/seed/python-sdk/allof-inline/no-custom-config/src/seed/types/plant_base.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..28d98409ec3d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/allof-inline/no-custom-config/src/seed/types/plant_base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+# This file was auto-generated by Fern from our API Definition.
+
+import typing
+
+import pydantic
+import typing_extensions
+from ..core.pydantic_utilities import IS_PYDANTIC_V2, UniversalBaseModel
+from ..core.serialization import FieldMetadata
+from .plant_base_watering_frequency import PlantBaseWateringFrequency
+
+
+class PlantBase(UniversalBaseModel):
+    species: str = pydantic.Field()
+    """
+    The botanical species name.
+    """
+
+    family: str = pydantic.Field()
+    """
+    The botanical family.
+    """
+
+    genus: str = pydantic.Field()
+    """
+    The botanical genus.
+    """
+
+    common_name: typing_extensions.Annotated[
+        typing.Optional[str],
+        FieldMetadata(alias="commonName"),
+        pydantic.Field(alias="commonName", description="The common name of the plant."),
+    ] = None
+    watering_frequency: typing_extensions.Annotated[
+        typing.Optional[PlantBaseWateringFrequency],
+        FieldMetadata(alias="wateringFrequency"),
+        pydantic.Field(alias="wateringFrequency"),
+    ] = None
+
+    if IS_PYDANTIC_V2:
+        model_config: typing.ClassVar[pydantic.ConfigDict] = pydantic.ConfigDict(extra="allow", frozen=True)  # type: ignore # Pydantic v2
+    else:
+
+        class Config:
+            frozen = True
+            smart_union = True
+            extra = pydantic.Extra.allow
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/allof-inline/no-custom-config/src/seed/types/plant_base_watering_frequency.py b/seed/python-sdk/allof-inline/no-custom-config/src/seed/types/plant_base_watering_frequency.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..6dae335d41f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/allof-inline/no-custom-config/src/seed/types/plant_base_watering_frequency.py
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+# This file was auto-generated by Fern from our API Definition.
+
+import typing
+
+PlantBaseWateringFrequency = typing.Union[typing.Literal["daily", "weekly", "biweekly", "monthly"], typing.Any]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/allof-inline/no-custom-config/src/seed/types/plant_post_sun_exposure.py b/seed/python-sdk/allof-inline/no-custom-config/src/seed/types/plant_post_sun_exposure.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..c851b19c9292
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/allof-inline/no-custom-config/src/seed/types/plant_post_sun_exposure.py
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+# This file was auto-generated by Fern from our API Definition.
+
+import typing
+
+PlantPostSunExposure = typing.Union[typing.Literal["full", "partial", "shade"], typing.Any]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/allof-inline/no-custom-config/src/seed/types/plant_post_watering_frequency.py b/seed/python-sdk/allof-inline/no-custom-config/src/seed/types/plant_post_watering_frequency.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..be3bb2000f00
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/allof-inline/no-custom-config/src/seed/types/plant_post_watering_frequency.py
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+# This file was auto-generated by Fern from our API Definition.
+
+import typing
+
+PlantPostWateringFrequency = typing.Union[typing.Literal["daily", "weekly", "biweekly", "monthly"], typing.Any]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/allof-inline/no-custom-config/src/seed/types/plant_strict.py b/seed/python-sdk/allof-inline/no-custom-config/src/seed/types/plant_strict.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..4109c1823e60
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/allof-inline/no-custom-config/src/seed/types/plant_strict.py
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+# This file was auto-generated by Fern from our API Definition.
+
+import typing
+
+import pydantic
+from ..core.pydantic_utilities import IS_PYDANTIC_V2, UniversalBaseModel
+
+
+class PlantStrict(UniversalBaseModel):
+    species: str = pydantic.Field()
+    """
+    The botanical species name.
+    """
+
+    family: str = pydantic.Field()
+    """
+    The botanical family.
+    """
+
+    genus: str = pydantic.Field()
+    """
+    The botanical genus.
+    """
+
+    if IS_PYDANTIC_V2:
+        model_config: typing.ClassVar[pydantic.ConfigDict] = pydantic.ConfigDict(extra="allow", frozen=True)  # type: ignore # Pydantic v2
+    else:
+
+        class Config:
+            frozen = True
+            smart_union = True
+            extra = pydantic.Extra.allow
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/allof-inline/no-custom-config/src/seed/types/tree_base.py b/seed/python-sdk/allof-inline/no-custom-config/src/seed/types/tree_base.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..c9ea20f88d94
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/allof-inline/no-custom-config/src/seed/types/tree_base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+# This file was auto-generated by Fern from our API Definition.
+
+import typing
+
+import pydantic
+import typing_extensions
+from ..core.pydantic_utilities import IS_PYDANTIC_V2, UniversalBaseModel
+from ..core.serialization import FieldMetadata
+
+
+class TreeBase(UniversalBaseModel):
+    id: str = pydantic.Field()
+    """
+    Unique tree identifier.
+    """
+
+    tree_name: typing_extensions.Annotated[
+        typing.Optional[str],
+        FieldMetadata(alias="treeName"),
+        pydantic.Field(alias="treeName", description="Display name of the tree."),
+    ] = None
+    tree_description: typing_extensions.Annotated[
+        typing.Optional[str],
+        FieldMetadata(alias="treeDescription"),
+        pydantic.Field(alias="treeDescription", description="A description of the tree."),
+    ] = None
+    tree_species: typing_extensions.Annotated[
+        typing.Optional[str],
+        FieldMetadata(alias="treeSpecies"),
+        pydantic.Field(alias="treeSpecies", description="The species of tree."),
+    ] = None
+    height_in_feet: typing_extensions.Annotated[
+        typing.Optional[float],
+        FieldMetadata(alias="heightInFeet"),
+        pydantic.Field(alias="heightInFeet", description="Height of the tree in feet."),
+    ] = None
+
+    if IS_PYDANTIC_V2:
+        model_config: typing.ClassVar[pydantic.ConfigDict] = pydantic.ConfigDict(extra="allow", frozen=True)  # type: ignore # Pydantic v2
+    else:
+
+        class Config:
+            frozen = True
+            smart_union = True
+            extra = pydantic.Extra.allow
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/allof-inline/no-custom-config/src/seed/types/tree_describable.py b/seed/python-sdk/allof-inline/no-custom-config/src/seed/types/tree_describable.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..651e62c8d3c2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/allof-inline/no-custom-config/src/seed/types/tree_describable.py
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+# This file was auto-generated by Fern from our API Definition.
+
+import typing
+
+import pydantic
+import typing_extensions
+from ..core.pydantic_utilities import IS_PYDANTIC_V2, UniversalBaseModel
+from ..core.serialization import FieldMetadata
+
+
+class TreeDescribable(UniversalBaseModel):
+    tree_name: typing_extensions.Annotated[
+        typing.Optional[str],
+        FieldMetadata(alias="treeName"),
+        pydantic.Field(alias="treeName", description="Display name of the tree."),
+    ] = None
+    tree_description: typing_extensions.Annotated[
+        typing.Optional[str],
+        FieldMetadata(alias="treeDescription"),
+        pydantic.Field(alias="treeDescription", description="A description of the tree."),
+    ] = None
+
+    if IS_PYDANTIC_V2:
+        model_config: typing.ClassVar[pydantic.ConfigDict] = pydantic.ConfigDict(extra="allow", frozen=True)  # type: ignore # Pydantic v2
+    else:
+
+        class Config:
+            frozen = True
+            smart_union = True
+            extra = pydantic.Extra.allow
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/allof-inline/no-custom-config/src/seed/types/tree_identifiable.py b/seed/python-sdk/allof-inline/no-custom-config/src/seed/types/tree_identifiable.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..690068db8c6f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/allof-inline/no-custom-config/src/seed/types/tree_identifiable.py
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+# This file was auto-generated by Fern from our API Definition.
+
+import typing
+
+import pydantic
+from ..core.pydantic_utilities import IS_PYDANTIC_V2, UniversalBaseModel
+
+
+class TreeIdentifiable(UniversalBaseModel):
+    id: str = pydantic.Field()
+    """
+    Unique tree identifier.
+    """
+
+    if IS_PYDANTIC_V2:
+        model_config: typing.ClassVar[pydantic.ConfigDict] = pydantic.ConfigDict(extra="allow", frozen=True)  # type: ignore # Pydantic v2
+    else:
+
+        class Config:
+            frozen = True
+            smart_union = True
+            extra = pydantic.Extra.allow
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/allof-inline/no-custom-config/src/seed/types/tree_record.py b/seed/python-sdk/allof-inline/no-custom-config/src/seed/types/tree_record.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..f77c6bf61767
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/allof-inline/no-custom-config/src/seed/types/tree_record.py
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+# This file was auto-generated by Fern from our API Definition.
+
+import datetime as dt
+import typing
+
+import pydantic
+import typing_extensions
+from ..core.pydantic_utilities import IS_PYDANTIC_V2, UniversalBaseModel
+from ..core.serialization import FieldMetadata
+
+
+class TreeRecord(UniversalBaseModel):
+    id: str = pydantic.Field()
+    """
+    Unique tree identifier.
+    """
+
+    tree_name: typing_extensions.Annotated[
+        str, FieldMetadata(alias="treeName"), pydantic.Field(alias="treeName", description="Display name of the tree.")
+    ]
+    tree_description: typing_extensions.Annotated[
+        typing.Optional[str],
+        FieldMetadata(alias="treeDescription"),
+        pydantic.Field(alias="treeDescription", description="A description of the tree."),
+    ] = None
+    tree_species: typing_extensions.Annotated[
+        str, FieldMetadata(alias="treeSpecies"), pydantic.Field(alias="treeSpecies", description="The species of tree.")
+    ]
+    height_in_feet: typing_extensions.Annotated[
+        typing.Optional[float],
+        FieldMetadata(alias="heightInFeet"),
+        pydantic.Field(alias="heightInFeet", description="Height of the tree in feet."),
+    ] = None
+    planted_date: typing_extensions.Annotated[
+        typing.Optional[dt.date],
+        FieldMetadata(alias="plantedDate"),
+        pydantic.Field(alias="plantedDate", description="Date the tree was planted."),
+    ] = None
+
+    if IS_PYDANTIC_V2:
+        model_config: typing.ClassVar[pydantic.ConfigDict] = pydantic.ConfigDict(extra="allow", frozen=True)  # type: ignore # Pydantic v2
+    else:
+
+        class Config:
+            frozen = True
+            smart_union = True
+            extra = pydantic.Extra.allow
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/allof-inline/no-custom-config/tests/wire/test_.py b/seed/python-sdk/allof-inline/no-custom-config/tests/wire/test_.py
index 2f638bc05b10..71ca1518cb36 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/allof-inline/no-custom-config/tests/wire/test_.py
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/allof-inline/no-custom-config/tests/wire/test_.py
@@ -42,3 +42,30 @@ def test__get_organization() -> None:
     client = get_client(test_id)
     client.get_organization()
     verify_request_count(test_id, "GET", "/organizations", None, 1)
+
+
+def test__create_plant() -> None:
+    """Test createPlant endpoint with WireMock"""
+    test_id = "create_plant.0"
+    client = get_client(test_id)
+    client.create_plant(
+        species="species",
+        family="family",
+        genus="genus",
+        common_name="commonName",
+        watering_frequency="daily",
+        sun_exposure="full",
+    )
+    verify_request_count(test_id, "POST", "/plants", None, 1)
+
+
+def test__create_tree() -> None:
+    """Test createTree endpoint with WireMock"""
+    test_id = "create_tree.0"
+    client = get_client(test_id)
+    client.create_tree(
+        id="id",
+        tree_name="treeName",
+        tree_species="treeSpecies",
+    )
+    verify_request_count(test_id, "POST", "/trees", None, 1)
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/allof-inline/no-custom-config/wiremock/wiremock-mappings.json b/seed/python-sdk/allof-inline/no-custom-config/wiremock/wiremock-mappings.json
index 801bfb5883a2..5e69fb389c9f 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/allof-inline/no-custom-config/wiremock/wiremock-mappings.json
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/allof-inline/no-custom-config/wiremock/wiremock-mappings.json
@@ -133,9 +133,61 @@
         }
       },
       "postServeActions": []
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "fc35a3ba-6a37-4842-99e5-f58821955c31",
+      "name": "Create a plant (nested allOf with $ref chain) - default",
+      "request": {
+        "urlPathTemplate": "/plants",
+        "method": "POST"
+      },
+      "response": {
+        "status": 200,
+        "body": "{\n  \"species\": \"species\",\n  \"family\": \"family\",\n  \"genus\": \"genus\"\n}",
+        "headers": {
+          "Content-Type": "application/json"
+        }
+      },
+      "uuid": "fc35a3ba-6a37-4842-99e5-f58821955c31",
+      "persistent": true,
+      "priority": 3,
+      "metadata": {
+        "mocklab": {
+          "created": {
+            "at": "2020-01-01T00:00:00.000Z",
+            "via": "SYSTEM"
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "b78e388b-bdbb-4fab-a683-45f8819e89ec",
+      "name": "Create a tree (multiple nested $ref in parent allOf) - default",
+      "request": {
+        "urlPathTemplate": "/trees",
+        "method": "POST"
+      },
+      "response": {
+        "status": 200,
+        "body": "{\n  \"id\": \"id\",\n  \"treeName\": \"treeName\",\n  \"treeDescription\": \"treeDescription\",\n  \"treeSpecies\": \"treeSpecies\",\n  \"heightInFeet\": 1.1,\n  \"plantedDate\": \"2023-01-15\"\n}",
+        "headers": {
+          "Content-Type": "application/json"
+        }
+      },
+      "uuid": "b78e388b-bdbb-4fab-a683-45f8819e89ec",
+      "persistent": true,
+      "priority": 3,
+      "metadata": {
+        "mocklab": {
+          "created": {
+            "at": "2020-01-01T00:00:00.000Z",
+            "via": "SYSTEM"
+          }
+        }
+      }
     }
   ],
   "meta": {
-    "total": 5
+    "total": 7
   }
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/allof/no-custom-config/.fern/metadata.json b/seed/python-sdk/allof/no-custom-config/.fern/metadata.json
index 46cf3f37ec30..2a49c5f592ee 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/allof/no-custom-config/.fern/metadata.json
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/allof/no-custom-config/.fern/metadata.json
@@ -6,7 +6,8 @@
     "enable_wire_tests": true
   },
   "originGitCommit": "DUMMY",
-  "invokedBy": "manual",
+  "invokedBy": "ci",
   "requestedVersion": "0.0.1",
+  "ciProvider": "github",
   "sdkVersion": "0.0.1"
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/allof/no-custom-config/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/allof/no-custom-config/poetry.lock
index e2e5802b45ab..67baca5d84d2 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/allof/no-custom-config/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/allof/no-custom-config/poetry.lock
@@ -662,14 +662,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main", "dev"]
 files = [
-    {file = "idna-3.17-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:466e48829084efe2548012b855df21540b96f2e20e51bd124c851536556a592c"},
-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/any-auth/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/any-auth/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/any-auth/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/any-auth/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
-    {file = "idna-3.17-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:466e48829084efe2548012b855df21540b96f2e20e51bd124c851536556a592c"},
-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/api-wide-base-path-with-default/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/api-wide-base-path-with-default/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/api-wide-base-path-with-default/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/api-wide-base-path-with-default/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
-    {file = "idna-3.17-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:466e48829084efe2548012b855df21540b96f2e20e51bd124c851536556a592c"},
-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/api-wide-base-path/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/api-wide-base-path/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/api-wide-base-path/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/api-wide-base-path/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
-    {file = "idna-3.17-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:466e48829084efe2548012b855df21540b96f2e20e51bd124c851536556a592c"},
-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/audiences/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/audiences/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/audiences/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/audiences/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
-    {file = "idna-3.17-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:466e48829084efe2548012b855df21540b96f2e20e51bd124c851536556a592c"},
-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/basic-auth-environment-variables/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/basic-auth-environment-variables/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/basic-auth-environment-variables/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/basic-auth-environment-variables/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
-    {file = "idna-3.17-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:466e48829084efe2548012b855df21540b96f2e20e51bd124c851536556a592c"},
-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/basic-auth-pw-omitted/with-wire-tests/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/basic-auth-pw-omitted/with-wire-tests/poetry.lock
index e2e5802b45ab..67baca5d84d2 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/basic-auth-pw-omitted/with-wire-tests/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/basic-auth-pw-omitted/with-wire-tests/poetry.lock
@@ -662,14 +662,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main", "dev"]
 files = [
-    {file = "idna-3.17-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:466e48829084efe2548012b855df21540b96f2e20e51bd124c851536556a592c"},
-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/basic-auth/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/basic-auth/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/basic-auth/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/basic-auth/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
-    {file = "idna-3.17-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:466e48829084efe2548012b855df21540b96f2e20e51bd124c851536556a592c"},
-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/bearer-token-environment-variable/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/bearer-token-environment-variable/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/bearer-token-environment-variable/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/bearer-token-environment-variable/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
-    {file = "idna-3.17-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:466e48829084efe2548012b855df21540b96f2e20e51bd124c851536556a592c"},
-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/bytes-download/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/bytes-download/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/bytes-download/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/bytes-download/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
-    {file = "idna-3.17-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:466e48829084efe2548012b855df21540b96f2e20e51bd124c851536556a592c"},
-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
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 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/bytes-upload/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/bytes-upload/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/bytes-upload/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/bytes-upload/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
-    {file = "idna-3.17-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:466e48829084efe2548012b855df21540b96f2e20e51bd124c851536556a592c"},
-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/circular-references-advanced/no-inheritance-for-extended-models/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/circular-references-advanced/no-inheritance-for-extended-models/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/circular-references-advanced/no-inheritance-for-extended-models/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/circular-references-advanced/no-inheritance-for-extended-models/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
-    {file = "idna-3.17-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:466e48829084efe2548012b855df21540b96f2e20e51bd124c851536556a592c"},
-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/circular-references-extends/no-custom-config/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/circular-references-extends/no-custom-config/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/circular-references-extends/no-custom-config/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/circular-references-extends/no-custom-config/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
-    {file = "idna-3.17-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:466e48829084efe2548012b855df21540b96f2e20e51bd124c851536556a592c"},
-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/circular-references/no-custom-config/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/circular-references/no-custom-config/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/circular-references/no-custom-config/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/circular-references/no-custom-config/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
-    {file = "idna-3.17-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:466e48829084efe2548012b855df21540b96f2e20e51bd124c851536556a592c"},
-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/circular-references/no-inheritance-for-extended-models/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/circular-references/no-inheritance-for-extended-models/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/circular-references/no-inheritance-for-extended-models/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/circular-references/no-inheritance-for-extended-models/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
-    {file = "idna-3.17-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:466e48829084efe2548012b855df21540b96f2e20e51bd124c851536556a592c"},
-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/cli-multi-spec-namespaced/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/cli-multi-spec-namespaced/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/cli-multi-spec-namespaced/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/cli-multi-spec-namespaced/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
-    {file = "idna-3.17-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:466e48829084efe2548012b855df21540b96f2e20e51bd124c851536556a592c"},
-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/cli-multi-spec/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/cli-multi-spec/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/cli-multi-spec/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/cli-multi-spec/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
-    {file = "idna-3.17-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:466e48829084efe2548012b855df21540b96f2e20e51bd124c851536556a592c"},
-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/client-side-params/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/client-side-params/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/client-side-params/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/client-side-params/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
-    {file = "idna-3.17-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:466e48829084efe2548012b855df21540b96f2e20e51bd124c851536556a592c"},
-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/content-type/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/content-type/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/content-type/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/content-type/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
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-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/cross-package-type-names/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/cross-package-type-names/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/cross-package-type-names/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/cross-package-type-names/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
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-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/dollar-string-examples/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/dollar-string-examples/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/dollar-string-examples/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/dollar-string-examples/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
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-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/empty-clients/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/empty-clients/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/empty-clients/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/empty-clients/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
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-    {file = "idna-3.17-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:466e48829084efe2548012b855df21540b96f2e20e51bd124c851536556a592c"},
-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/endpoint-security-auth/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/endpoint-security-auth/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/endpoint-security-auth/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/endpoint-security-auth/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
-    {file = "idna-3.17-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:466e48829084efe2548012b855df21540b96f2e20e51bd124c851536556a592c"},
-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/enum/no-custom-config/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/enum/no-custom-config/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/enum/no-custom-config/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/enum/no-custom-config/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
-    {file = "idna-3.17-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:466e48829084efe2548012b855df21540b96f2e20e51bd124c851536556a592c"},
-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/enum/real-enum-forward-compat/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/enum/real-enum-forward-compat/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/enum/real-enum-forward-compat/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/enum/real-enum-forward-compat/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
-    {file = "idna-3.17-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:466e48829084efe2548012b855df21540b96f2e20e51bd124c851536556a592c"},
-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/enum/real-enum/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/enum/real-enum/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/enum/real-enum/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/enum/real-enum/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
-    {file = "idna-3.17-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:466e48829084efe2548012b855df21540b96f2e20e51bd124c851536556a592c"},
-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/enum/strenum/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/enum/strenum/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/enum/strenum/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/enum/strenum/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
-    {file = "idna-3.17-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:466e48829084efe2548012b855df21540b96f2e20e51bd124c851536556a592c"},
-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/error-property/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/error-property/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/error-property/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/error-property/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
-    {file = "idna-3.17-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:466e48829084efe2548012b855df21540b96f2e20e51bd124c851536556a592c"},
-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/errors/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/errors/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/errors/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/errors/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
-    {file = "idna-3.17-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:466e48829084efe2548012b855df21540b96f2e20e51bd124c851536556a592c"},
-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/examples/additional_init_exports_with_duplicates/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/examples/additional_init_exports_with_duplicates/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/examples/additional_init_exports_with_duplicates/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/examples/additional_init_exports_with_duplicates/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
-    {file = "idna-3.17-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:466e48829084efe2548012b855df21540b96f2e20e51bd124c851536556a592c"},
-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/examples/client-filename/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/examples/client-filename/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/examples/client-filename/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/examples/client-filename/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
-    {file = "idna-3.17-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:466e48829084efe2548012b855df21540b96f2e20e51bd124c851536556a592c"},
-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/examples/legacy-wire-tests/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/examples/legacy-wire-tests/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/examples/legacy-wire-tests/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/examples/legacy-wire-tests/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
-    {file = "idna-3.17-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:466e48829084efe2548012b855df21540b96f2e20e51bd124c851536556a592c"},
-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/examples/no-custom-config/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/examples/no-custom-config/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/examples/no-custom-config/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/examples/no-custom-config/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
-    {file = "idna-3.17-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:466e48829084efe2548012b855df21540b96f2e20e51bd124c851536556a592c"},
-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/examples/omit-fern-headers/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/examples/omit-fern-headers/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/examples/omit-fern-headers/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/examples/omit-fern-headers/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
-    {file = "idna-3.17-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:466e48829084efe2548012b855df21540b96f2e20e51bd124c851536556a592c"},
-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/examples/readme/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/examples/readme/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/examples/readme/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/examples/readme/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
-    {file = "idna-3.17-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:466e48829084efe2548012b855df21540b96f2e20e51bd124c851536556a592c"},
-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/exhaustive/additional_init_exports/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/exhaustive/additional_init_exports/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/exhaustive/additional_init_exports/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/exhaustive/additional_init_exports/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
-    {file = "idna-3.17-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:466e48829084efe2548012b855df21540b96f2e20e51bd124c851536556a592c"},
-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/exhaustive/aliases_with_validation/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/exhaustive/aliases_with_validation/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/exhaustive/aliases_with_validation/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/exhaustive/aliases_with_validation/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
-    {file = "idna-3.17-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:466e48829084efe2548012b855df21540b96f2e20e51bd124c851536556a592c"},
-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/exhaustive/aliases_without_validation/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/exhaustive/aliases_without_validation/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/exhaustive/aliases_without_validation/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/exhaustive/aliases_without_validation/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
-    {file = "idna-3.17-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:466e48829084efe2548012b855df21540b96f2e20e51bd124c851536556a592c"},
-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/exhaustive/custom-transport/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/exhaustive/custom-transport/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/exhaustive/custom-transport/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/exhaustive/custom-transport/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
-    {file = "idna-3.17-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:466e48829084efe2548012b855df21540b96f2e20e51bd124c851536556a592c"},
-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/exhaustive/datetime-milliseconds/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/exhaustive/datetime-milliseconds/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/exhaustive/datetime-milliseconds/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/exhaustive/datetime-milliseconds/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
-    {file = "idna-3.17-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:466e48829084efe2548012b855df21540b96f2e20e51bd124c851536556a592c"},
-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/exhaustive/deps_with_min_python_version/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/exhaustive/deps_with_min_python_version/poetry.lock
index 9adfeff49ba0..859cdb285b4f 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/exhaustive/deps_with_min_python_version/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/exhaustive/deps_with_min_python_version/poetry.lock
@@ -732,14 +732,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main", "dev"]
 files = [
-    {file = "idna-3.17-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:466e48829084efe2548012b855df21540b96f2e20e51bd124c851536556a592c"},
-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
@@ -917,19 +917,19 @@ files = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "langchain"
-version = "1.3.2"
+version = "1.3.4"
 description = "Building applications with LLMs through composability"
 optional = false
 python-versions = "<4.0.0,>=3.10.0"
 groups = ["dev"]
 files = [
-    {file = "langchain-1.3.2-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:900f6b3f4ee08b9ba3cdbe667dbf42525bd6f66a4a07a7f1db26262673e41ed6"},
-    {file = "langchain-1.3.2.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffd5f204a46b5fa1a38bf89ba3b45ca0902c02d18fa7d2a2eaeaeb1f5bf19d0a"},
+    {file = "langchain-1.3.4-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:e51b05ab23d056bc6bf2d97d8c694fb92d6d5765126fef74565d007c27581672"},
+    {file = "langchain-1.3.4.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:d6e0654c22848925534f5c0a706f9be481bb09a619ec60a738fbd1e5502e457a"},
 ]
 
 [package.dependencies]
 langchain-core = ">=1.4.0,<2.0.0"
-langgraph = ">=1.2.2,<1.3.0"
+langgraph = ">=1.2.4,<1.3.0"
 pydantic = ">=2.7.4,<3.0.0"
 
 [package.extras]
@@ -1008,21 +1008,21 @@ typing-extensions = ">=4.13.0,<5.0.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "langgraph"
-version = "1.2.2"
+version = "1.2.4"
 description = "Building stateful, multi-actor applications with LLMs"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.10"
 groups = ["dev"]
 files = [
-    {file = "langgraph-1.2.2-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:0a851bf4ba5939c5474a2fd57e6b439b5315283e254e42943bd392c2d71a5e03"},
-    {file = "langgraph-1.2.2.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:f54a98458976b3ff0774683867df125fb52d8dbedeb2441d0b0656a51331cee5"},
+    {file = "langgraph-1.2.4-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:ffe3e1e31dce28907640f82525858470f293506d2b272d07ea3b3ce97974b067"},
+    {file = "langgraph-1.2.4.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5df076973a2d23efb13eceb279d1e5b46feebcbbeded0a86a2ef669abd9e4399"},
 ]
 
 [package.dependencies]
 langchain-core = ">=1.4.0,<2"
 langgraph-checkpoint = ">=4.1.0,<5.0.0"
 langgraph-prebuilt = ">=1.1.0,<1.2.0"
-langgraph-sdk = ">=0.3.0,<0.4.0"
+langgraph-sdk = ">=0.4.2,<0.5.0"
 pydantic = ">=2.7.4"
 xxhash = ">=3.5.0"
 
@@ -1060,19 +1060,22 @@ langgraph-checkpoint = ">=2.1.0,<5.0.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "langgraph-sdk"
-version = "0.3.15"
+version = "0.4.2"
 description = "SDK for interacting with LangGraph API"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.10"
 groups = ["dev"]
 files = [
-    {file = "langgraph_sdk-0.3.15-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:3838773acf7456d158165385d49f48f1e856f28b56ccd99ea139a8f27004815d"},
-    {file = "langgraph_sdk-0.3.15.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:29e805003d2c6e296823dd71992610976fd0428cefaa8b3304fd91f2247037de"},
+    {file = "langgraph_sdk-0.4.2-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:75fa5096c1177ce39c847096a8fe3745ffd480ddb412995f836e9f5f884c43dd"},
+    {file = "langgraph_sdk-0.4.2.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:b88f0f5f6328ac0680d6790614a905b2bcfa257f2276dba4e38f0e86db0aa738"},
 ]
 
 [package.dependencies]
 httpx = ">=0.25.2"
+langchain-core = ">=1.4.0,<2"
+langchain-protocol = ">=0.0.15"
 orjson = ">=3.11.5"
+websockets = ">=14,<16"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "langsmith"
@@ -2587,73 +2590,81 @@ files = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "websockets"
-version = "16.0"
+version = "15.0.1"
 description = "An implementation of the WebSocket Protocol (RFC 6455 & 7692)"
 optional = false
-python-versions = ">=3.10"
+python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["dev"]
 files = [
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 [[package]]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/exhaustive/eager-imports/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/exhaustive/eager-imports/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/exhaustive/eager-imports/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/exhaustive/eager-imports/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
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-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
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 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/exhaustive/extra_dependencies/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/exhaustive/extra_dependencies/poetry.lock
index fde5ed44a980..037b2456f5cb 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/exhaustive/extra_dependencies/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/exhaustive/extra_dependencies/poetry.lock
@@ -565,14 +565,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
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-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
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 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/exhaustive/extra_dev_dependencies/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/exhaustive/extra_dev_dependencies/poetry.lock
index e2e558ed795a..d7feaf2dd2f8 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/exhaustive/extra_dev_dependencies/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/exhaustive/extra_dev_dependencies/poetry.lock
@@ -702,14 +702,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main", "dev"]
 files = [
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-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
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+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/exhaustive/five-second-timeout/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/exhaustive/five-second-timeout/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/exhaustive/five-second-timeout/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/exhaustive/five-second-timeout/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
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-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/exhaustive/follow_redirects_by_default/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/exhaustive/follow_redirects_by_default/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/exhaustive/follow_redirects_by_default/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/exhaustive/follow_redirects_by_default/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
-    {file = "idna-3.17-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:466e48829084efe2548012b855df21540b96f2e20e51bd124c851536556a592c"},
-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/exhaustive/import-paths/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/exhaustive/import-paths/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/exhaustive/import-paths/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/exhaustive/import-paths/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
-    {file = "idna-3.17-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:466e48829084efe2548012b855df21540b96f2e20e51bd124c851536556a592c"},
-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/exhaustive/improved_imports/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/exhaustive/improved_imports/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/exhaustive/improved_imports/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/exhaustive/improved_imports/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
-    {file = "idna-3.17-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:466e48829084efe2548012b855df21540b96f2e20e51bd124c851536556a592c"},
-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/exhaustive/infinite-timeout/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/exhaustive/infinite-timeout/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/exhaustive/infinite-timeout/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/exhaustive/infinite-timeout/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
-    {file = "idna-3.17-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:466e48829084efe2548012b855df21540b96f2e20e51bd124c851536556a592c"},
-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/exhaustive/inline-path-params/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/exhaustive/inline-path-params/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/exhaustive/inline-path-params/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/exhaustive/inline-path-params/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
-    {file = "idna-3.17-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:466e48829084efe2548012b855df21540b96f2e20e51bd124c851536556a592c"},
-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/exhaustive/inline_request_params/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/exhaustive/inline_request_params/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/exhaustive/inline_request_params/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/exhaustive/inline_request_params/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
-    {file = "idna-3.17-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:466e48829084efe2548012b855df21540b96f2e20e51bd124c851536556a592c"},
-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/exhaustive/no-custom-config/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/exhaustive/no-custom-config/poetry.lock
index e2e5802b45ab..67baca5d84d2 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/exhaustive/no-custom-config/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/exhaustive/no-custom-config/poetry.lock
@@ -662,14 +662,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main", "dev"]
 files = [
-    {file = "idna-3.17-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:466e48829084efe2548012b855df21540b96f2e20e51bd124c851536556a592c"},
-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/exhaustive/output-directory-project-root/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/exhaustive/output-directory-project-root/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/exhaustive/output-directory-project-root/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/exhaustive/output-directory-project-root/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
-    {file = "idna-3.17-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:466e48829084efe2548012b855df21540b96f2e20e51bd124c851536556a592c"},
-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/exhaustive/package-path/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/exhaustive/package-path/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/exhaustive/package-path/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/exhaustive/package-path/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
-    {file = "idna-3.17-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:466e48829084efe2548012b855df21540b96f2e20e51bd124c851536556a592c"},
-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/exhaustive/pydantic-extra-fields/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/exhaustive/pydantic-extra-fields/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/exhaustive/pydantic-extra-fields/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/exhaustive/pydantic-extra-fields/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
-    {file = "idna-3.17-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:466e48829084efe2548012b855df21540b96f2e20e51bd124c851536556a592c"},
-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/exhaustive/pydantic-ignore-fields/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/exhaustive/pydantic-ignore-fields/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/exhaustive/pydantic-ignore-fields/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/exhaustive/pydantic-ignore-fields/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
-    {file = "idna-3.17-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:466e48829084efe2548012b855df21540b96f2e20e51bd124c851536556a592c"},
-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/exhaustive/pydantic-v1-with-utils/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/exhaustive/pydantic-v1-with-utils/poetry.lock
index 0a9f683e5998..0c72957bcfe3 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/exhaustive/pydantic-v1-with-utils/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/exhaustive/pydantic-v1-with-utils/poetry.lock
@@ -511,14 +511,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
-    {file = "idna-3.17-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:466e48829084efe2548012b855df21540b96f2e20e51bd124c851536556a592c"},
-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/exhaustive/pydantic-v1-wrapped/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/exhaustive/pydantic-v1-wrapped/poetry.lock
index 0a9f683e5998..0c72957bcfe3 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/exhaustive/pydantic-v1-wrapped/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/exhaustive/pydantic-v1-wrapped/poetry.lock
@@ -511,14 +511,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
-    {file = "idna-3.17-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:466e48829084efe2548012b855df21540b96f2e20e51bd124c851536556a592c"},
-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/exhaustive/pydantic-v1/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/exhaustive/pydantic-v1/poetry.lock
index 0a9f683e5998..0c72957bcfe3 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/exhaustive/pydantic-v1/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/exhaustive/pydantic-v1/poetry.lock
@@ -511,14 +511,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
-    {file = "idna-3.17-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:466e48829084efe2548012b855df21540b96f2e20e51bd124c851536556a592c"},
-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/exhaustive/pydantic-v2-wrapped/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/exhaustive/pydantic-v2-wrapped/poetry.lock
index ea27ecb92927..9a4066f36e62 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/exhaustive/pydantic-v2-wrapped/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/exhaustive/pydantic-v2-wrapped/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
-    {file = "idna-3.17-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:466e48829084efe2548012b855df21540b96f2e20e51bd124c851536556a592c"},
-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/exhaustive/pyproject_extras/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/exhaustive/pyproject_extras/poetry.lock
index 9f5de9657be3..62c9bf921fd8 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/exhaustive/pyproject_extras/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/exhaustive/pyproject_extras/poetry.lock
@@ -541,14 +541,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
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-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
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 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/exhaustive/skip-pydantic-validation/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/exhaustive/skip-pydantic-validation/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/exhaustive/skip-pydantic-validation/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/exhaustive/skip-pydantic-validation/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
-    {file = "idna-3.17-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:466e48829084efe2548012b855df21540b96f2e20e51bd124c851536556a592c"},
-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/exhaustive/union-utils/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/exhaustive/union-utils/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/exhaustive/union-utils/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/exhaustive/union-utils/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
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 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
-    {file = "idna-3.17-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:466e48829084efe2548012b855df21540b96f2e20e51bd124c851536556a592c"},
-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
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 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/exhaustive/wire-tests-custom-client-name/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/exhaustive/wire-tests-custom-client-name/poetry.lock
index e2e5802b45ab..67baca5d84d2 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/exhaustive/wire-tests-custom-client-name/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/exhaustive/wire-tests-custom-client-name/poetry.lock
@@ -662,14 +662,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
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 python-versions = ">=3.9"
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-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
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 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/extends/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/extends/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/extends/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/extends/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
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-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
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 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/extra-properties/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/extra-properties/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/extra-properties/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/extra-properties/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
-    {file = "idna-3.17-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:466e48829084efe2548012b855df21540b96f2e20e51bd124c851536556a592c"},
-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
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 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/file-download/default-chunk-size/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/file-download/default-chunk-size/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/file-download/default-chunk-size/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/file-download/default-chunk-size/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
-    {file = "idna-3.17-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:466e48829084efe2548012b855df21540b96f2e20e51bd124c851536556a592c"},
-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
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 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/file-download/no-custom-config/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/file-download/no-custom-config/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/file-download/no-custom-config/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/file-download/no-custom-config/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
-    {file = "idna-3.17-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:466e48829084efe2548012b855df21540b96f2e20e51bd124c851536556a592c"},
-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
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 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/file-upload-openapi/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/file-upload-openapi/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/file-upload-openapi/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/file-upload-openapi/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
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 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
-    {file = "idna-3.17-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:466e48829084efe2548012b855df21540b96f2e20e51bd124c851536556a592c"},
-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
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 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/file-upload/exclude_types_from_init_exports/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/file-upload/exclude_types_from_init_exports/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/file-upload/exclude_types_from_init_exports/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/file-upload/exclude_types_from_init_exports/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
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 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
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-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
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 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/file-upload/no-custom-config/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/file-upload/no-custom-config/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/file-upload/no-custom-config/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/file-upload/no-custom-config/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
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-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/file-upload/use_typeddict_requests/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/file-upload/use_typeddict_requests/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/file-upload/use_typeddict_requests/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/file-upload/use_typeddict_requests/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
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 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
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-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/folders/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/folders/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/folders/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/folders/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
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 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
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-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/header-auth-environment-variable/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/header-auth-environment-variable/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/header-auth-environment-variable/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/header-auth-environment-variable/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
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-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/header-auth/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/header-auth/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/header-auth/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/header-auth/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
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 files = [
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-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
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 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/http-head/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/http-head/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/http-head/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/http-head/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
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 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
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-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
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 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/idempotency-headers/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/idempotency-headers/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/idempotency-headers/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/idempotency-headers/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
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-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/imdb/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/imdb/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/imdb/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/imdb/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
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+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
-    {file = "idna-3.17-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:466e48829084efe2548012b855df21540b96f2e20e51bd124c851536556a592c"},
-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/inferred-auth-explicit/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/inferred-auth-explicit/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/inferred-auth-explicit/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/inferred-auth-explicit/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
-    {file = "idna-3.17-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:466e48829084efe2548012b855df21540b96f2e20e51bd124c851536556a592c"},
-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/inferred-auth-implicit-api-key/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/inferred-auth-implicit-api-key/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/inferred-auth-implicit-api-key/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/inferred-auth-implicit-api-key/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
-    {file = "idna-3.17-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:466e48829084efe2548012b855df21540b96f2e20e51bd124c851536556a592c"},
-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/inferred-auth-implicit-no-expiry/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/inferred-auth-implicit-no-expiry/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/inferred-auth-implicit-no-expiry/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/inferred-auth-implicit-no-expiry/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
-    {file = "idna-3.17-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:466e48829084efe2548012b855df21540b96f2e20e51bd124c851536556a592c"},
-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/inferred-auth-implicit-reference/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/inferred-auth-implicit-reference/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/inferred-auth-implicit-reference/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/inferred-auth-implicit-reference/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
-    {file = "idna-3.17-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:466e48829084efe2548012b855df21540b96f2e20e51bd124c851536556a592c"},
-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/inferred-auth-implicit/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/inferred-auth-implicit/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/inferred-auth-implicit/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/inferred-auth-implicit/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
-    {file = "idna-3.17-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:466e48829084efe2548012b855df21540b96f2e20e51bd124c851536556a592c"},
-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/license/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/license/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/license/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/license/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
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 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
-    {file = "idna-3.17-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:466e48829084efe2548012b855df21540b96f2e20e51bd124c851536556a592c"},
-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/literal-user-agent/no-custom-config/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/literal-user-agent/no-custom-config/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/literal-user-agent/no-custom-config/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/literal-user-agent/no-custom-config/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
-    {file = "idna-3.17-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:466e48829084efe2548012b855df21540b96f2e20e51bd124c851536556a592c"},
-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/literal/no-custom-config/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/literal/no-custom-config/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/literal/no-custom-config/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/literal/no-custom-config/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
-    {file = "idna-3.17-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:466e48829084efe2548012b855df21540b96f2e20e51bd124c851536556a592c"},
-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/literal/use_typeddict_requests/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/literal/use_typeddict_requests/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/literal/use_typeddict_requests/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/literal/use_typeddict_requests/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
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 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
-    {file = "idna-3.17-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:466e48829084efe2548012b855df21540b96f2e20e51bd124c851536556a592c"},
-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/literals-unions/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/literals-unions/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/literals-unions/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/literals-unions/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
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-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/mixed-case/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/mixed-case/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/mixed-case/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/mixed-case/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
-    {file = "idna-3.17-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:466e48829084efe2548012b855df21540b96f2e20e51bd124c851536556a592c"},
-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/mixed-file-directory/exclude_types_from_init_exports/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/mixed-file-directory/exclude_types_from_init_exports/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/mixed-file-directory/exclude_types_from_init_exports/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/mixed-file-directory/exclude_types_from_init_exports/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
-    {file = "idna-3.17-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:466e48829084efe2548012b855df21540b96f2e20e51bd124c851536556a592c"},
-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/mixed-file-directory/no-custom-config/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/mixed-file-directory/no-custom-config/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/mixed-file-directory/no-custom-config/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/mixed-file-directory/no-custom-config/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
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-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/multi-line-docs/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/multi-line-docs/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/multi-line-docs/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/multi-line-docs/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
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 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
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-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/multi-url-environment-no-default/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/multi-url-environment-no-default/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/multi-url-environment-no-default/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/multi-url-environment-no-default/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
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 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
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-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/multi-url-environment-reference/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/multi-url-environment-reference/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/multi-url-environment-reference/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/multi-url-environment-reference/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
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-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
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 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
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-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
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 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/multi-url-environment/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/multi-url-environment/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/multi-url-environment/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/multi-url-environment/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
-    {file = "idna-3.17-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:466e48829084efe2548012b855df21540b96f2e20e51bd124c851536556a592c"},
-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
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 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/multiple-request-bodies/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/multiple-request-bodies/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/multiple-request-bodies/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/multiple-request-bodies/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
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-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
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 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/no-content-response/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/no-content-response/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/no-content-response/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/no-content-response/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
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 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
-    {file = "idna-3.17-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:466e48829084efe2548012b855df21540b96f2e20e51bd124c851536556a592c"},
-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
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 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/no-environment/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/no-environment/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/no-environment/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/no-environment/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
-    {file = "idna-3.17-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:466e48829084efe2548012b855df21540b96f2e20e51bd124c851536556a592c"},
-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
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 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/no-retries/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/no-retries/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/no-retries/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/no-retries/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
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-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
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 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/null-type/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/null-type/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/null-type/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/null-type/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
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 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
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 files = [
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-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
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 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/nullable-allof-extends/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/nullable-allof-extends/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/nullable-allof-extends/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/nullable-allof-extends/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
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 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
-    {file = "idna-3.17-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:466e48829084efe2548012b855df21540b96f2e20e51bd124c851536556a592c"},
-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
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 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/nullable-optional/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/nullable-optional/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/nullable-optional/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/nullable-optional/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
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 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
-    {file = "idna-3.17-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:466e48829084efe2548012b855df21540b96f2e20e51bd124c851536556a592c"},
-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
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 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/nullable-request-body/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/nullable-request-body/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/nullable-request-body/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/nullable-request-body/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
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 python-versions = ">=3.9"
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-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
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 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/nullable/no-custom-config/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/nullable/no-custom-config/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/nullable/no-custom-config/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/nullable/no-custom-config/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
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 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
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-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
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 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/nullable/use-typeddict-requests/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/nullable/use-typeddict-requests/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/nullable/use-typeddict-requests/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/nullable/use-typeddict-requests/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
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 python-versions = ">=3.9"
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-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
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 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/oauth-client-credentials-custom/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/oauth-client-credentials-custom/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/oauth-client-credentials-custom/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/oauth-client-credentials-custom/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
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-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
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 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/oauth-client-credentials-default/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/oauth-client-credentials-default/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/oauth-client-credentials-default/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/oauth-client-credentials-default/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
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-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/oauth-client-credentials-environment-variables/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/oauth-client-credentials-environment-variables/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/oauth-client-credentials-environment-variables/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/oauth-client-credentials-environment-variables/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
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-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/oauth-client-credentials-mandatory-auth/no-custom-config/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/oauth-client-credentials-mandatory-auth/no-custom-config/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/oauth-client-credentials-mandatory-auth/no-custom-config/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/oauth-client-credentials-mandatory-auth/no-custom-config/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
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 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
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-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
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 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/oauth-client-credentials-nested-root/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/oauth-client-credentials-nested-root/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/oauth-client-credentials-nested-root/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/oauth-client-credentials-nested-root/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
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-version = "3.17"
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 python-versions = ">=3.9"
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-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
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 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/oauth-client-credentials-openapi/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/oauth-client-credentials-openapi/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/oauth-client-credentials-openapi/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/oauth-client-credentials-openapi/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
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 python-versions = ">=3.9"
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-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/oauth-client-credentials-reference/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/oauth-client-credentials-reference/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/oauth-client-credentials-reference/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/oauth-client-credentials-reference/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
-    {file = "idna-3.17-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:466e48829084efe2548012b855df21540b96f2e20e51bd124c851536556a592c"},
-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/oauth-client-credentials-with-variables/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/oauth-client-credentials-with-variables/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/oauth-client-credentials-with-variables/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/oauth-client-credentials-with-variables/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
-    {file = "idna-3.17-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:466e48829084efe2548012b855df21540b96f2e20e51bd124c851536556a592c"},
-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/oauth-client-credentials/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/oauth-client-credentials/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/oauth-client-credentials/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/oauth-client-credentials/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
-    {file = "idna-3.17-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:466e48829084efe2548012b855df21540b96f2e20e51bd124c851536556a592c"},
-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/object/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/object/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/object/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/object/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
-    {file = "idna-3.17-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:466e48829084efe2548012b855df21540b96f2e20e51bd124c851536556a592c"},
-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/objects-with-imports/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/objects-with-imports/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/objects-with-imports/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/objects-with-imports/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
-    {file = "idna-3.17-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:466e48829084efe2548012b855df21540b96f2e20e51bd124c851536556a592c"},
-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/openapi-request-body-ref/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/openapi-request-body-ref/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/openapi-request-body-ref/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/openapi-request-body-ref/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
-    {file = "idna-3.17-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:466e48829084efe2548012b855df21540b96f2e20e51bd124c851536556a592c"},
-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/optional/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/optional/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/optional/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/optional/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
-    {file = "idna-3.17-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:466e48829084efe2548012b855df21540b96f2e20e51bd124c851536556a592c"},
-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/package-yml/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/package-yml/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/package-yml/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/package-yml/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
-    {file = "idna-3.17-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:466e48829084efe2548012b855df21540b96f2e20e51bd124c851536556a592c"},
-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/pagination-custom/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/pagination-custom/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/pagination-custom/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/pagination-custom/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
-    {file = "idna-3.17-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:466e48829084efe2548012b855df21540b96f2e20e51bd124c851536556a592c"},
-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/pagination-uri-path/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/pagination-uri-path/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/pagination-uri-path/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/pagination-uri-path/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
-    {file = "idna-3.17-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:466e48829084efe2548012b855df21540b96f2e20e51bd124c851536556a592c"},
-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/pagination/no-custom-config/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/pagination/no-custom-config/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/pagination/no-custom-config/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/pagination/no-custom-config/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
-    {file = "idna-3.17-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:466e48829084efe2548012b855df21540b96f2e20e51bd124c851536556a592c"},
-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/pagination/no-inheritance-for-extended-models/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/pagination/no-inheritance-for-extended-models/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/pagination/no-inheritance-for-extended-models/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/pagination/no-inheritance-for-extended-models/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
-    {file = "idna-3.17-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:466e48829084efe2548012b855df21540b96f2e20e51bd124c851536556a592c"},
-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/pagination/page-index-semantics/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/pagination/page-index-semantics/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/pagination/page-index-semantics/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/pagination/page-index-semantics/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
-    {file = "idna-3.17-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:466e48829084efe2548012b855df21540b96f2e20e51bd124c851536556a592c"},
-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/path-parameters/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/path-parameters/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/path-parameters/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/path-parameters/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
-    {file = "idna-3.17-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:466e48829084efe2548012b855df21540b96f2e20e51bd124c851536556a592c"},
-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/plain-text/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/plain-text/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/plain-text/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/plain-text/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
-    {file = "idna-3.17-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:466e48829084efe2548012b855df21540b96f2e20e51bd124c851536556a592c"},
-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/property-access/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/property-access/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/property-access/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/property-access/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
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-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/public-object/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/public-object/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/public-object/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/public-object/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
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-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
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 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/python-backslash-escape/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/python-backslash-escape/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/python-backslash-escape/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/python-backslash-escape/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
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 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
-    {file = "idna-3.17-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:466e48829084efe2548012b855df21540b96f2e20e51bd124c851536556a592c"},
-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
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 [package.extras]
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index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/python-mypy-exclude/no-custom-config/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/python-mypy-exclude/no-custom-config/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
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 python-versions = ">=3.9"
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-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
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 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/python-mypy-exclude/with-mypy-exclude/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/python-mypy-exclude/with-mypy-exclude/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/python-mypy-exclude/with-mypy-exclude/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/python-mypy-exclude/with-mypy-exclude/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
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 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
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-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
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 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/python-positional-single-property/no-custom-config/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/python-positional-single-property/no-custom-config/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/python-positional-single-property/no-custom-config/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/python-positional-single-property/no-custom-config/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
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 python-versions = ">=3.9"
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-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
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 [package.extras]
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index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/python-positional-single-property/with-positional-constructors/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/python-positional-single-property/with-positional-constructors/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
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-version = "3.17"
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 python-versions = ">=3.9"
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-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
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 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/python-reserved-keyword-subpackages/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/python-reserved-keyword-subpackages/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/python-reserved-keyword-subpackages/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/python-reserved-keyword-subpackages/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
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 python-versions = ">=3.9"
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-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
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 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/python-streaming-parameter-openapi/with-wire-tests/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/python-streaming-parameter-openapi/with-wire-tests/poetry.lock
index e2e5802b45ab..67baca5d84d2 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/python-streaming-parameter-openapi/with-wire-tests/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/python-streaming-parameter-openapi/with-wire-tests/poetry.lock
@@ -662,14 +662,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
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 python-versions = ">=3.9"
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-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
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 [package.extras]
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index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/query-param-name-conflict/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/query-param-name-conflict/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
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-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
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 python-versions = ">=3.9"
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-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
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 [package.extras]
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index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/query-parameters-openapi-as-objects/no-custom-config/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/query-parameters-openapi-as-objects/no-custom-config/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
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 python-versions = ">=3.9"
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-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
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+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
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 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/query-parameters-openapi/no-custom-config/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/query-parameters-openapi/no-custom-config/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/query-parameters-openapi/no-custom-config/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/query-parameters-openapi/no-custom-config/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
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 python-versions = ">=3.9"
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-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
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+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
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 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/query-parameters/no-custom-config/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/query-parameters/no-custom-config/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/query-parameters/no-custom-config/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/query-parameters/no-custom-config/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
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-version = "3.17"
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 python-versions = ">=3.9"
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-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
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 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/request-parameters/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/request-parameters/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/request-parameters/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/request-parameters/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
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-version = "3.17"
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 python-versions = ">=3.9"
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-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
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 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/required-nullable/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/required-nullable/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/required-nullable/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/required-nullable/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
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 python-versions = ">=3.9"
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-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
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+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
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 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/reserved-keywords/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/reserved-keywords/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/reserved-keywords/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/reserved-keywords/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
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 python-versions = ">=3.9"
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-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
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 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/response-property/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/response-property/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/response-property/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/response-property/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
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-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
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 [package.extras]
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index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/schemaless-request-body-examples/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/schemaless-request-body-examples/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
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-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/server-sent-event-examples/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/server-sent-event-examples/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/server-sent-event-examples/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/server-sent-event-examples/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
-    {file = "idna-3.17-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:466e48829084efe2548012b855df21540b96f2e20e51bd124c851536556a592c"},
-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/server-sent-events-openapi/with-wire-tests/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/server-sent-events-openapi/with-wire-tests/poetry.lock
index e2e5802b45ab..67baca5d84d2 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/server-sent-events-openapi/with-wire-tests/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/server-sent-events-openapi/with-wire-tests/poetry.lock
@@ -662,14 +662,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main", "dev"]
 files = [
-    {file = "idna-3.17-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:466e48829084efe2548012b855df21540b96f2e20e51bd124c851536556a592c"},
-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/server-sent-events-resumable/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/server-sent-events-resumable/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/server-sent-events-resumable/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/server-sent-events-resumable/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
-    {file = "idna-3.17-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:466e48829084efe2548012b855df21540b96f2e20e51bd124c851536556a592c"},
-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/server-sent-events/with-wire-tests/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/server-sent-events/with-wire-tests/poetry.lock
index e2e5802b45ab..67baca5d84d2 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/server-sent-events/with-wire-tests/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/server-sent-events/with-wire-tests/poetry.lock
@@ -662,14 +662,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main", "dev"]
 files = [
-    {file = "idna-3.17-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:466e48829084efe2548012b855df21540b96f2e20e51bd124c851536556a592c"},
-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/server-url-templating/no-custom-config/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/server-url-templating/no-custom-config/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/server-url-templating/no-custom-config/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/server-url-templating/no-custom-config/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
-    {file = "idna-3.17-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:466e48829084efe2548012b855df21540b96f2e20e51bd124c851536556a592c"},
-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/simple-api/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/simple-api/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/simple-api/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/simple-api/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
-    {file = "idna-3.17-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:466e48829084efe2548012b855df21540b96f2e20e51bd124c851536556a592c"},
-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/simple-fhir/no-inheritance-for-extended-models/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/simple-fhir/no-inheritance-for-extended-models/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/simple-fhir/no-inheritance-for-extended-models/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/simple-fhir/no-inheritance-for-extended-models/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
-    {file = "idna-3.17-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:466e48829084efe2548012b855df21540b96f2e20e51bd124c851536556a592c"},
-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/single-url-environment-default/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/single-url-environment-default/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/single-url-environment-default/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/single-url-environment-default/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
-    {file = "idna-3.17-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:466e48829084efe2548012b855df21540b96f2e20e51bd124c851536556a592c"},
-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/single-url-environment-no-default/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/single-url-environment-no-default/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/single-url-environment-no-default/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/single-url-environment-no-default/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
-    {file = "idna-3.17-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:466e48829084efe2548012b855df21540b96f2e20e51bd124c851536556a592c"},
-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/streaming-parameter/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/streaming-parameter/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/streaming-parameter/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/streaming-parameter/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
-    {file = "idna-3.17-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:466e48829084efe2548012b855df21540b96f2e20e51bd124c851536556a592c"},
-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/streaming/no-custom-config/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/streaming/no-custom-config/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/streaming/no-custom-config/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/streaming/no-custom-config/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
-    {file = "idna-3.17-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:466e48829084efe2548012b855df21540b96f2e20e51bd124c851536556a592c"},
-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/streaming/skip-pydantic-validation/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/streaming/skip-pydantic-validation/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/streaming/skip-pydantic-validation/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/streaming/skip-pydantic-validation/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
-    {file = "idna-3.17-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:466e48829084efe2548012b855df21540b96f2e20e51bd124c851536556a592c"},
-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/trace/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/trace/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/trace/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/trace/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
-    {file = "idna-3.17-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:466e48829084efe2548012b855df21540b96f2e20e51bd124c851536556a592c"},
-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/undiscriminated-union-with-response-property/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/undiscriminated-union-with-response-property/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/undiscriminated-union-with-response-property/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/undiscriminated-union-with-response-property/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
-    {file = "idna-3.17-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:466e48829084efe2548012b855df21540b96f2e20e51bd124c851536556a592c"},
-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/undiscriminated-unions/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/undiscriminated-unions/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/undiscriminated-unions/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/undiscriminated-unions/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
-    {file = "idna-3.17-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:466e48829084efe2548012b855df21540b96f2e20e51bd124c851536556a592c"},
-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/union-query-parameters/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/union-query-parameters/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/union-query-parameters/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/union-query-parameters/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
-    {file = "idna-3.17-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:466e48829084efe2548012b855df21540b96f2e20e51bd124c851536556a592c"},
-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/unions-with-local-date/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/unions-with-local-date/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/unions-with-local-date/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/unions-with-local-date/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
-    {file = "idna-3.17-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:466e48829084efe2548012b855df21540b96f2e20e51bd124c851536556a592c"},
-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/unions/flatten-union-request-bodies/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/unions/flatten-union-request-bodies/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/unions/flatten-union-request-bodies/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/unions/flatten-union-request-bodies/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
-    {file = "idna-3.17-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:466e48829084efe2548012b855df21540b96f2e20e51bd124c851536556a592c"},
-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/unions/no-custom-config/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/unions/no-custom-config/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/unions/no-custom-config/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/unions/no-custom-config/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
-    {file = "idna-3.17-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:466e48829084efe2548012b855df21540b96f2e20e51bd124c851536556a592c"},
-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/unions/union-naming-v1-wire-tests/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/unions/union-naming-v1-wire-tests/poetry.lock
index e2e5802b45ab..67baca5d84d2 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/unions/union-naming-v1-wire-tests/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/unions/union-naming-v1-wire-tests/poetry.lock
@@ -662,14 +662,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main", "dev"]
 files = [
-    {file = "idna-3.17-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:466e48829084efe2548012b855df21540b96f2e20e51bd124c851536556a592c"},
-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/unions/union-naming-v1/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/unions/union-naming-v1/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/unions/union-naming-v1/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/unions/union-naming-v1/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
-    {file = "idna-3.17-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:466e48829084efe2548012b855df21540b96f2e20e51bd124c851536556a592c"},
-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/unions/union-utils/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/unions/union-utils/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/unions/union-utils/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/unions/union-utils/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
-    {file = "idna-3.17-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:466e48829084efe2548012b855df21540b96f2e20e51bd124c851536556a592c"},
-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/unknown/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/unknown/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/unknown/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/unknown/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
-    {file = "idna-3.17-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:466e48829084efe2548012b855df21540b96f2e20e51bd124c851536556a592c"},
-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/url-form-encoded/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/url-form-encoded/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/url-form-encoded/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/url-form-encoded/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
-    {file = "idna-3.17-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:466e48829084efe2548012b855df21540b96f2e20e51bd124c851536556a592c"},
-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/validation/no-custom-config/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/validation/no-custom-config/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/validation/no-custom-config/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/validation/no-custom-config/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
-    {file = "idna-3.17-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:466e48829084efe2548012b855df21540b96f2e20e51bd124c851536556a592c"},
-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/validation/with-defaults-parameters/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/validation/with-defaults-parameters/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/validation/with-defaults-parameters/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/validation/with-defaults-parameters/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
-    {file = "idna-3.17-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:466e48829084efe2548012b855df21540b96f2e20e51bd124c851536556a592c"},
-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/validation/with-defaults/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/validation/with-defaults/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/validation/with-defaults/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/validation/with-defaults/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
-    {file = "idna-3.17-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:466e48829084efe2548012b855df21540b96f2e20e51bd124c851536556a592c"},
-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/variables/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/variables/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/variables/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/variables/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
-    {file = "idna-3.17-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:466e48829084efe2548012b855df21540b96f2e20e51bd124c851536556a592c"},
-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/version-no-default/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/version-no-default/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/version-no-default/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/version-no-default/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
-    {file = "idna-3.17-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:466e48829084efe2548012b855df21540b96f2e20e51bd124c851536556a592c"},
-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/version/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/version/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/version/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/version/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
-    {file = "idna-3.17-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:466e48829084efe2548012b855df21540b96f2e20e51bd124c851536556a592c"},
-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/webhook-audience/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/webhook-audience/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/webhook-audience/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/webhook-audience/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
-    {file = "idna-3.17-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:466e48829084efe2548012b855df21540b96f2e20e51bd124c851536556a592c"},
-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/webhooks/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/webhooks/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/webhooks/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/webhooks/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
-    {file = "idna-3.17-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:466e48829084efe2548012b855df21540b96f2e20e51bd124c851536556a592c"},
-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/websocket-bearer-auth/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/websocket-bearer-auth/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/websocket-bearer-auth/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/websocket-bearer-auth/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
-    {file = "idna-3.17-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:466e48829084efe2548012b855df21540b96f2e20e51bd124c851536556a592c"},
-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/websocket-inferred-auth/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/websocket-inferred-auth/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/websocket-inferred-auth/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/websocket-inferred-auth/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
-    {file = "idna-3.17-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:466e48829084efe2548012b855df21540b96f2e20e51bd124c851536556a592c"},
-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/websocket-multi-url/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/websocket-multi-url/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/websocket-multi-url/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/websocket-multi-url/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
-    {file = "idna-3.17-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:466e48829084efe2548012b855df21540b96f2e20e51bd124c851536556a592c"},
-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/websocket/websocket-base/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/websocket/websocket-base/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/websocket/websocket-base/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/websocket/websocket-base/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
-    {file = "idna-3.17-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:466e48829084efe2548012b855df21540b96f2e20e51bd124c851536556a592c"},
-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/websocket/websocket-with_generated_clients-skip_validation/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/websocket/websocket-with_generated_clients-skip_validation/poetry.lock
index 236d1dae25c0..fe90667d4a8c 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/websocket/websocket-with_generated_clients-skip_validation/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/websocket/websocket-with_generated_clients-skip_validation/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
-    {file = "idna-3.17-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:466e48829084efe2548012b855df21540b96f2e20e51bd124c851536556a592c"},
-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/websocket/websocket-with_generated_clients/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/websocket/websocket-with_generated_clients/poetry.lock
index 236d1dae25c0..fe90667d4a8c 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/websocket/websocket-with_generated_clients/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/websocket/websocket-with_generated_clients/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
-    {file = "idna-3.17-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:466e48829084efe2548012b855df21540b96f2e20e51bd124c851536556a592c"},
-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/python-sdk/x-fern-default/poetry.lock b/seed/python-sdk/x-fern-default/poetry.lock
index f081ee955c65..72269479d370 100644
--- a/seed/python-sdk/x-fern-default/poetry.lock
+++ b/seed/python-sdk/x-fern-default/poetry.lock
@@ -523,14 +523,14 @@ httpx = ">=0.27.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.17"
+version = "3.18"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
-    {file = "idna-3.17-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:466e48829084efe2548012b855df21540b96f2e20e51bd124c851536556a592c"},
-    {file = "idna-3.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5eb0cb53bc467c12eadcf6de83163ad8527cec9416f44b9b61b19caedad2b87f"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7f952cbe720b688055e3f87de14f5c3e5fdaa8bc3928985c4077ca689de849a2"},
+    {file = "idna-3.18.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ffb385a7e039654cef1ab9ef32c6fafe283c0c0467bba1d9029738ce4a14a848"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
diff --git a/seed/ruby-sdk-v2/allof-inline/dynamic-snippets/example10/snippet.rb b/seed/ruby-sdk-v2/allof-inline/dynamic-snippets/example10/snippet.rb
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..abdbdaf9c753
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/ruby-sdk-v2/allof-inline/dynamic-snippets/example10/snippet.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+require "seed"
+
+client = Seed::Client.new(base_url: "https://api.fern.com")
+
+client.create_plant(
+  species: "species",
+  family: "family",
+  genus: "genus",
+  common_name: "commonName",
+  watering_frequency: "daily",
+  sun_exposure: "full"
+)
diff --git a/seed/ruby-sdk-v2/allof-inline/dynamic-snippets/example11/snippet.rb b/seed/ruby-sdk-v2/allof-inline/dynamic-snippets/example11/snippet.rb
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..cc3ec03b691c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/ruby-sdk-v2/allof-inline/dynamic-snippets/example11/snippet.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+require "seed"
+
+client = Seed::Client.new(base_url: "https://api.fern.com")
+
+client.create_plant(
+  species: "species",
+  family: "family",
+  genus: "genus",
+  common_name: "commonName",
+  watering_frequency: "daily",
+  sun_exposure: "full",
+  planted_at: "2023-01-15",
+  soil_type: "soilType"
+)
diff --git a/seed/ruby-sdk-v2/allof-inline/dynamic-snippets/example12/snippet.rb b/seed/ruby-sdk-v2/allof-inline/dynamic-snippets/example12/snippet.rb
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..b72eb875d6ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/ruby-sdk-v2/allof-inline/dynamic-snippets/example12/snippet.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+require "seed"
+
+client = Seed::Client.new(base_url: "https://api.fern.com")
+
+client.create_tree(
+  id: "id",
+  tree_name: "treeName",
+  tree_species: "treeSpecies"
+)
diff --git a/seed/ruby-sdk-v2/allof-inline/dynamic-snippets/example13/snippet.rb b/seed/ruby-sdk-v2/allof-inline/dynamic-snippets/example13/snippet.rb
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..898f0145634c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/ruby-sdk-v2/allof-inline/dynamic-snippets/example13/snippet.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+require "seed"
+
+client = Seed::Client.new(base_url: "https://api.fern.com")
+
+client.create_tree(
+  id: "id",
+  tree_name: "treeName",
+  tree_description: "treeDescription",
+  tree_species: "treeSpecies",
+  height_in_feet: 1.1,
+  planted_date: "2023-01-15"
+)
diff --git a/seed/ruby-sdk-v2/allof-inline/lib/seed.rb b/seed/ruby-sdk-v2/allof-inline/lib/seed.rb
index 5176ea30bfe8..36f084ee6b50 100644
--- a/seed/ruby-sdk-v2/allof-inline/lib/seed.rb
+++ b/seed/ruby-sdk-v2/allof-inline/lib/seed.rb
@@ -36,6 +36,8 @@
 require_relative "seed/internal/iterators/cursor_page_iterator"
 require_relative "seed/internal/iterators/offset_page_iterator"
 require_relative "seed/types/rule_create_request_execution_context"
+require_relative "seed/types/plant_post_watering_frequency"
+require_relative "seed/types/plant_post_sun_exposure"
 require_relative "seed/types/paging_cursors"
 require_relative "seed/types/paginated_result"
 require_relative "seed/types/rule_execution_context"
@@ -56,7 +58,15 @@
 require_relative "seed/types/detailed_org"
 require_relative "seed/types/organization_metadata"
 require_relative "seed/types/organization"
+require_relative "seed/types/plant_strict"
+require_relative "seed/types/plant_base_watering_frequency"
+require_relative "seed/types/plant_base"
+require_relative "seed/types/tree_identifiable"
+require_relative "seed/types/tree_describable"
+require_relative "seed/types/tree_base"
+require_relative "seed/types/tree_record"
 require_relative "seed/client"
 require_relative "seed/types/search_rule_types_request"
 require_relative "seed/types/rule_create_request"
+require_relative "seed/types/plant_post"
 require_relative "seed/environment"
diff --git a/seed/ruby-sdk-v2/allof-inline/lib/seed/client.rb b/seed/ruby-sdk-v2/allof-inline/lib/seed/client.rb
index ab633b3a06a5..40181cdd1e0e 100644
--- a/seed/ruby-sdk-v2/allof-inline/lib/seed/client.rb
+++ b/seed/ruby-sdk-v2/allof-inline/lib/seed/client.rb
@@ -160,6 +160,76 @@ def get_organization(request_options: {}, **_params)
       end
     end
 
+    # Tests three-level allOf chain where a parent schema itself uses allOf with $ref elements. The grandparent's
+    # properties must be resolved through the nested $ref.
+    #
+    # @param request_options [Hash]
+    # @param params [Seed::Types::PlantPost]
+    # @option request_options [String] :base_url
+    # @option request_options [Hash{String => Object}] :additional_headers
+    # @option request_options [Hash{String => Object}] :additional_query_parameters
+    # @option request_options [Hash{String => Object}] :additional_body_parameters
+    # @option request_options [Integer] :timeout_in_seconds
+    #
+    # @return [Seed::Types::PlantStrict]
+    def create_plant(request_options: {}, **params)
+      params = Seed::Internal::Types::Utils.normalize_keys(params)
+      request = Seed::Internal::JSON::Request.new(
+        base_url: request_options[:base_url],
+        method: "POST",
+        path: "plants",
+        body: Seed::Types::PlantPost.new(params).to_h,
+        request_options: request_options
+      )
+      begin
+        response = @client.send(request)
+      rescue Net::HTTPRequestTimeout
+        raise Seed::Errors::TimeoutError
+      end
+      code = response.code.to_i
+      if code.between?(200, 299)
+        Seed::Types::PlantStrict.load(response.body)
+      else
+        error_class = Seed::Errors::ResponseError.subclass_for_code(code)
+        raise error_class.new(response.body, code: code)
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Tests that when a parent's allOf contains multiple $ref entries, all of them are resolved and their properties
+    # merged.
+    #
+    # @param request_options [Hash]
+    # @param params [Seed::Types::TreeRecord]
+    # @option request_options [String] :base_url
+    # @option request_options [Hash{String => Object}] :additional_headers
+    # @option request_options [Hash{String => Object}] :additional_query_parameters
+    # @option request_options [Hash{String => Object}] :additional_body_parameters
+    # @option request_options [Integer] :timeout_in_seconds
+    #
+    # @return [Seed::Types::TreeRecord]
+    def create_tree(request_options: {}, **params)
+      params = Seed::Internal::Types::Utils.normalize_keys(params)
+      request = Seed::Internal::JSON::Request.new(
+        base_url: request_options[:base_url],
+        method: "POST",
+        path: "trees",
+        body: Seed::Types::TreeRecord.new(params).to_h,
+        request_options: request_options
+      )
+      begin
+        response = @client.send(request)
+      rescue Net::HTTPRequestTimeout
+        raise Seed::Errors::TimeoutError
+      end
+      code = response.code.to_i
+      if code.between?(200, 299)
+        Seed::Types::TreeRecord.load(response.body)
+      else
+        error_class = Seed::Errors::ResponseError.subclass_for_code(code)
+        raise error_class.new(response.body, code: code)
+      end
+    end
+
     # @param base_url [String, nil]
     # @param max_retries [Integer]
     #
diff --git a/seed/ruby-sdk-v2/allof-inline/lib/seed/types/plant_base.rb b/seed/ruby-sdk-v2/allof-inline/lib/seed/types/plant_base.rb
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..1107f68644ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/ruby-sdk-v2/allof-inline/lib/seed/types/plant_base.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Seed
+  module Types
+    class PlantBase < Internal::Types::Model
+      field :species, -> { String }, optional: false, nullable: false
+
+      field :family, -> { String }, optional: false, nullable: false
+
+      field :genus, -> { String }, optional: false, nullable: false
+
+      field :common_name, -> { String }, optional: true, nullable: false, api_name: "commonName"
+
+      field :watering_frequency, -> { Seed::Types::PlantBaseWateringFrequency }, optional: true, nullable: false, api_name: "wateringFrequency"
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/seed/ruby-sdk-v2/allof-inline/lib/seed/types/plant_base_watering_frequency.rb b/seed/ruby-sdk-v2/allof-inline/lib/seed/types/plant_base_watering_frequency.rb
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..4b74a0ed2b7e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/ruby-sdk-v2/allof-inline/lib/seed/types/plant_base_watering_frequency.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Seed
+  module Types
+    module PlantBaseWateringFrequency
+      extend Seed::Internal::Types::Enum
+
+      DAILY = "daily"
+      WEEKLY = "weekly"
+      BIWEEKLY = "biweekly"
+      MONTHLY = "monthly"
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/seed/ruby-sdk-v2/allof-inline/lib/seed/types/plant_post.rb b/seed/ruby-sdk-v2/allof-inline/lib/seed/types/plant_post.rb
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..f695e46ce382
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/ruby-sdk-v2/allof-inline/lib/seed/types/plant_post.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Seed
+  module Types
+    class PlantPost < Internal::Types::Model
+      field :species, -> { String }, optional: false, nullable: false
+
+      field :family, -> { String }, optional: false, nullable: false
+
+      field :genus, -> { String }, optional: false, nullable: false
+
+      field :common_name, -> { String }, optional: false, nullable: false, api_name: "commonName"
+
+      field :watering_frequency, -> { Seed::Types::PlantPostWateringFrequency }, optional: false, nullable: false, api_name: "wateringFrequency"
+
+      field :sun_exposure, -> { Seed::Types::PlantPostSunExposure }, optional: false, nullable: false, api_name: "sunExposure"
+
+      field :planted_at, -> { String }, optional: true, nullable: false, api_name: "plantedAt"
+
+      field :soil_type, -> { String }, optional: true, nullable: false, api_name: "soilType"
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/seed/ruby-sdk-v2/allof-inline/lib/seed/types/plant_post_sun_exposure.rb b/seed/ruby-sdk-v2/allof-inline/lib/seed/types/plant_post_sun_exposure.rb
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..3cb190773f30
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/ruby-sdk-v2/allof-inline/lib/seed/types/plant_post_sun_exposure.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Seed
+  module Types
+    module PlantPostSunExposure
+      extend Seed::Internal::Types::Enum
+
+      FULL = "full"
+      PARTIAL = "partial"
+      SHADE = "shade"
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/seed/ruby-sdk-v2/allof-inline/lib/seed/types/plant_post_watering_frequency.rb b/seed/ruby-sdk-v2/allof-inline/lib/seed/types/plant_post_watering_frequency.rb
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..e853910db677
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/ruby-sdk-v2/allof-inline/lib/seed/types/plant_post_watering_frequency.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Seed
+  module Types
+    module PlantPostWateringFrequency
+      extend Seed::Internal::Types::Enum
+
+      DAILY = "daily"
+      WEEKLY = "weekly"
+      BIWEEKLY = "biweekly"
+      MONTHLY = "monthly"
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/seed/ruby-sdk-v2/allof-inline/lib/seed/types/plant_strict.rb b/seed/ruby-sdk-v2/allof-inline/lib/seed/types/plant_strict.rb
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..464d31fdd3a6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/ruby-sdk-v2/allof-inline/lib/seed/types/plant_strict.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Seed
+  module Types
+    class PlantStrict < Internal::Types::Model
+      field :species, -> { String }, optional: false, nullable: false
+
+      field :family, -> { String }, optional: false, nullable: false
+
+      field :genus, -> { String }, optional: false, nullable: false
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/seed/ruby-sdk-v2/allof-inline/lib/seed/types/tree_base.rb b/seed/ruby-sdk-v2/allof-inline/lib/seed/types/tree_base.rb
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..3bc9a03d95c6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/ruby-sdk-v2/allof-inline/lib/seed/types/tree_base.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Seed
+  module Types
+    class TreeBase < Internal::Types::Model
+      field :id, -> { String }, optional: false, nullable: false
+
+      field :tree_name, -> { String }, optional: true, nullable: false, api_name: "treeName"
+
+      field :tree_description, -> { String }, optional: true, nullable: false, api_name: "treeDescription"
+
+      field :tree_species, -> { String }, optional: true, nullable: false, api_name: "treeSpecies"
+
+      field :height_in_feet, -> { Integer }, optional: true, nullable: false, api_name: "heightInFeet"
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/seed/ruby-sdk-v2/allof-inline/lib/seed/types/tree_describable.rb b/seed/ruby-sdk-v2/allof-inline/lib/seed/types/tree_describable.rb
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..b5d07ed3003f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/ruby-sdk-v2/allof-inline/lib/seed/types/tree_describable.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Seed
+  module Types
+    class TreeDescribable < Internal::Types::Model
+      field :tree_name, -> { String }, optional: true, nullable: false, api_name: "treeName"
+
+      field :tree_description, -> { String }, optional: true, nullable: false, api_name: "treeDescription"
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/seed/ruby-sdk-v2/allof-inline/lib/seed/types/tree_identifiable.rb b/seed/ruby-sdk-v2/allof-inline/lib/seed/types/tree_identifiable.rb
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..fb6a9e9fb6b8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/ruby-sdk-v2/allof-inline/lib/seed/types/tree_identifiable.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Seed
+  module Types
+    class TreeIdentifiable < Internal::Types::Model
+      field :id, -> { String }, optional: false, nullable: false
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/seed/ruby-sdk-v2/allof-inline/lib/seed/types/tree_record.rb b/seed/ruby-sdk-v2/allof-inline/lib/seed/types/tree_record.rb
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..659c6f02e506
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/ruby-sdk-v2/allof-inline/lib/seed/types/tree_record.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Seed
+  module Types
+    class TreeRecord < Internal::Types::Model
+      field :id, -> { String }, optional: false, nullable: false
+
+      field :tree_name, -> { String }, optional: false, nullable: false, api_name: "treeName"
+
+      field :tree_description, -> { String }, optional: true, nullable: false, api_name: "treeDescription"
+
+      field :tree_species, -> { String }, optional: false, nullable: false, api_name: "treeSpecies"
+
+      field :height_in_feet, -> { Integer }, optional: true, nullable: false, api_name: "heightInFeet"
+
+      field :planted_date, -> { String }, optional: true, nullable: false, api_name: "plantedDate"
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/seed/ruby-sdk-v2/allof-inline/reference.md b/seed/ruby-sdk-v2/allof-inline/reference.md
index 35e7f3dc690b..c40668821c19 100644
--- a/seed/ruby-sdk-v2/allof-inline/reference.md
+++ b/seed/ruby-sdk-v2/allof-inline/reference.md
@@ -226,3 +226,194 @@ client.get_organization
 </dl>
 </details>
 
+<details><summary><code>client.<a href="/lib/seed/client.rb">create_plant</a>(request) -> Seed::Types::PlantStrict</code></summary>
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+#### 📝 Description
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+Tests three-level allOf chain where a parent schema itself uses allOf with $ref elements. The grandparent's properties must be resolved through the nested $ref.
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+#### 🔌 Usage
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+```ruby
+client.create_plant(
+  species: "species",
+  family: "family",
+  genus: "genus",
+  common_name: "commonName",
+  watering_frequency: "daily",
+  sun_exposure: "full"
+)
+```
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+#### ⚙️ Parameters
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+**species:** `String` — The botanical species name.
+    
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+**family:** `String` — The botanical family.
+    
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+**genus:** `String` — The botanical genus.
+    
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+**common_name:** `String` — The common name of the plant.
+    
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+**watering_frequency:** `Seed::Types::PlantPostWateringFrequency` 
+    
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+**sun_exposure:** `Seed::Types::PlantPostSunExposure` — Required sun exposure level.
+    
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+**planted_at:** `String` — Date the plant was planted.
+    
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+**soil_type:** `String` — Preferred soil type.
+    
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+**request_options:** `Seed::RequestOptions` 
+    
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</details>
+
+<details><summary><code>client.<a href="/lib/seed/client.rb">create_tree</a>(request) -> Seed::Types::TreeRecord</code></summary>
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+#### 📝 Description
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+Tests that when a parent's allOf contains multiple $ref entries, all of them are resolved and their properties merged.
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+#### 🔌 Usage
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+```ruby
+client.create_tree(
+  id: "id",
+  tree_name: "treeName",
+  tree_species: "treeSpecies"
+)
+```
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+#### ⚙️ Parameters
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+**request:** `Seed::Types::TreeRecord` 
+    
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+**request_options:** `Seed::RequestOptions` 
+    
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</details>
+
diff --git a/seed/ruby-sdk-v2/allof/dynamic-snippets/example10/snippet.rb b/seed/ruby-sdk-v2/allof/dynamic-snippets/example10/snippet.rb
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..7bc47d566197
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/ruby-sdk-v2/allof/dynamic-snippets/example10/snippet.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+require "seed"
+
+client = Seed::Client.new(base_url: "https://api.fern.com")
+
+client.create_plant(
+  species: "species",
+  family: "family",
+  genus: "genus",
+  sun_exposure: "full"
+)
diff --git a/seed/ruby-sdk-v2/allof/dynamic-snippets/example11/snippet.rb b/seed/ruby-sdk-v2/allof/dynamic-snippets/example11/snippet.rb
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..60e6ed32782f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/ruby-sdk-v2/allof/dynamic-snippets/example11/snippet.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+require "seed"
+
+client = Seed::Client.new(base_url: "https://api.fern.com")
+
+client.create_plant(
+  common_name: "commonName",
+  watering_frequency: "daily",
+  species: "species",
+  family: "family",
+  genus: "genus",
+  sun_exposure: "full",
+  planted_at: "2023-01-15",
+  soil_type: "soilType"
+)
diff --git a/seed/ruby-sdk-v2/allof/dynamic-snippets/example12/snippet.rb b/seed/ruby-sdk-v2/allof/dynamic-snippets/example12/snippet.rb
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..d223eff48ed4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/ruby-sdk-v2/allof/dynamic-snippets/example12/snippet.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+require "seed"
+
+client = Seed::Client.new(base_url: "https://api.fern.com")
+
+client.create_tree(id: "id")
diff --git a/seed/ruby-sdk-v2/allof/dynamic-snippets/example13/snippet.rb b/seed/ruby-sdk-v2/allof/dynamic-snippets/example13/snippet.rb
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..24c18f38bbee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/ruby-sdk-v2/allof/dynamic-snippets/example13/snippet.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+require "seed"
+
+client = Seed::Client.new(base_url: "https://api.fern.com")
+
+client.create_tree(
+  tree_species: "treeSpecies",
+  height_in_feet: 1.1,
+  id: "id",
+  tree_name: "treeName",
+  tree_description: "treeDescription",
+  planted_date: "2023-01-15"
+)
diff --git a/seed/ruby-sdk-v2/allof/lib/seed.rb b/seed/ruby-sdk-v2/allof/lib/seed.rb
index 7b68a853d797..b5301527017c 100644
--- a/seed/ruby-sdk-v2/allof/lib/seed.rb
+++ b/seed/ruby-sdk-v2/allof/lib/seed.rb
@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@
 require_relative "seed/internal/iterators/cursor_page_iterator"
 require_relative "seed/internal/iterators/offset_page_iterator"
 require_relative "seed/types/rule_create_request_execution_context"
+require_relative "seed/types/plant_post_sun_exposure"
 require_relative "seed/types/paging_cursors"
 require_relative "seed/types/paginated_result"
 require_relative "seed/types/rule_execution_context"
@@ -55,7 +56,15 @@
 require_relative "seed/types/detailed_org_metadata"
 require_relative "seed/types/detailed_org"
 require_relative "seed/types/organization"
+require_relative "seed/types/plant_strict"
+require_relative "seed/types/plant_base_watering_frequency"
+require_relative "seed/types/plant_base"
+require_relative "seed/types/tree_identifiable"
+require_relative "seed/types/tree_describable"
+require_relative "seed/types/tree_base"
+require_relative "seed/types/tree_record"
 require_relative "seed/client"
 require_relative "seed/types/search_rule_types_request"
 require_relative "seed/types/rule_create_request"
+require_relative "seed/types/plant_post"
 require_relative "seed/environment"
diff --git a/seed/ruby-sdk-v2/allof/lib/seed/client.rb b/seed/ruby-sdk-v2/allof/lib/seed/client.rb
index 80f643a1cd79..f68269fe38e9 100644
--- a/seed/ruby-sdk-v2/allof/lib/seed/client.rb
+++ b/seed/ruby-sdk-v2/allof/lib/seed/client.rb
@@ -160,6 +160,76 @@ def get_organization(request_options: {}, **_params)
       end
     end
 
+    # Tests three-level allOf chain where a parent schema itself uses allOf with $ref elements. The grandparent's
+    # properties must be resolved through the nested $ref.
+    #
+    # @param request_options [Hash]
+    # @param params [Seed::Types::PlantPost]
+    # @option request_options [String] :base_url
+    # @option request_options [Hash{String => Object}] :additional_headers
+    # @option request_options [Hash{String => Object}] :additional_query_parameters
+    # @option request_options [Hash{String => Object}] :additional_body_parameters
+    # @option request_options [Integer] :timeout_in_seconds
+    #
+    # @return [Seed::Types::PlantStrict]
+    def create_plant(request_options: {}, **params)
+      params = Seed::Internal::Types::Utils.normalize_keys(params)
+      request = Seed::Internal::JSON::Request.new(
+        base_url: request_options[:base_url],
+        method: "POST",
+        path: "plants",
+        body: Seed::Types::PlantPost.new(params).to_h,
+        request_options: request_options
+      )
+      begin
+        response = @client.send(request)
+      rescue Net::HTTPRequestTimeout
+        raise Seed::Errors::TimeoutError
+      end
+      code = response.code.to_i
+      if code.between?(200, 299)
+        Seed::Types::PlantStrict.load(response.body)
+      else
+        error_class = Seed::Errors::ResponseError.subclass_for_code(code)
+        raise error_class.new(response.body, code: code)
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Tests that when a parent's allOf contains multiple $ref entries, all of them are resolved and their properties
+    # merged.
+    #
+    # @param request_options [Hash]
+    # @param params [Seed::Types::TreeRecord]
+    # @option request_options [String] :base_url
+    # @option request_options [Hash{String => Object}] :additional_headers
+    # @option request_options [Hash{String => Object}] :additional_query_parameters
+    # @option request_options [Hash{String => Object}] :additional_body_parameters
+    # @option request_options [Integer] :timeout_in_seconds
+    #
+    # @return [Seed::Types::TreeRecord]
+    def create_tree(request_options: {}, **params)
+      params = Seed::Internal::Types::Utils.normalize_keys(params)
+      request = Seed::Internal::JSON::Request.new(
+        base_url: request_options[:base_url],
+        method: "POST",
+        path: "trees",
+        body: Seed::Types::TreeRecord.new(params).to_h,
+        request_options: request_options
+      )
+      begin
+        response = @client.send(request)
+      rescue Net::HTTPRequestTimeout
+        raise Seed::Errors::TimeoutError
+      end
+      code = response.code.to_i
+      if code.between?(200, 299)
+        Seed::Types::TreeRecord.load(response.body)
+      else
+        error_class = Seed::Errors::ResponseError.subclass_for_code(code)
+        raise error_class.new(response.body, code: code)
+      end
+    end
+
     # @param base_url [String, nil]
     # @param max_retries [Integer]
     #
diff --git a/seed/ruby-sdk-v2/allof/lib/seed/types/plant_base.rb b/seed/ruby-sdk-v2/allof/lib/seed/types/plant_base.rb
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..1107f68644ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/ruby-sdk-v2/allof/lib/seed/types/plant_base.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Seed
+  module Types
+    class PlantBase < Internal::Types::Model
+      field :species, -> { String }, optional: false, nullable: false
+
+      field :family, -> { String }, optional: false, nullable: false
+
+      field :genus, -> { String }, optional: false, nullable: false
+
+      field :common_name, -> { String }, optional: true, nullable: false, api_name: "commonName"
+
+      field :watering_frequency, -> { Seed::Types::PlantBaseWateringFrequency }, optional: true, nullable: false, api_name: "wateringFrequency"
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/seed/ruby-sdk-v2/allof/lib/seed/types/plant_base_watering_frequency.rb b/seed/ruby-sdk-v2/allof/lib/seed/types/plant_base_watering_frequency.rb
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..4b74a0ed2b7e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/ruby-sdk-v2/allof/lib/seed/types/plant_base_watering_frequency.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Seed
+  module Types
+    module PlantBaseWateringFrequency
+      extend Seed::Internal::Types::Enum
+
+      DAILY = "daily"
+      WEEKLY = "weekly"
+      BIWEEKLY = "biweekly"
+      MONTHLY = "monthly"
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/seed/ruby-sdk-v2/allof/lib/seed/types/plant_post.rb b/seed/ruby-sdk-v2/allof/lib/seed/types/plant_post.rb
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..9dd0fff0db92
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/ruby-sdk-v2/allof/lib/seed/types/plant_post.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Seed
+  module Types
+    class PlantPost < Internal::Types::Model
+      field :sun_exposure, -> { Seed::Types::PlantPostSunExposure }, optional: false, nullable: false, api_name: "sunExposure"
+
+      field :planted_at, -> { String }, optional: true, nullable: false, api_name: "plantedAt"
+
+      field :soil_type, -> { String }, optional: true, nullable: false, api_name: "soilType"
+
+      field :common_name, -> { String }, optional: true, nullable: false, api_name: "commonName"
+
+      field :watering_frequency, -> { Seed::Types::PlantBaseWateringFrequency }, optional: true, nullable: false, api_name: "wateringFrequency"
+
+      field :species, -> { String }, optional: false, nullable: false
+
+      field :family, -> { String }, optional: false, nullable: false
+
+      field :genus, -> { String }, optional: false, nullable: false
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/seed/ruby-sdk-v2/allof/lib/seed/types/plant_post_sun_exposure.rb b/seed/ruby-sdk-v2/allof/lib/seed/types/plant_post_sun_exposure.rb
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..3cb190773f30
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/ruby-sdk-v2/allof/lib/seed/types/plant_post_sun_exposure.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Seed
+  module Types
+    module PlantPostSunExposure
+      extend Seed::Internal::Types::Enum
+
+      FULL = "full"
+      PARTIAL = "partial"
+      SHADE = "shade"
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/seed/ruby-sdk-v2/allof/lib/seed/types/plant_strict.rb b/seed/ruby-sdk-v2/allof/lib/seed/types/plant_strict.rb
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..464d31fdd3a6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/ruby-sdk-v2/allof/lib/seed/types/plant_strict.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Seed
+  module Types
+    class PlantStrict < Internal::Types::Model
+      field :species, -> { String }, optional: false, nullable: false
+
+      field :family, -> { String }, optional: false, nullable: false
+
+      field :genus, -> { String }, optional: false, nullable: false
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/seed/ruby-sdk-v2/allof/lib/seed/types/tree_base.rb b/seed/ruby-sdk-v2/allof/lib/seed/types/tree_base.rb
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..3bc9a03d95c6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/ruby-sdk-v2/allof/lib/seed/types/tree_base.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Seed
+  module Types
+    class TreeBase < Internal::Types::Model
+      field :id, -> { String }, optional: false, nullable: false
+
+      field :tree_name, -> { String }, optional: true, nullable: false, api_name: "treeName"
+
+      field :tree_description, -> { String }, optional: true, nullable: false, api_name: "treeDescription"
+
+      field :tree_species, -> { String }, optional: true, nullable: false, api_name: "treeSpecies"
+
+      field :height_in_feet, -> { Integer }, optional: true, nullable: false, api_name: "heightInFeet"
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/seed/ruby-sdk-v2/allof/lib/seed/types/tree_describable.rb b/seed/ruby-sdk-v2/allof/lib/seed/types/tree_describable.rb
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..b5d07ed3003f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/ruby-sdk-v2/allof/lib/seed/types/tree_describable.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Seed
+  module Types
+    class TreeDescribable < Internal::Types::Model
+      field :tree_name, -> { String }, optional: true, nullable: false, api_name: "treeName"
+
+      field :tree_description, -> { String }, optional: true, nullable: false, api_name: "treeDescription"
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/seed/ruby-sdk-v2/allof/lib/seed/types/tree_identifiable.rb b/seed/ruby-sdk-v2/allof/lib/seed/types/tree_identifiable.rb
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..fb6a9e9fb6b8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/ruby-sdk-v2/allof/lib/seed/types/tree_identifiable.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Seed
+  module Types
+    class TreeIdentifiable < Internal::Types::Model
+      field :id, -> { String }, optional: false, nullable: false
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/seed/ruby-sdk-v2/allof/lib/seed/types/tree_record.rb b/seed/ruby-sdk-v2/allof/lib/seed/types/tree_record.rb
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..280cbf00553e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/ruby-sdk-v2/allof/lib/seed/types/tree_record.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Seed
+  module Types
+    class TreeRecord < Internal::Types::Model
+      field :tree_species, -> { String }, optional: true, nullable: false, api_name: "treeSpecies"
+
+      field :height_in_feet, -> { Integer }, optional: true, nullable: false, api_name: "heightInFeet"
+
+      field :id, -> { String }, optional: false, nullable: false
+
+      field :tree_name, -> { String }, optional: true, nullable: false, api_name: "treeName"
+
+      field :tree_description, -> { String }, optional: true, nullable: false, api_name: "treeDescription"
+
+      field :planted_date, -> { String }, optional: true, nullable: false, api_name: "plantedDate"
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/seed/ruby-sdk-v2/allof/reference.md b/seed/ruby-sdk-v2/allof/reference.md
index 35e7f3dc690b..28141062ada8 100644
--- a/seed/ruby-sdk-v2/allof/reference.md
+++ b/seed/ruby-sdk-v2/allof/reference.md
@@ -226,3 +226,148 @@ client.get_organization
 </dl>
 </details>
 
+<details><summary><code>client.<a href="/lib/seed/client.rb">create_plant</a>(request) -> Seed::Types::PlantStrict</code></summary>
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+#### 📝 Description
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+Tests three-level allOf chain where a parent schema itself uses allOf with $ref elements. The grandparent's properties must be resolved through the nested $ref.
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+#### 🔌 Usage
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+```ruby
+client.create_plant(
+  species: "species",
+  family: "family",
+  genus: "genus",
+  sun_exposure: "full"
+)
+```
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+#### ⚙️ Parameters
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+**sun_exposure:** `Seed::Types::PlantPostSunExposure` — Required sun exposure level.
+    
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+**planted_at:** `String` — Date the plant was planted.
+    
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+**soil_type:** `String` — Preferred soil type.
+    
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+**request_options:** `Seed::RequestOptions` 
+    
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</details>
+
+<details><summary><code>client.<a href="/lib/seed/client.rb">create_tree</a>(request) -> Seed::Types::TreeRecord</code></summary>
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+#### 📝 Description
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+Tests that when a parent's allOf contains multiple $ref entries, all of them are resolved and their properties merged.
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+#### 🔌 Usage
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+```ruby
+client.create_tree(id: "id")
+```
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+#### ⚙️ Parameters
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+**request:** `Seed::Types::TreeRecord` 
+    
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+**request_options:** `Seed::RequestOptions` 
+    
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</details>
+
diff --git a/seed/rust-sdk/allof-inline/dynamic-snippets/example10.rs b/seed/rust-sdk/allof-inline/dynamic-snippets/example10.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..7f4d80c288f9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/rust-sdk/allof-inline/dynamic-snippets/example10.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+use seed_api::prelude::*;
+
+#[tokio::main]
+async fn main() {
+    let config = ClientConfig {
+        base_url: "https://api.fern.com".to_string(),
+        ..Default::default()
+    };
+    let client = ApiClient::new(config).expect("Failed to build client");
+    client
+        .create_plant(
+            &PlantPost {
+                species: "species".to_string(),
+                family: "family".to_string(),
+                genus: "genus".to_string(),
+                common_name: "commonName".to_string(),
+                watering_frequency: PlantPostWateringFrequency::Daily,
+                sun_exposure: PlantPostSunExposure::Full,
+                planted_at: None,
+                soil_type: None,
+            },
+            None,
+        )
+        .await;
+}
diff --git a/seed/rust-sdk/allof-inline/dynamic-snippets/example11.rs b/seed/rust-sdk/allof-inline/dynamic-snippets/example11.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..3531d49b46ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/rust-sdk/allof-inline/dynamic-snippets/example11.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+use seed_api::prelude::*;
+
+#[tokio::main]
+async fn main() {
+    let config = ClientConfig {
+        base_url: "https://api.fern.com".to_string(),
+        ..Default::default()
+    };
+    let client = ApiClient::new(config).expect("Failed to build client");
+    client
+        .create_plant(
+            &PlantPost {
+                species: "species".to_string(),
+                family: "family".to_string(),
+                genus: "genus".to_string(),
+                common_name: "commonName".to_string(),
+                watering_frequency: PlantPostWateringFrequency::Daily,
+                sun_exposure: PlantPostSunExposure::Full,
+                planted_at: Some(NaiveDate::parse_from_str("2023-01-15", "%Y-%m-%d").unwrap()),
+                soil_type: Some("soilType".to_string()),
+            },
+            None,
+        )
+        .await;
+}
diff --git a/seed/rust-sdk/allof-inline/dynamic-snippets/example12.rs b/seed/rust-sdk/allof-inline/dynamic-snippets/example12.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..d7b6a668c398
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/rust-sdk/allof-inline/dynamic-snippets/example12.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+use seed_api::prelude::*;
+
+#[tokio::main]
+async fn main() {
+    let config = ClientConfig {
+        base_url: "https://api.fern.com".to_string(),
+        ..Default::default()
+    };
+    let client = ApiClient::new(config).expect("Failed to build client");
+    client
+        .create_tree(
+            &TreeRecord {
+                id: "id".to_string(),
+                tree_name: "treeName".to_string(),
+                tree_species: "treeSpecies".to_string(),
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+            None,
+        )
+        .await;
+}
diff --git a/seed/rust-sdk/allof-inline/dynamic-snippets/example13.rs b/seed/rust-sdk/allof-inline/dynamic-snippets/example13.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..e5e085e8dac1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/rust-sdk/allof-inline/dynamic-snippets/example13.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+use seed_api::prelude::*;
+
+#[tokio::main]
+async fn main() {
+    let config = ClientConfig {
+        base_url: "https://api.fern.com".to_string(),
+        ..Default::default()
+    };
+    let client = ApiClient::new(config).expect("Failed to build client");
+    client
+        .create_tree(
+            &TreeRecord {
+                id: "id".to_string(),
+                tree_name: "treeName".to_string(),
+                tree_description: Some("treeDescription".to_string()),
+                tree_species: "treeSpecies".to_string(),
+                height_in_feet: Some(1.1),
+                planted_date: Some(NaiveDate::parse_from_str("2023-01-15", "%Y-%m-%d").unwrap()),
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+            None,
+        )
+        .await;
+}
diff --git a/seed/rust-sdk/allof-inline/reference.md b/seed/rust-sdk/allof-inline/reference.md
index e0e9deb87648..c7ebcad544bc 100644
--- a/seed/rust-sdk/allof-inline/reference.md
+++ b/seed/rust-sdk/allof-inline/reference.md
@@ -222,3 +222,194 @@ async fn main() {
 </dl>
 </details>
 
+<details><summary><code>client.<a href="/src/client.rs">create_plant</a>(request: PlantPost) -> Result&lt;PlantStrict, ApiError&gt;</code></summary>
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+#### 📝 Description
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+Tests three-level allOf chain where a parent schema itself uses allOf with $ref elements. The grandparent's properties must be resolved through the nested $ref.
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+#### 🔌 Usage
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+```rust
+use seed_api::prelude::*;
+
+#[tokio::main]
+async fn main() {
+    let config = ClientConfig {
+        ..Default::default()
+    };
+    let client = ApiClient::new(config).expect("Failed to build client");
+    client
+        .create_plant(
+            &PlantPost {
+                species: "species".to_string(),
+                family: "family".to_string(),
+                genus: "genus".to_string(),
+                common_name: "commonName".to_string(),
+                watering_frequency: PlantPostWateringFrequency::Daily,
+                sun_exposure: PlantPostSunExposure::Full,
+                planted_at: None,
+                soil_type: None,
+            },
+            None,
+        )
+        .await;
+}
+```
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+#### ⚙️ Parameters
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+**species:** `String` — The botanical species name.
+    
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+**family:** `String` — The botanical family.
+    
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+**genus:** `String` — The botanical genus.
+    
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+**common_name:** `String` — The common name of the plant.
+    
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+**watering_frequency:** `PlantPostWateringFrequency` 
+    
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+**sun_exposure:** `PlantPostSunExposure` — Required sun exposure level.
+    
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+**planted_at:** `Option<String>` — Date the plant was planted.
+    
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+**soil_type:** `Option<String>` — Preferred soil type.
+    
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</details>
+
+<details><summary><code>client.<a href="/src/client.rs">create_tree</a>(request: TreeRecord) -> Result&lt;TreeRecord, ApiError&gt;</code></summary>
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+#### 📝 Description
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+Tests that when a parent's allOf contains multiple $ref entries, all of them are resolved and their properties merged.
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+#### 🔌 Usage
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+```rust
+use seed_api::prelude::*;
+
+#[tokio::main]
+async fn main() {
+    let config = ClientConfig {
+        ..Default::default()
+    };
+    let client = ApiClient::new(config).expect("Failed to build client");
+    client
+        .create_tree(
+            &TreeRecord {
+                id: "id".to_string(),
+                tree_name: "treeName".to_string(),
+                tree_species: "treeSpecies".to_string(),
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+            None,
+        )
+        .await;
+}
+```
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</details>
+
diff --git a/seed/rust-sdk/allof-inline/src/api/resources/mod.rs b/seed/rust-sdk/allof-inline/src/api/resources/mod.rs
index 543ca7436f76..d732a700d853 100644
--- a/seed/rust-sdk/allof-inline/src/api/resources/mod.rs
+++ b/seed/rust-sdk/allof-inline/src/api/resources/mod.rs
@@ -79,4 +79,54 @@ impl ApiClient {
             .execute_request(Method::GET, "organizations", None, None, options)
             .await
     }
+
+    /// Tests three-level allOf chain where a parent schema itself uses allOf with $ref elements. The grandparent's properties must be resolved through the nested $ref.
+    ///
+    /// # Arguments
+    ///
+    /// * `options` - Additional request options such as headers, timeout, etc.
+    ///
+    /// # Returns
+    ///
+    /// JSON response from the API
+    pub async fn create_plant(
+        &self,
+        request: &PlantPost,
+        options: Option<RequestOptions>,
+    ) -> Result<PlantStrict, ApiError> {
+        self.http_client
+            .execute_request(
+                Method::POST,
+                "plants",
+                Some(serde_json::to_value(request).map_err(ApiError::Serialization)?),
+                None,
+                options,
+            )
+            .await
+    }
+
+    /// Tests that when a parent's allOf contains multiple $ref entries, all of them are resolved and their properties merged.
+    ///
+    /// # Arguments
+    ///
+    /// * `options` - Additional request options such as headers, timeout, etc.
+    ///
+    /// # Returns
+    ///
+    /// JSON response from the API
+    pub async fn create_tree(
+        &self,
+        request: &TreeRecord,
+        options: Option<RequestOptions>,
+    ) -> Result<TreeRecord, ApiError> {
+        self.http_client
+            .execute_request(
+                Method::POST,
+                "trees",
+                Some(serde_json::to_value(request).map_err(ApiError::Serialization)?),
+                None,
+                options,
+            )
+            .await
+    }
 }
diff --git a/seed/rust-sdk/allof-inline/src/api/types/mod.rs b/seed/rust-sdk/allof-inline/src/api/types/mod.rs
index e5504caad5c8..dbbbfe581e25 100644
--- a/seed/rust-sdk/allof-inline/src/api/types/mod.rs
+++ b/seed/rust-sdk/allof-inline/src/api/types/mod.rs
@@ -11,6 +11,12 @@ pub mod organization;
 pub mod organization_metadata;
 pub mod paginated_result;
 pub mod paging_cursors;
+pub mod plant_base;
+pub mod plant_base_watering_frequency;
+pub mod plant_post;
+pub mod plant_post_sun_exposure;
+pub mod plant_post_watering_frequency;
+pub mod plant_strict;
 pub mod rule_create_request;
 pub mod rule_create_request_execution_context;
 pub mod rule_execution_context;
@@ -19,6 +25,10 @@ pub mod rule_response_status;
 pub mod rule_type;
 pub mod rule_type_search_response;
 pub mod search_rule_types_query_request;
+pub mod tree_base;
+pub mod tree_describable;
+pub mod tree_identifiable;
+pub mod tree_record;
 pub mod user;
 pub mod user_search_response;
 
@@ -35,6 +45,12 @@ pub use organization::Organization;
 pub use organization_metadata::OrganizationMetadata;
 pub use paginated_result::PaginatedResult;
 pub use paging_cursors::PagingCursors;
+pub use plant_base::PlantBase;
+pub use plant_base_watering_frequency::PlantBaseWateringFrequency;
+pub use plant_post::PlantPost;
+pub use plant_post_sun_exposure::PlantPostSunExposure;
+pub use plant_post_watering_frequency::PlantPostWateringFrequency;
+pub use plant_strict::PlantStrict;
 pub use rule_create_request::RuleCreateRequest;
 pub use rule_create_request_execution_context::RuleCreateRequestExecutionContext;
 pub use rule_execution_context::RuleExecutionContext;
@@ -43,5 +59,9 @@ pub use rule_response_status::RuleResponseStatus;
 pub use rule_type::RuleType;
 pub use rule_type_search_response::RuleTypeSearchResponse;
 pub use search_rule_types_query_request::SearchRuleTypesQueryRequest;
+pub use tree_base::TreeBase;
+pub use tree_describable::TreeDescribable;
+pub use tree_identifiable::TreeIdentifiable;
+pub use tree_record::TreeRecord;
 pub use user::User;
 pub use user_search_response::UserSearchResponse;
diff --git a/seed/rust-sdk/allof-inline/src/api/types/plant_base.rs b/seed/rust-sdk/allof-inline/src/api/types/plant_base.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..b867dd9de574
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/rust-sdk/allof-inline/src/api/types/plant_base.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+pub use crate::prelude::*;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Default, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+pub struct PlantBase {
+    /// The botanical species name.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub species: String,
+    /// The botanical family.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub family: String,
+    /// The botanical genus.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub genus: String,
+    /// The common name of the plant.
+    #[serde(rename = "commonName")]
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub common_name: Option<String>,
+    #[serde(rename = "wateringFrequency")]
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub watering_frequency: Option<PlantBaseWateringFrequency>,
+}
+
+impl PlantBase {
+    pub fn builder() -> PlantBaseBuilder {
+        <PlantBaseBuilder as Default>::default()
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Default, Debug)]
+#[non_exhaustive]
+pub struct PlantBaseBuilder {
+    species: Option<String>,
+    family: Option<String>,
+    genus: Option<String>,
+    common_name: Option<String>,
+    watering_frequency: Option<PlantBaseWateringFrequency>,
+}
+
+impl PlantBaseBuilder {
+    pub fn species(mut self, value: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
+        self.species = Some(value.into());
+        self
+    }
+
+    pub fn family(mut self, value: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
+        self.family = Some(value.into());
+        self
+    }
+
+    pub fn genus(mut self, value: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
+        self.genus = Some(value.into());
+        self
+    }
+
+    pub fn common_name(mut self, value: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
+        self.common_name = Some(value.into());
+        self
+    }
+
+    pub fn watering_frequency(mut self, value: PlantBaseWateringFrequency) -> Self {
+        self.watering_frequency = Some(value);
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Consumes the builder and constructs a [`PlantBase`].
+    /// This method will fail if any of the following fields are not set:
+    /// - [`species`](PlantBaseBuilder::species)
+    /// - [`family`](PlantBaseBuilder::family)
+    /// - [`genus`](PlantBaseBuilder::genus)
+    pub fn build(self) -> Result<PlantBase, BuildError> {
+        Ok(PlantBase {
+            species: self
+                .species
+                .ok_or_else(|| BuildError::missing_field("species"))?,
+            family: self
+                .family
+                .ok_or_else(|| BuildError::missing_field("family"))?,
+            genus: self
+                .genus
+                .ok_or_else(|| BuildError::missing_field("genus"))?,
+            common_name: self.common_name,
+            watering_frequency: self.watering_frequency,
+        })
+    }
+}
diff --git a/seed/rust-sdk/allof-inline/src/api/types/plant_base_watering_frequency.rs b/seed/rust-sdk/allof-inline/src/api/types/plant_base_watering_frequency.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..0dfe6e7273d8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/rust-sdk/allof-inline/src/api/types/plant_base_watering_frequency.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+pub use crate::prelude::*;
+
+#[non_exhaustive]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+pub enum PlantBaseWateringFrequency {
+    Daily,
+    Weekly,
+    Biweekly,
+    Monthly,
+    /// This variant is used for forward compatibility.
+    /// If the server sends a value not recognized by the current SDK version,
+    /// it will be captured here with the raw string value.
+    __Unknown(String),
+}
+impl Serialize for PlantBaseWateringFrequency {
+    fn serialize<S: serde::Serializer>(&self, serializer: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error> {
+        match self {
+            Self::Daily => serializer.serialize_str("daily"),
+            Self::Weekly => serializer.serialize_str("weekly"),
+            Self::Biweekly => serializer.serialize_str("biweekly"),
+            Self::Monthly => serializer.serialize_str("monthly"),
+            Self::__Unknown(val) => serializer.serialize_str(val),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'de> Deserialize<'de> for PlantBaseWateringFrequency {
+    fn deserialize<D: serde::Deserializer<'de>>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Self, D::Error> {
+        let value = String::deserialize(deserializer)?;
+        match value.as_str() {
+            "daily" => Ok(Self::Daily),
+            "weekly" => Ok(Self::Weekly),
+            "biweekly" => Ok(Self::Biweekly),
+            "monthly" => Ok(Self::Monthly),
+            _ => Ok(Self::__Unknown(value)),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl fmt::Display for PlantBaseWateringFrequency {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        match self {
+            Self::Daily => write!(f, "daily"),
+            Self::Weekly => write!(f, "weekly"),
+            Self::Biweekly => write!(f, "biweekly"),
+            Self::Monthly => write!(f, "monthly"),
+            Self::__Unknown(val) => write!(f, "{}", val),
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/seed/rust-sdk/allof-inline/src/api/types/plant_post.rs b/seed/rust-sdk/allof-inline/src/api/types/plant_post.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..d7c490c41e2b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/rust-sdk/allof-inline/src/api/types/plant_post.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
+pub use crate::prelude::*;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+pub struct PlantPost {
+    /// The botanical species name.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub species: String,
+    /// The botanical family.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub family: String,
+    /// The botanical genus.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub genus: String,
+    /// The common name of the plant.
+    #[serde(rename = "commonName")]
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub common_name: String,
+    #[serde(rename = "wateringFrequency")]
+    pub watering_frequency: PlantPostWateringFrequency,
+    /// Required sun exposure level.
+    #[serde(rename = "sunExposure")]
+    pub sun_exposure: PlantPostSunExposure,
+    /// Date the plant was planted.
+    #[serde(rename = "plantedAt")]
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub planted_at: Option<NaiveDate>,
+    /// Preferred soil type.
+    #[serde(rename = "soilType")]
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub soil_type: Option<String>,
+}
+
+impl PlantPost {
+    pub fn builder() -> PlantPostBuilder {
+        <PlantPostBuilder as Default>::default()
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Default, Debug)]
+#[non_exhaustive]
+pub struct PlantPostBuilder {
+    species: Option<String>,
+    family: Option<String>,
+    genus: Option<String>,
+    common_name: Option<String>,
+    watering_frequency: Option<PlantPostWateringFrequency>,
+    sun_exposure: Option<PlantPostSunExposure>,
+    planted_at: Option<NaiveDate>,
+    soil_type: Option<String>,
+}
+
+impl PlantPostBuilder {
+    pub fn species(mut self, value: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
+        self.species = Some(value.into());
+        self
+    }
+
+    pub fn family(mut self, value: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
+        self.family = Some(value.into());
+        self
+    }
+
+    pub fn genus(mut self, value: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
+        self.genus = Some(value.into());
+        self
+    }
+
+    pub fn common_name(mut self, value: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
+        self.common_name = Some(value.into());
+        self
+    }
+
+    pub fn watering_frequency(mut self, value: PlantPostWateringFrequency) -> Self {
+        self.watering_frequency = Some(value);
+        self
+    }
+
+    pub fn sun_exposure(mut self, value: PlantPostSunExposure) -> Self {
+        self.sun_exposure = Some(value);
+        self
+    }
+
+    pub fn planted_at(mut self, value: NaiveDate) -> Self {
+        self.planted_at = Some(value);
+        self
+    }
+
+    pub fn soil_type(mut self, value: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
+        self.soil_type = Some(value.into());
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Consumes the builder and constructs a [`PlantPost`].
+    /// This method will fail if any of the following fields are not set:
+    /// - [`species`](PlantPostBuilder::species)
+    /// - [`family`](PlantPostBuilder::family)
+    /// - [`genus`](PlantPostBuilder::genus)
+    /// - [`common_name`](PlantPostBuilder::common_name)
+    /// - [`watering_frequency`](PlantPostBuilder::watering_frequency)
+    /// - [`sun_exposure`](PlantPostBuilder::sun_exposure)
+    pub fn build(self) -> Result<PlantPost, BuildError> {
+        Ok(PlantPost {
+            species: self
+                .species
+                .ok_or_else(|| BuildError::missing_field("species"))?,
+            family: self
+                .family
+                .ok_or_else(|| BuildError::missing_field("family"))?,
+            genus: self
+                .genus
+                .ok_or_else(|| BuildError::missing_field("genus"))?,
+            common_name: self
+                .common_name
+                .ok_or_else(|| BuildError::missing_field("common_name"))?,
+            watering_frequency: self
+                .watering_frequency
+                .ok_or_else(|| BuildError::missing_field("watering_frequency"))?,
+            sun_exposure: self
+                .sun_exposure
+                .ok_or_else(|| BuildError::missing_field("sun_exposure"))?,
+            planted_at: self.planted_at,
+            soil_type: self.soil_type,
+        })
+    }
+}
diff --git a/seed/rust-sdk/allof-inline/src/api/types/plant_post_sun_exposure.rs b/seed/rust-sdk/allof-inline/src/api/types/plant_post_sun_exposure.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..657b2b8d4e36
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/rust-sdk/allof-inline/src/api/types/plant_post_sun_exposure.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+pub use crate::prelude::*;
+
+/// Required sun exposure level.
+#[non_exhaustive]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+pub enum PlantPostSunExposure {
+    Full,
+    Partial,
+    Shade,
+    /// This variant is used for forward compatibility.
+    /// If the server sends a value not recognized by the current SDK version,
+    /// it will be captured here with the raw string value.
+    __Unknown(String),
+}
+impl Serialize for PlantPostSunExposure {
+    fn serialize<S: serde::Serializer>(&self, serializer: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error> {
+        match self {
+            Self::Full => serializer.serialize_str("full"),
+            Self::Partial => serializer.serialize_str("partial"),
+            Self::Shade => serializer.serialize_str("shade"),
+            Self::__Unknown(val) => serializer.serialize_str(val),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'de> Deserialize<'de> for PlantPostSunExposure {
+    fn deserialize<D: serde::Deserializer<'de>>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Self, D::Error> {
+        let value = String::deserialize(deserializer)?;
+        match value.as_str() {
+            "full" => Ok(Self::Full),
+            "partial" => Ok(Self::Partial),
+            "shade" => Ok(Self::Shade),
+            _ => Ok(Self::__Unknown(value)),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl fmt::Display for PlantPostSunExposure {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        match self {
+            Self::Full => write!(f, "full"),
+            Self::Partial => write!(f, "partial"),
+            Self::Shade => write!(f, "shade"),
+            Self::__Unknown(val) => write!(f, "{}", val),
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/seed/rust-sdk/allof-inline/src/api/types/plant_post_watering_frequency.rs b/seed/rust-sdk/allof-inline/src/api/types/plant_post_watering_frequency.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..4f454f51de22
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/rust-sdk/allof-inline/src/api/types/plant_post_watering_frequency.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+pub use crate::prelude::*;
+
+#[non_exhaustive]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+pub enum PlantPostWateringFrequency {
+    Daily,
+    Weekly,
+    Biweekly,
+    Monthly,
+    /// This variant is used for forward compatibility.
+    /// If the server sends a value not recognized by the current SDK version,
+    /// it will be captured here with the raw string value.
+    __Unknown(String),
+}
+impl Serialize for PlantPostWateringFrequency {
+    fn serialize<S: serde::Serializer>(&self, serializer: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error> {
+        match self {
+            Self::Daily => serializer.serialize_str("daily"),
+            Self::Weekly => serializer.serialize_str("weekly"),
+            Self::Biweekly => serializer.serialize_str("biweekly"),
+            Self::Monthly => serializer.serialize_str("monthly"),
+            Self::__Unknown(val) => serializer.serialize_str(val),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'de> Deserialize<'de> for PlantPostWateringFrequency {
+    fn deserialize<D: serde::Deserializer<'de>>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Self, D::Error> {
+        let value = String::deserialize(deserializer)?;
+        match value.as_str() {
+            "daily" => Ok(Self::Daily),
+            "weekly" => Ok(Self::Weekly),
+            "biweekly" => Ok(Self::Biweekly),
+            "monthly" => Ok(Self::Monthly),
+            _ => Ok(Self::__Unknown(value)),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl fmt::Display for PlantPostWateringFrequency {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        match self {
+            Self::Daily => write!(f, "daily"),
+            Self::Weekly => write!(f, "weekly"),
+            Self::Biweekly => write!(f, "biweekly"),
+            Self::Monthly => write!(f, "monthly"),
+            Self::__Unknown(val) => write!(f, "{}", val),
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/seed/rust-sdk/allof-inline/src/api/types/plant_strict.rs b/seed/rust-sdk/allof-inline/src/api/types/plant_strict.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..8bffd2121d3d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/rust-sdk/allof-inline/src/api/types/plant_strict.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+pub use crate::prelude::*;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Default, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+pub struct PlantStrict {
+    /// The botanical species name.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub species: String,
+    /// The botanical family.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub family: String,
+    /// The botanical genus.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub genus: String,
+}
+
+impl PlantStrict {
+    pub fn builder() -> PlantStrictBuilder {
+        <PlantStrictBuilder as Default>::default()
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Default, Debug)]
+#[non_exhaustive]
+pub struct PlantStrictBuilder {
+    species: Option<String>,
+    family: Option<String>,
+    genus: Option<String>,
+}
+
+impl PlantStrictBuilder {
+    pub fn species(mut self, value: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
+        self.species = Some(value.into());
+        self
+    }
+
+    pub fn family(mut self, value: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
+        self.family = Some(value.into());
+        self
+    }
+
+    pub fn genus(mut self, value: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
+        self.genus = Some(value.into());
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Consumes the builder and constructs a [`PlantStrict`].
+    /// This method will fail if any of the following fields are not set:
+    /// - [`species`](PlantStrictBuilder::species)
+    /// - [`family`](PlantStrictBuilder::family)
+    /// - [`genus`](PlantStrictBuilder::genus)
+    pub fn build(self) -> Result<PlantStrict, BuildError> {
+        Ok(PlantStrict {
+            species: self
+                .species
+                .ok_or_else(|| BuildError::missing_field("species"))?,
+            family: self
+                .family
+                .ok_or_else(|| BuildError::missing_field("family"))?,
+            genus: self
+                .genus
+                .ok_or_else(|| BuildError::missing_field("genus"))?,
+        })
+    }
+}
diff --git a/seed/rust-sdk/allof-inline/src/api/types/tree_base.rs b/seed/rust-sdk/allof-inline/src/api/types/tree_base.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..b03143187ed2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/rust-sdk/allof-inline/src/api/types/tree_base.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+pub use crate::prelude::*;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Default, PartialEq)]
+pub struct TreeBase {
+    /// Unique tree identifier.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub id: String,
+    /// Display name of the tree.
+    #[serde(rename = "treeName")]
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub tree_name: Option<String>,
+    /// A description of the tree.
+    #[serde(rename = "treeDescription")]
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub tree_description: Option<String>,
+    /// The species of tree.
+    #[serde(rename = "treeSpecies")]
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub tree_species: Option<String>,
+    /// Height of the tree in feet.
+    #[serde(rename = "heightInFeet")]
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    #[serde(default)]
+    #[serde(with = "crate::core::number_serializers::option")]
+    pub height_in_feet: Option<f64>,
+}
+
+impl TreeBase {
+    pub fn builder() -> TreeBaseBuilder {
+        <TreeBaseBuilder as Default>::default()
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Default, Debug)]
+#[non_exhaustive]
+pub struct TreeBaseBuilder {
+    id: Option<String>,
+    tree_name: Option<String>,
+    tree_description: Option<String>,
+    tree_species: Option<String>,
+    height_in_feet: Option<f64>,
+}
+
+impl TreeBaseBuilder {
+    pub fn id(mut self, value: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
+        self.id = Some(value.into());
+        self
+    }
+
+    pub fn tree_name(mut self, value: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
+        self.tree_name = Some(value.into());
+        self
+    }
+
+    pub fn tree_description(mut self, value: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
+        self.tree_description = Some(value.into());
+        self
+    }
+
+    pub fn tree_species(mut self, value: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
+        self.tree_species = Some(value.into());
+        self
+    }
+
+    pub fn height_in_feet(mut self, value: f64) -> Self {
+        self.height_in_feet = Some(value);
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Consumes the builder and constructs a [`TreeBase`].
+    /// This method will fail if any of the following fields are not set:
+    /// - [`id`](TreeBaseBuilder::id)
+    pub fn build(self) -> Result<TreeBase, BuildError> {
+        Ok(TreeBase {
+            id: self.id.ok_or_else(|| BuildError::missing_field("id"))?,
+            tree_name: self.tree_name,
+            tree_description: self.tree_description,
+            tree_species: self.tree_species,
+            height_in_feet: self.height_in_feet,
+        })
+    }
+}
diff --git a/seed/rust-sdk/allof-inline/src/api/types/tree_describable.rs b/seed/rust-sdk/allof-inline/src/api/types/tree_describable.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..56c625e44c45
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/rust-sdk/allof-inline/src/api/types/tree_describable.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+pub use crate::prelude::*;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Default, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+pub struct TreeDescribable {
+    /// Display name of the tree.
+    #[serde(rename = "treeName")]
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub tree_name: Option<String>,
+    /// A description of the tree.
+    #[serde(rename = "treeDescription")]
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub tree_description: Option<String>,
+}
+
+impl TreeDescribable {
+    pub fn builder() -> TreeDescribableBuilder {
+        <TreeDescribableBuilder as Default>::default()
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Default, Debug)]
+#[non_exhaustive]
+pub struct TreeDescribableBuilder {
+    tree_name: Option<String>,
+    tree_description: Option<String>,
+}
+
+impl TreeDescribableBuilder {
+    pub fn tree_name(mut self, value: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
+        self.tree_name = Some(value.into());
+        self
+    }
+
+    pub fn tree_description(mut self, value: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
+        self.tree_description = Some(value.into());
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Consumes the builder and constructs a [`TreeDescribable`].
+    pub fn build(self) -> Result<TreeDescribable, BuildError> {
+        Ok(TreeDescribable {
+            tree_name: self.tree_name,
+            tree_description: self.tree_description,
+        })
+    }
+}
diff --git a/seed/rust-sdk/allof-inline/src/api/types/tree_identifiable.rs b/seed/rust-sdk/allof-inline/src/api/types/tree_identifiable.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..c18da6e8f86c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/rust-sdk/allof-inline/src/api/types/tree_identifiable.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+pub use crate::prelude::*;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Default, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+pub struct TreeIdentifiable {
+    /// Unique tree identifier.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub id: String,
+}
+
+impl TreeIdentifiable {
+    pub fn builder() -> TreeIdentifiableBuilder {
+        <TreeIdentifiableBuilder as Default>::default()
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Default, Debug)]
+#[non_exhaustive]
+pub struct TreeIdentifiableBuilder {
+    id: Option<String>,
+}
+
+impl TreeIdentifiableBuilder {
+    pub fn id(mut self, value: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
+        self.id = Some(value.into());
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Consumes the builder and constructs a [`TreeIdentifiable`].
+    /// This method will fail if any of the following fields are not set:
+    /// - [`id`](TreeIdentifiableBuilder::id)
+    pub fn build(self) -> Result<TreeIdentifiable, BuildError> {
+        Ok(TreeIdentifiable {
+            id: self.id.ok_or_else(|| BuildError::missing_field("id"))?,
+        })
+    }
+}
diff --git a/seed/rust-sdk/allof-inline/src/api/types/tree_record.rs b/seed/rust-sdk/allof-inline/src/api/types/tree_record.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..4abf403baea7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/rust-sdk/allof-inline/src/api/types/tree_record.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+pub use crate::prelude::*;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Default, PartialEq)]
+pub struct TreeRecord {
+    /// Unique tree identifier.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub id: String,
+    /// Display name of the tree.
+    #[serde(rename = "treeName")]
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub tree_name: String,
+    /// A description of the tree.
+    #[serde(rename = "treeDescription")]
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub tree_description: Option<String>,
+    /// The species of tree.
+    #[serde(rename = "treeSpecies")]
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub tree_species: String,
+    /// Height of the tree in feet.
+    #[serde(rename = "heightInFeet")]
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    #[serde(default)]
+    #[serde(with = "crate::core::number_serializers::option")]
+    pub height_in_feet: Option<f64>,
+    /// Date the tree was planted.
+    #[serde(rename = "plantedDate")]
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub planted_date: Option<NaiveDate>,
+}
+
+impl TreeRecord {
+    pub fn builder() -> TreeRecordBuilder {
+        <TreeRecordBuilder as Default>::default()
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Default, Debug)]
+#[non_exhaustive]
+pub struct TreeRecordBuilder {
+    id: Option<String>,
+    tree_name: Option<String>,
+    tree_description: Option<String>,
+    tree_species: Option<String>,
+    height_in_feet: Option<f64>,
+    planted_date: Option<NaiveDate>,
+}
+
+impl TreeRecordBuilder {
+    pub fn id(mut self, value: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
+        self.id = Some(value.into());
+        self
+    }
+
+    pub fn tree_name(mut self, value: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
+        self.tree_name = Some(value.into());
+        self
+    }
+
+    pub fn tree_description(mut self, value: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
+        self.tree_description = Some(value.into());
+        self
+    }
+
+    pub fn tree_species(mut self, value: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
+        self.tree_species = Some(value.into());
+        self
+    }
+
+    pub fn height_in_feet(mut self, value: f64) -> Self {
+        self.height_in_feet = Some(value);
+        self
+    }
+
+    pub fn planted_date(mut self, value: NaiveDate) -> Self {
+        self.planted_date = Some(value);
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Consumes the builder and constructs a [`TreeRecord`].
+    /// This method will fail if any of the following fields are not set:
+    /// - [`id`](TreeRecordBuilder::id)
+    /// - [`tree_name`](TreeRecordBuilder::tree_name)
+    /// - [`tree_species`](TreeRecordBuilder::tree_species)
+    pub fn build(self) -> Result<TreeRecord, BuildError> {
+        Ok(TreeRecord {
+            id: self.id.ok_or_else(|| BuildError::missing_field("id"))?,
+            tree_name: self
+                .tree_name
+                .ok_or_else(|| BuildError::missing_field("tree_name"))?,
+            tree_description: self.tree_description,
+            tree_species: self
+                .tree_species
+                .ok_or_else(|| BuildError::missing_field("tree_species"))?,
+            height_in_feet: self.height_in_feet,
+            planted_date: self.planted_date,
+        })
+    }
+}
diff --git a/seed/rust-sdk/allof-inline/src/core/mod.rs b/seed/rust-sdk/allof-inline/src/core/mod.rs
index 3050ad197607..3681fce54715 100644
--- a/seed/rust-sdk/allof-inline/src/core/mod.rs
+++ b/seed/rust-sdk/allof-inline/src/core/mod.rs
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 
 pub mod flexible_datetime;
 mod http_client;
+pub mod number_serializers;
 mod oauth_token_provider;
 pub mod pagination;
 mod query_parameter_builder;
diff --git a/seed/rust-sdk/allof-inline/src/core/number_serializers.rs b/seed/rust-sdk/allof-inline/src/core/number_serializers.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..0e16157bfe9a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/rust-sdk/allof-inline/src/core/number_serializers.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,177 @@
+//! Number serialization helpers
+//!
+//! This module provides serde helpers for serializing f64 values
+//! that strips trailing `.0` from whole numbers (e.g., 24000.0 → 24000).
+//! Some APIs reject the decimal representation for integer-valued numbers.
+//!
+//! Usage:
+//! ```rust
+//! use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+//!
+//! #[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]
+//! struct MyStruct {
+//!     #[serde(with = "crate::core::number_serializers")]
+//!     sample_rate: f64,
+//! }
+//! ```
+
+use serde::{self, Deserialize, Deserializer, Serialize, Serializer};
+
+/// Serialize an f64, omitting the decimal point for whole numbers.
+/// e.g., 24000.0 → 24000, 3.14 → 3.14
+pub fn serialize<S>(value: &f64, serializer: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error>
+where
+    S: Serializer,
+{
+    if value.fract() == 0.0
+        && value.is_finite()
+        && *value >= (i64::MIN as f64)
+        && *value <= (i64::MAX as f64)
+    {
+        // Serialize as integer to avoid trailing .0
+        (*value as i64).serialize(serializer)
+    } else {
+        value.serialize(serializer)
+    }
+}
+
+/// Deserialize an f64 (accepts both integer and float JSON values)
+pub fn deserialize<'de, D>(deserializer: D) -> Result<f64, D::Error>
+where
+    D: Deserializer<'de>,
+{
+    f64::deserialize(deserializer)
+}
+
+/// Module for optional f64 fields
+pub mod option {
+    use super::*;
+
+    pub fn serialize<S>(value: &Option<f64>, serializer: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error>
+    where
+        S: Serializer,
+    {
+        match value {
+            Some(v) => {
+                if v.fract() == 0.0
+                    && v.is_finite()
+                    && *v >= (i64::MIN as f64)
+                    && *v <= (i64::MAX as f64)
+                {
+                    serializer.serialize_some(&(*v as i64))
+                } else {
+                    serializer.serialize_some(v)
+                }
+            }
+            None => serializer.serialize_none(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn deserialize<'de, D>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Option<f64>, D::Error>
+    where
+        D: Deserializer<'de>,
+    {
+        Option::<f64>::deserialize(deserializer)
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+
+    #[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    struct TestStruct {
+        #[serde(with = "super")]
+        value: f64,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    struct TestStructOptional {
+        #[serde(default)]
+        #[serde(with = "super::option")]
+        #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+        value: Option<f64>,
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_whole_number_no_decimal() {
+        let test = TestStruct { value: 24000.0 };
+        let json = serde_json::to_string(&test).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(json, r#"{"value":24000}"#);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_fractional_keeps_decimal() {
+        let test = TestStruct { value: 3.14 };
+        let json = serde_json::to_string(&test).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(json, r#"{"value":3.14}"#);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_zero() {
+        let test = TestStruct { value: 0.0 };
+        let json = serde_json::to_string(&test).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(json, r#"{"value":0}"#);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_negative_whole() {
+        let test = TestStruct { value: -100.0 };
+        let json = serde_json::to_string(&test).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(json, r#"{"value":-100}"#);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_deserialize_from_integer() {
+        let json = r#"{"value":24000}"#;
+        let test: TestStruct = serde_json::from_str(json).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(test.value, 24000.0);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_deserialize_from_float() {
+        let json = r#"{"value":3.14}"#;
+        let test: TestStruct = serde_json::from_str(json).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(test.value, 3.14);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_roundtrip() {
+        let original = TestStruct { value: 44100.0 };
+        let json = serde_json::to_string(&original).unwrap();
+        let decoded: TestStruct = serde_json::from_str(&json).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(original, decoded);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_optional_some_whole() {
+        let test = TestStructOptional {
+            value: Some(16000.0),
+        };
+        let json = serde_json::to_string(&test).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(json, r#"{"value":16000}"#);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_optional_none() {
+        let test = TestStructOptional { value: None };
+        let json = serde_json::to_string(&test).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(json, r#"{}"#);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_optional_deserialize_missing() {
+        let json = r#"{}"#;
+        let test: TestStructOptional = serde_json::from_str(json).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(test.value, None);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_large_whole_number_outside_i64_range() {
+        let test = TestStruct { value: 1e20 };
+        let json = serde_json::to_string(&test).unwrap();
+        // Should fall back to f64 serialization, not saturate to i64::MAX
+        assert_eq!(json, r#"{"value":1e+20}"#);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/seed/rust-sdk/allof/dynamic-snippets/example10.rs b/seed/rust-sdk/allof/dynamic-snippets/example10.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..e260305e6f8d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/rust-sdk/allof/dynamic-snippets/example10.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+use seed_api::prelude::*;
+
+#[tokio::main]
+async fn main() {
+    let config = ClientConfig {
+        base_url: "https://api.fern.com".to_string(),
+        ..Default::default()
+    };
+    let client = ApiClient::new(config).expect("Failed to build client");
+    client
+        .create_plant(
+            &PlantPost {
+                species: "species".to_string(),
+                family: "family".to_string(),
+                genus: "genus".to_string(),
+                sun_exposure: PlantPostSunExposure::Full,
+                common_name: None,
+                watering_frequency: None,
+                planted_at: None,
+                soil_type: None,
+            },
+            None,
+        )
+        .await;
+}
diff --git a/seed/rust-sdk/allof/dynamic-snippets/example11.rs b/seed/rust-sdk/allof/dynamic-snippets/example11.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..73de44b23da5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/rust-sdk/allof/dynamic-snippets/example11.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+use seed_api::prelude::*;
+
+#[tokio::main]
+async fn main() {
+    let config = ClientConfig {
+        base_url: "https://api.fern.com".to_string(),
+        ..Default::default()
+    };
+    let client = ApiClient::new(config).expect("Failed to build client");
+    client
+        .create_plant(
+            &PlantPost {
+                common_name: Some("commonName".to_string()),
+                watering_frequency: Some(PlantBaseWateringFrequency::Daily),
+                species: "species".to_string(),
+                family: "family".to_string(),
+                genus: "genus".to_string(),
+                sun_exposure: PlantPostSunExposure::Full,
+                planted_at: Some(NaiveDate::parse_from_str("2023-01-15", "%Y-%m-%d").unwrap()),
+                soil_type: Some("soilType".to_string()),
+            },
+            None,
+        )
+        .await;
+}
diff --git a/seed/rust-sdk/allof/dynamic-snippets/example12.rs b/seed/rust-sdk/allof/dynamic-snippets/example12.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..24127592970f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/rust-sdk/allof/dynamic-snippets/example12.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+use seed_api::prelude::*;
+
+#[tokio::main]
+async fn main() {
+    let config = ClientConfig {
+        base_url: "https://api.fern.com".to_string(),
+        ..Default::default()
+    };
+    let client = ApiClient::new(config).expect("Failed to build client");
+    client
+        .create_tree(
+            &TreeRecord {
+                tree_base_fields: TreeBase {
+                    id: "id".to_string(),
+                    ..Default::default()
+                },
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+            None,
+        )
+        .await;
+}
diff --git a/seed/rust-sdk/allof/dynamic-snippets/example13.rs b/seed/rust-sdk/allof/dynamic-snippets/example13.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..24feee4100a8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/rust-sdk/allof/dynamic-snippets/example13.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+use seed_api::prelude::*;
+
+#[tokio::main]
+async fn main() {
+    let config = ClientConfig {
+        base_url: "https://api.fern.com".to_string(),
+        ..Default::default()
+    };
+    let client = ApiClient::new(config).expect("Failed to build client");
+    client
+        .create_tree(
+            &TreeRecord {
+                tree_base_fields: TreeBase {
+                    tree_species: Some("treeSpecies".to_string()),
+                    height_in_feet: Some(1.1),
+                    id: "id".to_string(),
+                    tree_name: Some("treeName".to_string()),
+                    tree_description: Some("treeDescription".to_string()),
+                    ..Default::default()
+                },
+                planted_date: Some(NaiveDate::parse_from_str("2023-01-15", "%Y-%m-%d").unwrap()),
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+            None,
+        )
+        .await;
+}
diff --git a/seed/rust-sdk/allof/reference.md b/seed/rust-sdk/allof/reference.md
index e0e9deb87648..b5424f30ed2e 100644
--- a/seed/rust-sdk/allof/reference.md
+++ b/seed/rust-sdk/allof/reference.md
@@ -222,3 +222,155 @@ async fn main() {
 </dl>
 </details>
 
+<details><summary><code>client.<a href="/src/client.rs">create_plant</a>(request: PlantPost) -> Result&lt;PlantStrict, ApiError&gt;</code></summary>
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+#### 📝 Description
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+Tests three-level allOf chain where a parent schema itself uses allOf with $ref elements. The grandparent's properties must be resolved through the nested $ref.
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+#### 🔌 Usage
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+```rust
+use seed_api::prelude::*;
+
+#[tokio::main]
+async fn main() {
+    let config = ClientConfig {
+        ..Default::default()
+    };
+    let client = ApiClient::new(config).expect("Failed to build client");
+    client
+        .create_plant(
+            &PlantPost {
+                species: "species".to_string(),
+                family: "family".to_string(),
+                genus: "genus".to_string(),
+                sun_exposure: PlantPostSunExposure::Full,
+                common_name: None,
+                watering_frequency: None,
+                planted_at: None,
+                soil_type: None,
+            },
+            None,
+        )
+        .await;
+}
+```
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+#### ⚙️ Parameters
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+**sun_exposure:** `PlantPostSunExposure` — Required sun exposure level.
+    
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+**planted_at:** `Option<String>` — Date the plant was planted.
+    
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+**soil_type:** `Option<String>` — Preferred soil type.
+    
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</details>
+
+<details><summary><code>client.<a href="/src/client.rs">create_tree</a>(request: TreeRecord) -> Result&lt;TreeRecord, ApiError&gt;</code></summary>
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+#### 📝 Description
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+Tests that when a parent's allOf contains multiple $ref entries, all of them are resolved and their properties merged.
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+#### 🔌 Usage
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+```rust
+use seed_api::prelude::*;
+
+#[tokio::main]
+async fn main() {
+    let config = ClientConfig {
+        ..Default::default()
+    };
+    let client = ApiClient::new(config).expect("Failed to build client");
+    client
+        .create_tree(
+            &TreeRecord {
+                tree_base_fields: TreeBase {
+                    id: "id".to_string(),
+                    ..Default::default()
+                },
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+            None,
+        )
+        .await;
+}
+```
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</details>
+
diff --git a/seed/rust-sdk/allof/src/api/resources/mod.rs b/seed/rust-sdk/allof/src/api/resources/mod.rs
index 543ca7436f76..d732a700d853 100644
--- a/seed/rust-sdk/allof/src/api/resources/mod.rs
+++ b/seed/rust-sdk/allof/src/api/resources/mod.rs
@@ -79,4 +79,54 @@ impl ApiClient {
             .execute_request(Method::GET, "organizations", None, None, options)
             .await
     }
+
+    /// Tests three-level allOf chain where a parent schema itself uses allOf with $ref elements. The grandparent's properties must be resolved through the nested $ref.
+    ///
+    /// # Arguments
+    ///
+    /// * `options` - Additional request options such as headers, timeout, etc.
+    ///
+    /// # Returns
+    ///
+    /// JSON response from the API
+    pub async fn create_plant(
+        &self,
+        request: &PlantPost,
+        options: Option<RequestOptions>,
+    ) -> Result<PlantStrict, ApiError> {
+        self.http_client
+            .execute_request(
+                Method::POST,
+                "plants",
+                Some(serde_json::to_value(request).map_err(ApiError::Serialization)?),
+                None,
+                options,
+            )
+            .await
+    }
+
+    /// Tests that when a parent's allOf contains multiple $ref entries, all of them are resolved and their properties merged.
+    ///
+    /// # Arguments
+    ///
+    /// * `options` - Additional request options such as headers, timeout, etc.
+    ///
+    /// # Returns
+    ///
+    /// JSON response from the API
+    pub async fn create_tree(
+        &self,
+        request: &TreeRecord,
+        options: Option<RequestOptions>,
+    ) -> Result<TreeRecord, ApiError> {
+        self.http_client
+            .execute_request(
+                Method::POST,
+                "trees",
+                Some(serde_json::to_value(request).map_err(ApiError::Serialization)?),
+                None,
+                options,
+            )
+            .await
+    }
 }
diff --git a/seed/rust-sdk/allof/src/api/types/mod.rs b/seed/rust-sdk/allof/src/api/types/mod.rs
index a298b04bd9da..b6eff5a4edbf 100644
--- a/seed/rust-sdk/allof/src/api/types/mod.rs
+++ b/seed/rust-sdk/allof/src/api/types/mod.rs
@@ -10,6 +10,11 @@ pub mod identifiable;
 pub mod organization;
 pub mod paginated_result;
 pub mod paging_cursors;
+pub mod plant_base;
+pub mod plant_base_watering_frequency;
+pub mod plant_post;
+pub mod plant_post_sun_exposure;
+pub mod plant_strict;
 pub mod rule_create_request;
 pub mod rule_create_request_execution_context;
 pub mod rule_execution_context;
@@ -18,6 +23,10 @@ pub mod rule_response_status;
 pub mod rule_type;
 pub mod rule_type_search_response;
 pub mod search_rule_types_query_request;
+pub mod tree_base;
+pub mod tree_describable;
+pub mod tree_identifiable;
+pub mod tree_record;
 pub mod user;
 pub mod user_search_response;
 
@@ -33,6 +42,11 @@ pub use identifiable::Identifiable;
 pub use organization::Organization;
 pub use paginated_result::PaginatedResult;
 pub use paging_cursors::PagingCursors;
+pub use plant_base::PlantBase;
+pub use plant_base_watering_frequency::PlantBaseWateringFrequency;
+pub use plant_post::PlantPost;
+pub use plant_post_sun_exposure::PlantPostSunExposure;
+pub use plant_strict::PlantStrict;
 pub use rule_create_request::RuleCreateRequest;
 pub use rule_create_request_execution_context::RuleCreateRequestExecutionContext;
 pub use rule_execution_context::RuleExecutionContext;
@@ -41,5 +55,9 @@ pub use rule_response_status::RuleResponseStatus;
 pub use rule_type::RuleType;
 pub use rule_type_search_response::RuleTypeSearchResponse;
 pub use search_rule_types_query_request::SearchRuleTypesQueryRequest;
+pub use tree_base::TreeBase;
+pub use tree_describable::TreeDescribable;
+pub use tree_identifiable::TreeIdentifiable;
+pub use tree_record::TreeRecord;
 pub use user::User;
 pub use user_search_response::UserSearchResponse;
diff --git a/seed/rust-sdk/allof/src/api/types/plant_base.rs b/seed/rust-sdk/allof/src/api/types/plant_base.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..ffd1959ad284
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/rust-sdk/allof/src/api/types/plant_base.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+pub use crate::prelude::*;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Default, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+pub struct PlantBase {
+    #[serde(flatten)]
+    pub plant_strict_fields: PlantStrict,
+    /// The common name of the plant.
+    #[serde(rename = "commonName")]
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub common_name: Option<String>,
+    #[serde(rename = "wateringFrequency")]
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub watering_frequency: Option<PlantBaseWateringFrequency>,
+}
+
+impl PlantBase {
+    pub fn builder() -> PlantBaseBuilder {
+        <PlantBaseBuilder as Default>::default()
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Default, Debug)]
+#[non_exhaustive]
+pub struct PlantBaseBuilder {
+    plant_strict_fields: Option<PlantStrict>,
+    common_name: Option<String>,
+    watering_frequency: Option<PlantBaseWateringFrequency>,
+}
+
+impl PlantBaseBuilder {
+    pub fn plant_strict_fields(mut self, value: PlantStrict) -> Self {
+        self.plant_strict_fields = Some(value);
+        self
+    }
+
+    pub fn common_name(mut self, value: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
+        self.common_name = Some(value.into());
+        self
+    }
+
+    pub fn watering_frequency(mut self, value: PlantBaseWateringFrequency) -> Self {
+        self.watering_frequency = Some(value);
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Consumes the builder and constructs a [`PlantBase`].
+    /// This method will fail if any of the following fields are not set:
+    /// - [`plant_strict_fields`](PlantBaseBuilder::plant_strict_fields)
+    pub fn build(self) -> Result<PlantBase, BuildError> {
+        Ok(PlantBase {
+            plant_strict_fields: self
+                .plant_strict_fields
+                .ok_or_else(|| BuildError::missing_field("plant_strict_fields"))?,
+            common_name: self.common_name,
+            watering_frequency: self.watering_frequency,
+        })
+    }
+}
diff --git a/seed/rust-sdk/allof/src/api/types/plant_base_watering_frequency.rs b/seed/rust-sdk/allof/src/api/types/plant_base_watering_frequency.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..0dfe6e7273d8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/rust-sdk/allof/src/api/types/plant_base_watering_frequency.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+pub use crate::prelude::*;
+
+#[non_exhaustive]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+pub enum PlantBaseWateringFrequency {
+    Daily,
+    Weekly,
+    Biweekly,
+    Monthly,
+    /// This variant is used for forward compatibility.
+    /// If the server sends a value not recognized by the current SDK version,
+    /// it will be captured here with the raw string value.
+    __Unknown(String),
+}
+impl Serialize for PlantBaseWateringFrequency {
+    fn serialize<S: serde::Serializer>(&self, serializer: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error> {
+        match self {
+            Self::Daily => serializer.serialize_str("daily"),
+            Self::Weekly => serializer.serialize_str("weekly"),
+            Self::Biweekly => serializer.serialize_str("biweekly"),
+            Self::Monthly => serializer.serialize_str("monthly"),
+            Self::__Unknown(val) => serializer.serialize_str(val),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'de> Deserialize<'de> for PlantBaseWateringFrequency {
+    fn deserialize<D: serde::Deserializer<'de>>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Self, D::Error> {
+        let value = String::deserialize(deserializer)?;
+        match value.as_str() {
+            "daily" => Ok(Self::Daily),
+            "weekly" => Ok(Self::Weekly),
+            "biweekly" => Ok(Self::Biweekly),
+            "monthly" => Ok(Self::Monthly),
+            _ => Ok(Self::__Unknown(value)),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl fmt::Display for PlantBaseWateringFrequency {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        match self {
+            Self::Daily => write!(f, "daily"),
+            Self::Weekly => write!(f, "weekly"),
+            Self::Biweekly => write!(f, "biweekly"),
+            Self::Monthly => write!(f, "monthly"),
+            Self::__Unknown(val) => write!(f, "{}", val),
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/seed/rust-sdk/allof/src/api/types/plant_post.rs b/seed/rust-sdk/allof/src/api/types/plant_post.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..826a2be98006
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/rust-sdk/allof/src/api/types/plant_post.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+pub use crate::prelude::*;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+pub struct PlantPost {
+    /// Required sun exposure level.
+    #[serde(rename = "sunExposure")]
+    pub sun_exposure: PlantPostSunExposure,
+    /// Date the plant was planted.
+    #[serde(rename = "plantedAt")]
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub planted_at: Option<NaiveDate>,
+    /// Preferred soil type.
+    #[serde(rename = "soilType")]
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub soil_type: Option<String>,
+    /// The common name of the plant.
+    #[serde(rename = "commonName")]
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub common_name: Option<String>,
+    #[serde(rename = "wateringFrequency")]
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub watering_frequency: Option<PlantBaseWateringFrequency>,
+    /// The botanical species name.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub species: String,
+    /// The botanical family.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub family: String,
+    /// The botanical genus.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub genus: String,
+}
+
+impl PlantPost {
+    pub fn builder() -> PlantPostBuilder {
+        <PlantPostBuilder as Default>::default()
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Default, Debug)]
+#[non_exhaustive]
+pub struct PlantPostBuilder {
+    sun_exposure: Option<PlantPostSunExposure>,
+    planted_at: Option<NaiveDate>,
+    soil_type: Option<String>,
+    common_name: Option<String>,
+    watering_frequency: Option<PlantBaseWateringFrequency>,
+    species: Option<String>,
+    family: Option<String>,
+    genus: Option<String>,
+}
+
+impl PlantPostBuilder {
+    pub fn sun_exposure(mut self, value: PlantPostSunExposure) -> Self {
+        self.sun_exposure = Some(value);
+        self
+    }
+
+    pub fn planted_at(mut self, value: NaiveDate) -> Self {
+        self.planted_at = Some(value);
+        self
+    }
+
+    pub fn soil_type(mut self, value: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
+        self.soil_type = Some(value.into());
+        self
+    }
+
+    pub fn common_name(mut self, value: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
+        self.common_name = Some(value.into());
+        self
+    }
+
+    pub fn watering_frequency(mut self, value: PlantBaseWateringFrequency) -> Self {
+        self.watering_frequency = Some(value);
+        self
+    }
+
+    pub fn species(mut self, value: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
+        self.species = Some(value.into());
+        self
+    }
+
+    pub fn family(mut self, value: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
+        self.family = Some(value.into());
+        self
+    }
+
+    pub fn genus(mut self, value: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
+        self.genus = Some(value.into());
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Consumes the builder and constructs a [`PlantPost`].
+    /// This method will fail if any of the following fields are not set:
+    /// - [`sun_exposure`](PlantPostBuilder::sun_exposure)
+    /// - [`species`](PlantPostBuilder::species)
+    /// - [`family`](PlantPostBuilder::family)
+    /// - [`genus`](PlantPostBuilder::genus)
+    pub fn build(self) -> Result<PlantPost, BuildError> {
+        Ok(PlantPost {
+            sun_exposure: self
+                .sun_exposure
+                .ok_or_else(|| BuildError::missing_field("sun_exposure"))?,
+            planted_at: self.planted_at,
+            soil_type: self.soil_type,
+            common_name: self.common_name,
+            watering_frequency: self.watering_frequency,
+            species: self
+                .species
+                .ok_or_else(|| BuildError::missing_field("species"))?,
+            family: self
+                .family
+                .ok_or_else(|| BuildError::missing_field("family"))?,
+            genus: self
+                .genus
+                .ok_or_else(|| BuildError::missing_field("genus"))?,
+        })
+    }
+}
diff --git a/seed/rust-sdk/allof/src/api/types/plant_post_sun_exposure.rs b/seed/rust-sdk/allof/src/api/types/plant_post_sun_exposure.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..657b2b8d4e36
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/rust-sdk/allof/src/api/types/plant_post_sun_exposure.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+pub use crate::prelude::*;
+
+/// Required sun exposure level.
+#[non_exhaustive]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+pub enum PlantPostSunExposure {
+    Full,
+    Partial,
+    Shade,
+    /// This variant is used for forward compatibility.
+    /// If the server sends a value not recognized by the current SDK version,
+    /// it will be captured here with the raw string value.
+    __Unknown(String),
+}
+impl Serialize for PlantPostSunExposure {
+    fn serialize<S: serde::Serializer>(&self, serializer: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error> {
+        match self {
+            Self::Full => serializer.serialize_str("full"),
+            Self::Partial => serializer.serialize_str("partial"),
+            Self::Shade => serializer.serialize_str("shade"),
+            Self::__Unknown(val) => serializer.serialize_str(val),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'de> Deserialize<'de> for PlantPostSunExposure {
+    fn deserialize<D: serde::Deserializer<'de>>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Self, D::Error> {
+        let value = String::deserialize(deserializer)?;
+        match value.as_str() {
+            "full" => Ok(Self::Full),
+            "partial" => Ok(Self::Partial),
+            "shade" => Ok(Self::Shade),
+            _ => Ok(Self::__Unknown(value)),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl fmt::Display for PlantPostSunExposure {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        match self {
+            Self::Full => write!(f, "full"),
+            Self::Partial => write!(f, "partial"),
+            Self::Shade => write!(f, "shade"),
+            Self::__Unknown(val) => write!(f, "{}", val),
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/seed/rust-sdk/allof/src/api/types/plant_strict.rs b/seed/rust-sdk/allof/src/api/types/plant_strict.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..8bffd2121d3d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/rust-sdk/allof/src/api/types/plant_strict.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+pub use crate::prelude::*;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Default, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+pub struct PlantStrict {
+    /// The botanical species name.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub species: String,
+    /// The botanical family.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub family: String,
+    /// The botanical genus.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub genus: String,
+}
+
+impl PlantStrict {
+    pub fn builder() -> PlantStrictBuilder {
+        <PlantStrictBuilder as Default>::default()
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Default, Debug)]
+#[non_exhaustive]
+pub struct PlantStrictBuilder {
+    species: Option<String>,
+    family: Option<String>,
+    genus: Option<String>,
+}
+
+impl PlantStrictBuilder {
+    pub fn species(mut self, value: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
+        self.species = Some(value.into());
+        self
+    }
+
+    pub fn family(mut self, value: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
+        self.family = Some(value.into());
+        self
+    }
+
+    pub fn genus(mut self, value: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
+        self.genus = Some(value.into());
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Consumes the builder and constructs a [`PlantStrict`].
+    /// This method will fail if any of the following fields are not set:
+    /// - [`species`](PlantStrictBuilder::species)
+    /// - [`family`](PlantStrictBuilder::family)
+    /// - [`genus`](PlantStrictBuilder::genus)
+    pub fn build(self) -> Result<PlantStrict, BuildError> {
+        Ok(PlantStrict {
+            species: self
+                .species
+                .ok_or_else(|| BuildError::missing_field("species"))?,
+            family: self
+                .family
+                .ok_or_else(|| BuildError::missing_field("family"))?,
+            genus: self
+                .genus
+                .ok_or_else(|| BuildError::missing_field("genus"))?,
+        })
+    }
+}
diff --git a/seed/rust-sdk/allof/src/api/types/tree_base.rs b/seed/rust-sdk/allof/src/api/types/tree_base.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..23f219a61c02
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/rust-sdk/allof/src/api/types/tree_base.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+pub use crate::prelude::*;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Default, PartialEq)]
+pub struct TreeBase {
+    #[serde(flatten)]
+    pub tree_identifiable_fields: TreeIdentifiable,
+    #[serde(flatten)]
+    pub tree_describable_fields: TreeDescribable,
+    /// The species of tree.
+    #[serde(rename = "treeSpecies")]
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub tree_species: Option<String>,
+    /// Height of the tree in feet.
+    #[serde(rename = "heightInFeet")]
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    #[serde(default)]
+    #[serde(with = "crate::core::number_serializers::option")]
+    pub height_in_feet: Option<f64>,
+}
+
+impl TreeBase {
+    pub fn builder() -> TreeBaseBuilder {
+        <TreeBaseBuilder as Default>::default()
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Default, Debug)]
+#[non_exhaustive]
+pub struct TreeBaseBuilder {
+    tree_identifiable_fields: Option<TreeIdentifiable>,
+    tree_describable_fields: Option<TreeDescribable>,
+    tree_species: Option<String>,
+    height_in_feet: Option<f64>,
+}
+
+impl TreeBaseBuilder {
+    pub fn tree_identifiable_fields(mut self, value: TreeIdentifiable) -> Self {
+        self.tree_identifiable_fields = Some(value);
+        self
+    }
+
+    pub fn tree_describable_fields(mut self, value: TreeDescribable) -> Self {
+        self.tree_describable_fields = Some(value);
+        self
+    }
+
+    pub fn tree_species(mut self, value: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
+        self.tree_species = Some(value.into());
+        self
+    }
+
+    pub fn height_in_feet(mut self, value: f64) -> Self {
+        self.height_in_feet = Some(value);
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Consumes the builder and constructs a [`TreeBase`].
+    /// This method will fail if any of the following fields are not set:
+    /// - [`tree_identifiable_fields`](TreeBaseBuilder::tree_identifiable_fields)
+    /// - [`tree_describable_fields`](TreeBaseBuilder::tree_describable_fields)
+    pub fn build(self) -> Result<TreeBase, BuildError> {
+        Ok(TreeBase {
+            tree_identifiable_fields: self
+                .tree_identifiable_fields
+                .ok_or_else(|| BuildError::missing_field("tree_identifiable_fields"))?,
+            tree_describable_fields: self
+                .tree_describable_fields
+                .ok_or_else(|| BuildError::missing_field("tree_describable_fields"))?,
+            tree_species: self.tree_species,
+            height_in_feet: self.height_in_feet,
+        })
+    }
+}
diff --git a/seed/rust-sdk/allof/src/api/types/tree_describable.rs b/seed/rust-sdk/allof/src/api/types/tree_describable.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..56c625e44c45
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/rust-sdk/allof/src/api/types/tree_describable.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+pub use crate::prelude::*;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Default, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+pub struct TreeDescribable {
+    /// Display name of the tree.
+    #[serde(rename = "treeName")]
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub tree_name: Option<String>,
+    /// A description of the tree.
+    #[serde(rename = "treeDescription")]
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub tree_description: Option<String>,
+}
+
+impl TreeDescribable {
+    pub fn builder() -> TreeDescribableBuilder {
+        <TreeDescribableBuilder as Default>::default()
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Default, Debug)]
+#[non_exhaustive]
+pub struct TreeDescribableBuilder {
+    tree_name: Option<String>,
+    tree_description: Option<String>,
+}
+
+impl TreeDescribableBuilder {
+    pub fn tree_name(mut self, value: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
+        self.tree_name = Some(value.into());
+        self
+    }
+
+    pub fn tree_description(mut self, value: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
+        self.tree_description = Some(value.into());
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Consumes the builder and constructs a [`TreeDescribable`].
+    pub fn build(self) -> Result<TreeDescribable, BuildError> {
+        Ok(TreeDescribable {
+            tree_name: self.tree_name,
+            tree_description: self.tree_description,
+        })
+    }
+}
diff --git a/seed/rust-sdk/allof/src/api/types/tree_identifiable.rs b/seed/rust-sdk/allof/src/api/types/tree_identifiable.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..c18da6e8f86c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/rust-sdk/allof/src/api/types/tree_identifiable.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+pub use crate::prelude::*;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Default, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+pub struct TreeIdentifiable {
+    /// Unique tree identifier.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub id: String,
+}
+
+impl TreeIdentifiable {
+    pub fn builder() -> TreeIdentifiableBuilder {
+        <TreeIdentifiableBuilder as Default>::default()
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Default, Debug)]
+#[non_exhaustive]
+pub struct TreeIdentifiableBuilder {
+    id: Option<String>,
+}
+
+impl TreeIdentifiableBuilder {
+    pub fn id(mut self, value: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
+        self.id = Some(value.into());
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Consumes the builder and constructs a [`TreeIdentifiable`].
+    /// This method will fail if any of the following fields are not set:
+    /// - [`id`](TreeIdentifiableBuilder::id)
+    pub fn build(self) -> Result<TreeIdentifiable, BuildError> {
+        Ok(TreeIdentifiable {
+            id: self.id.ok_or_else(|| BuildError::missing_field("id"))?,
+        })
+    }
+}
diff --git a/seed/rust-sdk/allof/src/api/types/tree_record.rs b/seed/rust-sdk/allof/src/api/types/tree_record.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..a1405a9b8ba7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/rust-sdk/allof/src/api/types/tree_record.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+pub use crate::prelude::*;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Default, PartialEq)]
+pub struct TreeRecord {
+    #[serde(flatten)]
+    pub tree_base_fields: TreeBase,
+    /// Date the tree was planted.
+    #[serde(rename = "plantedDate")]
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub planted_date: Option<NaiveDate>,
+}
+
+impl TreeRecord {
+    pub fn builder() -> TreeRecordBuilder {
+        <TreeRecordBuilder as Default>::default()
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Default, Debug)]
+#[non_exhaustive]
+pub struct TreeRecordBuilder {
+    tree_base_fields: Option<TreeBase>,
+    planted_date: Option<NaiveDate>,
+}
+
+impl TreeRecordBuilder {
+    pub fn tree_base_fields(mut self, value: TreeBase) -> Self {
+        self.tree_base_fields = Some(value);
+        self
+    }
+
+    pub fn planted_date(mut self, value: NaiveDate) -> Self {
+        self.planted_date = Some(value);
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Consumes the builder and constructs a [`TreeRecord`].
+    /// This method will fail if any of the following fields are not set:
+    /// - [`tree_base_fields`](TreeRecordBuilder::tree_base_fields)
+    pub fn build(self) -> Result<TreeRecord, BuildError> {
+        Ok(TreeRecord {
+            tree_base_fields: self
+                .tree_base_fields
+                .ok_or_else(|| BuildError::missing_field("tree_base_fields"))?,
+            planted_date: self.planted_date,
+        })
+    }
+}
diff --git a/seed/rust-sdk/allof/src/core/mod.rs b/seed/rust-sdk/allof/src/core/mod.rs
index 3050ad197607..3681fce54715 100644
--- a/seed/rust-sdk/allof/src/core/mod.rs
+++ b/seed/rust-sdk/allof/src/core/mod.rs
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 
 pub mod flexible_datetime;
 mod http_client;
+pub mod number_serializers;
 mod oauth_token_provider;
 pub mod pagination;
 mod query_parameter_builder;
diff --git a/seed/rust-sdk/allof/src/core/number_serializers.rs b/seed/rust-sdk/allof/src/core/number_serializers.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..0e16157bfe9a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/rust-sdk/allof/src/core/number_serializers.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,177 @@
+//! Number serialization helpers
+//!
+//! This module provides serde helpers for serializing f64 values
+//! that strips trailing `.0` from whole numbers (e.g., 24000.0 → 24000).
+//! Some APIs reject the decimal representation for integer-valued numbers.
+//!
+//! Usage:
+//! ```rust
+//! use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+//!
+//! #[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]
+//! struct MyStruct {
+//!     #[serde(with = "crate::core::number_serializers")]
+//!     sample_rate: f64,
+//! }
+//! ```
+
+use serde::{self, Deserialize, Deserializer, Serialize, Serializer};
+
+/// Serialize an f64, omitting the decimal point for whole numbers.
+/// e.g., 24000.0 → 24000, 3.14 → 3.14
+pub fn serialize<S>(value: &f64, serializer: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error>
+where
+    S: Serializer,
+{
+    if value.fract() == 0.0
+        && value.is_finite()
+        && *value >= (i64::MIN as f64)
+        && *value <= (i64::MAX as f64)
+    {
+        // Serialize as integer to avoid trailing .0
+        (*value as i64).serialize(serializer)
+    } else {
+        value.serialize(serializer)
+    }
+}
+
+/// Deserialize an f64 (accepts both integer and float JSON values)
+pub fn deserialize<'de, D>(deserializer: D) -> Result<f64, D::Error>
+where
+    D: Deserializer<'de>,
+{
+    f64::deserialize(deserializer)
+}
+
+/// Module for optional f64 fields
+pub mod option {
+    use super::*;
+
+    pub fn serialize<S>(value: &Option<f64>, serializer: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error>
+    where
+        S: Serializer,
+    {
+        match value {
+            Some(v) => {
+                if v.fract() == 0.0
+                    && v.is_finite()
+                    && *v >= (i64::MIN as f64)
+                    && *v <= (i64::MAX as f64)
+                {
+                    serializer.serialize_some(&(*v as i64))
+                } else {
+                    serializer.serialize_some(v)
+                }
+            }
+            None => serializer.serialize_none(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn deserialize<'de, D>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Option<f64>, D::Error>
+    where
+        D: Deserializer<'de>,
+    {
+        Option::<f64>::deserialize(deserializer)
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+
+    #[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    struct TestStruct {
+        #[serde(with = "super")]
+        value: f64,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    struct TestStructOptional {
+        #[serde(default)]
+        #[serde(with = "super::option")]
+        #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+        value: Option<f64>,
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_whole_number_no_decimal() {
+        let test = TestStruct { value: 24000.0 };
+        let json = serde_json::to_string(&test).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(json, r#"{"value":24000}"#);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_fractional_keeps_decimal() {
+        let test = TestStruct { value: 3.14 };
+        let json = serde_json::to_string(&test).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(json, r#"{"value":3.14}"#);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_zero() {
+        let test = TestStruct { value: 0.0 };
+        let json = serde_json::to_string(&test).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(json, r#"{"value":0}"#);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_negative_whole() {
+        let test = TestStruct { value: -100.0 };
+        let json = serde_json::to_string(&test).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(json, r#"{"value":-100}"#);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_deserialize_from_integer() {
+        let json = r#"{"value":24000}"#;
+        let test: TestStruct = serde_json::from_str(json).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(test.value, 24000.0);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_deserialize_from_float() {
+        let json = r#"{"value":3.14}"#;
+        let test: TestStruct = serde_json::from_str(json).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(test.value, 3.14);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_roundtrip() {
+        let original = TestStruct { value: 44100.0 };
+        let json = serde_json::to_string(&original).unwrap();
+        let decoded: TestStruct = serde_json::from_str(&json).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(original, decoded);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_optional_some_whole() {
+        let test = TestStructOptional {
+            value: Some(16000.0),
+        };
+        let json = serde_json::to_string(&test).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(json, r#"{"value":16000}"#);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_optional_none() {
+        let test = TestStructOptional { value: None };
+        let json = serde_json::to_string(&test).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(json, r#"{}"#);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_optional_deserialize_missing() {
+        let json = r#"{}"#;
+        let test: TestStructOptional = serde_json::from_str(json).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(test.value, None);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_large_whole_number_outside_i64_range() {
+        let test = TestStruct { value: 1e20 };
+        let json = serde_json::to_string(&test).unwrap();
+        // Should fall back to f64 serialization, not saturate to i64::MAX
+        assert_eq!(json, r#"{"value":1e+20}"#);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/seed/swift-sdk/allof-inline/Snippets/Example10.swift b/seed/swift-sdk/allof-inline/Snippets/Example10.swift
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..d8931b0d69a2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/swift-sdk/allof-inline/Snippets/Example10.swift
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+import Foundation
+import Api
+
+private func main() async throws {
+    let client = ApiClient(baseURL: "https://api.fern.com")
+
+    _ = try await client.createPlant(request: .init(
+        species: "species",
+        family: "family",
+        genus: "genus",
+        commonName: "commonName",
+        wateringFrequency: .daily,
+        sunExposure: .full
+    ))
+}
+
+try await main()
diff --git a/seed/swift-sdk/allof-inline/Snippets/Example11.swift b/seed/swift-sdk/allof-inline/Snippets/Example11.swift
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..93cfabcf0b54
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/swift-sdk/allof-inline/Snippets/Example11.swift
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+import Foundation
+import Api
+
+private func main() async throws {
+    let client = ApiClient(baseURL: "https://api.fern.com")
+
+    _ = try await client.createPlant(request: .init(
+        species: "species",
+        family: "family",
+        genus: "genus",
+        commonName: "commonName",
+        wateringFrequency: .daily,
+        sunExposure: .full,
+        plantedAt: CalendarDate("2023-01-15")!,
+        soilType: "soilType"
+    ))
+}
+
+try await main()
diff --git a/seed/swift-sdk/allof-inline/Snippets/Example12.swift b/seed/swift-sdk/allof-inline/Snippets/Example12.swift
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..f8df4516c3c8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/swift-sdk/allof-inline/Snippets/Example12.swift
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+import Foundation
+import Api
+
+private func main() async throws {
+    let client = ApiClient(baseURL: "https://api.fern.com")
+
+    _ = try await client.createTree(request: TreeRecord(
+        id: "id",
+        treeName: "treeName",
+        treeSpecies: "treeSpecies"
+    ))
+}
+
+try await main()
diff --git a/seed/swift-sdk/allof-inline/Snippets/Example13.swift b/seed/swift-sdk/allof-inline/Snippets/Example13.swift
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..8e5577b9c907
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/swift-sdk/allof-inline/Snippets/Example13.swift
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+import Foundation
+import Api
+
+private func main() async throws {
+    let client = ApiClient(baseURL: "https://api.fern.com")
+
+    _ = try await client.createTree(request: TreeRecord(
+        id: "id",
+        treeName: "treeName",
+        treeDescription: "treeDescription",
+        treeSpecies: "treeSpecies",
+        heightInFeet: 1.1,
+        plantedDate: CalendarDate("2023-01-15")!
+    ))
+}
+
+try await main()
diff --git a/seed/swift-sdk/allof-inline/Sources/ApiClient.swift b/seed/swift-sdk/allof-inline/Sources/ApiClient.swift
index 3bb0c30a67c5..4c4861c3b599 100644
--- a/seed/swift-sdk/allof-inline/Sources/ApiClient.swift
+++ b/seed/swift-sdk/allof-inline/Sources/ApiClient.swift
@@ -101,4 +101,30 @@ public final class ApiClient: Sendable {
             responseType: Organization.self
         )
     }
+
+    /// Tests three-level allOf chain where a parent schema itself uses allOf with $ref elements. The grandparent's properties must be resolved through the nested $ref.
+    ///
+    /// - Parameter requestOptions: Additional options for configuring the request, such as custom headers or timeout settings.
+    public func createPlant(request: Requests.PlantPost, requestOptions: RequestOptions? = nil) async throws -> PlantStrict {
+        return try await httpClient.performRequest(
+            method: .post,
+            path: "/plants",
+            body: request,
+            requestOptions: requestOptions,
+            responseType: PlantStrict.self
+        )
+    }
+
+    /// Tests that when a parent's allOf contains multiple $ref entries, all of them are resolved and their properties merged.
+    ///
+    /// - Parameter requestOptions: Additional options for configuring the request, such as custom headers or timeout settings.
+    public func createTree(request: TreeRecord, requestOptions: RequestOptions? = nil) async throws -> TreeRecord {
+        return try await httpClient.performRequest(
+            method: .post,
+            path: "/trees",
+            body: request,
+            requestOptions: requestOptions,
+            responseType: TreeRecord.self
+        )
+    }
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/seed/swift-sdk/allof-inline/Sources/Requests/Requests+PlantPost.swift b/seed/swift-sdk/allof-inline/Sources/Requests/Requests+PlantPost.swift
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..1df6fe5a20d1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/swift-sdk/allof-inline/Sources/Requests/Requests+PlantPost.swift
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+import Foundation
+
+extension Requests {
+    public struct PlantPost: Codable, Hashable, Sendable {
+        /// The botanical species name.
+        public let species: String
+        /// The botanical family.
+        public let family: String
+        /// The botanical genus.
+        public let genus: String
+        /// The common name of the plant.
+        public let commonName: String
+        public let wateringFrequency: PlantPostWateringFrequency
+        /// Required sun exposure level.
+        public let sunExposure: PlantPostSunExposure
+        /// Date the plant was planted.
+        public let plantedAt: CalendarDate?
+        /// Preferred soil type.
+        public let soilType: String?
+        /// Additional properties that are not explicitly defined in the schema
+        public let additionalProperties: [String: JSONValue]
+
+        public init(
+            species: String,
+            family: String,
+            genus: String,
+            commonName: String,
+            wateringFrequency: PlantPostWateringFrequency,
+            sunExposure: PlantPostSunExposure,
+            plantedAt: CalendarDate? = nil,
+            soilType: String? = nil,
+            additionalProperties: [String: JSONValue] = .init()
+        ) {
+            self.species = species
+            self.family = family
+            self.genus = genus
+            self.commonName = commonName
+            self.wateringFrequency = wateringFrequency
+            self.sunExposure = sunExposure
+            self.plantedAt = plantedAt
+            self.soilType = soilType
+            self.additionalProperties = additionalProperties
+        }
+
+        public init(from decoder: Decoder) throws {
+            let container = try decoder.container(keyedBy: CodingKeys.self)
+            self.species = try container.decode(String.self, forKey: .species)
+            self.family = try container.decode(String.self, forKey: .family)
+            self.genus = try container.decode(String.self, forKey: .genus)
+            self.commonName = try container.decode(String.self, forKey: .commonName)
+            self.wateringFrequency = try container.decode(PlantPostWateringFrequency.self, forKey: .wateringFrequency)
+            self.sunExposure = try container.decode(PlantPostSunExposure.self, forKey: .sunExposure)
+            self.plantedAt = try container.decodeIfPresent(CalendarDate.self, forKey: .plantedAt)
+            self.soilType = try container.decodeIfPresent(String.self, forKey: .soilType)
+            self.additionalProperties = try decoder.decodeAdditionalProperties(using: CodingKeys.self)
+        }
+
+        public func encode(to encoder: Encoder) throws -> Void {
+            var container = encoder.container(keyedBy: CodingKeys.self)
+            try encoder.encodeAdditionalProperties(self.additionalProperties)
+            try container.encode(self.species, forKey: .species)
+            try container.encode(self.family, forKey: .family)
+            try container.encode(self.genus, forKey: .genus)
+            try container.encode(self.commonName, forKey: .commonName)
+            try container.encode(self.wateringFrequency, forKey: .wateringFrequency)
+            try container.encode(self.sunExposure, forKey: .sunExposure)
+            try container.encodeIfPresent(self.plantedAt, forKey: .plantedAt)
+            try container.encodeIfPresent(self.soilType, forKey: .soilType)
+        }
+
+        /// Keys for encoding/decoding struct properties.
+        enum CodingKeys: String, CodingKey, CaseIterable {
+            case species
+            case family
+            case genus
+            case commonName
+            case wateringFrequency
+            case sunExposure
+            case plantedAt
+            case soilType
+        }
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/seed/swift-sdk/allof-inline/Sources/Schemas/PlantBase.swift b/seed/swift-sdk/allof-inline/Sources/Schemas/PlantBase.swift
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..83e47413fffb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/swift-sdk/allof-inline/Sources/Schemas/PlantBase.swift
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+import Foundation
+
+public struct PlantBase: Codable, Hashable, Sendable {
+    /// The botanical species name.
+    public let species: String
+    /// The botanical family.
+    public let family: String
+    /// The botanical genus.
+    public let genus: String
+    /// The common name of the plant.
+    public let commonName: String?
+    public let wateringFrequency: PlantBaseWateringFrequency?
+    /// Additional properties that are not explicitly defined in the schema
+    public let additionalProperties: [String: JSONValue]
+
+    public init(
+        species: String,
+        family: String,
+        genus: String,
+        commonName: String? = nil,
+        wateringFrequency: PlantBaseWateringFrequency? = nil,
+        additionalProperties: [String: JSONValue] = .init()
+    ) {
+        self.species = species
+        self.family = family
+        self.genus = genus
+        self.commonName = commonName
+        self.wateringFrequency = wateringFrequency
+        self.additionalProperties = additionalProperties
+    }
+
+    public init(from decoder: Decoder) throws {
+        let container = try decoder.container(keyedBy: CodingKeys.self)
+        self.species = try container.decode(String.self, forKey: .species)
+        self.family = try container.decode(String.self, forKey: .family)
+        self.genus = try container.decode(String.self, forKey: .genus)
+        self.commonName = try container.decodeIfPresent(String.self, forKey: .commonName)
+        self.wateringFrequency = try container.decodeIfPresent(PlantBaseWateringFrequency.self, forKey: .wateringFrequency)
+        self.additionalProperties = try decoder.decodeAdditionalProperties(using: CodingKeys.self)
+    }
+
+    public func encode(to encoder: Encoder) throws -> Void {
+        var container = encoder.container(keyedBy: CodingKeys.self)
+        try encoder.encodeAdditionalProperties(self.additionalProperties)
+        try container.encode(self.species, forKey: .species)
+        try container.encode(self.family, forKey: .family)
+        try container.encode(self.genus, forKey: .genus)
+        try container.encodeIfPresent(self.commonName, forKey: .commonName)
+        try container.encodeIfPresent(self.wateringFrequency, forKey: .wateringFrequency)
+    }
+
+    /// Keys for encoding/decoding struct properties.
+    enum CodingKeys: String, CodingKey, CaseIterable {
+        case species
+        case family
+        case genus
+        case commonName
+        case wateringFrequency
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/seed/swift-sdk/allof-inline/Sources/Schemas/PlantBaseWateringFrequency.swift b/seed/swift-sdk/allof-inline/Sources/Schemas/PlantBaseWateringFrequency.swift
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..0fdbe24ce526
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/swift-sdk/allof-inline/Sources/Schemas/PlantBaseWateringFrequency.swift
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+import Foundation
+
+public enum PlantBaseWateringFrequency: String, Codable, Hashable, CaseIterable, Sendable {
+    case daily
+    case weekly
+    case biweekly
+    case monthly
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/seed/swift-sdk/allof-inline/Sources/Schemas/PlantPostSunExposure.swift b/seed/swift-sdk/allof-inline/Sources/Schemas/PlantPostSunExposure.swift
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..dceb046b43aa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/swift-sdk/allof-inline/Sources/Schemas/PlantPostSunExposure.swift
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+import Foundation
+
+/// Required sun exposure level.
+public enum PlantPostSunExposure: String, Codable, Hashable, CaseIterable, Sendable {
+    case full
+    case partial
+    case shade
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/seed/swift-sdk/allof-inline/Sources/Schemas/PlantPostWateringFrequency.swift b/seed/swift-sdk/allof-inline/Sources/Schemas/PlantPostWateringFrequency.swift
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..0403baa1e829
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/swift-sdk/allof-inline/Sources/Schemas/PlantPostWateringFrequency.swift
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+import Foundation
+
+public enum PlantPostWateringFrequency: String, Codable, Hashable, CaseIterable, Sendable {
+    case daily
+    case weekly
+    case biweekly
+    case monthly
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/seed/swift-sdk/allof-inline/Sources/Schemas/PlantStrict.swift b/seed/swift-sdk/allof-inline/Sources/Schemas/PlantStrict.swift
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..3bda95c55a56
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/swift-sdk/allof-inline/Sources/Schemas/PlantStrict.swift
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+import Foundation
+
+public struct PlantStrict: Codable, Hashable, Sendable {
+    /// The botanical species name.
+    public let species: String
+    /// The botanical family.
+    public let family: String
+    /// The botanical genus.
+    public let genus: String
+    /// Additional properties that are not explicitly defined in the schema
+    public let additionalProperties: [String: JSONValue]
+
+    public init(
+        species: String,
+        family: String,
+        genus: String,
+        additionalProperties: [String: JSONValue] = .init()
+    ) {
+        self.species = species
+        self.family = family
+        self.genus = genus
+        self.additionalProperties = additionalProperties
+    }
+
+    public init(from decoder: Decoder) throws {
+        let container = try decoder.container(keyedBy: CodingKeys.self)
+        self.species = try container.decode(String.self, forKey: .species)
+        self.family = try container.decode(String.self, forKey: .family)
+        self.genus = try container.decode(String.self, forKey: .genus)
+        self.additionalProperties = try decoder.decodeAdditionalProperties(using: CodingKeys.self)
+    }
+
+    public func encode(to encoder: Encoder) throws -> Void {
+        var container = encoder.container(keyedBy: CodingKeys.self)
+        try encoder.encodeAdditionalProperties(self.additionalProperties)
+        try container.encode(self.species, forKey: .species)
+        try container.encode(self.family, forKey: .family)
+        try container.encode(self.genus, forKey: .genus)
+    }
+
+    /// Keys for encoding/decoding struct properties.
+    enum CodingKeys: String, CodingKey, CaseIterable {
+        case species
+        case family
+        case genus
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/seed/swift-sdk/allof-inline/Sources/Schemas/TreeBase.swift b/seed/swift-sdk/allof-inline/Sources/Schemas/TreeBase.swift
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..081bd4abd095
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/swift-sdk/allof-inline/Sources/Schemas/TreeBase.swift
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+import Foundation
+
+public struct TreeBase: Codable, Hashable, Sendable {
+    /// Unique tree identifier.
+    public let id: String
+    /// Display name of the tree.
+    public let treeName: String?
+    /// A description of the tree.
+    public let treeDescription: String?
+    /// The species of tree.
+    public let treeSpecies: String?
+    /// Height of the tree in feet.
+    public let heightInFeet: Double?
+    /// Additional properties that are not explicitly defined in the schema
+    public let additionalProperties: [String: JSONValue]
+
+    public init(
+        id: String,
+        treeName: String? = nil,
+        treeDescription: String? = nil,
+        treeSpecies: String? = nil,
+        heightInFeet: Double? = nil,
+        additionalProperties: [String: JSONValue] = .init()
+    ) {
+        self.id = id
+        self.treeName = treeName
+        self.treeDescription = treeDescription
+        self.treeSpecies = treeSpecies
+        self.heightInFeet = heightInFeet
+        self.additionalProperties = additionalProperties
+    }
+
+    public init(from decoder: Decoder) throws {
+        let container = try decoder.container(keyedBy: CodingKeys.self)
+        self.id = try container.decode(String.self, forKey: .id)
+        self.treeName = try container.decodeIfPresent(String.self, forKey: .treeName)
+        self.treeDescription = try container.decodeIfPresent(String.self, forKey: .treeDescription)
+        self.treeSpecies = try container.decodeIfPresent(String.self, forKey: .treeSpecies)
+        self.heightInFeet = try container.decodeIfPresent(Double.self, forKey: .heightInFeet)
+        self.additionalProperties = try decoder.decodeAdditionalProperties(using: CodingKeys.self)
+    }
+
+    public func encode(to encoder: Encoder) throws -> Void {
+        var container = encoder.container(keyedBy: CodingKeys.self)
+        try encoder.encodeAdditionalProperties(self.additionalProperties)
+        try container.encode(self.id, forKey: .id)
+        try container.encodeIfPresent(self.treeName, forKey: .treeName)
+        try container.encodeIfPresent(self.treeDescription, forKey: .treeDescription)
+        try container.encodeIfPresent(self.treeSpecies, forKey: .treeSpecies)
+        try container.encodeIfPresent(self.heightInFeet, forKey: .heightInFeet)
+    }
+
+    /// Keys for encoding/decoding struct properties.
+    enum CodingKeys: String, CodingKey, CaseIterable {
+        case id
+        case treeName
+        case treeDescription
+        case treeSpecies
+        case heightInFeet
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/seed/swift-sdk/allof-inline/Sources/Schemas/TreeDescribable.swift b/seed/swift-sdk/allof-inline/Sources/Schemas/TreeDescribable.swift
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..df29e1c902a5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/swift-sdk/allof-inline/Sources/Schemas/TreeDescribable.swift
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+import Foundation
+
+public struct TreeDescribable: Codable, Hashable, Sendable {
+    /// Display name of the tree.
+    public let treeName: String?
+    /// A description of the tree.
+    public let treeDescription: String?
+    /// Additional properties that are not explicitly defined in the schema
+    public let additionalProperties: [String: JSONValue]
+
+    public init(
+        treeName: String? = nil,
+        treeDescription: String? = nil,
+        additionalProperties: [String: JSONValue] = .init()
+    ) {
+        self.treeName = treeName
+        self.treeDescription = treeDescription
+        self.additionalProperties = additionalProperties
+    }
+
+    public init(from decoder: Decoder) throws {
+        let container = try decoder.container(keyedBy: CodingKeys.self)
+        self.treeName = try container.decodeIfPresent(String.self, forKey: .treeName)
+        self.treeDescription = try container.decodeIfPresent(String.self, forKey: .treeDescription)
+        self.additionalProperties = try decoder.decodeAdditionalProperties(using: CodingKeys.self)
+    }
+
+    public func encode(to encoder: Encoder) throws -> Void {
+        var container = encoder.container(keyedBy: CodingKeys.self)
+        try encoder.encodeAdditionalProperties(self.additionalProperties)
+        try container.encodeIfPresent(self.treeName, forKey: .treeName)
+        try container.encodeIfPresent(self.treeDescription, forKey: .treeDescription)
+    }
+
+    /// Keys for encoding/decoding struct properties.
+    enum CodingKeys: String, CodingKey, CaseIterable {
+        case treeName
+        case treeDescription
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/seed/swift-sdk/allof-inline/Sources/Schemas/TreeIdentifiable.swift b/seed/swift-sdk/allof-inline/Sources/Schemas/TreeIdentifiable.swift
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..412fdc8ae04a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/swift-sdk/allof-inline/Sources/Schemas/TreeIdentifiable.swift
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+import Foundation
+
+public struct TreeIdentifiable: Codable, Hashable, Sendable {
+    /// Unique tree identifier.
+    public let id: String
+    /// Additional properties that are not explicitly defined in the schema
+    public let additionalProperties: [String: JSONValue]
+
+    public init(
+        id: String,
+        additionalProperties: [String: JSONValue] = .init()
+    ) {
+        self.id = id
+        self.additionalProperties = additionalProperties
+    }
+
+    public init(from decoder: Decoder) throws {
+        let container = try decoder.container(keyedBy: CodingKeys.self)
+        self.id = try container.decode(String.self, forKey: .id)
+        self.additionalProperties = try decoder.decodeAdditionalProperties(using: CodingKeys.self)
+    }
+
+    public func encode(to encoder: Encoder) throws -> Void {
+        var container = encoder.container(keyedBy: CodingKeys.self)
+        try encoder.encodeAdditionalProperties(self.additionalProperties)
+        try container.encode(self.id, forKey: .id)
+    }
+
+    /// Keys for encoding/decoding struct properties.
+    enum CodingKeys: String, CodingKey, CaseIterable {
+        case id
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/seed/swift-sdk/allof-inline/Sources/Schemas/TreeRecord.swift b/seed/swift-sdk/allof-inline/Sources/Schemas/TreeRecord.swift
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..3f7f1597b545
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/swift-sdk/allof-inline/Sources/Schemas/TreeRecord.swift
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+import Foundation
+
+public struct TreeRecord: Codable, Hashable, Sendable {
+    /// Unique tree identifier.
+    public let id: String
+    /// Display name of the tree.
+    public let treeName: String
+    /// A description of the tree.
+    public let treeDescription: String?
+    /// The species of tree.
+    public let treeSpecies: String
+    /// Height of the tree in feet.
+    public let heightInFeet: Double?
+    /// Date the tree was planted.
+    public let plantedDate: CalendarDate?
+    /// Additional properties that are not explicitly defined in the schema
+    public let additionalProperties: [String: JSONValue]
+
+    public init(
+        id: String,
+        treeName: String,
+        treeDescription: String? = nil,
+        treeSpecies: String,
+        heightInFeet: Double? = nil,
+        plantedDate: CalendarDate? = nil,
+        additionalProperties: [String: JSONValue] = .init()
+    ) {
+        self.id = id
+        self.treeName = treeName
+        self.treeDescription = treeDescription
+        self.treeSpecies = treeSpecies
+        self.heightInFeet = heightInFeet
+        self.plantedDate = plantedDate
+        self.additionalProperties = additionalProperties
+    }
+
+    public init(from decoder: Decoder) throws {
+        let container = try decoder.container(keyedBy: CodingKeys.self)
+        self.id = try container.decode(String.self, forKey: .id)
+        self.treeName = try container.decode(String.self, forKey: .treeName)
+        self.treeDescription = try container.decodeIfPresent(String.self, forKey: .treeDescription)
+        self.treeSpecies = try container.decode(String.self, forKey: .treeSpecies)
+        self.heightInFeet = try container.decodeIfPresent(Double.self, forKey: .heightInFeet)
+        self.plantedDate = try container.decodeIfPresent(CalendarDate.self, forKey: .plantedDate)
+        self.additionalProperties = try decoder.decodeAdditionalProperties(using: CodingKeys.self)
+    }
+
+    public func encode(to encoder: Encoder) throws -> Void {
+        var container = encoder.container(keyedBy: CodingKeys.self)
+        try encoder.encodeAdditionalProperties(self.additionalProperties)
+        try container.encode(self.id, forKey: .id)
+        try container.encode(self.treeName, forKey: .treeName)
+        try container.encodeIfPresent(self.treeDescription, forKey: .treeDescription)
+        try container.encode(self.treeSpecies, forKey: .treeSpecies)
+        try container.encodeIfPresent(self.heightInFeet, forKey: .heightInFeet)
+        try container.encodeIfPresent(self.plantedDate, forKey: .plantedDate)
+    }
+
+    /// Keys for encoding/decoding struct properties.
+    enum CodingKeys: String, CodingKey, CaseIterable {
+        case id
+        case treeName
+        case treeDescription
+        case treeSpecies
+        case heightInFeet
+        case plantedDate
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/seed/swift-sdk/allof-inline/reference.md b/seed/swift-sdk/allof-inline/reference.md
index 75ea9a025cca..52fc49b6ea40 100644
--- a/seed/swift-sdk/allof-inline/reference.md
+++ b/seed/swift-sdk/allof-inline/reference.md
@@ -263,3 +263,156 @@ try await main()
 </dl>
 </details>
 
+<details><summary><code>client.<a href="/Sources/ApiClient.swift">createPlant</a>(request: Requests.PlantPost, requestOptions: RequestOptions?) -> PlantStrict</code></summary>
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+#### 📝 Description
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+Tests three-level allOf chain where a parent schema itself uses allOf with $ref elements. The grandparent's properties must be resolved through the nested $ref.
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+#### 🔌 Usage
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+```swift
+import Foundation
+import Api
+
+private func main() async throws {
+    let client = ApiClient()
+
+    _ = try await client.createPlant(request: .init(
+        species: "species",
+        family: "family",
+        genus: "genus",
+        commonName: "commonName",
+        wateringFrequency: .daily,
+        sunExposure: .full
+    ))
+}
+
+try await main()
+```
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+#### ⚙️ Parameters
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+**request:** `Requests.PlantPost` 
+    
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+**requestOptions:** `RequestOptions?` — Additional options for configuring the request, such as custom headers or timeout settings.
+    
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</details>
+
+<details><summary><code>client.<a href="/Sources/ApiClient.swift">createTree</a>(request: TreeRecord, requestOptions: RequestOptions?) -> TreeRecord</code></summary>
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+#### 📝 Description
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+Tests that when a parent's allOf contains multiple $ref entries, all of them are resolved and their properties merged.
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+#### 🔌 Usage
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+```swift
+import Foundation
+import Api
+
+private func main() async throws {
+    let client = ApiClient()
+
+    _ = try await client.createTree(request: TreeRecord(
+        id: "id",
+        treeName: "treeName",
+        treeSpecies: "treeSpecies"
+    ))
+}
+
+try await main()
+```
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+#### ⚙️ Parameters
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+**request:** `TreeRecord` 
+    
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+**requestOptions:** `RequestOptions?` — Additional options for configuring the request, such as custom headers or timeout settings.
+    
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</details>
+
diff --git a/seed/swift-sdk/allof/Snippets/Example10.swift b/seed/swift-sdk/allof/Snippets/Example10.swift
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..cf463d2ad281
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/swift-sdk/allof/Snippets/Example10.swift
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+import Foundation
+import Api
+
+private func main() async throws {
+    let client = ApiClient(baseURL: "https://api.fern.com")
+
+    _ = try await client.createPlant(request: .init(
+        species: "species",
+        family: "family",
+        genus: "genus",
+        sunExposure: .full
+    ))
+}
+
+try await main()
diff --git a/seed/swift-sdk/allof/Snippets/Example11.swift b/seed/swift-sdk/allof/Snippets/Example11.swift
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..1f87027a7956
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/swift-sdk/allof/Snippets/Example11.swift
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+import Foundation
+import Api
+
+private func main() async throws {
+    let client = ApiClient(baseURL: "https://api.fern.com")
+
+    _ = try await client.createPlant(request: .init(
+        commonName: "commonName",
+        wateringFrequency: .daily,
+        species: "species",
+        family: "family",
+        genus: "genus",
+        sunExposure: .full,
+        plantedAt: CalendarDate("2023-01-15")!,
+        soilType: "soilType"
+    ))
+}
+
+try await main()
diff --git a/seed/swift-sdk/allof/Snippets/Example12.swift b/seed/swift-sdk/allof/Snippets/Example12.swift
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..744df05f9b07
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/swift-sdk/allof/Snippets/Example12.swift
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+import Foundation
+import Api
+
+private func main() async throws {
+    let client = ApiClient(baseURL: "https://api.fern.com")
+
+    _ = try await client.createTree(request: TreeRecord(
+        id: "id"
+    ))
+}
+
+try await main()
diff --git a/seed/swift-sdk/allof/Snippets/Example13.swift b/seed/swift-sdk/allof/Snippets/Example13.swift
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..6b7e3c73762c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/swift-sdk/allof/Snippets/Example13.swift
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+import Foundation
+import Api
+
+private func main() async throws {
+    let client = ApiClient(baseURL: "https://api.fern.com")
+
+    _ = try await client.createTree(request: TreeRecord(
+        treeSpecies: "treeSpecies",
+        heightInFeet: 1.1,
+        id: "id",
+        treeName: "treeName",
+        treeDescription: "treeDescription",
+        plantedDate: CalendarDate("2023-01-15")!
+    ))
+}
+
+try await main()
diff --git a/seed/swift-sdk/allof/Sources/ApiClient.swift b/seed/swift-sdk/allof/Sources/ApiClient.swift
index 3bb0c30a67c5..4c4861c3b599 100644
--- a/seed/swift-sdk/allof/Sources/ApiClient.swift
+++ b/seed/swift-sdk/allof/Sources/ApiClient.swift
@@ -101,4 +101,30 @@ public final class ApiClient: Sendable {
             responseType: Organization.self
         )
     }
+
+    /// Tests three-level allOf chain where a parent schema itself uses allOf with $ref elements. The grandparent's properties must be resolved through the nested $ref.
+    ///
+    /// - Parameter requestOptions: Additional options for configuring the request, such as custom headers or timeout settings.
+    public func createPlant(request: Requests.PlantPost, requestOptions: RequestOptions? = nil) async throws -> PlantStrict {
+        return try await httpClient.performRequest(
+            method: .post,
+            path: "/plants",
+            body: request,
+            requestOptions: requestOptions,
+            responseType: PlantStrict.self
+        )
+    }
+
+    /// Tests that when a parent's allOf contains multiple $ref entries, all of them are resolved and their properties merged.
+    ///
+    /// - Parameter requestOptions: Additional options for configuring the request, such as custom headers or timeout settings.
+    public func createTree(request: TreeRecord, requestOptions: RequestOptions? = nil) async throws -> TreeRecord {
+        return try await httpClient.performRequest(
+            method: .post,
+            path: "/trees",
+            body: request,
+            requestOptions: requestOptions,
+            responseType: TreeRecord.self
+        )
+    }
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/seed/swift-sdk/allof/Sources/Requests/Requests+PlantPost.swift b/seed/swift-sdk/allof/Sources/Requests/Requests+PlantPost.swift
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..30a65cd1ee0b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/swift-sdk/allof/Sources/Requests/Requests+PlantPost.swift
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+import Foundation
+
+extension Requests {
+    public struct PlantPost: Codable, Hashable, Sendable {
+        /// The common name of the plant.
+        public let commonName: String?
+        public let wateringFrequency: PlantBaseWateringFrequency?
+        /// The botanical species name.
+        public let species: String
+        /// The botanical family.
+        public let family: String
+        /// The botanical genus.
+        public let genus: String
+        /// Required sun exposure level.
+        public let sunExposure: PlantPostSunExposure
+        /// Date the plant was planted.
+        public let plantedAt: CalendarDate?
+        /// Preferred soil type.
+        public let soilType: String?
+        /// Additional properties that are not explicitly defined in the schema
+        public let additionalProperties: [String: JSONValue]
+
+        public init(
+            commonName: String? = nil,
+            wateringFrequency: PlantBaseWateringFrequency? = nil,
+            species: String,
+            family: String,
+            genus: String,
+            sunExposure: PlantPostSunExposure,
+            plantedAt: CalendarDate? = nil,
+            soilType: String? = nil,
+            additionalProperties: [String: JSONValue] = .init()
+        ) {
+            self.commonName = commonName
+            self.wateringFrequency = wateringFrequency
+            self.species = species
+            self.family = family
+            self.genus = genus
+            self.sunExposure = sunExposure
+            self.plantedAt = plantedAt
+            self.soilType = soilType
+            self.additionalProperties = additionalProperties
+        }
+
+        public init(from decoder: Decoder) throws {
+            let container = try decoder.container(keyedBy: CodingKeys.self)
+            self.commonName = try container.decodeIfPresent(String.self, forKey: .commonName)
+            self.wateringFrequency = try container.decodeIfPresent(PlantBaseWateringFrequency.self, forKey: .wateringFrequency)
+            self.species = try container.decode(String.self, forKey: .species)
+            self.family = try container.decode(String.self, forKey: .family)
+            self.genus = try container.decode(String.self, forKey: .genus)
+            self.sunExposure = try container.decode(PlantPostSunExposure.self, forKey: .sunExposure)
+            self.plantedAt = try container.decodeIfPresent(CalendarDate.self, forKey: .plantedAt)
+            self.soilType = try container.decodeIfPresent(String.self, forKey: .soilType)
+            self.additionalProperties = try decoder.decodeAdditionalProperties(using: CodingKeys.self)
+        }
+
+        public func encode(to encoder: Encoder) throws -> Void {
+            var container = encoder.container(keyedBy: CodingKeys.self)
+            try encoder.encodeAdditionalProperties(self.additionalProperties)
+            try container.encodeIfPresent(self.commonName, forKey: .commonName)
+            try container.encodeIfPresent(self.wateringFrequency, forKey: .wateringFrequency)
+            try container.encode(self.species, forKey: .species)
+            try container.encode(self.family, forKey: .family)
+            try container.encode(self.genus, forKey: .genus)
+            try container.encode(self.sunExposure, forKey: .sunExposure)
+            try container.encodeIfPresent(self.plantedAt, forKey: .plantedAt)
+            try container.encodeIfPresent(self.soilType, forKey: .soilType)
+        }
+
+        /// Keys for encoding/decoding struct properties.
+        enum CodingKeys: String, CodingKey, CaseIterable {
+            case commonName
+            case wateringFrequency
+            case species
+            case family
+            case genus
+            case sunExposure
+            case plantedAt
+            case soilType
+        }
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/seed/swift-sdk/allof/Sources/Schemas/PlantBase.swift b/seed/swift-sdk/allof/Sources/Schemas/PlantBase.swift
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..83e47413fffb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/swift-sdk/allof/Sources/Schemas/PlantBase.swift
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+import Foundation
+
+public struct PlantBase: Codable, Hashable, Sendable {
+    /// The botanical species name.
+    public let species: String
+    /// The botanical family.
+    public let family: String
+    /// The botanical genus.
+    public let genus: String
+    /// The common name of the plant.
+    public let commonName: String?
+    public let wateringFrequency: PlantBaseWateringFrequency?
+    /// Additional properties that are not explicitly defined in the schema
+    public let additionalProperties: [String: JSONValue]
+
+    public init(
+        species: String,
+        family: String,
+        genus: String,
+        commonName: String? = nil,
+        wateringFrequency: PlantBaseWateringFrequency? = nil,
+        additionalProperties: [String: JSONValue] = .init()
+    ) {
+        self.species = species
+        self.family = family
+        self.genus = genus
+        self.commonName = commonName
+        self.wateringFrequency = wateringFrequency
+        self.additionalProperties = additionalProperties
+    }
+
+    public init(from decoder: Decoder) throws {
+        let container = try decoder.container(keyedBy: CodingKeys.self)
+        self.species = try container.decode(String.self, forKey: .species)
+        self.family = try container.decode(String.self, forKey: .family)
+        self.genus = try container.decode(String.self, forKey: .genus)
+        self.commonName = try container.decodeIfPresent(String.self, forKey: .commonName)
+        self.wateringFrequency = try container.decodeIfPresent(PlantBaseWateringFrequency.self, forKey: .wateringFrequency)
+        self.additionalProperties = try decoder.decodeAdditionalProperties(using: CodingKeys.self)
+    }
+
+    public func encode(to encoder: Encoder) throws -> Void {
+        var container = encoder.container(keyedBy: CodingKeys.self)
+        try encoder.encodeAdditionalProperties(self.additionalProperties)
+        try container.encode(self.species, forKey: .species)
+        try container.encode(self.family, forKey: .family)
+        try container.encode(self.genus, forKey: .genus)
+        try container.encodeIfPresent(self.commonName, forKey: .commonName)
+        try container.encodeIfPresent(self.wateringFrequency, forKey: .wateringFrequency)
+    }
+
+    /// Keys for encoding/decoding struct properties.
+    enum CodingKeys: String, CodingKey, CaseIterable {
+        case species
+        case family
+        case genus
+        case commonName
+        case wateringFrequency
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/seed/swift-sdk/allof/Sources/Schemas/PlantBaseWateringFrequency.swift b/seed/swift-sdk/allof/Sources/Schemas/PlantBaseWateringFrequency.swift
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..0fdbe24ce526
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/swift-sdk/allof/Sources/Schemas/PlantBaseWateringFrequency.swift
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+import Foundation
+
+public enum PlantBaseWateringFrequency: String, Codable, Hashable, CaseIterable, Sendable {
+    case daily
+    case weekly
+    case biweekly
+    case monthly
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/seed/swift-sdk/allof/Sources/Schemas/PlantPostSunExposure.swift b/seed/swift-sdk/allof/Sources/Schemas/PlantPostSunExposure.swift
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..dceb046b43aa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/swift-sdk/allof/Sources/Schemas/PlantPostSunExposure.swift
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+import Foundation
+
+/// Required sun exposure level.
+public enum PlantPostSunExposure: String, Codable, Hashable, CaseIterable, Sendable {
+    case full
+    case partial
+    case shade
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/seed/swift-sdk/allof/Sources/Schemas/PlantStrict.swift b/seed/swift-sdk/allof/Sources/Schemas/PlantStrict.swift
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..3bda95c55a56
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/swift-sdk/allof/Sources/Schemas/PlantStrict.swift
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+import Foundation
+
+public struct PlantStrict: Codable, Hashable, Sendable {
+    /// The botanical species name.
+    public let species: String
+    /// The botanical family.
+    public let family: String
+    /// The botanical genus.
+    public let genus: String
+    /// Additional properties that are not explicitly defined in the schema
+    public let additionalProperties: [String: JSONValue]
+
+    public init(
+        species: String,
+        family: String,
+        genus: String,
+        additionalProperties: [String: JSONValue] = .init()
+    ) {
+        self.species = species
+        self.family = family
+        self.genus = genus
+        self.additionalProperties = additionalProperties
+    }
+
+    public init(from decoder: Decoder) throws {
+        let container = try decoder.container(keyedBy: CodingKeys.self)
+        self.species = try container.decode(String.self, forKey: .species)
+        self.family = try container.decode(String.self, forKey: .family)
+        self.genus = try container.decode(String.self, forKey: .genus)
+        self.additionalProperties = try decoder.decodeAdditionalProperties(using: CodingKeys.self)
+    }
+
+    public func encode(to encoder: Encoder) throws -> Void {
+        var container = encoder.container(keyedBy: CodingKeys.self)
+        try encoder.encodeAdditionalProperties(self.additionalProperties)
+        try container.encode(self.species, forKey: .species)
+        try container.encode(self.family, forKey: .family)
+        try container.encode(self.genus, forKey: .genus)
+    }
+
+    /// Keys for encoding/decoding struct properties.
+    enum CodingKeys: String, CodingKey, CaseIterable {
+        case species
+        case family
+        case genus
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/seed/swift-sdk/allof/Sources/Schemas/TreeBase.swift b/seed/swift-sdk/allof/Sources/Schemas/TreeBase.swift
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..081bd4abd095
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/swift-sdk/allof/Sources/Schemas/TreeBase.swift
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+import Foundation
+
+public struct TreeBase: Codable, Hashable, Sendable {
+    /// Unique tree identifier.
+    public let id: String
+    /// Display name of the tree.
+    public let treeName: String?
+    /// A description of the tree.
+    public let treeDescription: String?
+    /// The species of tree.
+    public let treeSpecies: String?
+    /// Height of the tree in feet.
+    public let heightInFeet: Double?
+    /// Additional properties that are not explicitly defined in the schema
+    public let additionalProperties: [String: JSONValue]
+
+    public init(
+        id: String,
+        treeName: String? = nil,
+        treeDescription: String? = nil,
+        treeSpecies: String? = nil,
+        heightInFeet: Double? = nil,
+        additionalProperties: [String: JSONValue] = .init()
+    ) {
+        self.id = id
+        self.treeName = treeName
+        self.treeDescription = treeDescription
+        self.treeSpecies = treeSpecies
+        self.heightInFeet = heightInFeet
+        self.additionalProperties = additionalProperties
+    }
+
+    public init(from decoder: Decoder) throws {
+        let container = try decoder.container(keyedBy: CodingKeys.self)
+        self.id = try container.decode(String.self, forKey: .id)
+        self.treeName = try container.decodeIfPresent(String.self, forKey: .treeName)
+        self.treeDescription = try container.decodeIfPresent(String.self, forKey: .treeDescription)
+        self.treeSpecies = try container.decodeIfPresent(String.self, forKey: .treeSpecies)
+        self.heightInFeet = try container.decodeIfPresent(Double.self, forKey: .heightInFeet)
+        self.additionalProperties = try decoder.decodeAdditionalProperties(using: CodingKeys.self)
+    }
+
+    public func encode(to encoder: Encoder) throws -> Void {
+        var container = encoder.container(keyedBy: CodingKeys.self)
+        try encoder.encodeAdditionalProperties(self.additionalProperties)
+        try container.encode(self.id, forKey: .id)
+        try container.encodeIfPresent(self.treeName, forKey: .treeName)
+        try container.encodeIfPresent(self.treeDescription, forKey: .treeDescription)
+        try container.encodeIfPresent(self.treeSpecies, forKey: .treeSpecies)
+        try container.encodeIfPresent(self.heightInFeet, forKey: .heightInFeet)
+    }
+
+    /// Keys for encoding/decoding struct properties.
+    enum CodingKeys: String, CodingKey, CaseIterable {
+        case id
+        case treeName
+        case treeDescription
+        case treeSpecies
+        case heightInFeet
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/seed/swift-sdk/allof/Sources/Schemas/TreeDescribable.swift b/seed/swift-sdk/allof/Sources/Schemas/TreeDescribable.swift
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..df29e1c902a5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/swift-sdk/allof/Sources/Schemas/TreeDescribable.swift
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+import Foundation
+
+public struct TreeDescribable: Codable, Hashable, Sendable {
+    /// Display name of the tree.
+    public let treeName: String?
+    /// A description of the tree.
+    public let treeDescription: String?
+    /// Additional properties that are not explicitly defined in the schema
+    public let additionalProperties: [String: JSONValue]
+
+    public init(
+        treeName: String? = nil,
+        treeDescription: String? = nil,
+        additionalProperties: [String: JSONValue] = .init()
+    ) {
+        self.treeName = treeName
+        self.treeDescription = treeDescription
+        self.additionalProperties = additionalProperties
+    }
+
+    public init(from decoder: Decoder) throws {
+        let container = try decoder.container(keyedBy: CodingKeys.self)
+        self.treeName = try container.decodeIfPresent(String.self, forKey: .treeName)
+        self.treeDescription = try container.decodeIfPresent(String.self, forKey: .treeDescription)
+        self.additionalProperties = try decoder.decodeAdditionalProperties(using: CodingKeys.self)
+    }
+
+    public func encode(to encoder: Encoder) throws -> Void {
+        var container = encoder.container(keyedBy: CodingKeys.self)
+        try encoder.encodeAdditionalProperties(self.additionalProperties)
+        try container.encodeIfPresent(self.treeName, forKey: .treeName)
+        try container.encodeIfPresent(self.treeDescription, forKey: .treeDescription)
+    }
+
+    /// Keys for encoding/decoding struct properties.
+    enum CodingKeys: String, CodingKey, CaseIterable {
+        case treeName
+        case treeDescription
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/seed/swift-sdk/allof/Sources/Schemas/TreeIdentifiable.swift b/seed/swift-sdk/allof/Sources/Schemas/TreeIdentifiable.swift
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..412fdc8ae04a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/swift-sdk/allof/Sources/Schemas/TreeIdentifiable.swift
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+import Foundation
+
+public struct TreeIdentifiable: Codable, Hashable, Sendable {
+    /// Unique tree identifier.
+    public let id: String
+    /// Additional properties that are not explicitly defined in the schema
+    public let additionalProperties: [String: JSONValue]
+
+    public init(
+        id: String,
+        additionalProperties: [String: JSONValue] = .init()
+    ) {
+        self.id = id
+        self.additionalProperties = additionalProperties
+    }
+
+    public init(from decoder: Decoder) throws {
+        let container = try decoder.container(keyedBy: CodingKeys.self)
+        self.id = try container.decode(String.self, forKey: .id)
+        self.additionalProperties = try decoder.decodeAdditionalProperties(using: CodingKeys.self)
+    }
+
+    public func encode(to encoder: Encoder) throws -> Void {
+        var container = encoder.container(keyedBy: CodingKeys.self)
+        try encoder.encodeAdditionalProperties(self.additionalProperties)
+        try container.encode(self.id, forKey: .id)
+    }
+
+    /// Keys for encoding/decoding struct properties.
+    enum CodingKeys: String, CodingKey, CaseIterable {
+        case id
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/seed/swift-sdk/allof/Sources/Schemas/TreeRecord.swift b/seed/swift-sdk/allof/Sources/Schemas/TreeRecord.swift
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..ad61b0632b2e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/swift-sdk/allof/Sources/Schemas/TreeRecord.swift
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+import Foundation
+
+public struct TreeRecord: Codable, Hashable, Sendable {
+    /// The species of tree.
+    public let treeSpecies: String?
+    /// Height of the tree in feet.
+    public let heightInFeet: Double?
+    /// Unique tree identifier.
+    public let id: String
+    /// Display name of the tree.
+    public let treeName: String?
+    /// A description of the tree.
+    public let treeDescription: String?
+    /// Date the tree was planted.
+    public let plantedDate: CalendarDate?
+    /// Additional properties that are not explicitly defined in the schema
+    public let additionalProperties: [String: JSONValue]
+
+    public init(
+        treeSpecies: String? = nil,
+        heightInFeet: Double? = nil,
+        id: String,
+        treeName: String? = nil,
+        treeDescription: String? = nil,
+        plantedDate: CalendarDate? = nil,
+        additionalProperties: [String: JSONValue] = .init()
+    ) {
+        self.treeSpecies = treeSpecies
+        self.heightInFeet = heightInFeet
+        self.id = id
+        self.treeName = treeName
+        self.treeDescription = treeDescription
+        self.plantedDate = plantedDate
+        self.additionalProperties = additionalProperties
+    }
+
+    public init(from decoder: Decoder) throws {
+        let container = try decoder.container(keyedBy: CodingKeys.self)
+        self.treeSpecies = try container.decodeIfPresent(String.self, forKey: .treeSpecies)
+        self.heightInFeet = try container.decodeIfPresent(Double.self, forKey: .heightInFeet)
+        self.id = try container.decode(String.self, forKey: .id)
+        self.treeName = try container.decodeIfPresent(String.self, forKey: .treeName)
+        self.treeDescription = try container.decodeIfPresent(String.self, forKey: .treeDescription)
+        self.plantedDate = try container.decodeIfPresent(CalendarDate.self, forKey: .plantedDate)
+        self.additionalProperties = try decoder.decodeAdditionalProperties(using: CodingKeys.self)
+    }
+
+    public func encode(to encoder: Encoder) throws -> Void {
+        var container = encoder.container(keyedBy: CodingKeys.self)
+        try encoder.encodeAdditionalProperties(self.additionalProperties)
+        try container.encodeIfPresent(self.treeSpecies, forKey: .treeSpecies)
+        try container.encodeIfPresent(self.heightInFeet, forKey: .heightInFeet)
+        try container.encode(self.id, forKey: .id)
+        try container.encodeIfPresent(self.treeName, forKey: .treeName)
+        try container.encodeIfPresent(self.treeDescription, forKey: .treeDescription)
+        try container.encodeIfPresent(self.plantedDate, forKey: .plantedDate)
+    }
+
+    /// Keys for encoding/decoding struct properties.
+    enum CodingKeys: String, CodingKey, CaseIterable {
+        case treeSpecies
+        case heightInFeet
+        case id
+        case treeName
+        case treeDescription
+        case plantedDate
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/seed/swift-sdk/allof/reference.md b/seed/swift-sdk/allof/reference.md
index 75ea9a025cca..7080138710b2 100644
--- a/seed/swift-sdk/allof/reference.md
+++ b/seed/swift-sdk/allof/reference.md
@@ -263,3 +263,152 @@ try await main()
 </dl>
 </details>
 
+<details><summary><code>client.<a href="/Sources/ApiClient.swift">createPlant</a>(request: Requests.PlantPost, requestOptions: RequestOptions?) -> PlantStrict</code></summary>
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+#### 📝 Description
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+Tests three-level allOf chain where a parent schema itself uses allOf with $ref elements. The grandparent's properties must be resolved through the nested $ref.
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+#### 🔌 Usage
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+```swift
+import Foundation
+import Api
+
+private func main() async throws {
+    let client = ApiClient()
+
+    _ = try await client.createPlant(request: .init(
+        species: "species",
+        family: "family",
+        genus: "genus",
+        sunExposure: .full
+    ))
+}
+
+try await main()
+```
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+#### ⚙️ Parameters
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+**request:** `Requests.PlantPost` 
+    
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+**requestOptions:** `RequestOptions?` — Additional options for configuring the request, such as custom headers or timeout settings.
+    
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</details>
+
+<details><summary><code>client.<a href="/Sources/ApiClient.swift">createTree</a>(request: TreeRecord, requestOptions: RequestOptions?) -> TreeRecord</code></summary>
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+#### 📝 Description
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+Tests that when a parent's allOf contains multiple $ref entries, all of them are resolved and their properties merged.
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+#### 🔌 Usage
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+```swift
+import Foundation
+import Api
+
+private func main() async throws {
+    let client = ApiClient()
+
+    _ = try await client.createTree(request: TreeRecord(
+        id: "id"
+    ))
+}
+
+try await main()
+```
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+#### ⚙️ Parameters
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+**request:** `TreeRecord` 
+    
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+**requestOptions:** `RequestOptions?` — Additional options for configuring the request, such as custom headers or timeout settings.
+    
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</details>
+
diff --git a/seed/ts-sdk/allof-inline/reference.md b/seed/ts-sdk/allof-inline/reference.md
index 6d75591df79d..9924ff8bcc28 100644
--- a/seed/ts-sdk/allof-inline/reference.md
+++ b/seed/ts-sdk/allof-inline/reference.md
@@ -223,3 +223,140 @@ await client.getOrganization();
 </dl>
 </details>
 
+<details><summary><code>client.<a href="/src/Client.ts">createPlant</a>({ ...params }) -> SeedApi.PlantStrict</code></summary>
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+#### 📝 Description
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+Tests three-level allOf chain where a parent schema itself uses allOf with $ref elements. The grandparent's properties must be resolved through the nested $ref.
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+#### 🔌 Usage
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+```typescript
+await client.createPlant({
+    species: "species",
+    family: "family",
+    genus: "genus",
+    commonName: "commonName",
+    wateringFrequency: "daily",
+    sunExposure: "full"
+});
+
+```
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+#### ⚙️ Parameters
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+**request:** `SeedApi.PlantPost` 
+    
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+**requestOptions:** `SeedApiClient.RequestOptions` 
+    
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</details>
+
+<details><summary><code>client.<a href="/src/Client.ts">createTree</a>({ ...params }) -> SeedApi.TreeRecord</code></summary>
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+#### 📝 Description
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+Tests that when a parent's allOf contains multiple $ref entries, all of them are resolved and their properties merged.
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+#### 🔌 Usage
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+```typescript
+await client.createTree({
+    id: "id",
+    treeName: "treeName",
+    treeSpecies: "treeSpecies"
+});
+
+```
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+#### ⚙️ Parameters
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+**request:** `SeedApi.TreeRecord` 
+    
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<dl>
+<dd>
+
+**requestOptions:** `SeedApiClient.RequestOptions` 
+    
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</details>
+
diff --git a/seed/ts-sdk/allof-inline/snippet.json b/seed/ts-sdk/allof-inline/snippet.json
index 8b75c9d2992f..160eaaa6636f 100644
--- a/seed/ts-sdk/allof-inline/snippet.json
+++ b/seed/ts-sdk/allof-inline/snippet.json
@@ -54,6 +54,28 @@
                 "type": "typescript",
                 "client": "import { SeedApiClient } from \"@fern/allof-inline\";\n\nconst client = new SeedApiClient;\nawait client.getOrganization();\n"
             }
+        },
+        {
+            "id": {
+                "path": "/plants",
+                "method": "POST",
+                "identifier_override": "endpoint_.createPlant"
+            },
+            "snippet": {
+                "type": "typescript",
+                "client": "import { SeedApiClient } from \"@fern/allof-inline\";\n\nconst client = new SeedApiClient;\nawait client.createPlant({\n    species: \"species\",\n    family: \"family\",\n    genus: \"genus\",\n    commonName: \"commonName\",\n    wateringFrequency: \"daily\",\n    sunExposure: \"full\"\n});\n"
+            }
+        },
+        {
+            "id": {
+                "path": "/trees",
+                "method": "POST",
+                "identifier_override": "endpoint_.createTree"
+            },
+            "snippet": {
+                "type": "typescript",
+                "client": "import { SeedApiClient } from \"@fern/allof-inline\";\n\nconst client = new SeedApiClient;\nawait client.createTree({\n    id: \"id\",\n    treeName: \"treeName\",\n    treeSpecies: \"treeSpecies\"\n});\n"
+            }
         }
     ],
     "types": {}
diff --git a/seed/ts-sdk/allof-inline/src/Client.ts b/seed/ts-sdk/allof-inline/src/Client.ts
index ba5afd81e1a0..21789920ff68 100644
--- a/seed/ts-sdk/allof-inline/src/Client.ts
+++ b/seed/ts-sdk/allof-inline/src/Client.ts
@@ -275,6 +275,127 @@ export class SeedApiClient {
         return handleNonStatusCodeError(_response.error, _response.rawResponse, "GET", "/organizations");
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Tests three-level allOf chain where a parent schema itself uses allOf with $ref elements. The grandparent's properties must be resolved through the nested $ref.
+     *
+     * @param {SeedApi.PlantPost} request
+     * @param {SeedApiClient.RequestOptions} requestOptions - Request-specific configuration.
+     *
+     * @example
+     *     await client.createPlant({
+     *         species: "species",
+     *         family: "family",
+     *         genus: "genus",
+     *         commonName: "commonName",
+     *         wateringFrequency: "daily",
+     *         sunExposure: "full"
+     *     })
+     */
+    public createPlant(
+        request: SeedApi.PlantPost,
+        requestOptions?: SeedApiClient.RequestOptions,
+    ): core.HttpResponsePromise<SeedApi.PlantStrict> {
+        return core.HttpResponsePromise.fromPromise(this.__createPlant(request, requestOptions));
+    }
+
+    private async __createPlant(
+        request: SeedApi.PlantPost,
+        requestOptions?: SeedApiClient.RequestOptions,
+    ): Promise<core.WithRawResponse<SeedApi.PlantStrict>> {
+        const _headers: core.Fetcher.Args["headers"] = mergeHeaders(this._options?.headers, requestOptions?.headers);
+        const _response = await core.fetcher({
+            url: core.url.join(
+                (await core.Supplier.get(this._options.baseUrl)) ??
+                    (await core.Supplier.get(this._options.environment)) ??
+                    environments.SeedApiEnvironment.Default,
+                "plants",
+            ),
+            method: "POST",
+            headers: _headers,
+            contentType: "application/json",
+            queryString: core.url.queryBuilder().mergeAdditional(requestOptions?.queryParams).build(),
+            requestType: "json",
+            body: request,
+            timeoutMs: (requestOptions?.timeoutInSeconds ?? this._options?.timeoutInSeconds ?? 60) * 1000,
+            maxRetries: requestOptions?.maxRetries ?? this._options?.maxRetries,
+            abortSignal: requestOptions?.abortSignal,
+            fetchFn: this._options?.fetch,
+            logging: this._options.logging,
+        });
+        if (_response.ok) {
+            return { data: _response.body as SeedApi.PlantStrict, rawResponse: _response.rawResponse };
+        }
+
+        if (_response.error.reason === "status-code") {
+            throw new errors.SeedApiError({
+                statusCode: _response.error.statusCode,
+                body: _response.error.body,
+                rawResponse: _response.rawResponse,
+            });
+        }
+
+        return handleNonStatusCodeError(_response.error, _response.rawResponse, "POST", "/plants");
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests that when a parent's allOf contains multiple $ref entries, all of them are resolved and their properties merged.
+     *
+     * @param {SeedApi.TreeRecord} request
+     * @param {SeedApiClient.RequestOptions} requestOptions - Request-specific configuration.
+     *
+     * @example
+     *     await client.createTree({
+     *         id: "id",
+     *         treeName: "treeName",
+     *         treeSpecies: "treeSpecies"
+     *     })
+     */
+    public createTree(
+        request: SeedApi.TreeRecord,
+        requestOptions?: SeedApiClient.RequestOptions,
+    ): core.HttpResponsePromise<SeedApi.TreeRecord> {
+        return core.HttpResponsePromise.fromPromise(this.__createTree(request, requestOptions));
+    }
+
+    private async __createTree(
+        request: SeedApi.TreeRecord,
+        requestOptions?: SeedApiClient.RequestOptions,
+    ): Promise<core.WithRawResponse<SeedApi.TreeRecord>> {
+        const _headers: core.Fetcher.Args["headers"] = mergeHeaders(this._options?.headers, requestOptions?.headers);
+        const _response = await core.fetcher({
+            url: core.url.join(
+                (await core.Supplier.get(this._options.baseUrl)) ??
+                    (await core.Supplier.get(this._options.environment)) ??
+                    environments.SeedApiEnvironment.Default,
+                "trees",
+            ),
+            method: "POST",
+            headers: _headers,
+            contentType: "application/json",
+            queryString: core.url.queryBuilder().mergeAdditional(requestOptions?.queryParams).build(),
+            requestType: "json",
+            body: request,
+            timeoutMs: (requestOptions?.timeoutInSeconds ?? this._options?.timeoutInSeconds ?? 60) * 1000,
+            maxRetries: requestOptions?.maxRetries ?? this._options?.maxRetries,
+            abortSignal: requestOptions?.abortSignal,
+            fetchFn: this._options?.fetch,
+            logging: this._options.logging,
+        });
+        if (_response.ok) {
+            return { data: _response.body as SeedApi.TreeRecord, rawResponse: _response.rawResponse };
+        }
+
+        if (_response.error.reason === "status-code") {
+            throw new errors.SeedApiError({
+                statusCode: _response.error.statusCode,
+                body: _response.error.body,
+                rawResponse: _response.rawResponse,
+            });
+        }
+
+        return handleNonStatusCodeError(_response.error, _response.rawResponse, "POST", "/trees");
+    }
+
     /**
      * Make a passthrough request using the SDK's configured auth, retry, logging, etc.
      * This is useful for making requests to endpoints not yet supported in the SDK.
diff --git a/seed/ts-sdk/allof-inline/src/api/client/requests/PlantPost.ts b/seed/ts-sdk/allof-inline/src/api/client/requests/PlantPost.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..583b8387c8c9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/ts-sdk/allof-inline/src/api/client/requests/PlantPost.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+// This file was auto-generated by Fern from our API Definition.
+
+/**
+ * @example
+ *     {
+ *         species: "species",
+ *         family: "family",
+ *         genus: "genus",
+ *         commonName: "commonName",
+ *         wateringFrequency: "daily",
+ *         sunExposure: "full"
+ *     }
+ */
+export interface PlantPost {
+    /** The botanical species name. */
+    species: string;
+    /** The botanical family. */
+    family: string;
+    /** The botanical genus. */
+    genus: string;
+    /** The common name of the plant. */
+    commonName: string;
+    wateringFrequency: PlantPost.WateringFrequency;
+    /** Required sun exposure level. */
+    sunExposure: PlantPost.SunExposure;
+    /** Date the plant was planted. */
+    plantedAt?: string;
+    /** Preferred soil type. */
+    soilType?: string;
+}
+
+export namespace PlantPost {
+    export const WateringFrequency = {
+        Daily: "daily",
+        Weekly: "weekly",
+        Biweekly: "biweekly",
+        Monthly: "monthly",
+    } as const;
+    export type WateringFrequency = (typeof WateringFrequency)[keyof typeof WateringFrequency];
+    /** Required sun exposure level. */
+    export const SunExposure = {
+        Full: "full",
+        Partial: "partial",
+        Shade: "shade",
+    } as const;
+    export type SunExposure = (typeof SunExposure)[keyof typeof SunExposure];
+}
diff --git a/seed/ts-sdk/allof-inline/src/api/client/requests/index.ts b/seed/ts-sdk/allof-inline/src/api/client/requests/index.ts
index c8c22b703233..8c029b7dd67c 100644
--- a/seed/ts-sdk/allof-inline/src/api/client/requests/index.ts
+++ b/seed/ts-sdk/allof-inline/src/api/client/requests/index.ts
@@ -1,2 +1,3 @@
+export { PlantPost } from "./PlantPost.js";
 export { RuleCreateRequest } from "./RuleCreateRequest.js";
 export type { SearchRuleTypesRequest } from "./SearchRuleTypesRequest.js";
diff --git a/seed/ts-sdk/allof-inline/src/api/types/PlantBase.ts b/seed/ts-sdk/allof-inline/src/api/types/PlantBase.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..9f65df6b50b2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/ts-sdk/allof-inline/src/api/types/PlantBase.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+// This file was auto-generated by Fern from our API Definition.
+
+export interface PlantBase {
+    /** The botanical species name. */
+    species: string;
+    /** The botanical family. */
+    family: string;
+    /** The botanical genus. */
+    genus: string;
+    /** The common name of the plant. */
+    commonName?: string | undefined;
+    wateringFrequency?: PlantBase.WateringFrequency | undefined;
+}
+
+export namespace PlantBase {
+    export const WateringFrequency = {
+        Daily: "daily",
+        Weekly: "weekly",
+        Biweekly: "biweekly",
+        Monthly: "monthly",
+    } as const;
+    export type WateringFrequency = (typeof WateringFrequency)[keyof typeof WateringFrequency];
+}
diff --git a/seed/ts-sdk/allof-inline/src/api/types/PlantStrict.ts b/seed/ts-sdk/allof-inline/src/api/types/PlantStrict.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..1c607c5fbd30
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/ts-sdk/allof-inline/src/api/types/PlantStrict.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+// This file was auto-generated by Fern from our API Definition.
+
+export interface PlantStrict {
+    /** The botanical species name. */
+    species: string;
+    /** The botanical family. */
+    family: string;
+    /** The botanical genus. */
+    genus: string;
+}
diff --git a/seed/ts-sdk/allof-inline/src/api/types/TreeBase.ts b/seed/ts-sdk/allof-inline/src/api/types/TreeBase.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..1d34d890116b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/ts-sdk/allof-inline/src/api/types/TreeBase.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+// This file was auto-generated by Fern from our API Definition.
+
+export interface TreeBase {
+    /** Unique tree identifier. */
+    id: string;
+    /** Display name of the tree. */
+    treeName?: string | undefined;
+    /** A description of the tree. */
+    treeDescription?: string | undefined;
+    /** The species of tree. */
+    treeSpecies?: string | undefined;
+    /** Height of the tree in feet. */
+    heightInFeet?: number | undefined;
+}
diff --git a/seed/ts-sdk/allof-inline/src/api/types/TreeDescribable.ts b/seed/ts-sdk/allof-inline/src/api/types/TreeDescribable.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..607ab65f3516
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/ts-sdk/allof-inline/src/api/types/TreeDescribable.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+// This file was auto-generated by Fern from our API Definition.
+
+export interface TreeDescribable {
+    /** Display name of the tree. */
+    treeName?: string | undefined;
+    /** A description of the tree. */
+    treeDescription?: string | undefined;
+}
diff --git a/seed/ts-sdk/allof-inline/src/api/types/TreeIdentifiable.ts b/seed/ts-sdk/allof-inline/src/api/types/TreeIdentifiable.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..9f6f9c68c699
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/ts-sdk/allof-inline/src/api/types/TreeIdentifiable.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+// This file was auto-generated by Fern from our API Definition.
+
+export interface TreeIdentifiable {
+    /** Unique tree identifier. */
+    id: string;
+}
diff --git a/seed/ts-sdk/allof-inline/src/api/types/TreeRecord.ts b/seed/ts-sdk/allof-inline/src/api/types/TreeRecord.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..eff8641866bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed/ts-sdk/allof-inline/src/api/types/TreeRecord.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+// This file was auto-generated by Fern from our API Definition.
+
+export interface TreeRecord {
+    /** Unique tree identifier. */
+    id: string;
+    /** Display name of the tree. */
+    treeName: string;
+    /** A description of the tree. */
+    treeDescription?: string | undefined;
+    /** The species of tree. */
+    treeSpecies: string;
+    /** Height of the tree in feet. */
+    heightInFeet?: number | undefined;
+    /** Date the tree was planted. */
+    plantedDate?: string | undefined;
+}
diff --git a/seed/ts-sdk/allof-inline/src/api/types/index.ts b/seed/ts-sdk/allof-inline/src/api/types/index.ts
index ae8a133ce81f..fcceebd8605a 100644
--- a/seed/ts-sdk/allof-inline/src/api/types/index.ts
+++ b/seed/ts-sdk/allof-inline/src/api/types/index.ts
@@ -7,9 +7,15 @@ export * from "./Identifiable.js";
 export * from "./Organization.js";
 export * from "./PaginatedResult.js";
 export * from "./PagingCursors.js";
+export * from "./PlantBase.js";
+export * from "./PlantStrict.js";
 export * from "./RuleExecutionContext.js";
 export * from "./RuleResponse.js";
 export * from "./RuleType.js";
 export * from "./RuleTypeSearchResponse.js";
+export * from "./TreeBase.js";
+export * from "./TreeDescribable.js";
+export * from "./TreeIdentifiable.js";
+export * from "./TreeRecord.js";
 export * from "./User.js";
 export * from "./UserSearchResponse.js";
diff --git a/seed/ts-sdk/allof-inline/tests/wire/main.test.ts b/seed/ts-sdk/allof-inline/tests/wire/main.test.ts
index 322f94682c9e..ca28f596a942 100644
--- a/seed/ts-sdk/allof-inline/tests/wire/main.test.ts
+++ b/seed/ts-sdk/allof-inline/tests/wire/main.test.ts
@@ -88,4 +88,67 @@ describe("SeedApiClient", () => {
         const response = await client.getOrganization();
         expect(response).toEqual(rawResponseBody);
     });
+
+    test("createPlant", async () => {
+        const server = mockServerPool.createServer();
+        const client = new SeedApiClient({ maxRetries: 0, environment: server.baseUrl });
+        const rawRequestBody = {
+            species: "species",
+            family: "family",
+            genus: "genus",
+            commonName: "commonName",
+            wateringFrequency: "daily",
+            sunExposure: "full",
+        };
+        const rawResponseBody = { species: "species", family: "family", genus: "genus" };
+
+        server
+            .mockEndpoint()
+            .post("/plants")
+            .jsonBody(rawRequestBody)
+            .respondWith()
+            .statusCode(200)
+            .jsonBody(rawResponseBody)
+            .build();
+
+        const response = await client.createPlant({
+            species: "species",
+            family: "family",
+            genus: "genus",
+            commonName: "commonName",
+            wateringFrequency: "daily",
+            sunExposure: "full",
+        });
+        expect(response).toEqual(rawResponseBody);
+    });
+
+    test("createTree", async () => {
+        const server = mockServerPool.createServer();
+        const client = new SeedApiClient({ maxRetries: 0, environment: server.baseUrl });
+        const rawRequestBody = { id: "id", treeName: "treeName", treeSpecies: "treeSpecies" };
+        const rawResponseBody = {
+            id: "id",
+            treeName: "treeName",
+            treeDescription: "treeDescription",
+            treeSpecies: "treeSpecies",
+            heightInFeet: 1.1,
+            plantedDate: "2023-01-15",
+        };
+
+        server
+            .mockEndpoint()
+            .post("/trees")
+            .jsonBody(rawRequestBody)
+            .respondWith()
+            .statusCode(200)
+            .jsonBody(rawResponseBody)
+            .build();
+
+        const response = await client.createTree({
+            id: "id",
+            treeName: "treeName",
+            treeSpecies: "treeSpecies",
+        });
+        expect(response).toEqual(rawResponseBody);
+    });
 });
diff --git a/seed/ts-sdk/allof/.fern/metadata.json b/seed/ts-sdk/allof/.fern/metadata.json
index 9ea68298004b..5789995ae525 100644
--- a/seed/ts-sdk/allof/.fern/metadata.json
+++ b/seed/ts-sdk/allof/.fern/metadata.json
@@ -3,7 +3,8 @@
     "generatorName": "fernapi/fern-typescript-sdk",
     "generatorVersion": "local",
     "originGitCommit": "DUMMY",
-    "invokedBy": "manual",
+    "invokedBy": "ci",
     "requestedVersion": "0.0.1",
+    "ciProvider": "github",
     "sdkVersion": "0.0.1"
 }

From 24ea87845536b0b84823e1f32dd2025f9ab6db41 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Anar Kafkas <36949216+kafkas@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Wed, 3 Jun 2026 01:31:20 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 11/14] fix(cli): localize translated API references in docs
 (#16190)

* Implement `applyTranslatedApiTitlesToNavTree`

* Preview path

* Update docs def resolver

* Add exports

* Update publish path

* Add changelog entry

* Add tests for `applyTranslatedApiTitlesToNavTree`

* Trigger CI

---------

Co-authored-by: Fern Support <support@buildwithfern.com>
Co-authored-by: Danny Sheridan <83524670+dannysheridan@users.noreply.github.com>
---
 .../fix-translated-api-references.yml         |   3 +
 packages/cli/docs-preview/src/previewDocs.ts  |  74 +++-
 .../docs-preview/src/runAppPreviewServer.ts   |  49 ++-
 .../src/DocsDefinitionResolver.ts             | 236 ++++++++++-
 .../applyTranslatedApiTitlesToNavTree.test.ts | 245 +++++++++++
 .../src/applyTranslatedApiTitlesToNavTree.ts  | 137 ++++++
 packages/cli/docs-resolver/src/index.ts       |   9 +-
 .../src/publishDocs.ts                        | 396 ++++++++++++------
 8 files changed, 998 insertions(+), 151 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 packages/cli/cli/changes/unreleased/fix-translated-api-references.yml
 create mode 100644 packages/cli/docs-resolver/src/__test__/applyTranslatedApiTitlesToNavTree.test.ts
 create mode 100644 packages/cli/docs-resolver/src/applyTranslatedApiTitlesToNavTree.ts

diff --git a/packages/cli/cli/changes/unreleased/fix-translated-api-references.yml b/packages/cli/cli/changes/unreleased/fix-translated-api-references.yml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..edd37083d1bf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/cli/cli/changes/unreleased/fix-translated-api-references.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+- summary: |
+    Fix localized docs builds so translated OpenAPI specs are used for API reference content and navigation titles.
+  type: fix
diff --git a/packages/cli/docs-preview/src/previewDocs.ts b/packages/cli/docs-preview/src/previewDocs.ts
index 540df585f20d..bcadd700450a 100644
--- a/packages/cli/docs-preview/src/previewDocs.ts
+++ b/packages/cli/docs-preview/src/previewDocs.ts
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ import {
     DocsDefinitionResolver,
     filterOssWorkspaces,
     stitchGlobalTheme,
+    type TranslatedApiSpec,
     type TranslationNavigationOverlay
 } from "@fern-api/docs-resolver";
 import {
@@ -151,6 +152,12 @@ export interface PreviewDocsResult {
      * Absolute path to the fern docs workspace folder.
      */
     docsWorkspacePath: AbsoluteFilePath;
+    /**
+     * Per-locale translated API definitions, keyed by locale then by the base
+     * `apiDefinitionId` (shared with the default-locale definition) so they can be
+     * spliced into a per-locale docs definition's `apis` without touching the nav tree.
+     */
+    translatedApiDefinitions: Record<string, Record<string, APIV1Read.ApiDefinition>> | undefined;
 }
 
 export async function getPreviewDocsDefinition({
@@ -318,7 +325,8 @@ export async function getPreviewDocsDefinition({
                 translationPages: previousPreviewResult.translationPages,
                 translationNavigationOverlays: previousPreviewResult.translationNavigationOverlays,
                 collectedFileIds: previousPreviewResult.collectedFileIds,
-                docsWorkspacePath: previousPreviewResult.docsWorkspacePath
+                docsWorkspacePath: previousPreviewResult.docsWorkspacePath,
+                translatedApiDefinitions: previousPreviewResult.translatedApiDefinitions
             };
         }
     }
@@ -355,7 +363,8 @@ export async function getPreviewDocsDefinition({
                 };
             }),
         registerApi: async (opts) => apiCollector.addReferencedAPI(opts),
-        targetAudiences: undefined
+        targetAudiences: undefined,
+        buildTranslatedApiDefinitions: true
     });
 
     const writeDocsDefinition = await resolver.resolve();
@@ -410,15 +419,74 @@ export async function getPreviewDocsDefinition({
     const translationNavigationOverlays = resolver.getTranslationNavigationOverlays();
     const collectedFileIds = resolver.getCollectedFileIds();
 
+    const translatedApiSpecs = resolver.getTranslatedApiSpecs();
+    let translatedApiDefinitions: Record<string, Record<string, APIV1Read.ApiDefinition>> | undefined;
+    if (translatedApiSpecs.size > 0) {
+        translatedApiDefinitions = {};
+        for (const [locale, byApiId] of translatedApiSpecs) {
+            const localeApis: Record<string, APIV1Read.ApiDefinition> = {};
+            for (const [apiDefinitionId, spec] of byApiId) {
+                try {
+                    localeApis[apiDefinitionId] = convertTranslatedIrToReadApi(spec, apiDefinitionId, context);
+                } catch (error) {
+                    context.logger.warn(
+                        `Failed to convert translated API definition "${apiDefinitionId}" for locale "${locale}": ${extractErrorMessage(
+                            error
+                        )}. Falling back to the default-locale API.`
+                    );
+                }
+            }
+            if (Object.keys(localeApis).length > 0) {
+                translatedApiDefinitions[locale] = localeApis;
+            }
+        }
+        if (Object.keys(translatedApiDefinitions).length === 0) {
+            translatedApiDefinitions = undefined;
+        }
+    }
+
     return {
         docsDefinition,
         translationPages,
         translationNavigationOverlays,
         collectedFileIds,
-        docsWorkspacePath: docsWorkspace.absoluteFilePath
+        docsWorkspacePath: docsWorkspace.absoluteFilePath,
+        translatedApiDefinitions
     };
 }
 
+/**
+ * Converts a translated API IR into a V1 read API definition, reusing the base
+ * `apiDefinitionId` instead of minting a fresh one so the per-locale navigation
+ * tree resolves to the translated API.
+ */
+function convertTranslatedIrToReadApi(
+    spec: TranslatedApiSpec,
+    apiDefinitionId: string,
+    context: TaskContext
+): APIV1Read.ApiDefinition {
+    const dbApiDefinition = convertAPIDefinitionToDb(
+        convertIrToFdrApi({
+            ir: spec.ir,
+            snippetsConfig: spec.snippetsConfig,
+            playgroundConfig: spec.playgroundConfig,
+            graphqlOperations: spec.graphqlOperations ?? {},
+            graphqlTypes: spec.graphqlTypes ?? {},
+            context,
+            apiNameOverride: spec.apiName
+        }),
+        FdrAPI.ApiDefinitionId(apiDefinitionId),
+        new SDKSnippetHolder({
+            snippetsConfigWithSdkId: {},
+            snippetsBySdkId: {},
+            snippetTemplatesByEndpoint: {},
+            snippetTemplatesByEndpointId: {},
+            snippetsBySdkIdAndEndpointId: {}
+        })
+    );
+    return convertDbAPIDefinitionToRead(dbApiDefinition);
+}
+
 async function applyGlobalThemeIfNeeded(
     docsWorkspace: NonNullable<Project["docsWorkspaces"]>,
     organization: string,
diff --git a/packages/cli/docs-preview/src/runAppPreviewServer.ts b/packages/cli/docs-preview/src/runAppPreviewServer.ts
index 1f87424700a3..f6ce01c1482d 100644
--- a/packages/cli/docs-preview/src/runAppPreviewServer.ts
+++ b/packages/cli/docs-preview/src/runAppPreviewServer.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import { extractErrorMessage } from "@fern-api/core-utils";
 import {
+    applyTranslatedApiTitlesToNavTree,
     applyTranslatedFrontmatterToNavTree,
     applyTranslatedNavigationOverlays,
     getTranslatedAnnouncement,
@@ -10,7 +11,7 @@ import {
     transformAtPrefixImports,
     wrapWithHttps
 } from "@fern-api/docs-resolver";
-import { DocsV1Read, DocsV2Read, FernNavigation } from "@fern-api/fdr-sdk";
+import { APIV1Read, DocsV1Read, DocsV2Read, FernNavigation } from "@fern-api/fdr-sdk";
 import {
     AbsoluteFilePath,
     dirname,
@@ -735,21 +736,37 @@ export async function runAppPreviewServer({
         result: PreviewDocsResult
     ): Promise<Map<string, DocsV1Read.DocsDefinition>> {
         const translations = new Map<string, DocsV1Read.DocsDefinition>();
-        const { docsDefinition, translationPages, translationNavigationOverlays, collectedFileIds, docsWorkspacePath } =
-            result;
-
-        if (translationPages == null || Object.keys(translationPages).length === 0) {
+        const {
+            docsDefinition,
+            translationPages,
+            translationNavigationOverlays,
+            translatedApiDefinitions,
+            collectedFileIds,
+            docsWorkspacePath
+        } = result;
+
+        const hasTranslatedPages = translationPages != null && Object.keys(translationPages).length > 0;
+        const hasTranslatedApis = translatedApiDefinitions != null && Object.keys(translatedApiDefinitions).length > 0;
+        if (!hasTranslatedPages && !hasTranslatedApis) {
             return translations;
         }
 
         const defaultLocale = docsDefinition.config.translations?.defaultLocale;
 
-        for (const [locale, localePages] of Object.entries(translationPages)) {
+        // A locale qualifies if it has translated pages, translated API specs, or both.
+        const localesToBuild = new Set<string>([
+            ...Object.keys(translationPages ?? {}),
+            ...Object.keys(translatedApiDefinitions ?? {})
+        ]);
+
+        for (const locale of localesToBuild) {
             // Skip the default locale - we use the base definition for that
             if (locale === defaultLocale) {
                 continue;
             }
 
+            const localePages = translationPages?.[locale] ?? {};
+
             try {
                 // Locale-aware file loaders that prefer translated snippets when available
                 const resolveLocalePath = async (filepath: AbsoluteFilePath): Promise<AbsoluteFilePath> => {
@@ -859,8 +876,23 @@ export async function runAppPreviewServer({
                     }
                 }
 
+                const localeApis = translatedApiDefinitions?.[locale];
+                const translatedApis =
+                    localeApis != null ? { ...docsDefinition.apis, ...localeApis } : docsDefinition.apis;
+
+                // Splicing `apis` alone leaves the sidebar in the default language,
+                // since the nav tree bakes in titles from the base API definition.
+                if (localeApis != null && updatedRoot != null) {
+                    updatedRoot = applyTranslatedApiTitlesToNavTree(
+                        updatedRoot,
+                        docsDefinition.apis as Record<string, APIV1Read.ApiDefinition>,
+                        localeApis
+                    );
+                }
+
                 const translatedDefinition: DocsV1Read.DocsDefinition = {
                     ...docsDefinition,
+                    apis: translatedApis,
                     pages: translatedPages,
                     config: {
                         ...docsDefinition.config,
@@ -871,7 +903,10 @@ export async function runAppPreviewServer({
                 };
 
                 translations.set(locale, translatedDefinition);
-                context.logger.debug(`Computed translated definition for locale "${locale}"`);
+                context.logger.debug(
+                    `Computed translated definition for locale "${locale}"` +
+                        (localeApis != null ? ` (with ${Object.keys(localeApis).length} translated API(s))` : "")
+                );
             } catch (error) {
                 context.logger.warn(`Failed to compute translation for locale "${locale}": ${String(error)}`);
             }
diff --git a/packages/cli/docs-resolver/src/DocsDefinitionResolver.ts b/packages/cli/docs-resolver/src/DocsDefinitionResolver.ts
index e5793f66341a..1ea12edfd2db 100644
--- a/packages/cli/docs-resolver/src/DocsDefinitionResolver.ts
+++ b/packages/cli/docs-resolver/src/DocsDefinitionResolver.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { GraphQLSpec } from "@fern-api/api-workspace-commons";
+import { GraphQLSpec, type Spec } from "@fern-api/api-workspace-commons";
 import { SourceResolverImpl } from "@fern-api/cli-source-resolver";
 import { docsYml, parseAudiences, parseDocsConfiguration, WithoutQuestionMarks } from "@fern-api/configuration-loader";
 import {
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ type AsyncOrSync<T> = T | Promise<T>;
 
 type UploadFilesFn = (files: FilePathPair[]) => AsyncOrSync<UploadedFile[]>;
 
-type RegisterApiFn = (opts: {
+export type RegisterApiFn = (opts: {
     ir: IntermediateRepresentation;
     snippetsConfig: APIV1Write.SnippetsConfig;
     playgroundConfig?: PlaygroundConfig;
@@ -103,6 +103,29 @@ type RegisterApiFn = (opts: {
     graphqlTypes?: Record<APIV1Write.TypeId, APIV1Write.TypeDefinition>;
 }) => AsyncOrSync<string>;
 
+/**
+ * A translated API definition for a single locale, produced from an OpenAPI
+ * spec under `translations/<locale>/apis/<apiName>/`. The `ir` is structurally
+ * identical to the base (English) API definition — only human-readable strings
+ * (summaries, descriptions, etc.) differ — and is keyed by the SAME
+ * `apiDefinitionId` as the base so the per-locale navigation tree resolves to it
+ * without modification. See {@link DocsDefinitionResolver.getTranslatedApiSpecs}.
+ */
+export interface TranslatedApiSpec {
+    ir: IntermediateRepresentation;
+    snippetsConfig: APIV1Write.SnippetsConfig;
+    playgroundConfig?: PlaygroundConfig;
+    apiName?: string;
+    graphqlOperations?: Record<APIV1Write.GraphQlOperationId, APIV1Write.GraphQlOperation>;
+    graphqlTypes?: Record<APIV1Write.TypeId, APIV1Write.TypeDefinition>;
+    /**
+     * The base API's Fern workspace, reused as-is when registering the translated
+     * definition for production publishing (it carries the generators.yml config and
+     * source paths for dynamic snippets / AI examples, which are identical across locales).
+     */
+    workspace?: FernWorkspace;
+}
+
 type ConfigureAiChatFn = (opts: { aiChatConfig: DocsV1Write.AIChatConfig | undefined }) => AsyncOrSync<void>;
 
 const defaultUploadFiles: UploadFilesFn = (files) => {
@@ -127,6 +150,13 @@ export interface DocsDefinitionResolverArgs {
     uploadFiles?: UploadFilesFn;
     registerApi?: RegisterApiFn;
     targetAudiences?: string[];
+    /**
+     * When true, also builds per-locale translated API IRs from OpenAPI specs under
+     * `translations/<locale>/apis/<apiName>/`, exposed via
+     * {@link DocsDefinitionResolver.getTranslatedApiSpecs}. Defaults to false to avoid
+     * the extra parsing work where translated API references aren't needed.
+     */
+    buildTranslatedApiDefinitions?: boolean;
 }
 
 export class DocsDefinitionResolver {
@@ -139,6 +169,7 @@ export class DocsDefinitionResolver {
     private uploadFiles: UploadFilesFn;
     private registerApi: RegisterApiFn;
     private targetAudiences?: string[];
+    private buildTranslatedApiDefinitions: boolean;
 
     constructor({
         domain,
@@ -149,7 +180,8 @@ export class DocsDefinitionResolver {
         editThisPage,
         uploadFiles = defaultUploadFiles,
         registerApi = defaultRegisterApi,
-        targetAudiences
+        targetAudiences,
+        buildTranslatedApiDefinitions = false
     }: DocsDefinitionResolverArgs) {
         this.domain = domain;
         this.docsWorkspace = docsWorkspace;
@@ -160,6 +192,7 @@ export class DocsDefinitionResolver {
         this.uploadFiles = uploadFiles;
         this.registerApi = registerApi;
         this.targetAudiences = targetAudiences;
+        this.buildTranslatedApiDefinitions = buildTranslatedApiDefinitions;
     }
 
     #idgen = NodeIdGenerator.init();
@@ -300,6 +333,14 @@ export class DocsDefinitionResolver {
         return this.docsWorkspace.absoluteFilePath;
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Returns per-locale translated API definitions, keyed by locale then by the base
+     * `apiDefinitionId`. Must be called after `resolve()`.
+     */
+    public getTranslatedApiSpecs(): Map<string, Map<string, TranslatedApiSpec>> {
+        return this.translatedApiSpecs;
+    }
+
     private getDocsTranslationsConfig(): DocsConfigWithTranslations["translations"] {
         const translations = this.parsedDocsConfig.translations;
         if (translations == null || translations.length === 0) {
@@ -336,8 +377,20 @@ export class DocsDefinitionResolver {
         graphqlTypes?: Record<APIV1Write.TypeId, APIV1Write.TypeDefinition>;
         tempApiDefinitionId: string;
         apiReferenceNode: FernNavigation.V1.ApiReferenceNode;
+        /**
+         * Translated IRs (one per non-default locale that has a translated spec
+         * under `translations/<locale>/apis/<apiName>/`). Resolved into
+         * {@link translatedApiSpecs} once the real apiDefinitionId is known.
+         */
+        translatedIrsByLocale?: Map<string, IntermediateRepresentation>;
     }> = [];
     private pendingApiCounter = 0;
+    /**
+     * Per-locale translated API definitions, keyed by locale then by the base
+     * `apiDefinitionId`. Populated during {@link resolve} when an API section has
+     * a translated OpenAPI spec under `translations/<locale>/apis/<apiName>/`.
+     */
+    private translatedApiSpecs: Map<string, Map<string, TranslatedApiSpec>> = new Map();
     public async resolve(): Promise<DocsV1Write.DocsDefinition> {
         const resolveStartTime = performance.now();
         const startMemory = process.memoryUsage();
@@ -555,6 +608,29 @@ export class DocsDefinitionResolver {
 
                 // Update all apiDefinitionId references in the navigation subtree
                 updateApiDefinitionIdInTree(pending.apiReferenceNode, pending.tempApiDefinitionId, realApiDefinitionId);
+
+                // Key translated IRs by the real apiDefinitionId so consumers can splice
+                // them into per-locale docs definitions without touching the nav tree.
+                if (pending.translatedIrsByLocale != null) {
+                    for (const [locale, translatedIr] of pending.translatedIrsByLocale) {
+                        this.resolveLinksInIrDocs(translatedIr, markdownFilesToPathName);
+
+                        let localeMap = this.translatedApiSpecs.get(locale);
+                        if (localeMap == null) {
+                            localeMap = new Map();
+                            this.translatedApiSpecs.set(locale, localeMap);
+                        }
+                        localeMap.set(realApiDefinitionId, {
+                            ir: translatedIr,
+                            snippetsConfig: pending.snippetsConfig,
+                            playgroundConfig: pending.playgroundConfig,
+                            apiName: pending.apiName,
+                            graphqlOperations: pending.graphqlOperations,
+                            graphqlTypes: pending.graphqlTypes,
+                            workspace: pending.workspace
+                        });
+                    }
+                }
             }
             const deferredTime = performance.now() - deferredStart;
             this.taskContext.logger.debug(`Processed deferred API registrations in ${deferredTime.toFixed(0)}ms`);
@@ -1018,6 +1094,150 @@ export class DocsDefinitionResolver {
         throw new CliError({ message: errorMessage, code: CliError.Code.ConfigError });
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Builds a translated IR for each configured non-default locale whose
+     * `translations/<locale>/apis/<apiName>/` directory contains a translated copy of
+     * the API's OpenAPI spec. The translated spec must be structurally identical to the
+     * base (same paths, operationIds, schema names) so the derived IR lines up 1:1 and
+     * can be keyed by the same `apiDefinitionId`.
+     */
+    private async buildTranslatedApiIrs(
+        item: docsYml.DocsNavigationItem.ApiSection,
+        baseOssWorkspace: OSSWorkspace
+    ): Promise<Map<string, IntermediateRepresentation> | undefined> {
+        const translationsConfig = this.getDocsTranslationsConfig();
+        if (translationsConfig?.translations == null || translationsConfig.translations.length === 0) {
+            return undefined;
+        }
+
+        const { defaultLocale, translations } = translationsConfig;
+        const fernFolder = this.docsWorkspace.absoluteFilePath;
+        const result = new Map<string, IntermediateRepresentation>();
+
+        for (const locale of translations) {
+            if (locale === defaultLocale) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            const translatedWorkspace = this.createTranslatedOssWorkspace(baseOssWorkspace, locale, fernFolder);
+            if (translatedWorkspace == null) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            try {
+                const translatedIr = await translatedWorkspace.getIntermediateRepresentation({
+                    context: this.taskContext,
+                    audiences: item.audiences,
+                    enableUniqueErrorsPerEndpoint: true,
+                    generateV1Examples: false,
+                    logWarnings: false
+                });
+                result.set(locale, translatedIr);
+                this.taskContext.logger.debug(
+                    `Built translated API definition for locale "${locale}" (api: ${
+                        item.apiName ?? baseOssWorkspace.workspaceName ?? "<default>"
+                    })`
+                );
+            } catch (error) {
+                // A broken translated spec must never fail the docs build; fall back
+                // to the base (untranslated) API for this locale.
+                this.taskContext.logger.warn(
+                    `Failed to build translated API definition for locale "${locale}": ${extractErrorMessage(
+                        error
+                    )}. Falling back to the default-locale API for this locale.`
+                );
+            }
+        }
+
+        return result.size > 0 ? result : undefined;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Clones an OSS (OpenAPI) workspace, remapping spec file paths from `apis/<...>` to
+     * `translations/<locale>/apis/<...>` wherever a translated file exists. Returns
+     * `undefined` when no primary spec has a translated counterpart. Override/overlay
+     * files fall back to the base copy when untranslated, keeping structural metadata
+     * (x-fern-* extensions, audiences, etc.) consistent with the base definition.
+     */
+    private createTranslatedOssWorkspace(
+        base: OSSWorkspace,
+        locale: string,
+        fernFolder: AbsoluteFilePath
+    ): OSSWorkspace | undefined {
+        let hasTranslatedSpec = false;
+
+        const toTranslatedPath = (absPath: AbsoluteFilePath, countsAsTranslation: boolean): AbsoluteFilePath => {
+            const rel = relative(fernFolder, absPath);
+            // Specs outside the fern folder (e.g. absolute/remote refs) have no
+            // translation directory equivalent — leave them untouched.
+            if (String(rel).startsWith("..")) {
+                return absPath;
+            }
+            const candidate = join(fernFolder, RelativeFilePath.of(`translations/${locale}`), rel);
+            if (existsSync(candidate)) {
+                if (countsAsTranslation) {
+                    hasTranslatedSpec = true;
+                }
+                return candidate;
+            }
+            return absPath;
+        };
+
+        const remapOverrides = (
+            overrides: AbsoluteFilePath | AbsoluteFilePath[] | undefined
+        ): AbsoluteFilePath | AbsoluteFilePath[] | undefined => {
+            if (overrides == null) {
+                return overrides;
+            }
+            if (Array.isArray(overrides)) {
+                return overrides.map((p) => toTranslatedPath(p, false));
+            }
+            return toTranslatedPath(overrides, false);
+        };
+
+        const remapSpec = (spec: Spec): Spec => {
+            switch (spec.type) {
+                case "openapi":
+                    return {
+                        ...spec,
+                        absoluteFilepath: toTranslatedPath(spec.absoluteFilepath, true),
+                        absoluteFilepathToOverrides: remapOverrides(spec.absoluteFilepathToOverrides),
+                        absoluteFilepathToOverlays:
+                            spec.absoluteFilepathToOverlays != null
+                                ? toTranslatedPath(spec.absoluteFilepathToOverlays, false)
+                                : undefined
+                    };
+                case "openrpc":
+                case "graphql":
+                    return {
+                        ...spec,
+                        absoluteFilepath: toTranslatedPath(spec.absoluteFilepath, true),
+                        absoluteFilepathToOverrides: remapOverrides(spec.absoluteFilepathToOverrides)
+                    };
+                default:
+                    // Protobuf specs are generated, not hand-translated — leave as-is.
+                    return spec;
+            }
+        };
+
+        const translatedSpecs = base.specs.map((spec) => remapSpec(spec)) as OSSWorkspace.Args["specs"];
+        const translatedAllSpecs = base.allSpecs.map((spec) => remapSpec(spec));
+
+        if (!hasTranslatedSpec) {
+            return undefined;
+        }
+
+        return new OSSWorkspace({
+            allSpecs: translatedAllSpecs,
+            specs: translatedSpecs,
+            generatorsConfiguration: base.generatorsConfiguration,
+            workspaceName: base.workspaceName,
+            cliVersion: base.cliVersion,
+            absoluteFilePath: base.absoluteFilePath,
+            changelog: base.changelog
+        });
+    }
+
     private async toRootNode(): Promise<FernNavigation.V1.RootNode> {
         const slug = FernNavigation.V1.SlugGenerator.init(FernNavigation.slugjoin(this.getDocsBasePath()));
         const id = this.#idgen.get("root");
@@ -1647,6 +1867,13 @@ export class DocsDefinitionResolver {
 
         const apiReferenceNode = node.get();
 
+        // Only the v3 (OpenAPI) parser path supports translated API IRs, since it needs
+        // an OSS workspace whose spec file paths can be remapped to the translated dir.
+        let translatedIrsByLocale: Map<string, IntermediateRepresentation> | undefined;
+        if (this.buildTranslatedApiDefinitions && openapiWorkspace != null) {
+            translatedIrsByLocale = await this.buildTranslatedApiIrs(item, openapiWorkspace);
+        }
+
         // Store pending registration for deferred processing after markdownFilesToPathName is available
         this.pendingApiRegistrations.push({
             ir,
@@ -1657,7 +1884,8 @@ export class DocsDefinitionResolver {
             graphqlOperations: graphqlData.operations,
             graphqlTypes: graphqlData.types,
             tempApiDefinitionId,
-            apiReferenceNode
+            apiReferenceNode,
+            translatedIrsByLocale
         });
 
         return apiReferenceNode;
diff --git a/packages/cli/docs-resolver/src/__test__/applyTranslatedApiTitlesToNavTree.test.ts b/packages/cli/docs-resolver/src/__test__/applyTranslatedApiTitlesToNavTree.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..9bda609e1a78
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/cli/docs-resolver/src/__test__/applyTranslatedApiTitlesToNavTree.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,245 @@
+import { APIV1Read, FernNavigation } from "@fern-api/fdr-sdk";
+import { describe, expect, it } from "vitest";
+
+import { applyTranslatedApiTitlesToNavTree } from "../applyTranslatedApiTitlesToNavTree.js";
+
+const ROOT_PACKAGE_ID = "__package__";
+
+// Casts a plain test fixture to RootNode. Mirrors the convention used by the
+// sibling applyTranslatedFrontmatterToNavTree test — the helper only reads a
+// handful of fields, so we avoid constructing fully-typed nav trees.
+function asRoot(obj: unknown): FernNavigation.V1.RootNode {
+    return obj as FernNavigation.V1.RootNode;
+}
+
+// Builds a minimal APIV1Read.ApiDefinition. The package shape matches what
+// ApiDefinitionHolder reads (rootPackage + subpackages, each with endpoints /
+// websockets / webhooks arrays). Subpackages are keyed by subpackageId and carry
+// a `subpackageId` field so isSubpackage() detects them.
+function makeApi(args: {
+    rootEndpoints?: Array<Partial<APIV1Read.EndpointDefinition>>;
+    rootWebhooks?: Array<Partial<APIV1Read.WebhookDefinition>>;
+    rootWebSockets?: Array<Partial<APIV1Read.WebSocketChannel>>;
+    subpackages?: Record<
+        string,
+        {
+            name: string;
+            displayName?: string;
+            endpoints?: Array<Partial<APIV1Read.EndpointDefinition>>;
+            webhooks?: Array<Partial<APIV1Read.WebhookDefinition>>;
+            webSockets?: Array<Partial<APIV1Read.WebSocketChannel>>;
+        }
+    >;
+}): APIV1Read.ApiDefinition {
+    const subpackages = Object.fromEntries(
+        Object.entries(args.subpackages ?? {}).map(([subpackageId, sub]) => [
+            subpackageId,
+            {
+                subpackageId,
+                name: sub.name,
+                displayName: sub.displayName,
+                endpoints: sub.endpoints ?? [],
+                websockets: sub.webSockets ?? [],
+                webhooks: sub.webhooks ?? []
+            }
+        ])
+    );
+    return {
+        rootPackage: {
+            endpoints: args.rootEndpoints ?? [],
+            websockets: args.rootWebSockets ?? [],
+            webhooks: args.rootWebhooks ?? []
+        },
+        subpackages,
+        types: {}
+    } as unknown as APIV1Read.ApiDefinition;
+}
+
+const API_ID = "api-1";
+
+describe("applyTranslatedApiTitlesToNavTree", () => {
+    it("translates a root-package endpoint title matched by originalEndpointId", () => {
+        const baseApis = {
+            [API_ID]: makeApi({ rootEndpoints: [{ id: "list", name: "List accounts", originalEndpointId: "ep.list" }] })
+        };
+        const translatedApis = {
+            [API_ID]: makeApi({
+                rootEndpoints: [{ id: "list", name: "アカウント一覧", originalEndpointId: "ep.list" }]
+            })
+        };
+        const root = {
+            type: "root",
+            child: {
+                type: "endpoint",
+                endpointId: "ep.list",
+                apiDefinitionId: API_ID,
+                title: "List accounts"
+            }
+        };
+
+        const result = applyTranslatedApiTitlesToNavTree(asRoot(root), baseApis, translatedApis);
+        const child = (result as unknown as { child: { title: string } }).child;
+        expect(child.title).toBe("アカウント一覧");
+    });
+
+    it("translates an endpoint nested in a subpackage (id derived from subpackageId.id)", () => {
+        const baseApis = {
+            [API_ID]: makeApi({
+                subpackages: { comments: { name: "comments", endpoints: [{ id: "create", name: "Create comment" }] } }
+            })
+        };
+        const translatedApis = {
+            [API_ID]: makeApi({
+                subpackages: { comments: { name: "comments", endpoints: [{ id: "create", name: "コメントを作成" }] } }
+            })
+        };
+        const root = {
+            type: "root",
+            child: {
+                type: "endpoint",
+                endpointId: "comments.create",
+                apiDefinitionId: API_ID,
+                title: "Create comment"
+            }
+        };
+
+        const result = applyTranslatedApiTitlesToNavTree(asRoot(root), baseApis, translatedApis);
+        const child = (result as unknown as { child: { title: string } }).child;
+        expect(child.title).toBe("コメントを作成");
+    });
+
+    it("translates webhook titles", () => {
+        const baseApis = {
+            [API_ID]: makeApi({ rootWebhooks: [{ id: "on-event", name: "On event" }] })
+        };
+        const translatedApis = {
+            [API_ID]: makeApi({ rootWebhooks: [{ id: "on-event", name: "イベント発生時" }] })
+        };
+        const root = {
+            type: "root",
+            child: {
+                type: "webhook",
+                webhookId: `${ROOT_PACKAGE_ID}.on-event`,
+                apiDefinitionId: API_ID,
+                title: "On event"
+            }
+        };
+
+        const result = applyTranslatedApiTitlesToNavTree(asRoot(root), baseApis, translatedApis);
+        const child = (result as unknown as { child: { title: string } }).child;
+        expect(child.title).toBe("イベント発生時");
+    });
+
+    it("translates apiPackage (subpackage) group titles matched by base title", () => {
+        const baseApis = {
+            [API_ID]: makeApi({ subpackages: { comments: { name: "comments", displayName: "Comments" } } })
+        };
+        const translatedApis = {
+            [API_ID]: makeApi({ subpackages: { comments: { name: "comments", displayName: "コメント" } } })
+        };
+        const root = {
+            type: "root",
+            child: {
+                type: "apiPackage",
+                apiDefinitionId: API_ID,
+                title: "Comments",
+                children: []
+            }
+        };
+
+        const result = applyTranslatedApiTitlesToNavTree(asRoot(root), baseApis, translatedApis);
+        const child = (result as unknown as { child: { title: string } }).child;
+        expect(child.title).toBe("コメント");
+    });
+
+    it("does not mutate the input root (returns a deep clone)", () => {
+        const baseApis = {
+            [API_ID]: makeApi({ rootEndpoints: [{ id: "list", name: "List", originalEndpointId: "ep.list" }] })
+        };
+        const translatedApis = {
+            [API_ID]: makeApi({ rootEndpoints: [{ id: "list", name: "一覧", originalEndpointId: "ep.list" }] })
+        };
+        const root = {
+            type: "root",
+            child: { type: "endpoint", endpointId: "ep.list", apiDefinitionId: API_ID, title: "List" }
+        };
+
+        const result = applyTranslatedApiTitlesToNavTree(asRoot(root), baseApis, translatedApis);
+
+        expect(root.child.title).toBe("List");
+        expect((result as unknown as { child: { title: string } }).child.title).toBe("一覧");
+        expect(result).not.toBe(root);
+    });
+
+    it("leaves the title unchanged when the translated endpoint has no name", () => {
+        const baseApis = {
+            [API_ID]: makeApi({ rootEndpoints: [{ id: "list", name: "List", originalEndpointId: "ep.list" }] })
+        };
+        const translatedApis = {
+            [API_ID]: makeApi({ rootEndpoints: [{ id: "list", name: "", originalEndpointId: "ep.list" }] })
+        };
+        const root = {
+            type: "root",
+            child: { type: "endpoint", endpointId: "ep.list", apiDefinitionId: API_ID, title: "List" }
+        };
+
+        const result = applyTranslatedApiTitlesToNavTree(asRoot(root), baseApis, translatedApis);
+        const child = (result as unknown as { child: { title: string } }).child;
+        expect(child.title).toBe("List");
+    });
+
+    it("ignores nodes whose apiDefinitionId does not match any translated API", () => {
+        const baseApis = {
+            [API_ID]: makeApi({ rootEndpoints: [{ id: "list", name: "List", originalEndpointId: "ep.list" }] })
+        };
+        const translatedApis = {
+            [API_ID]: makeApi({ rootEndpoints: [{ id: "list", name: "一覧", originalEndpointId: "ep.list" }] })
+        };
+        const root = {
+            type: "root",
+            child: {
+                type: "endpoint",
+                endpointId: "ep.list",
+                apiDefinitionId: "some-other-api",
+                title: "List"
+            }
+        };
+
+        const result = applyTranslatedApiTitlesToNavTree(asRoot(root), baseApis, translatedApis);
+        const child = (result as unknown as { child: { title: string } }).child;
+        expect(child.title).toBe("List");
+    });
+
+    it("translates titles across multiple APIs in the same tree", () => {
+        const API_2 = "api-2";
+        const baseApis = {
+            [API_ID]: makeApi({ rootEndpoints: [{ id: "a", name: "Alpha", originalEndpointId: "a.id" }] }),
+            [API_2]: makeApi({ rootEndpoints: [{ id: "b", name: "Beta", originalEndpointId: "b.id" }] })
+        };
+        const translatedApis = {
+            [API_ID]: makeApi({ rootEndpoints: [{ id: "a", name: "アルファ", originalEndpointId: "a.id" }] }),
+            [API_2]: makeApi({ rootEndpoints: [{ id: "b", name: "ベータ", originalEndpointId: "b.id" }] })
+        };
+        const root = {
+            type: "root",
+            children: [
+                { type: "endpoint", endpointId: "a.id", apiDefinitionId: API_ID, title: "Alpha" },
+                { type: "endpoint", endpointId: "b.id", apiDefinitionId: API_2, title: "Beta" }
+            ]
+        };
+
+        const result = applyTranslatedApiTitlesToNavTree(asRoot(root), baseApis, translatedApis);
+        const children = (result as unknown as { children: Array<{ title: string }> }).children;
+        expect(children[0]?.title).toBe("アルファ");
+        expect(children[1]?.title).toBe("ベータ");
+    });
+
+    it("returns an equivalent tree when there are no translated APIs", () => {
+        const root = {
+            type: "root",
+            child: { type: "endpoint", endpointId: "ep.list", apiDefinitionId: API_ID, title: "List" }
+        };
+        const result = applyTranslatedApiTitlesToNavTree(asRoot(root), {}, {});
+        expect(result).toEqual(root);
+    });
+});
diff --git a/packages/cli/docs-resolver/src/applyTranslatedApiTitlesToNavTree.ts b/packages/cli/docs-resolver/src/applyTranslatedApiTitlesToNavTree.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..21a2e5806344
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/cli/docs-resolver/src/applyTranslatedApiTitlesToNavTree.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
+import { titleCase } from "@fern-api/core-utils";
+import { APIV1Read, FernNavigation } from "@fern-api/fdr-sdk";
+
+interface ApiTitleMaps {
+    endpoints: Map<string, string>;
+    webhooks: Map<string, string>;
+    webSockets: Map<string, string>;
+    graphql: Map<string, string>;
+    /** Subpackage grouping titles, keyed by the default-locale (base) computed title. */
+    packagesByBaseTitle: Map<string, string>;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Returns a deep clone of the navigation tree with API-reference node titles
+ * (endpoints, webhooks, websockets, subpackages) replaced by their translated
+ * equivalents, so the left-hand sidebar isn't left in the default language when a
+ * translated API definition is paired with the base navigation tree.
+ *
+ * Endpoint-like nodes are matched by the nav ids the tree was built from (via
+ * {@link FernNavigation.ApiDefinitionHolder}). Subpackage grouping nodes don't
+ * persist their subpackage id, so they are matched by their base-locale title,
+ * which is unique within a single API.
+ *
+ * @param root - the navigation tree whose API titles should be localized
+ * @param baseApis - default-locale API definitions, keyed by apiDefinitionId
+ *   (used to derive subpackage base titles)
+ * @param translatedApis - translated API definitions, keyed by the same apiDefinitionId
+ */
+export function applyTranslatedApiTitlesToNavTree(
+    root: FernNavigation.V1.RootNode,
+    baseApis: Record<string, APIV1Read.ApiDefinition>,
+    translatedApis: Record<string, APIV1Read.ApiDefinition>
+): FernNavigation.V1.RootNode {
+    const mapsByApiId = new Map<string, ApiTitleMaps>();
+    for (const [apiId, translatedApi] of Object.entries(translatedApis)) {
+        const holder = FernNavigation.ApiDefinitionHolder.create(translatedApi);
+
+        const endpoints = new Map<string, string>();
+        for (const [id, endpoint] of holder.endpoints) {
+            if (endpoint.name != null && endpoint.name.length > 0) {
+                endpoints.set(id, endpoint.name);
+            }
+        }
+        const webhooks = new Map<string, string>();
+        for (const [id, webhook] of holder.webhooks) {
+            if (webhook.name != null && webhook.name.length > 0) {
+                webhooks.set(id, webhook.name);
+            }
+        }
+        const webSockets = new Map<string, string>();
+        for (const [id, webSocket] of holder.webSockets) {
+            if (webSocket.name != null && webSocket.name.length > 0) {
+                webSockets.set(id, webSocket.name);
+            }
+        }
+        const graphql = new Map<string, string>();
+        for (const [id, operation] of holder.graphqlOperations) {
+            const name = operation.displayName ?? operation.name;
+            if (name != null && name.length > 0) {
+                graphql.set(id, name);
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Matched by base-locale title; only record entries whose title actually
+        // changes, so untranslated subpackages are left alone.
+        const packagesByBaseTitle = new Map<string, string>();
+        const baseApi = baseApis[apiId];
+        if (baseApi != null) {
+            for (const [subpackageId, translatedSubpackage] of Object.entries(translatedApi.subpackages)) {
+                const baseSubpackage = baseApi.subpackages[subpackageId];
+                if (baseSubpackage == null) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                const baseTitle = baseSubpackage.displayName ?? titleCase(baseSubpackage.name);
+                const translatedTitle = translatedSubpackage.displayName ?? titleCase(translatedSubpackage.name);
+                if (baseTitle !== translatedTitle) {
+                    packagesByBaseTitle.set(baseTitle, translatedTitle);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        mapsByApiId.set(apiId, { endpoints, webhooks, webSockets, graphql, packagesByBaseTitle });
+    }
+
+    // Deep clone so we never mutate the base nav tree, which may be shared by reference.
+    const clone = structuredClone(root);
+
+    const visit = (node: unknown): void => {
+        if (node == null || typeof node !== "object") {
+            return;
+        }
+        if (Array.isArray(node)) {
+            for (const item of node) {
+                visit(item);
+            }
+            return;
+        }
+        const obj = node as Record<string, unknown>;
+        const apiDefinitionId = typeof obj.apiDefinitionId === "string" ? obj.apiDefinitionId : undefined;
+        const maps = apiDefinitionId != null ? mapsByApiId.get(apiDefinitionId) : undefined;
+        if (maps != null) {
+            const type = obj.type;
+            if (type === "endpoint" && typeof obj.endpointId === "string") {
+                const translated = maps.endpoints.get(obj.endpointId);
+                if (translated != null) {
+                    obj.title = translated;
+                }
+            } else if (type === "webhook" && typeof obj.webhookId === "string") {
+                const translated = maps.webhooks.get(obj.webhookId);
+                if (translated != null) {
+                    obj.title = translated;
+                }
+            } else if (type === "webSocket" && typeof obj.webSocketId === "string") {
+                const translated = maps.webSockets.get(obj.webSocketId);
+                if (translated != null) {
+                    obj.title = translated;
+                }
+            } else if (type === "graphql" && typeof obj.graphqlOperationId === "string") {
+                const translated = maps.graphql.get(obj.graphqlOperationId);
+                if (translated != null) {
+                    obj.title = translated;
+                }
+            } else if (type === "apiPackage" && typeof obj.title === "string") {
+                const translated = maps.packagesByBaseTitle.get(obj.title);
+                if (translated != null) {
+                    obj.title = translated;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        for (const value of Object.values(obj)) {
+            visit(value);
+        }
+    };
+
+    visit(clone);
+    return clone;
+}
diff --git a/packages/cli/docs-resolver/src/index.ts b/packages/cli/docs-resolver/src/index.ts
index 86fb39895525..7820e329e85c 100644
--- a/packages/cli/docs-resolver/src/index.ts
+++ b/packages/cli/docs-resolver/src/index.ts
@@ -8,15 +8,22 @@ export {
     stripMdxComments,
     transformAtPrefixImports
 } from "@fern-api/docs-markdown-utils";
+export { applyTranslatedApiTitlesToNavTree } from "./applyTranslatedApiTitlesToNavTree.js";
 export { applyTranslatedFrontmatterToNavTree } from "./applyTranslatedFrontmatterToNavTree.js";
 export {
     applyTranslatedNavigationOverlays,
     getTranslatedAnnouncement
 } from "./applyTranslatedNavigationOverlays.js";
 export type TranslationNavigationOverlay = docsYml.TranslationNavigationOverlay;
-export { DocsDefinitionResolver, type UploadedFile } from "./DocsDefinitionResolver.js";
+export {
+    DocsDefinitionResolver,
+    type RegisterApiFn,
+    type TranslatedApiSpec,
+    type UploadedFile
+} from "./DocsDefinitionResolver.js";
 export { stitchGlobalTheme } from "./stitchGlobalTheme.js";
 export { convertIrToApiDefinition } from "./utils/convertIrToApiDefinition.js";
 export { filterOssWorkspaces } from "./utils/filterOssWorkspaces.js";
 export { generateFdrFromOpenApiWorkspaceV3 } from "./utils/generateFdrFromOpenAPIWorkspaceV3.js";
+export { updateApiDefinitionIdInTree } from "./utils/resolveDescriptionLinks.js";
 export { wrapWithHttps } from "./wrapWithHttps.js";
diff --git a/packages/cli/generation/remote-generation/remote-workspace-runner/src/publishDocs.ts b/packages/cli/generation/remote-generation/remote-workspace-runner/src/publishDocs.ts
index f30f999d0939..52395e14ba94 100644
--- a/packages/cli/generation/remote-generation/remote-workspace-runner/src/publishDocs.ts
+++ b/packages/cli/generation/remote-generation/remote-workspace-runner/src/publishDocs.ts
@@ -4,19 +4,33 @@ import { docsYml, generatorsYml } from "@fern-api/configuration";
 import { createFdrService } from "@fern-api/core";
 import { MediaType, replaceEnvVariables } from "@fern-api/core-utils";
 import {
+    applyTranslatedApiTitlesToNavTree,
     applyTranslatedFrontmatterToNavTree,
     applyTranslatedNavigationOverlays,
     DocsDefinitionResolver,
     getTranslatedAnnouncement,
+    type RegisterApiFn,
     replaceImagePathsAndUrls,
     replaceReferencedCode,
     replaceReferencedMarkdown,
     stripMdxComments,
+    type TranslatedApiSpec,
     transformAtPrefixImports,
     UploadedFile,
+    updateApiDefinitionIdInTree,
     wrapWithHttps
 } from "@fern-api/docs-resolver";
-import { APIV1Write, FdrAPI as CjsFdrSdk, DocsV1Write, DocsV2Write, FdrClient } from "@fern-api/fdr-sdk";
+import {
+    APIV1Read,
+    APIV1Write,
+    FdrAPI as CjsFdrSdk,
+    convertAPIDefinitionToDb,
+    convertDbAPIDefinitionToRead,
+    DocsV1Write,
+    DocsV2Write,
+    FdrClient,
+    SDKSnippetHolder
+} from "@fern-api/fdr-sdk";
 
 type DynamicIr = APIV1Write.DynamicIr;
 type DynamicIRUpload = APIV1Write.DynamicIRUpload;
@@ -261,6 +275,180 @@ export async function publishDocs({
             taskContext: context
         });
 
+        // Translated API definitions are registered to FDR after the base definition
+        // resolves; the per-locale nav tree is then repointed at them (see below), which
+        // is all FDR needs to embed localized API reference content on published sites.
+        const buildTranslatedApiDefinitions =
+            docsWorkspace.config.translations != null && docsWorkspace.config.translations.length > 1;
+
+        // Read-form API definitions captured during registration, keyed by FDR
+        // apiDefinitionId, used to localize sidebar (navigation) titles. Only populated
+        // when translations are configured, to avoid extra conversion on normal publishes.
+        const readApiDefinitionsById = new Map<string, APIV1Read.ApiDefinition>();
+        const captureReadApiDefinition = (definition: APIV1Write.ApiDefinition, apiDefinitionId: string): void => {
+            if (!buildTranslatedApiDefinitions) {
+                return;
+            }
+            try {
+                const dbApiDefinition = convertAPIDefinitionToDb(
+                    definition,
+                    CjsFdrSdk.ApiDefinitionId(apiDefinitionId),
+                    new SDKSnippetHolder({
+                        snippetsConfigWithSdkId: {},
+                        snippetsBySdkId: {},
+                        snippetTemplatesByEndpoint: {},
+                        snippetTemplatesByEndpointId: {},
+                        snippetsBySdkIdAndEndpointId: {}
+                    })
+                );
+                readApiDefinitionsById.set(apiDefinitionId, convertDbAPIDefinitionToRead(dbApiDefinition));
+            } catch (error) {
+                context.logger.debug(
+                    `Failed to build read API definition for ${apiDefinitionId} (translated sidebar titles may stay in the default language): ${String(error)}`
+                );
+            }
+        };
+
+        /**
+         * Registers an API definition with FDR (with AI example enhancement and dynamic
+         * snippet generation) and returns the resulting apiDefinitionId. Used for the base
+         * definition (via the resolver) and, after resolve, for each locale's translated
+         * definition.
+         */
+        const registerApiToFdr: RegisterApiFn = async ({
+            ir,
+            snippetsConfig,
+            playgroundConfig,
+            apiName,
+            workspace,
+            graphqlOperations,
+            graphqlTypes
+        }) => {
+            // apiName (docs.yml folder name) becomes the FDR API identifier, so users can
+            // reference APIs by their folder name in docs components.
+            let apiDefinition = convertIrToFdrApi({
+                ir,
+                snippetsConfig,
+                playgroundConfig,
+                graphqlOperations,
+                graphqlTypes,
+                context,
+                apiNameOverride: apiName
+            });
+
+            const isSelfHosted = token.value === "dummy";
+            const aiEnhancerConfig = getAIEnhancerConfig(
+                withAiExamples && !isSelfHosted,
+                docsWorkspace.config.aiExamples?.style ?? docsWorkspace.config.experimental?.aiExampleStyleInstructions
+            );
+            if (aiEnhancerConfig) {
+                const sources = workspace?.getSources();
+                const openApiSources = sources
+                    ?.filter((source) => source.type === "openapi")
+                    .map((source) => ({
+                        absoluteFilePath: source.absoluteFilePath,
+                        absoluteFilePathToOverrides: source.absoluteFilePathToOverrides
+                    }));
+
+                if (openApiSources == null || openApiSources.length === 0) {
+                    context.logger.debug("Skipping AI example enhancement: no OpenAPI source file paths available");
+                } else {
+                    apiDefinition = await enhanceExamplesWithAI(
+                        apiDefinition,
+                        aiEnhancerConfig,
+                        context,
+                        token,
+                        organization,
+                        openApiSources
+                    );
+                }
+            }
+
+            // create dynamic IR + metadata for each generator language
+            let dynamicIRsByLanguage: Record<string, DynamicIr> | undefined;
+            let languagesWithExistingSdkDynamicIr: Set<string> = new Set();
+            if (Object.keys(snippetsConfig).length === 0) {
+                context.logger.debug(`No snippets configuration defined, skipping snippet generation...`);
+            } else if (!disableDynamicSnippets) {
+                const existingSdkDynamicIrs = await checkAndDownloadExistingSdkDynamicIRs({
+                    fdr,
+                    workspace,
+                    organization,
+                    context,
+                    snippetsConfig
+                });
+
+                if (existingSdkDynamicIrs && Object.keys(existingSdkDynamicIrs).length > 0) {
+                    dynamicIRsByLanguage = existingSdkDynamicIrs;
+                    languagesWithExistingSdkDynamicIr = new Set(Object.keys(existingSdkDynamicIrs));
+                    context.logger.debug(
+                        `Using existing SDK dynamic IRs for: ${Object.keys(existingSdkDynamicIrs).join(", ")}`
+                    );
+                }
+
+                const generatedDynamicIRs = await generateLanguageSpecificDynamicIRs({
+                    workspace,
+                    organization,
+                    context,
+                    snippetsConfig,
+                    skipLanguages: languagesWithExistingSdkDynamicIr
+                });
+
+                if (generatedDynamicIRs) {
+                    dynamicIRsByLanguage = {
+                        ...dynamicIRsByLanguage,
+                        ...generatedDynamicIRs
+                    };
+                }
+            }
+
+            let response;
+            try {
+                response = await fdr.api.register.registerApiDefinition({
+                    orgId: CjsFdrSdk.OrgId(organization),
+                    apiId: CjsFdrSdk.ApiId(apiName ?? getOriginalName(ir.apiName)),
+                    definition: apiDefinition,
+                    dynamicIRs: dynamicIRsByLanguage
+                });
+            } catch (error) {
+                const errorDetails = extractErrorDetails(error);
+                context.logger.error(
+                    `FDR registerApiDefinition failed. Error details:\n${JSON.stringify(errorDetails, undefined, 2)}`
+                );
+                if (apiName != null) {
+                    return context.failAndThrow(
+                        `Failed to publish docs because API definition (${apiName}) could not be uploaded. Please contact support@buildwithfern.com`,
+                        errorDetails,
+                        { code: CliError.Code.NetworkError }
+                    );
+                } else {
+                    return context.failAndThrow(
+                        `Failed to publish docs because API definition could not be uploaded. Please contact support@buildwithfern.com`,
+                        errorDetails,
+                        { code: CliError.Code.NetworkError }
+                    );
+                }
+            }
+
+            context.logger.debug(`Registered API Definition ${apiName}: ${response.apiDefinitionId}`);
+
+            if (response.dynamicIRs && dynamicIRsByLanguage) {
+                if (skipUpload) {
+                    context.logger.debug("Skip-upload mode: skipping dynamic IR uploads");
+                } else {
+                    await uploadDynamicIRs({
+                        dynamicIRs: dynamicIRsByLanguage,
+                        dynamicIRUploadUrls: response.dynamicIRs,
+                        context,
+                        apiId: response.apiDefinitionId
+                    });
+                }
+            }
+
+            captureReadApiDefinition(apiDefinition, response.apiDefinitionId);
+            return response.apiDefinitionId;
+        };
+
         const resolver = new DocsDefinitionResolver({
             domain,
             docsWorkspace: effectiveWorkspace,
@@ -461,141 +649,8 @@ export async function publishDocs({
                     );
                 }
             },
-            registerApi: async ({
-                ir,
-                snippetsConfig,
-                playgroundConfig,
-                apiName,
-                workspace,
-                graphqlOperations,
-                graphqlTypes
-            }) => {
-                // Use apiName from docs.yml (folder name) as the API identifier for FDR
-                // This ensures users can reference APIs by their folder name in docs components
-                let apiDefinition = convertIrToFdrApi({
-                    ir,
-                    snippetsConfig,
-                    playgroundConfig,
-                    graphqlOperations,
-                    graphqlTypes,
-                    context,
-                    apiNameOverride: apiName
-                });
-
-                const isSelfHosted = token.value === "dummy";
-                const aiEnhancerConfig = getAIEnhancerConfig(
-                    withAiExamples && !isSelfHosted,
-                    docsWorkspace.config.aiExamples?.style ??
-                        docsWorkspace.config.experimental?.aiExampleStyleInstructions
-                );
-                if (aiEnhancerConfig) {
-                    const sources = workspace?.getSources();
-                    const openApiSources = sources
-                        ?.filter((source) => source.type === "openapi")
-                        .map((source) => ({
-                            absoluteFilePath: source.absoluteFilePath,
-                            absoluteFilePathToOverrides: source.absoluteFilePathToOverrides
-                        }));
-
-                    if (openApiSources == null || openApiSources.length === 0) {
-                        context.logger.debug("Skipping AI example enhancement: no OpenAPI source file paths available");
-                    } else {
-                        apiDefinition = await enhanceExamplesWithAI(
-                            apiDefinition,
-                            aiEnhancerConfig,
-                            context,
-                            token,
-                            organization,
-                            openApiSources
-                        );
-                    }
-                }
-
-                // create dynamic IR + metadata for each generator language
-                let dynamicIRsByLanguage: Record<string, DynamicIr> | undefined;
-                let languagesWithExistingSdkDynamicIr: Set<string> = new Set();
-                if (Object.keys(snippetsConfig).length === 0) {
-                    context.logger.debug(`No snippets configuration defined, skipping snippet generation...`);
-                } else if (!disableDynamicSnippets) {
-                    // Check for existing SDK dynamic IRs before generating
-                    const existingSdkDynamicIrs = await checkAndDownloadExistingSdkDynamicIRs({
-                        fdr,
-                        workspace,
-                        organization,
-                        context,
-                        snippetsConfig
-                    });
-
-                    if (existingSdkDynamicIrs && Object.keys(existingSdkDynamicIrs).length > 0) {
-                        dynamicIRsByLanguage = existingSdkDynamicIrs;
-                        languagesWithExistingSdkDynamicIr = new Set(Object.keys(existingSdkDynamicIrs));
-                        context.logger.debug(
-                            `Using existing SDK dynamic IRs for: ${Object.keys(existingSdkDynamicIrs).join(", ")}`
-                        );
-                    }
-
-                    // Generate dynamic IRs for languages that don't have existing SDK dynamic IRs
-                    const generatedDynamicIRs = await generateLanguageSpecificDynamicIRs({
-                        workspace,
-                        organization,
-                        context,
-                        snippetsConfig,
-                        skipLanguages: languagesWithExistingSdkDynamicIr
-                    });
-
-                    if (generatedDynamicIRs) {
-                        dynamicIRsByLanguage = {
-                            ...dynamicIRsByLanguage,
-                            ...generatedDynamicIRs
-                        };
-                    }
-                }
-
-                let response;
-                try {
-                    response = await fdr.api.register.registerApiDefinition({
-                        orgId: CjsFdrSdk.OrgId(organization),
-                        apiId: CjsFdrSdk.ApiId(apiName ?? getOriginalName(ir.apiName)),
-                        definition: apiDefinition,
-                        dynamicIRs: dynamicIRsByLanguage
-                    });
-                } catch (error) {
-                    const errorDetails = extractErrorDetails(error);
-                    context.logger.error(
-                        `FDR registerApiDefinition failed. Error details:\n${JSON.stringify(errorDetails, undefined, 2)}`
-                    );
-                    if (apiName != null) {
-                        return context.failAndThrow(
-                            `Failed to publish docs because API definition (${apiName}) could not be uploaded. Please contact support@buildwithfern.com`,
-                            errorDetails,
-                            { code: CliError.Code.NetworkError }
-                        );
-                    } else {
-                        return context.failAndThrow(
-                            `Failed to publish docs because API definition could not be uploaded. Please contact support@buildwithfern.com`,
-                            errorDetails,
-                            { code: CliError.Code.NetworkError }
-                        );
-                    }
-                }
-
-                context.logger.debug(`Registered API Definition ${apiName}: ${response.apiDefinitionId}`);
-
-                if (response.dynamicIRs && dynamicIRsByLanguage) {
-                    if (skipUpload) {
-                        context.logger.debug("Skip-upload mode: skipping dynamic IR uploads");
-                    } else {
-                        await uploadDynamicIRs({
-                            dynamicIRs: dynamicIRsByLanguage,
-                            dynamicIRUploadUrls: response.dynamicIRs,
-                            context,
-                            apiId: response.apiDefinitionId
-                        });
-                    }
-                }
-
-                return response.apiDefinitionId;
-            },
+            registerApi: registerApiToFdr,
+            buildTranslatedApiDefinitions,
             targetAudiences
         });
 
@@ -651,6 +706,40 @@ export async function publishDocs({
         const publishTime = performance.now() - publishStart;
         context.logger.debug(`Docs published to FDR in ${publishTime.toFixed(0)}ms`);
 
+        // Register the translated API definitions for each locale. FDR keys API content
+        // by apiDefinitionId, so each translated definition gets its own content-addressed
+        // id; we map base -> translated ids per locale and rewrite the nav tree below.
+        const translatedApiSpecsByLocale: Map<string, Map<string, TranslatedApiSpec>> = buildTranslatedApiDefinitions
+            ? resolver.getTranslatedApiSpecs()
+            : new Map();
+        const translatedApiIdsByLocale = new Map<string, Map<string, string>>();
+        if (translatedApiSpecsByLocale.size > 0) {
+            context.logger.info(
+                `Registering translated API definitions for ${translatedApiSpecsByLocale.size} locale(s)...`
+            );
+            for (const [locale, specsByBaseApiId] of translatedApiSpecsByLocale) {
+                const idMap = new Map<string, string>();
+                for (const [baseApiId, spec] of specsByBaseApiId) {
+                    try {
+                        const translatedApiId = await registerApiToFdr(spec);
+                        // A content-addressed id identical to the base means this
+                        // locale has no API translations; leave the nav untouched.
+                        if (translatedApiId !== baseApiId) {
+                            idMap.set(baseApiId, translatedApiId);
+                        }
+                    } catch (error) {
+                        context.logger.warn(
+                            `Failed to register translated API definition for locale "${locale}" ` +
+                                `(API reference will render in the default language): ${String(error)}`
+                        );
+                    }
+                }
+                if (idMap.size > 0) {
+                    translatedApiIdsByLocale.set(locale, idMap);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
         // Register translated page content for each configured locale.
         // In preview mode, register translations against the preview URL (not the production domain)
         // so that translated docs are visible in preview without overwriting production translations.
@@ -806,6 +895,41 @@ export async function publishDocs({
                             }
                         }
 
+                        // Localize API reference content for this locale: patch the sidebar
+                        // titles (while the nav still references the base apiDefinitionId),
+                        // then repoint the nav's apiDefinitionId references at the translated
+                        // definitions registered above.
+                        const localeApiIdMap = translatedApiIdsByLocale.get(locale);
+                        if (localeApiIdMap != null && localeApiIdMap.size > 0 && updatedRoot != null) {
+                            const baseApisForTitles: Record<string, APIV1Read.ApiDefinition> = {};
+                            const translatedApisForTitles: Record<string, APIV1Read.ApiDefinition> = {};
+                            for (const [baseApiId, translatedApiId] of localeApiIdMap) {
+                                const baseRead = readApiDefinitionsById.get(baseApiId);
+                                const translatedRead = readApiDefinitionsById.get(translatedApiId);
+                                if (baseRead != null) {
+                                    baseApisForTitles[baseApiId] = baseRead;
+                                }
+                                if (translatedRead != null) {
+                                    // Key by the base id so titles match the (still base-keyed) nav tree.
+                                    translatedApisForTitles[baseApiId] = translatedRead;
+                                }
+                            }
+                            // Work on a deep clone before the in-place id rewrite below, since
+                            // locales run concurrently off the shared base nav tree. Title
+                            // patching already clones, so only clone explicitly when it's skipped.
+                            updatedRoot =
+                                Object.keys(translatedApisForTitles).length > 0
+                                    ? applyTranslatedApiTitlesToNavTree(
+                                          updatedRoot,
+                                          baseApisForTitles,
+                                          translatedApisForTitles
+                                      )
+                                    : structuredClone(updatedRoot);
+                            for (const [baseApiId, translatedApiId] of localeApiIdMap) {
+                                updateApiDefinitionIdInTree(updatedRoot, baseApiId, translatedApiId);
+                            }
+                        }
+
                         const translatedDefinition: DocsDefinition = {
                             ...docsDefinition,
                             pages: translatedPages,

From 5aa7bbe9f3f19b1db116c6ecfd8dc5f41742f50f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: jsklan <100491078+jsklan@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 2 Jun 2026 18:52:58 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 12/14] fix(cli-generator): remove accidental _cli-sdk
 submodule gitlink (#16203)

PR #16187 (sync cli-sdk@9c1f38f) accidentally committed `_cli-sdk` as a
submodule gitlink (mode 160000) with no `.gitmodules` backing it. The
sync workflow checks out fern-api/cli-sdk into `_cli-sdk` at the repo
root, and `peter-evans/create-pull-request` runs `git add -A` across the
whole tree, capturing that nested clone as a phantom submodule. This
breaks clean checkouts and `git submodule status` in downstream CI
(Update Seed, etc.).

- Remove the stray `_cli-sdk` gitlink from the tree.
- Add `/_cli-sdk/` to .gitignore so no `git add -A` can capture it again.
- Scope the sync workflow's create-pull-request step to
  `add-paths: generators/cli/sdk/` so it only stages the synced path.
---
 .github/workflows/sync-cli-sdk.yml | 4 ++++
 .gitignore                         | 4 ++++
 _cli-sdk                           | 1 -
 3 files changed, 8 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)
 delete mode 160000 _cli-sdk

diff --git a/.github/workflows/sync-cli-sdk.yml b/.github/workflows/sync-cli-sdk.yml
index 4db780421b49..3959092ef0f2 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/sync-cli-sdk.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/sync-cli-sdk.yml
@@ -68,6 +68,10 @@ jobs:
         uses: peter-evans/create-pull-request@98357b18bf14b5342f975ff684046ec3b2a07725  # v8
         with:
           token: ${{ secrets.FERN_SUPPORT_GH_ACTIONS_PAT }}
+          # Scope staging to the synced path only. Without this the action runs
+          # `git add -A` across the whole tree and captures the transient
+          # `_cli-sdk` clone as a submodule gitlink (mode 160000).
+          add-paths: generators/cli/sdk/
           commit-message: "chore(cli-generator): sync cli-sdk@${{ steps.provenance.outputs.short }}"
           title: "chore(cli-generator): sync cli-sdk@${{ steps.provenance.outputs.short }}"
           body: |
diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
index 178f83bda16a..cfbf376a0158 100644
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -127,3 +127,7 @@ seed/**/Library/Caches/
 
 # Devbox gradle properties
 /gradle.properties
+
+# Transient cli-sdk checkout used by .github/workflows/sync-cli-sdk.yml.
+# It is a nested git clone; never let `git add -A` capture it as a gitlink.
+/_cli-sdk/
diff --git a/_cli-sdk b/_cli-sdk
deleted file mode 160000
index 9c1f38fd0ffb..000000000000
--- a/_cli-sdk
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-Subproject commit 9c1f38fd0ffba8da21db241c07179f48fa0cecf7

From cedcbae76ee95dbd75407c26b3ffd84eb99d4d7d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "github-actions[bot]" <github-actions[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 2 Jun 2026 23:43:46 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 13/14] chore(cli): release 5.44.4

---
 .../fix-allof-nested-ref-resolution.yml       |  0
 ...iminated-union-base-properties-overlap.yml |  0
 .../fix-translated-api-references.yml         |  0
 packages/cli/cli/versions.yml                 | 23 +++++++++++++++++++
 4 files changed, 23 insertions(+)
 rename packages/cli/cli/changes/{unreleased => 5.44.4}/fix-allof-nested-ref-resolution.yml (100%)
 rename packages/cli/cli/changes/{unreleased => 5.44.4}/fix-infer-discriminated-union-base-properties-overlap.yml (100%)
 rename packages/cli/cli/changes/{unreleased => 5.44.4}/fix-translated-api-references.yml (100%)

diff --git a/packages/cli/cli/changes/unreleased/fix-allof-nested-ref-resolution.yml b/packages/cli/cli/changes/5.44.4/fix-allof-nested-ref-resolution.yml
similarity index 100%
rename from packages/cli/cli/changes/unreleased/fix-allof-nested-ref-resolution.yml
rename to packages/cli/cli/changes/5.44.4/fix-allof-nested-ref-resolution.yml
diff --git a/packages/cli/cli/changes/unreleased/fix-infer-discriminated-union-base-properties-overlap.yml b/packages/cli/cli/changes/5.44.4/fix-infer-discriminated-union-base-properties-overlap.yml
similarity index 100%
rename from packages/cli/cli/changes/unreleased/fix-infer-discriminated-union-base-properties-overlap.yml
rename to packages/cli/cli/changes/5.44.4/fix-infer-discriminated-union-base-properties-overlap.yml
diff --git a/packages/cli/cli/changes/unreleased/fix-translated-api-references.yml b/packages/cli/cli/changes/5.44.4/fix-translated-api-references.yml
similarity index 100%
rename from packages/cli/cli/changes/unreleased/fix-translated-api-references.yml
rename to packages/cli/cli/changes/5.44.4/fix-translated-api-references.yml
diff --git a/packages/cli/cli/versions.yml b/packages/cli/cli/versions.yml
index d89d894e907e..4264674e91d8 100644
--- a/packages/cli/cli/versions.yml
+++ b/packages/cli/cli/versions.yml
@@ -1,4 +1,27 @@
 # yaml-language-server: $schema=../../../fern-versions-yml.schema.json
+- version: 5.44.4
+  changelogEntry:
+    - summary: |
+        Fix docs rendering dropping parent properties when an allOf parent schema
+        itself uses allOf with $ref elements. The v3 OpenAPI parser now recursively
+        resolves nested $ref objects during allOf flattening instead of silently
+        filtering them out.
+      type: fix
+    - summary: |
+        Fix OpenAPI parser emitting redundant or wrongly-required base properties for
+        discriminated unions when `infer-discriminated-union-base-properties: true`.
+        The inference now (1) skips properties every variant already inherits via a
+        shared `allOf $ref` parent — the parent schema is the single source of truth —
+        and (2) lifts an inferred property as `optional` if any variant declares it as
+        not-required. Together these prevent generated TypeScript SDKs from synthesizing
+        a `_Base` interface that collides with the real parent on either presence or
+        optionality (`TS2320`).
+      type: fix
+    - summary: |
+        Fix localized docs builds so translated OpenAPI specs are used for API reference content and navigation titles.
+      type: fix
+  createdAt: "2026-06-02"
+  irVersion: 66
 - version: 5.44.3
   changelogEntry:
     - summary: |

From e73ed367b1e085f0f5aec19400b1faab47ff4865 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "github-actions[bot]" <github-actions[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 2 Jun 2026 23:44:16 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 14/14] chore(cli-generator): release 0.6.0

---
 .../strip-fixture-tests.yml                   |  0
 .../sync-cli-sdk-9c1f38f.yml                  |  0
 generators/cli/versions.yml                   | 50 +++++++++++++++++++
 3 files changed, 50 insertions(+)
 rename generators/cli/changes/{unreleased => 0.6.0}/strip-fixture-tests.yml (100%)
 rename generators/cli/changes/{unreleased => 0.6.0}/sync-cli-sdk-9c1f38f.yml (100%)

diff --git a/generators/cli/changes/unreleased/strip-fixture-tests.yml b/generators/cli/changes/0.6.0/strip-fixture-tests.yml
similarity index 100%
rename from generators/cli/changes/unreleased/strip-fixture-tests.yml
rename to generators/cli/changes/0.6.0/strip-fixture-tests.yml
diff --git a/generators/cli/changes/unreleased/sync-cli-sdk-9c1f38f.yml b/generators/cli/changes/0.6.0/sync-cli-sdk-9c1f38f.yml
similarity index 100%
rename from generators/cli/changes/unreleased/sync-cli-sdk-9c1f38f.yml
rename to generators/cli/changes/0.6.0/sync-cli-sdk-9c1f38f.yml
diff --git a/generators/cli/versions.yml b/generators/cli/versions.yml
index 02da5917d0a2..2470126f7866 100644
--- a/generators/cli/versions.yml
+++ b/generators/cli/versions.yml
@@ -1,4 +1,54 @@
 # yaml-language-server: $schema=../../fern-versions-yml.schema.json
+- version: 0.6.0
+  changelogEntry:
+    - summary: Strip fixture-dependent inline tests from vendored cli-sdk so `cargo test` passes in both the SDK and generated
+        CLIs
+      type: fix
+    - summary: |
+        Generated CLIs now serialize OpenAPI query parameters according to their
+        declared `style`/`explode` (form, spaceDelimited, pipeDelimited, deepObject).
+        (cli-sdk #144, FER-10569)
+      type: feat
+    - summary: |
+        Generated CLIs now serialize OpenAPI header parameters using the `simple`
+        style. (cli-sdk #137, FER-10569)
+      type: feat
+    - summary: |
+        Generated CLIs now serialize OpenAPI path parameters using the `simple`,
+        `label`, and `matrix` styles. (cli-sdk #138, FER-10569)
+      type: feat
+    - summary: |
+        Generated CLIs support `multipart/form-data` request bodies, exposing each
+        part as its own flag. (cli-sdk #88, FER-10569)
+      type: feat
+    - summary: |
+        `multipart/form-data` request bodies accept `--file` parts, so file-upload
+        endpoints can stream a file from disk. (cli-sdk #145, FER-10569)
+      type: feat
+    - summary: |
+        HTTP requests now retry on transient failures with exponential backoff and
+        automatically attach an `Idempotency-Key` header to retried mutations.
+        (cli-sdk #86, FER-10521)
+      type: feat
+    - summary: |
+        OpenAPI parameter names are sanitized into valid, readable CLI flags instead
+        of being passed through verbatim. (cli-sdk #87, FER-10430)
+      type: feat
+    - summary: |
+        Auth error messages now name the specific environment variable the CLI
+        expected, making missing-credential failures easier to diagnose.
+        (cli-sdk #81, FER-10702)
+      type: feat
+    - summary: |
+        Auth schemes support multiple headers, enabling APIs that require more than
+        one credential header (e.g. Sandboxes). (cli-sdk #116)
+      type: feat
+    - summary: |
+        Nullable scalar request-body flags emit a null sentinel, letting users
+        distinguish an explicit `null` from an omitted value. (cli-sdk 8234544)
+      type: feat
+  createdAt: "2026-06-02"
+  irVersion: 67
 - version: 0.5.0
   changelogEntry:
     - summary: |