diff --git a/tests/utils/array.test.ts b/tests/utils/array.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..97aba91f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/utils/array.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+import { chunk, unique, uniquePathArrays } from "../../src/utils/array.js";
+
+describe("chunk", () => {
+  it("splits an array into exact multiples of size", () => {
+    expect(chunk([1, 2, 3, 4], 2)).toEqual([
+      [1, 2],
+      [3, 4],
+    ]);
+  });
+
+  it("handles a final short group when length is not evenly divisible", () => {
+    expect(chunk([1, 2, 3, 4, 5], 2)).toEqual([[1, 2], [3, 4], [5]]);
+  });
+
+  it("returns a single chunk when size is larger than the array length", () => {
+    expect(chunk(["a", "b"], 5)).toEqual([["a", "b"]]);
+  });
+
+  it("returns an empty array when input is empty", () => {
+    expect(chunk([], 3)).toEqual([]);
+  });
+
+  it("chunks into single-element arrays when size is 1", () => {
+    expect(chunk([10, 20, 30], 1)).toEqual([[10], [20], [30]]);
+  });
+
+  it("does not mutate the original array", () => {
+    const original = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
+    const originalCopy = [...original];
+    chunk(original, 2);
+    expect(original).toEqual(originalCopy);
+  });
+
+  it("works with arrays of objects", () => {
+    const objA = { id: 1 };
+    const objB = { id: 2 };
+    const objC = { id: 3 };
+    expect(chunk([objA, objB, objC], 2)).toEqual([[objA, objB], [objC]]);
+  });
+});
+
+describe("unique", () => {
+  it("removes duplicate elements while preserving first-seen order", () => {
+    expect(unique([1, 2, 1, 3, 2, 4])).toEqual([1, 2, 3, 4]);
+    expect(unique(["b", "a", "b", "c", "a"])).toEqual(["b", "a", "c"]);
+  });
+
+  it("returns an identical array when all elements are unique", () => {
+    expect(unique([1, 2, 3])).toEqual([1, 2, 3]);
+    expect(unique(["x", "y", "z"])).toEqual(["x", "y", "z"]);
+  });
+
+  it("returns an empty array when input is empty", () => {
+    expect(unique([])).toEqual([]);
+  });
+
+  it("reduces an array of identical elements to a single element", () => {
+    expect(unique(["dup", "dup", "dup"])).toEqual(["dup"]);
+  });
+
+  it("does not mutate the original array", () => {
+    const original = [1, 2, 2, 3];
+    const originalCopy = [...original];
+    unique(original);
+    expect(original).toEqual(originalCopy);
+  });
+});
+
+describe("uniquePathArrays", () => {
+  it("drops duplicate path arrays while preserving distinct paths in order", () => {
+    const paths = [
+      ["root", "pkg-a", "dep-1"],
+      ["root", "pkg-b"],
+      ["root", "pkg-a", "dep-1"],
+      ["root", "pkg-c"],
+    ];
+
+    expect(uniquePathArrays(paths)).toEqual([
+      ["root", "pkg-a", "dep-1"],
+      ["root", "pkg-b"],
+      ["root", "pkg-c"],
+    ]);
+  });
+
+  it("treats path arrays with different ordering as distinct", () => {
+    const paths = [
+      ["pkg-a", "pkg-b"],
+      ["pkg-b", "pkg-a"],
+    ];
+
+    expect(uniquePathArrays(paths)).toEqual([
+      ["pkg-a", "pkg-b"],
+      ["pkg-b", "pkg-a"],
+    ]);
+  });
+
+  it("treats single-element paths vs multi-element paths distinctly", () => {
+    const paths = [["pkg-a"], ["pkg-a", "pkg-b"], ["pkg-a"]];
+
+    expect(uniquePathArrays(paths)).toEqual([["pkg-a"], ["pkg-a", "pkg-b"]]);
+  });
+
+  it("returns an empty array when input is empty", () => {
+    expect(uniquePathArrays([])).toEqual([]);
+  });
+
+  it("deduplicates empty path arrays", () => {
+    expect(uniquePathArrays([[], []])).toEqual([[]]);
+  });
+
+  it("does not mutate the original array of paths or sub-arrays", () => {
+    const original = [["a", "b"], ["a", "b"], ["c"]];
+    const originalClone = original.map((sub) => [...sub]);
+    uniquePathArrays(original);
+    expect(original).toEqual(originalClone);
+  });
+});